M'malo mwake, m'matumbo, m'miyala iwiri ya m'miyendo, m'miyala iwiri ya m'miyendo, m'miyala ya m'miyendo, m'miyendo ya m'miyendo mumakhala mbali ziwiri za mwendo. Pulesi iliyonse imapangidwa kawiri, yokonzedwa, ndimakina ovuta owoloka. Malo okumba gill amakutidwa ndi citheated epithelium. Kuzungulira kwa madzi mumkati mwa chovalacho kumayambitsidwa ndi kumenyedwa kwa cilia wa malaya epithelium, ma gill, ndi malovu amkamwa. Madzi amalowa kudzera pa gil siphon, kutsuka ma gill, kudutsa ma lattice, kenako kudzera mu dzenje kumbuyo kwa mwendo kulowa mkatikati mwa chipinda cha supraventral, ndipo kuchokera mwa iyo kudzera mu kufunda kwaphokoso kumatuluka.
M'magulu ena a givalve gillve, kapangidwe kake ndi kosiyana, ndipo kafukufuku wofanizira wa zida zapamwamba za gill amapangitsa kuti amvetsetse kusintha kwa ctenidia wamba mu ma lamellar gill. Chifukwa chake, mgulu laling'ono la ma bivalves apamadzi - mano ofanana (taxodonta) - pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya ctenidia. Phata la ctenidium iliyonse mbali imodzi yakula mpaka kutsika kwa chovala chamkati, ndipo pamizereyo pali mizere iwiri ya miyala yankhokwe.
Mu gulu lalikulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana (Anisomyaria), kusintha kwina kwa ctenidia kumawonedwa. Makatani ake amatalikiratu ndipo anasandulika kukhala zingwe zopyapyala, motalika kwambiri, mpaka atafika pansi pa chovala, amavinikira m'mwamba. Mawondo otsika ndikukwera a ulusiwu ndi ulusi woyandikana nawo umalumikizana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito cilia yolimba. Chifukwa cha izi, gill, yomwe ili ndi mizere iwiri yazingwe, ili ndi mawonekedwe awiri a mbale. Mapangidwe ofananawo a gill amapezeka mu scallops (Pecten), oysters, (Ostrea), etc.
Kafotokozeredwe pamwambapa kamene kamapangira golide weniweni wa lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata) akuimira kusintha kwinanso m'makanema oyipa. Muli kapangidwe ka zopanga pakati pa kukwera ndi kutsika kwa ulusi uliwonse komanso pakati pa ulusi woyandikana, komanso pakuphatikizika kwa malekezero a nthambi zotsika za tsamba lakunja ndi chovala ndi nthambi zolozeka zamkati zamkati ndi mwendo, ndi kumbuyo kwa mwendo ndi tsamba la gill lamkati lakumbali yakumaso.
Chifukwa chake, zotumphukira za lamellar zimachokera ku ctenidia weniweni, wokhala ndi magaloni awiri a lamellar kumbali iliyonse yolingana ndi ctenidium imodzi, ndipo lamella iliyonse imayimira theka-gill.
Mu gulu laling'ono la mabatani omwe amadya nyama, kudya ma plankton ndi polychaetes yaying'ono, ctenidia amachepetsa. Ntchito yopuma imachitidwa ndi gawo lamkati mwa chovala chamkati, lolekanitsidwa ndi septum yoboola pores (ku Septibranchia).
Pokhudzana ndikuchepetsa kwa mutu komanso mawonekedwe akudya, gawo lakunja la gawo logaya chakudya limasowa: pharynx, glandnz, gaya, radula. Pakamwa pamayikidwa kutsogolo kwa thupi pakati pa kutsekeka kwa minofu ndi mwendo. Nthawi zambiri pakamwa pamakhala zakumaso. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya timasefedwa ndi makina osiyanasiyana omwe timaphika timabowo tomwe timaphimbidwa ndi ntchofu ndikulowa m'mkamwa, komwe kumalowetsa m'mimba. Zitsuko za chiwindi chokutira chakumaso ndi chikwama cha kristalo chimatseguka m'mimba. Kuchokera pamimba, matumbo ang'onoang'ono amayamba, ndikupanga malupu angapo pansi pa mwendo ndikudutsa mu rectum. Wotsirizayo "amabyoza" zamkati zamtima (pafupifupi m'mabatani onse) ndikutseguka ndi anus pafupi ndi aphon yovala. Chimbudzi chonsecho chimaphatikizika ndi epithelium ciliated, kayendedwe ka cilia kamene kamayendetsa kayendedwe ka chakudya.
