Deer wa David kapena Milu - amatanthauza chinyama chapadera, chomwe chimalembedwa mdziko la Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Imadziwidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zosavutikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, popeza imapezekiratu kuthengo, ndipo anthu ake adasungidwa ndi nyama kokha ku malo osungira nyama.
Maonekedwe a nswala ndiwokondweretsa. Zowonadi, mu nyama imodzi, zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zosagwirizana zinaphatikizidwa. Ngakhale Wachichaina, komwe agulu amachokera, amakhulupirira kuti anali ndi ziboda ngati ng'ombe, khosi la akavalo, maulendowo ndi mchira wa bulu. Ngakhale amodzi mwa mayina achi China - "sy-pu-xiang", m'matembenuzidwe amveka ngati "zosakwanira zinayi".
Davidov deer ndi nyama yayikulu pamiyendo yayitali. Kulemera kwake kumafikira ma kilogalamu mazana awiri mwa amuna, akazi ndi ochepa. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo kufota ndi sentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kuchokera pa mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mita iwiri. Pamutu wawung'ono wokwezeka womwe umakhala ndi makutu owongoka. Mchira wa mita imodzi uli ndi burashi, ngati bulu. Ziboda zake ndi zazitali zokhala ndi calcaneus yayitali ndi ziboda zamtsogolo.
Thupi lonse la nyamayo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofewa komanso lalitali. Kumbuyo konsekonse kuchokera kumchira mpaka kumutu ndi kansalu ka tsitsi. Amuna amakhala ndi chingwe chaching'ono kutsogolo kwa khosi.
Tsitsi lonyowa limakhala lofiirira nthawi yotentha, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhala imvi ndi chingwe chakuda kumbuyo konse, ndipo gawo lam'mimba limakhala lopepuka. Kuphatikiza pa tsitsi, nyamayi imakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lakutsogolo lomwe limakhalabe chaka chonse.
Kunyada kwa nswala ya Davide ndi nyanga zake. Akuluakulu, amatha masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Amakhala ndi njira zinayi zolozera kumbuyo (kwa nyanga zonse zamphongo zimayang'ana kutsogolo), ndipo zotsalazo zimagawika m'magulu ena asanu ndi limodzi. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amawataya chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Disembala. M'malo mwa zakale, njira zatsopano zimayamba kukula, zomwe ndi Meyi zimakhala nyanga zonse zopangidwa.
Monga tikumvetsetsa, nyama yokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo chotere silingalephereke chidwi munthu yemwe poyamba adawonongeratu nyamayo, ndipo tsopano akuchita zolimba pakubwezeretsa kwake.
Mwachidule mbiri yakale
Khwangwala wa David ndi nyama yomwe idasowa kuthengo zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Ophunzira ena amakhulupirira kuti izi zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC, ena - mu XIV, mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ming Dynasty. Nyama zinkakhala munkhalango zowirira za ku Central ndi Central China. Chomwe chinapangitsa kuti nyamazo ziwonongeke chinali chakuti agwape anali ndi mphamvu zochepa zolereka, ndipo kugwidwa kwawo kunali kosalamulirika, ndipo kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kunapangitsa kuti nyamayo isamalidwe komanso kufa kwawo.
Woyamba kuyesa kusunga malingaliro anali Mfumu Yachinayi, yomwe idaletsa kusaka nyama kwa aliyense kupatula banja lake ndikutola gulu laling'ono ku Nanyang Imperial Park, lozunguliridwa ndi mpanda waukulu. Khwangwala uja adabwera ku Europe kokha m'zaka za zana la 19, pomwe wasayansi waku France ndi mmishonale Jean-Pierre Arman David adafika ku China ndi cholinga chaukazitape. Zinali chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake ndi kuti mfumuyi idaloleza kutumiza kunja kwakunja kunja kwa dzikolo. Nyama zinamera ku England, ngakhale panali kuyesera kuti abereke ku France ndi Germany, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Deer adadziwika nalo dzina kulemekeza bambo omwe adawabweretsa ku Europe. Zinali chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake kuti malingalirowo adapulumutsidwa pakuchotsedwa kwathunthu padziko lapansi, chifukwa posakhalitsa, mavuto adafalikira ku China, poyamba Mtsinje wa Yellow udasefukira magombe ndikusefukira madera ambiri, paki yomwe amadyerero amatetezeka, khoma linagwa ndipo zina mwa nyama zidamizidwa, ndipo gawo linathawa ndipo linaphedwa ndi asaki. Ndipo ngakhale ochepa omwe adapulumutsidwa, mu 1900, zigawenga zidapha. Chifukwa chake, dziko lakalelo lidataya oimira amtunduwu.
Masiku ano, nswala za David zimapezeka m'malo osungira nyama zambiri padziko lapansi, pali nyama zambirimbiri. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, wogwirizira wa David adabweretsedwa kudziko lakwawo lakale, komwe zikhalidwe za Dafin Milu zachilengedwe zimapitilirabe. Asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akuyembekeza kuti posachedwa, nyama zidzasiya gulu lotetezedwa la EW la World Book Red, ndikukakhala kuthengo. Osachepera lero, kuyesayesa kwakukulu kukuchitikadi.
Mawonekedwe a nyama
Khola la Davide ndi gulu la nyama lomwe limakhala m'magulu, limasambira bwino. Madzi amatha nthawi yayitali. Amamadya zakudya zam'mera zokha.