Chikwama cha crystalline chimapangitsa khungu kukhala ndi pulatinamu, wokhala ndi ma enzymes omwe amatha kugaya chakudya chokha. Izi zimayamba kuzimiririka ngati phesi lomwe limatuluka m'mimba. Pang'onopang'ono, mathero ake amasungunuka ndipo ma enzyme omwe amapukusa chakudya pazinthu zachilengedwe zimamasulidwa.
Chiwindi cha bollve mollusks sichimatulutsa ma enzyme konse, m'mayendedwe ake akhungu ndikuyamwa kwa chimbudzi cha chakudya kumachitika. Chimbudzi cha intracellular chimachitika makamaka ndi ma phagocytes a m'manja omwe amatha kugaya mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Maziko a chakudya cha bivalve ndi phytoplankton, detritus ndi mabakiteriya.
Omenyera nkhondo ali m'gulu la biofilters, akudutsa malita a madzi patsiku. Amachita gawo lalikulu pakapangidwe kanyumba kamtundu wapansi (ma silts).
Mtima nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi ventricle ndi atria awiri ndipo umapezeka mu pericardial patsekeke - pericardium. Aorta awiri, kunja ndi kumbuyo, amachoka pamtima. Imeneyi imakhala m'mitsempha, magazi, matumbo, miyendo, ndi zina.M'mbuyo mwake mumakhala mitsempha iwiri yomwe imalowa mu chovala komanso ziwalo zamsana zam'mbuyo. Mitsempha yaying'ono imasweka, ndipo magazi amalowa m'magawo pakati pa ziwalo - mapata, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amaphatikizana ndi ma venus sinus. Kuchokera ku nkusani, magazi pang'ono amapita kwa impso, komwe amayesedwa ndi michere. Kenako, kudzera m'matumbo amtunduwu wobwera, amalowa m'matumba, ndikukhathamiritsa ndikupita ku atria kudzera m'mitsempha yothandiza (gawo la magazi ochokera m'matumba a chovala chodutsa pamenepo, podutsa magalawo). Ochuluka, matumbo a kumbuyo kwake amadutsa mkati mwa mtima wamkati. Izi ndichifukwa choti phokoso lamtima limayikidwa ngati mawonekedwe opakidwa mbali zamatumbo. Ma mollusks ena (Area), akamakula, ali ndi ma ventricles awiri omwe amakhala pamwamba pa matumbo.
Pali impso ziwiri zazikulu zotchedwa ziwalo za bayanus. Amagona pansi pa pericardial patsekeke ndipo ali ndi V. Mu gawo lakunja la pericardial patridi, impso iliyonse imayamba ndi ndodo yothandizira. Malo otsegulira amatsegulidwa mkati mwa chovala. Kuphatikiza pa impso, ntchito ya excretory imachitidwanso ndi ma pericardial gland, kapena ziwalo zomwe zimatchedwa Keber, zomwe ndizigawo za khoma la pericardial patsekeke.
Mchitidwe wamsempha ndi ziwalo zamagetsi
M'mipikisano, mphamvu yamanjenje imasiyanasiyana pakuphweka pang'ono poyerekeza ndi dongosolo lamanjenje la gastropods, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndi zakudya zopanda pake komanso kusuntha pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, kuphatikizidwa kwa awiriawiri a ganglia, chifukwa chomwe awiriawiri okha atsalira. Gulu lachiberekero ndi zigawenga zimalumikizana ndi gulu lachiberekero, lomwe lili pakati pa kum'mero ndi kutsekeka kwa minyewa. Awiri ofanana ndi a pedal ganglia, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma processor a cerebropleural, amaikidwa mwendo. Parietal ndi visceral ganglia adaphatikizanso mu visceroparietal ganglia. Amagona pansi pa kutsekeka kwa minofu yakumbuyo ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi ubongo waziphuphu ndi kulumikizana kwakutali.
Ziwalo zam'maganizo zimayimiriridwa makamaka ndi maselo achilengedwe, omwe ali olemera kwambiri m'mphepete mwa chovala ndi pakamwa. Zoyipa zina zimakhala ndi zomata zazing'ono m'mphepete mwa chovala. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala miyendo yomwe ili pambali ya miyendo pafupi ndi gangala. Osfradia ali padenga la chovala chamkati, m'munsi mwa gill.
Bivalvia ilibe maso amtundu waubongo, komabe, mwa mitundu ina yachiwiri maso amawoneka mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi: pa chovalacho, ma siphons, mafiyira a gill, zina. Chifukwa chake, m'makutu (Pecten) maso ambiri amaikidwa m'mphepete mwa chovala (mpaka 100) kapangidwe kovuta, kamene kakufotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwa ma scallops kuyenda, ndikumenyetsa mapiko. Maso a sekondale sanadziwike kuchokera ku gulu la ziwalo.
Njira yobereka komanso kubereka
Mitundu yambiri ya lamellar-gill diclinous, ndipo mitundu ya hermaphroditic ilipo. Tizilombo tachigololo timakhotedwa ndipo limagona parenchyma ya thupi, likukhala kumtunda kwa mwendo. Nthawi zambiri, milomo ya gonads imatsegulidwa ndikatseguka kwapadera komwe kumakhala pafupi ndi gawo laling'ono. M'mitundu ya hermaphroditic, pamakhala thumba losunga mazira ndi ma testic, kapena kawirikawiri gawo limodzi la tiziwalo ta hermaphroditic.
Mazira amipikisano yambiri amadziyikira payokha m'madzi, pomwe umuna umachitika. Mu zipolopolo zamadzi atsopano ochokera ku banja la Unionidae (toothless, barele, ngale, etc.), mazira amayikidwa pamatumba am'malo amiyala ndikusungidwa pamenepo mpaka mphutsi zitatuluka.
Kukula kwa ma bvesves kumafanana ndi kukula kwa polychaetes. Pafupifupi m'mipikisano yonse ya m'madzi, mphutsi zam'madzi zimatuluka mu dzira. Kuphatikiza pa zizindikiritso za trophophores - kukhalapo kwa zoweta ndi zolembetsa zapakhosi za cilia, parietal mbale, sultan, protonephridia, ndi ena - oyimbira trophophores amakhalanso ndi zoyambira zam'miyendo ndi zipolopolo. Chigoba choyambirira chimayikidwa ngati mawonekedwe a conhiolin yopanda mafuta. Pambuyo pake imapinda pakati ndikupanga chipolopolo. Malo amomwe amaphatikizira mbale ya conchiolin amasungidwa ngati gawo la zotanuka. Gawo lakumtunda kwa trochophore limasandulika bwato lomwe lophimbidwa ndi cilia (gawo loyenda), ndipo mphutsi zimadutsa gawo lachiwiri - veligra (bwato loyenda). Kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi kanyumba wamkulu.
M'mipikisano yamadzi oyera, chitukuko chimachitika modabwitsa. Zida zazikulu ndi zina zochokera ku banja la Unionidae kuchokera ku mazira omwe asungidwa pamatumbo, mphutsi zapadera zimatuluka - glochidia. Globalchidia imakhala ndi chipolopolo chopunthira chopingasa, chokhala ndi mano akuthwa pakati pamphepete mwa tsamba lirilonse, kutsekeka kwamphamvu kwa tsamba lamamba ndi chithokomiro cha Byssus. Glochidia amakula m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira m'matumba a amayi. Chapakatikati, amaponyedwa m'madzi ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi khungu, ma gill ndi zipsepse za nsomba zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ulusi wopendekera wa Byssus ndi denticles. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi mkwiyo wa khungu la nsomba, kuphatikizira kwa glochidia kumayamba ndi epithelium ya khungu lomwe limakhala, ndi ma cyst mawonekedwe okhala ndi glochidium mkati. Munthawi imeneyi, glochidia imadzaza pakhungu la nsomba kwa miyezi iwiri kapena kupitilira. Kenako khungu limayamba kugundika, ndipo khansa yaying'ono yomwe yayamba ndi nthawi iyi kuchokera ku glochidia imagwera pansi. Njira yodabwitsayi yachitukuko imapereka kukhazikikanso kwa mayendedwe obisika.