Nthawi yakukhwima itayamba, anyani aamuna amasiyana ndi gulu la ng'ombe ndipo amayamba kumenyanirana pakati pa akazi. Deer samalimbana ndi nyanga zokha, komanso mano ndi miyendo yakutsogolo. Atasankha zazikazi zingapo, agwape amawateteza nthawi yonse yobereketsa, amakana chakudya, amachepetsa thupi ndipo amafooka kwambiri, koma mwachangu amangochira pambuyo pake. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukhwima kumawonetsedwa ndi kubangula kokwezeka kwambiri. Imayamba mchilimwe, makamaka pakati pa Juni ndi Julayi. Mkazi amakhala ndi pakati miyezi isanu ndi inayi. Mwana amabadwa osaposa ma kilogalamu khumi ndi atatu, wokhala ndi mtundu waung'ono, womwe umasintha pomwe mbawala zimakula. Kutha msamba kumachitika mchaka chachitatu. Nthawi zambiri, mbawala za David zimakhala zaka pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Mu moyo wake wonse, wamkazi samatha kudyetsa ana osaposa atatu, kotero kubereka kwamtunduwu ndikosachedwa.
Mitundu yokhala pangozi ya artiodactyl - David deer akuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri a zoology, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lidapangidwa kuti lizisunga. Chifukwa chiyani nyama zidatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka, ndizomwe zidachitika izi zisanachitike? Kodi mbawala imawoneka bwanji, imakhala kuti, mawonekedwe ake ndi otani? Mayankho ndi zithunzi zomwe zalembedwa.
Zomwe zidachitika kwa artiodactyl osowa
Pa mbiri yonse ya kukhalapo kwake, Davide anali atatsala pang'ono kufa. Kodi zidachitika bwanji? Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yathu ino, anthu "adakumana" ndi chinyama chamtchire chokhala ndi nyanga za nthambi. Koma "kulumikizanaku" kunali kusaka agwape kuti apeze nyama yokoma, khungu ndi nyanga. Kudula mitengo mwachangu ku Central China, kusaka kosadziletsa kunapangitsa kuti nyama wamba zizichotsa. Tithokoze kwa wolamulira waku China mchaka cha 2 AD anthu ochepa adapulumutsidwa. Adagwidwa ndikukakhazikika ku Imperial Hunting Park.
Yang'anani! Deer, mbadwa za m'nkhalango zaku China, ndi apadera pakuthekera kwawo pakusambira, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina. Chifukwa chake, madamu anali malo abwino kukhalamo.
Kusaka nyama zokhala ndi nyanga zomwe zimaloledwa kokha kwa amfumu achifumu. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19 Kazembe wa ku France Jean Pierre Arman David adatha kukopa mfumu ya China kuti itumize anthu angapo ku Europe. Anazindikira kuti iyi ndi mtundu wosadziwika ndi sayansi. Ku England, ma artiodactyl osowa, omwe adapatsidwa dzina la omwe adapeza, adatha kufalitsa. Ndipo paki yachifumu ya ku China, mwatsoka, idakhala malo omwe anamwalira agwada. Madzi osefukira amtsinje waukulu wa Yellow adawononga makhoma a pakiyo ndikusetsa nkhalangoyi. Pafupifupi nyama zonse zamira, ndipo omwe adatha kuthawa adawonongedwa pa nthawi yakuukira kwachi China mchaka choyamba cha zana la makumi awiri. Nyama zopulumutsidwa zomwe zinalandidwa kwawo zidapulumuka mozizwitsa ku Europe.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse sinawasungirenso. Pafupifupi anthu 40 adatsalira - adaganiza zobwezera nyakwawa m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za China. Malo omwe anamwalira tsopano ndi malo okhala. Kwa "ana aubongo a David" adapanga nkhokwe, komwe pafupifupi nthumwi 1 miliyoni zamtunduwu zimakhala.
Makhalidwe, malo, moyo
Wachikulire waku China adapatsa wogulitsa wokhala ndi dzina la ku Europe ndi dzina lina - "Xi Lu Xiang", "osati ngati anayi" Ndi ndani? Zowonadi ndi zakuti kunja kwakula komwe adisonkhanitsa maonekedwe ake nyama zingapo:
- ziboda ngati ng'ombe
- khosi lili ngati ngamila
- ozindikira
- mchira wa bulu.
"Zikuwoneka kuti sizomwezo." Mtundu wa artiodactyl uli ndi mtundu wa njerwa wa bulauni m'chilimwe, imvi nthawi yachisanu. Kukula kufota 140 cm, kutalika mpaka 2 m ndi kulemera pafupifupi 200 kg. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, wowongoka pang'ono, maso ndi mikanda, makutu amakhala pafupifupi ozungulira - akuthwa. "Nyanga" imafika pamitundu yayikulu - "korona" wokongola amakula pafupifupi 90 cm.
Yang'anani! Khwangwala wa Davide ndi amene ali ndi nyanga zapadera zomwe mitundu ina ilibe. Njira yotsika imatha kuyambitsa nthambi, ndikupanga maupangiri 6. "Nthambi" zazikulu zimawongoleredwa kumbuyo.
Pakadali pano, "Si Lu Xiang" amakhala m malo osungira nyama ndi malo otetezedwa a China ndi Europe. Nyama imasambira chisangalalo. Imapita m'madzi "pamapewa" ndipo imatha kukhala m'malo awa kwanthawi yayitali. Deer amakhala m'mkhola, wamwamuna, monga lamulo, ali ndi "harem" ya akazi angapo. Nyama yonyada imagonjetsa osankhidwa ake pomenya nkhondo yoopsa ndi opikisana nawo pamasewera akukhwima. Pankhondoyo, nyanga, miyendo yakutsogolo ngakhale mano akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Woimira wokongola wa nyama zokhala ndi nyanga, mwamwayi, amapulumutsidwa kuti atheretu. Mwina posachedwa ndizotheka kumasula zinyama kuzinthu zawo - nyama zamtchire.
Zosangalatsa: kanema
Thupi limakhala lokwera, miyendo ndiyokwera, mutu umakhala wotalika komanso wopapatiza, ndipo khosi limakhala lalifupi. Makutu amalozera, mwachidule.
Palibe ubweya kumapeto kwa muzzle. Mchirawo ndi wautali, ndi tsitsi lalitali kumapeto kwake.
Tsoka la Davide ndi lalifupi. Kutalika, nyamazo zimafika masentimita 150-215, ndipo kutalika kwake pafupifupi masentimita 140. Wogulitsa David amalemera ma kilogalamu 150-200.
Nyanga m'litali zimakula mpaka masentimita 87. Ndizachilendo kwambiri, palibe mtundu wina wa agwape omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe oterowo: mbadwa za thunthu lalikulu zimayang'ana kumbuyo, ndipo zotsika kwambiri komanso zazitali kwambiri zimatha kukhalanso nthambi, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mpaka 6.
M'chilimwe, mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa gawo la David wonyada ndi wachikasu, ndipo mbali yakunja ndiyopepuka.
Pafupifupi mchira pali "galasi" laling'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, mtunduwo umakhala wotuwa. Achichepere amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera oyera achikaso.
Chogwirizira cha david. Tsoka la Davide ndiwakufa koma wobwezeretsanso. Mitundu yamtundu wachilengedwe
Tsoka la Davide latsala pang'ono kutha, pakadali pano limangopulumuka mu ukapolo. Nyama iyi yatchulidwa pambuyo pa wofufuza-wosamalira nyama a Arman David, yemwe adayang'anira gulu lotsalira lachi China komanso kusuntha anthu onse kuti akhale otetezedwa pamtunduwu, dzina lake lachiwiri ndi Milu.
Kodi dzina la Si-pu-xiang limatanthawuza chiyani?
Wachichaina amatcha nyama yaikazi "Si-pu-hsiang," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "palibe m'modzi mwa anayi." Dzinalo silingafanane ndi momwe wowongolera wa Davide amawonekera. Mtundu wa agwape amafanana ndi ng'ombe zinayi ngati ng'ombe, koma osati ng'ombe, khosi ngati ngamira, koma osati ngamila, koma osati ngulu, mchira wa bulu, koma osati bulu.
Mutu wa nyama ndi wowonda komanso wamtambo wokhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono lakuthwa ndi maso akulu. Wapadera pakati pa agwape, nyamayi imakhala ndi nyanga zokhala ndi mbali yayikulu ya mbali yakunja mbali inayo. M'nyengo yotentha, mtundu wake umakhala wofiyira, nthawi yozizira - imvi, pamakhala kakang'ono, ndipo kumbuyo kumbuyo kamanjidwe kamdima. Ngati nthumwi zoimilira zili ndi mawonekedwe amtambo, ndiye kuti patsogolo pathu pali mbawala ya David (chithunzi pansipa). Amawoneka osuntha kwambiri.
Makhalidwe a David
Abulu a David amakhala kumadera otetezeka a Central ndi Northern China. Mkati mwa zaka za XIX, mbawala za David zimangosungidwa kumalo osakira amafumu okha. Kunali komwe kumene mbuluyu adapezeka mu 1865 ndi mmishonale wochokera ku France, David. Anatumizira munthu m'modzi ku Europe mu 1869, ndipo masiku ano abulu ambiri omwe amakhala pafupifupi 450 amakhala kumalo osungira nyama padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndipo ku China, wotsutsana naye wotsiriza wa David adawonongedwa mu 1920 panthawi ya nkhonya. Mu 1960, agwape adalandidwanso kwawo.
Momwe mtsogoleri wa Davide adakhalira mu vivo sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mwachidziwikire, nyama izi zinkakhala m'mphepete mwa madambo. Zakudya za nyamazi zimakhala ndi zomera zotchedwa herbaceous.
Abulu a David amakhala m'mizere yosiyanasiyana. Nthawi yakukhwima ikutha pa Juni-Julayi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 250. Mu Epulo-Meyi, agwape 1-2 amabadwa. Kutha kwawo kumatha miyezi 27, ndipo nthawi zina, amatha kubereka pakatha miyezi 15.
Kufotokozera za mbawala David
Thupi limakhala lalitali ndi 180-190 cm, kutalika kwa phewa ndi 120 cm, kutalika kwa mchira ndi 50 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 135 kg.
Ufumuwo ndi zinyama, mtundu wake ndi wopatilira, gulu ndi nyama, dongosolo ndi artiodactyls, chigawo chapansi ndiwotchingira, banja ndi mbawala, mtundu ndiye mbawala ya David.