M'mipikisano ina yamadzi abwino, mwachitsanzo, mu mipira (Sphaerium), mazirawo amakula m'mzipinda zapadera za ana kumapeto. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga tinthu tambiri timatulutsa chovala chamkati.
Biology ndi kufunikira kwenikweni
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mipikisano ndi nyama zodziwika bwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabowola mumchenga, ndipo zina mwa izo zimakhala kwambiri pansi. Solen marginatus, wopezeka mu Nyanja Yakuda, amadzikwirira mumchenga mpaka akuya mamita 3. Akwatibwi ambiri amakhala moyo wongokhala. Nthawi yomweyo, ena mwa ma bolodi okhala, mwachitsanzo, ma mussels (Mytilus), omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ulusi wa byssus, koma atha, mwa kutaya ubweya, amasamukira kumalo atsopano, pomwe ena - oyster (Ostrea) - amakula mpaka gawo moyo wonse wa masamba amodzi.
Maphala ambiri a lamellar akhala akutha kwa nthawi yayitali. Awa ndi ma mussels (Mytilus), oysters (Ostrea), wooneka wamtima (Cagdium), scallops (Pecten) ndi ena angapo. Makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito ma oyisitara, komwe sikugwidwa kokha m'mabanki a oyster - malo omwe amakhala, komanso ogulitsidwa mwapadera muzomera zapadera za oyster, zomwe ndi njira zida zolimbira. Tili ndi mabanki a oyster mu Black Sea wokhala ndi Ostrea taurica.
Opikisana
Gulu lazopikisana limagawidwa m'magulu anayi, pomwe izi ndizofunikira kwambiri: 1. Equine-toothed (Texodonta), 2. Miscellaneous (Anisomyaria), 3. Kwenikweni lamellabic (Eulamellibranchiata).
Kufikira. Dzeru Yofanana (Texodonta)
Zampikisano zoyambirira kwambiri. Nyumbayi ili ndi zida zambiri. Miyala yamtundu wa ktenidii weniweni wokhala ndi timapepala tozungulira pamtsempha womatirira kukhoma kwa chovala chamkati. Mwendo wonyambita miyendo. Lamuloli limaphatikizapo mitundu yayikulu ya mtedza (banja la Nuculidae), mitundu yakumpoto (mtundu wa Portlandia), zipilala (banja la Arcidae), ndi zina zambiri.
Kufikira. Zosiyanasiyana (Anisomyaria)
Chinyengochi chimagwirizanitsa mitundu yambiri yomwe kale idapanga gulu lanyanjayi, popeza masamba achibwibwi amtundu wawo amasinthidwa kukhala mafayilo aatali. Pali chimodzi chokha chomwe chimatsekedwa minofu, kapena, ngati pali kunja, ndizocheperako. Dongosolo ili limaphatikizapo massels, scallops: Icelandic (Pecten Islandicus), Black Sea (P. ponticus), etc. Oysters (banja Ostreidae), sea pearl mussel (banja Pteriidae) ndi amodzi.
Kufikira. Lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata)
Ambiri mwa mapikisano a bivalve ndi amtunduwu. Amadziwika ndi kapangidwe ka nyumbayi, mano omwe amawoneka ngati ma plates. Kutsekedwa minofu iwiri. Mphepete mwa mawonekedwe a chovalacho siphons. Miyeso mwanjira ya ma latulo ovuta.
Lamuloli limaphatikizapo zida zonse zamadzi oyera a banja la balere (Unionidae): balere wa ngale, thonje, banja la madzi oyera a pearl mussel (Margaritanidae), banja la mipira (Sphaeriidae), komanso banja la zebra mussel (Dreissenidae). Mitundu yodziwika bwino ilinso ya mtundu womwewo: stonecutters (Pholas), ngalawa zam'madzi (Teredo) ndi ena ambiri.
Kudya Toothless ndi Peritoneum
Mu toothless mollusk ndi mollusk, zakudya ndi kupuma zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Ndi mtsinje wamadzi, algae unicellular, crustaceans yaying'ono, ndi zinyalala zachilengedwe zimaloŵa m'mphepete mwa gill.
Mipira (Anodonta).