Mtunduwu uli ndi abale ake pofotokozera:
china red munchak (Muntiacus muntjak),
Peruvian deer (Andean deer antisensis),
Kuswana
Popeza ngwazi za Davide sizikupezeka kuthengo, zimayang'ana machitidwe ake akagwidwa ukapolo. Mtunduwu umakhala wachikhalidwe ndipo umakhala ng'ombe zazikulu, kupatula nthawi isanayambe komanso itatha nyengo yodziwitsa. Pakadali pano, amphwayi amasiya gulu la ng'ombe kuti limenepe ndikulitsa kwambiri. Agulu aamuna amalimbana ndi omenyera gulu la akazi okhala ndi nyanga, mano ndi mphete. Akazi nawonso sakhala otsutsana kupikisana nawo amuna; amaluma. Tizilombo tambiri tambiri timene timayenda tulo timakhala tating'ono kwambiri.
Pakukhwima, abambo samadyetsa, chifukwa chidwi chonse chimaperekedwa pakuwongolera kwambiri zazikazi. Akazi atangophatikiza umuna ndi pomwe amuna otchuka amayamba kudya komanso kuthanso kulemera. Nthawi yobala imatenga masiku 160, nthawi zambiri mu June ndi Julayi. Pakadutsa masiku 288, zazikazi zimaberekana agulu limodzi kapena awiri. Ziwawa zimalemera pafupifupi 11 kg pakubadwa, lekani kudya mkaka wa amayi pa miyezi 10-11. Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri, ndipo amuna pachaka choyamba. Akuluakulu amakhala zaka 18.
Chitsitsimutso chaanthu abulu a David
Mbiri ya nyama iyi ndi chitsanzo cha momwe kusamalira nyama kukugwera ndikofunika kuteteza nyama zosowa. Abulu a David anathamangitsidwa kudziko lakwawo, nyamazo zikadatha zonse ngati nyama zina sizikakhala m'malo osungirako zinyama ku Europe.
Munthu m'modzi yekha ndiye adayambitsa kusonkhanitsa zodyera zonse za Davide ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi gulu laling'ono. Izi zidathandizira kupulumutsa banja kuti lisawonongedwe kwathunthu.
Abulu a David sanapatsidwe nyumba, koma nthawi yomweyo sanali kudziwika ngati nyama zakuthengo. M'masiku akale, mbawala za David zimakhala pachidikha chachikulu ku China.
Anthu akuthengo adaleka kukhalako kuyambira 1766 - 1122. BC, pomwe mzera wolamulira wa Shang udalamulira. Pakadali pano, adayamba kusuntha m'chipululu momwe amadyeramo, momwemo adapita. Kwa pafupifupi zaka 3,000, ngwazi zimasungidwa m'mapaki. Mtunduwo utapezeka ndi sayansi, ndi gulu limodzi lokha lomwe limapulumuka mu Imperial Hunting Park kumwera kwa Beijing. Mu 1865, Armand David, wazachilengedwe wa ku France, adatha kuwona kulumikizana ndi mpanda wa paki, pomwe azungu sakanatha kudutsa. Chifukwa chake nyama izi zidapezeka.
Chaka chotsatira, David adatenga zikopa ziwiri za nyama izi ndikuzitumiza ku Paris, komwe Mil-Edward adafotokozera. Pambuyo pake, ngwazi zingapo zam'madzi zidatumizidwa ku Europe, ndipo ana awo adakhazikika m'malo osungira nyama zingapo.
Mu 1894, Mtsinje wa Yellow udadzaza, womwe udagwetsa khoma lamiyala lozungulira Iperi Park, ndipo nyama zomwe zidabalalika. Agwape ambiri anaphedwa ndi anthu omwe anali ndi njala. Ndi owerengeka ochepa okha omwe adapulumuka, koma mu 1900 adawonongeka panthawi yankhondo yomwe inali ikubwera. Agalu ochepa okha ndi omwe adatengedwa kupita ku Beijing. Podzafika 1911, David deer awiri okha adapulumuka ku China, koma patatha zaka 10, onse awiri adamwalira.
Zizolowezi
Amuna amakonda “kukongoletsa” nyanga zake ndi udzu, kuzimangiriza m'tchire komanso kutulutsa zipatso. Kwa dzinja mu Disembala kapena Januware, nyanga zimasiyidwa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, ngwazi za Davide nthawi zambiri zimamveka zofuula.
Amadya udzu, mabango, zitsamba ndi zitsamba.
Popeza palibe njira zowonera anthuwa kuthengo, sizikudziwika kuti mdani wa nyama izi ndi ndani. Mwina nyalugwe, nyalugwe.
Habitat
Mitunduyi idawonekera munthawi ya Pleistocene kwinakwake kufupi ndi Manchuria. Zinthu zasintha pa nthawi ya Holocene, malinga ndi zomwe zatsala ndi nyama (mbawala ya David).
Kodi mitunduyi imakhala kuti? Malo oyambirirawa akukhulupirira kuti anali malo othinana pang'ono komanso malo okuta-mabango. Mosiyana ndi nswala zambiri, izi zimatha kusambira komanso kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Popeza agwape amakhala m'malo otsetsereka, anali osavuta kuwasaka, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 19 kuchuluka kwawo kunali kuchepa. Pakadali pano, mfumu ya China idasamutsa ng'ombe yayikulu kupita ku "Royal Hunt Park", kumene agulu adakula. Paki iyi inkazunguliridwa ndi khoma 70 mita kutalika, kunali koletsedwa kuyiyang'ana ngakhale pansi pa zowawa za imfa. Komabe, Armand David, mmishonale waku France, akuyika moyo wake pachiswe, adazindikira nyamazo ndipo adachita chidwi ndi nyama izi. David adakakamiza amfumu kuti apereke ngwazi zingapo kuti zizitumizidwa ku Europe.
Posakhalitsa, mu Meyi 1865, atachitika zowopsa, adapha unyinji wawukulu wa Davide. Zitatha izi, anthu pafupifupi asanu adatsala pakiyo, koma chifukwa cha chipwirikiticho, aku China adatenga pakiyo ngati chitetezo ndipo adadya nsonga yomaliza. Nthawi imeneyo ku Europe, nyama izi zidaperekedwa kwa anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi, koma pofika nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya, anthu anali atatsikanso mpaka makumi asanu. Udzu umapulumuka makamaka chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa Bedford ndi mwana wake Hastings, mtsogoleri wa 12 wa Bedford.
Kupirira kwa munthu m'modzi kupulumutsa kuchuluka kwaanthu
Zochitika izi zinapangitsa kuti lingaliro la Mtsogoleri wa Bedford apange gulu ku Wuberna, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi kunali kofunikira kulumikiza zinyama zonse zochokera ku malo osungira nyama aku Europe limodzi. Mu 1900-1901 adatola anthu 16. Zoweta ng'ombezo zinayamba kukula, ndipo pofika 1922 panali anthu 64 kale mmenemo.
Mitundu wamba: Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edward. Mtundu wa David deer ali mu Museum ya Zachilengedwe ya Paris.
Kusunga kwa Deer
Malo omwe nyama zamtunduwu zimaberekera ku China, komwe amapanga nkhokwe zomwe anthu opitilira 1000 amasungidwa.
Dafeng Nature Reserve inakhala kwawo kwa David. Ndilo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipomwe anthu ambiri a Milu amakhala.
Dafeng National Nature Reserve imakhala ndi malo a mahekitala 78,000; idapangidwa mu 1986 pagombe lakummawa.
Mitundu yokhala pangozi ya artiodactyl - David deer akuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri a zoology, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lidapangidwa kuti lizisunga. Chifukwa chiyani nyama zidatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka, ndizomwe zidachitika izi zisanachitike? Kodi mbawala imawoneka bwanji, imakhala kuti, mawonekedwe ake ndi otani? Mayankho ndi zithunzi zomwe zalembedwa.
Nkhani
Ku Europe, agwape adayamba kuwonekera m'ma 1900 kuthokoza kwa wansembe waku France, mmishonale komanso katswiri wazachilengedwe Armand David, yemwe adapita ku China ndikuwona zodyerazo m'munda wotsekedwa komanso wosamalidwa bwino. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, kutchire, agalu anali atafa kale, akukhulupirira, chifukwa chakusaka kosalamulirika nthawi ya Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Mu 1869, Emperor Tongzhi adapereka anthu angapo amtunduwu a France, Germany ndi Great Britain. Ku France ndi Germany, deer adamwalira posachedwa, ndipo ku UK adapulumuka chifukwa cha Mtsogoleri wa 11 wa Bedford, yemwe adawasunga pamalo ake Woburn (eng. Katundu wa Woburn ) Pofika nthawi imeneyi, zinthu ziwiri zidachitikanso ku China komwe, chifukwa choganiza kuti mfumu yotsalayo idafa kale. Mu 1895, madzi osefukira adachitika chifukwa cha mtsinje wa Yellow, ndipo nyama zowopsa zidathawira kukhoma ndipo kenako zimatsikira mumtsinje kapena kuwonongedwa ndi anthu wamba osiyidwa. Nyama zotsalira zinafa pa nthawi ya Boxer Uprising mu 1900. Kubwezeretsa kwatsopano kwa mbawala za David kumachokera kwa anthu 16 otsala ku UK, omwe adayamba kubereka mwapang'onopang'ono m'malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo, kuyambira mu 1964, kumalo osungira nyama ku Moscow ndi St. Pofika zaka za 1930s, chiwerengero cha amtunduwu chinali pafupifupi anthu 180, ndipo pakadali pano pali zinyama mazana angapo. Mu Novembro 1985, gulu la nyama linakhazikitsidwa ku Dafin Milu Nature Reserve. Dafeng milu nkhokwe ) pafupi ndi Beijing, komwe amati amakhala.
Arman David anali ndani, pomwe mitundu ya agulu ochokera ku China adatchulidwa: asitikali, amishonale, akazembe, ojambula zithunzi?
Arman David anali ndani, ndipo mitundu ya agulu ochokera ku China adatchedwa ndani? Lero tili ndi makalendala Loweruka, pa Marichi 14, 2020, pa Channel Channel pali ziwonetsero zakuti "Ndani akufuna kukhala Miliyoni?" Mu studio pali osewera ndi kuchititsa Dmitry Dibrov.
Munkhaniyi tikambirana chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa komanso zovuta za masewera a lero. Nkhani yofala, yachikhalidwe, komanso kuwunika kwathunthu pa kanema wa kanema "Ndani Akufuna Kukhala Miliyoneya?" Ikukonzedwa kale kuti ifalitsidwe patsamba la Sprint-Answer. Mayankho a 03/14/20. Mutha kudziwa momwemo ngati osewerawa apambana china chake lero, kapena achoka ku studio popanda chilichonse. Pakadali pano, tiyeni tipite ku funso lina la masewerawa ndi yankho lake.