Ma gill ndi mbali zamkati mwa zovala zamkati zimaperekedwa ndi cilia. Amasambira ndipo amapanga madzi otuluka kudutsa siphon. Madzi amanyamula chakudya kupita kukamwa kwa mollusk, womwe amakhala pafupi ndi phazi.
Mitundu itatu ya perlovka ndi yodziwika ku Central Europe: U. crassus, U. pictorum ndi U. tumidus
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalowetsa chakudya m'mimba mpaka mkamwa, kenako m'mimba, m'mimba, m'matumbo, pomwe timayamwa. M'mphepete mwa m'munsi siphon ndi mphonje, imakhala ngati sume, kuletsa kulowa kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zakunja. Madzi oyeretsedwa amasiya thupi la mollusk kudzera pa siphon yapamwamba.
Mollusk safunika kupeza chakudya, imalowa mkamwa kuchokera m'madzi akubwera kudzera mu siphon.
Bivalve mollusks amasefa madzi ambiri. Pazinthu zam'madzi, zolengedwa izi zimagwira ntchito yofunika pogwira kuyimitsidwa koyenera ndikuchotsa madzi oyeretsedwa kubwerera mthupi la madzi. Madzi amakhalabe owonekera ndipo "amatuluka" samakhalamo, chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa kwachilengedwe.
Gulu la nyama zam'madzi limapereka gawo lofunikira komanso lochita zambiri pakuyeretsa kwamadzi. Ntchito yopanga kuyerekezera ndi madzi ndiyabwino kwambiri kwakuti asayansi ati mawu oti "biomachine" (biomachine) adzatchulidwe ndindalama.
Mkulu umodzi patsiku umadutsa thupi lake, ukuyeretsa pafupifupi malita amadzi. Zampira zana limodzi zimasefa matani anayi amadzi patsiku.
Pokhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwam'nyanja, chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi zoumba zopangira zimachulukirachulukira, zomwe, mosaperekera chithandizo chamadzi akunyumba, zimagwera m'madzi. Choyamba, SMS - mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhala pazosefera. Pali chiwopsezo chachikulu pakubwera kwachilengedwe kwamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma bivalves amatulutsa michere yambiri mwanjira zonyamula ma pellet chifukwa chosefera.
Pansi pa malo osungira madziwo mumapeza unyinji wazinthu zachilengedwe. M'madzi, photosynthesis imapezekanso ndi kuphatikizika kwa kaboni dayokisaidi ndipo michere imapangidwa.
Mbewu ya barele yocheperako yayikidwa pangozi kuyambira zaka za zana la 20.
Tchuthi chovuta cha chakudya chimapezeka m'chilengedwe. Chingwe cholumikizira kaboni ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa ma filtrator titha kuyimilira motere: kaboni dayokisa m'mlengalenga → kaboni dayokili m'madzi → phytoplankton Mollusks - osefera akukhudzidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa kaboni, kufalitsa m'matumba a chakudya.
Maubwenzi oterowo ndi ofunika kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino wa mlengalenga. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa monoxide mu chipolopolo chamlengalenga kumapangitsa kuti "kutentha kwanyengo" komanso kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha. Zoterezi zimabweretsa chiwopsezo ku dongosolo lanyengo lonse la Dziko Lapansi. Kukhazikika kwa kuyeretsa kwamadzi kwachilengedwe kukuwopseza chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi.
Kukhala ochita kusefa, maotolo amathandizira pakutsuka kwamadzi.
Ubale pakati pa zolengedwa ndi chilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe zimawonekera koyamba. Kuphatikiza pazazitali zamagetsi zamagetsi, pali ziwerengero zochulukirapo zowonjezera pakati pa zinthu zamoyo. Zotsatira zake, ndikofunikira kulingalira osati zigawo zokha za chilengedwe, komanso kuyanjana kwazinthu zathunthu.
Zida zamtunduwu ndizosiyanasiyana, koma zochulukitsa za hermaphrodites zimapezekanso.
Mulimonsemo, nkoyenera kuganizira ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa kuwopsa kwa zovuta za anthropogenic pamagetsi amadzi, kulabadira kuphwanya kulumikizana pakati pa zolengedwa ndi ntchito zomwe zimasunga kuyera kwamadzi.
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