Arman David anali ndani, ndipo mitundu ya agulu ochokera ku China adatchedwa ndani?
Deer David ndi mtundu wosowa wa agwape, omwe amangodziwika mu ukapolo, pomwe amaberekera pang'onopang'ono m'malo osiyanasiyana osungira nyama padziko lapansi ndipo amalowetsedwa ku malo osungira ku China. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zachilengedwe akuti mtunduwu poyamba unkakhala m'malo opezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Mmishinari wa ku France, Arman David, adabwera ku China pazinthu zamtokoma ndipo adakumana ndi woyamba wa David (yemwe adatchedwa pambuyo pake). Pokhapokha atakambirana zaka zambiri pomwe adakopa mfumu kuti ipereke chilolezo chobweretsa anthu ku Europe, koma ku France ndi Germany nyamazo zidafa mwachangu. Koma adazika mizu m'gululi la Chingerezi, lomwe lidalinso gawo lofunikira pobwezeretsa anthu.
- ankhondo
- mmishonale
- wazamalamulo
- wodziwika
Arman David (Seputembara 7, 1826, Espelet (pafupi ndi Bayonne) - Novembara 10, 1900, Paris) - Mmishonale wa ku France Lazar, komanso katswiri wodziwa za nyama ndi botanist.
Kwambiri pamoyo wake amagwira ntchito ku China. Wodziwika bwino kuti wofalitsa (wa sayansi yaku Europe) wa panda wamkulu komanso wolusa David. Anamufotokozanso ngati mtundu watsopano wamabango asayansi.
Chosimbidwa kuchokera ku Mbiri ya Davide
Anasokoneza mahatchiwo mumdima, natulutsira mikwingwirima ndikusintha malamulowo. Denisov anayimirira kunyumba yosungirako, ndikupereka malamulo omaliza. Achichepere a maphwandowo, akuwomba miyendo miyandamiyanda, adatsogola m'mbali mwamseu ndipo mwachangu adasowa pakati pamitengo yomwe ili pachithaphwi choyambirira. Ezul adatumiza china chake ku Cossacks. Petya anasunga hatchi yake pamwambo, kuyembekezera mwachidwi kuti akhale pansi. Kusambitsa m'madzi ozizira, nkhope yake, makamaka maso ake atapsa ndi moto, kuzizira kumatsikira kumbuyo kwake, ndipo china chake chinali chikugwedezeka mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu thupi lake lonse.
"Kodi zonse zakonzeka?" - adatero Denisov. - Bwerani mahatchi.
Mahatchi anali kudyetsedwa. Denisov adakwiya ndi Cossack chifukwa choti sinkiyo inali yofooka, ndipo, atayipatula, adakhala pansi. Petya adayamba kusokoneza. Akavalo, popeza anali ndi chizolowezi, amafuna kuluma mwendo wake, koma Petya, osamva kulemera kwake, adalumphira mwachangu, ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa hussar yemwe adasunthira mumdima, adakwera kupita ku Denisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, mungandipatseko kena kake? Chonde ... chifukwa cha Mulungu ... - adatero. Denisov adawoneka kuti amaiwalika za kupezeka kwa Petit. Adamuyang'ana kumbuyo.
"Za iwe г о у о о, kwa iye anati mwamphamvu," kuti mundimvere ine osalowerera kulikonse.
Munthawi yonse yosamutsira, a Denisov sananene kanthu ndi Petya ndipo anangokhala chete. Titafika m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, mundawo unali wowala kale. Denisov anayankhula modandaula kwa esaul, ndipo Cossacks inayamba kudutsa Petit ndi Denisov. Onse atayendetsa, Denisov anakhudza kavalo wake ndikukwera pansi. Atakhala kumbuyo kwawo ndikuyendayenda, akavalo adatsikira ndi okwera mdzenje. Petya anali akuyendetsa pafupi ndi Denisov. Kunjenjemera m'thupi lake lonse kunakulirakulira. Unali kuwonjezeka kwambiri, koma chifunga chokha chinali kubisala zinthu zakutali. Atasunthira pansi ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo, Denisov adagwedeza mutu wake kwa Cossack atayima pafupi naye.
- Chizindikiro! Adatero.
Cossack anakweza dzanja lake, kuwombera. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo panali kuwombana kutsogolo kwa akavalo omangika, akufuwula mbali zosiyanasiyana ndikuwomberabe.
Nthawi yomweyo kuti kulira koyamba kwa mabingu ndi kulira, Petya, atagunda kavalo wake ndikumasulira zingwe, osamvetsera Denisov akumuwombera, ali chigwiriro mtsogolo. Zinawoneka kwa Petya kuti modzidzimutsa, monga pakati pa tsiku, kudawonekera bwino mphindi yomwe kuwombera kumveka. Adalumpha kupita pa mlatho. Miseu yayikidwa patsogolo panjira. Pa mlatho, adathamangira mu Cossack yemwe anali wokalamba kwambiri ndipo anagwedezeka. Patsogolo, anthu ena - ayenera kuti anali achi French - adathawa mbali ya kudzanja lamanzere kumanzere. Imodzi idagwa pamatope pansi pa hatchi ya Petya.
Coss zomwe zinadzaza m'khola limodzi, zikuchita zinazake. Kuchokera pakati pa khamulo kumveka mawu oopsa. Petya adalumphira gulu'lo, ndipo chinthu choyamba chomwe adaona chinali nkhope ya Mfalansayo, wotumbulika ndi nsagwada yotsika, akugwiritsitsa nsonga zake.
- Hooray. Agogo ... athu ... - a Pee adafuwula, ndikupatsa zingwe zahatchi yoyaka, itayimilira kutsogolo kwa mseu.
Patsogola panali kumveka kuwomberana. Cossacks, hussars ndi andende ovala aku Russia, akuthamanga mbali zonse ziwiri za msewu, onse adafuula mokweza komanso mosasamala. Wachichepere, wopanda chipewa, wokhala ndi nkhope yofiyira, Mfaransa wobvala buluu adamenya nkhondo ndi bayonet kuchokera ku mankhusu. Pamene Petya adalumpha, Mfalansa anali atagwa kale. Komanso, anali atachedwa, kuwala m'mutu wa Petya, ndipo adawonekeranso kumene kuwombera kumveka. Mfuti zinachotsedwa m'bwalo la nyumba yabwino ija yomwe anali ndi Dolokhov usiku watha. A French adakhazikika kumbuyo kwa mpanda wattle mu dense, wokhala ndi dimba la tchire ndikuwombera Cossacks yomwe ili pachipata. Akuyandikira pachipata, Petya mu utsi wa ufa anawona Dolokhov ali ndi nkhope yotuwa, yobiriwira, akulira anthu. “Zowononga! Yembekezerani khanda! ” Adafuwula, pomwe Petya adapita kwa iye.
- dikirani. Uraaaa. - Adafuwula Petya ndipo, osazengereza ngakhale mphindi imodzi, adalimba kupita kumalo komwe kuwomberako kumamveka pomwe utsi wa ufa udakulira. Panali volley, ikumangotulutsa zipolopolo zopanda kanthu komanso ikulowera china chake. Cossacks ndi Dolokhov adatsata Petya kulowa pachipata cha nyumbayo. A French, mu utsi wambiri wosasunthika, ena adaponya zida ndikuthamanga kuthengo kukakumana ndi a Cossacks, ena adathawira pansi padziwe. Petya adakwera kavalo wake m'mphepete mwa manor, mmalo moyendetsa impsozo, adakweza manja ake onse modabwitsa komanso mwachangu, ndikupitabe patsogolo. Akavalo, atayatsidwa moto woyaka m'mawa, anapumula, ndipo Petya adagwa pansi ponyowa. Cossacks adawona momwe mikono ndi miyendo yake zimapendekera mwachangu, ngakhale mutu wake sunasunthe. Chipolopolo chinamuboola mutu.
Atatha kulankhula ndi mkulu wakale waku France, yemwe adabwera kwa iye kuchokera kuseri kwa nyumbayo atavala lupanga m'manja ndikulengeza kuti akugonjera, Dolokhov adatsika pahatchi yake ndikupita kwa Petya, yemwe adatambasulira mikono, manja atatambasulidwa.
"Wokonzeka," adatero, ndikuwonekeranso, ndikuyenda pachipata cholowera ku Denisov, yemwe amabwera kwa iye.
Deer wa David kapena Milu - amatanthauza chinyama chapadera, chomwe chimalembedwa mdziko la Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Imadziwidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zosavutikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, popeza imapezekiratu kuthengo, ndipo anthu ake adasungidwa ndi nyama kokha ku malo osungira nyama.
Maonekedwe a nswala ndiwokondweretsa. Zowonadi, mu nyama imodzi, zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zosagwirizana zinaphatikizidwa. Ngakhale Wachichaina, komwe agulu amachokera, amakhulupirira kuti anali ndi ziboda ngati ng'ombe, khosi la akavalo, maulendowo ndi mchira wa bulu. Ngakhale amodzi mwa mayina achi China - "sy-pu-xiang", m'matembenuzidwe amveka ngati "zosakwanira zinayi".
Davidov deer ndi nyama yayikulu pamiyendo yayitali. Kulemera kwake kumafikira ma kilogalamu mazana awiri mwa amuna, akazi ndi ochepa. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo kufota ndi sentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kuchokera pa mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mita iwiri. Pamutu wawung'ono wokwezeka womwe umakhala ndi makutu owongoka. Mchira wa mita imodzi uli ndi burashi, ngati bulu. Ziboda zake ndi zazitali zokhala ndi calcaneus yayitali ndi ziboda zamtsogolo.
Thupi lonse la nyamayo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofewa komanso lalitali. Kumbuyo konsekonse kuchokera kumchira mpaka kumutu ndi kansalu ka tsitsi. Amuna amakhala ndi chingwe chaching'ono kutsogolo kwa khosi.
Tsitsi lonyowa limakhala lofiirira nthawi yotentha, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhala imvi ndi chingwe chakuda kumbuyo konse, ndipo gawo lam'mimba limakhala lopepuka. Kuphatikiza pa tsitsi, nyamayi imakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lakutsogolo lomwe limakhalabe chaka chonse.
Kunyada kwa nswala ya Davide ndi nyanga zake. Akuluakulu, amatha masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Amakhala ndi njira zinayi zolozera kumbuyo (kwa nyanga zonse zamphongo zimayang'ana kutsogolo), ndipo zotsalazo zimagawika m'magulu ena asanu ndi limodzi. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amawataya chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Disembala. M'malo mwa zakale, njira zatsopano zimayamba kukula, zomwe ndi Meyi zimakhala nyanga zonse zopangidwa.
Monga tikumvetsetsa, nyama yokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo chotere silingalephereke chidwi munthu yemwe poyamba adawonongeratu nyamayo, ndipo tsopano akuchita zolimba pakubwezeretsa kwake.
Mitundu: Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards = Deer la David, Milu
Mitundu ndiyo mitundu yokhayo: Wosula wa David - E. davidianus Milne-Edward, 1866.
Kukula kwa nswala za David ndiwakufa. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 150-215, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi masentimita 50, kutalika kwake kumafota ndi 115-140 cm. Unyinji wamapazi a David ndi 150-200 kg. Thupi limakhala lokwera, miyendo imakwezeka. Khosi limakhala lalifupi, mutu ndi wautali komanso wopapatiza. Mbiri yakutsogolo kwa mutu wamakhola a David molunjika. Makutu ndi afupi, akuti. Mapeto a muzzle ndi maliseche. Mchirawo ndi wautali ndi tsitsi lalitali. Zingwe za zala zapakati ndizazikulu, zotsalira zimapangidwa bwino ndikugwira dothi poyenda pamtunda wofewa. Nyanga za mbawala ya David, yotalika masentimita 87, ndizodabwitsa kwambiri (zokhazokha pakati pa agwape amtunduwu): njira za thunthu lalikulu zimangowongoleredwa kumbuyo, chotsika kwambiri komanso chachitali kwambiri kuposa nthambizo, kubweza masentimita ochepa kuchokera ku chigaza, ndipo zimatha kukhala nthambi yokha (nthawi zina imakhala ndi malekezero 6). M'chilimwe, khungu la nswala ya David ndi la imvi, m'mimba mwake mumakhala bulauni. Pali "galasi" loyandikira. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa David deer ndiwotuwa. Achinyamata ofiira owoneka ofiira okhala ndi mawanga oyera oyera achikasu. Minyewa yamkati yolumikizana ndi metatarsal kulibe. Zingwe zonyengerera za abuluzi David ndi zazikulu kwambiri.
Chigoba chimakhala chachitali komanso chochepa. Gawo lamtsogolo limapendekeka pang'ono. Mafupa apamwamba okhala ndi fossae yayikulu ya infraorbital. Kutseguka kwa ethmoid ndikutalika komanso kocheperako. Ngoma zamagetsi zamafupa ndizochepa.
Diploid ya ma chromosomes a David deer 68.
Zikuoneka kuti, wonyamula Davide anali kukhala kumadambo a kumpoto ndi Central China. Pofika pakati pa zaka za XIX, adangosungidwa kumalo osakira achifumu komwe amakhala pafupi ndi Beijing, pomwe adapezedwa mu 1865 ndi mmishonale waku France. Adatumizidwa ku Europe mu 1869 ndipo pakadali pano, abulu a David amapezeka kumalo onse okulirapo padziko lonse lapansi mwa nyama pafupifupi 450. Chiyerekezo chotsiriza cha David yemwe adagona ku China adamwalira mu 1920. Mu 1960, adayambiranso ku China.
Njira yachilengedwe ya David dees sichikudziwika, koma, mwachidziwikire, imakhala m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi m'madambo. Abulu a David amadya zomera zam'madzi zopatsa mchere. Imasungidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Matani amapezeka mu June - Julayi. Mimba mu ngulu David imatenga masiku 250-270. Akazi amabweretsa agwape 1-2 mu Epulo - Meyi. Kukhwima kwa mbawala ya David kumachitika pa 27, kawirikawiri pa miyezi 15.
Deer of David - E. davidianus Milne-Edward, 1866.
Nkhani yokhudza mbawala ya Davide ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha udindo womwe abusa omwe ali mu ukapolo angatengepo pakusunga nyama yachilendo. Ngwazi zidachotsedwa mdziko lakwawo ndipo zikadatha zonse zikadapanda kuti mitundu yotsalira ikanati isasungidwe m'malo osungira nyama ku Europe. Mwakukhazikitsidwa ndi munthu m'modzi, nyama zonse zimatengedwa kuti zimange gulu laling'ono la kubereka ndikupulumutsa mtunduwo kuimfa.
Mtundu waukulu wa mbawala ya David ndi wofiira ndi utoto wa imvi. Mbali yakumunsi ya miyendo ndiyopepuka, m'mimba mwayera. Mchirawo ndi wautali kuposa wa agwape ena, umafika chidendene, kumapeto kwa ngayaye.Ziboda zake ndi zazikulu. Nyanga zimasiyananso ndi nyanga za mamembala ena am'banja: njira zawo zonse zimayendetsedwa kumbuyo ndikukhala mowongoka kumapeto kwake. Nthawi zina mbambo imasinthana ndi nyanga kawiri pachaka. Agulu ang'onoang'ono ali ndi malo oyera oyera pakhungu lawo.
Ngwazi izi sizinkakhala m'nyumba ndipo nthawi yomweyo sizinkadziwika kuti sayansi ngati nyama yanyama yakuthengo.
Mu nthawi zam'mbuyomu, agalu anali ochulukirapo komanso ofala pachidikha chachikulu cha kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kuyambira Beijing mpaka m'chigawo cha Hangzhou ndi Hu-nan.
M'munda wake wamtchire, mbawala ya David idaleka kukhalapo kuyambira nthawi ya mzera wobadwira ku Shang (1766 - 1122 BC), pamene zigwa zomwe adakhala zidayamba kulimidwa. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 3,000, nyamayo inkasungidwa m'mapaki. Panthawiyo, agulu atatsegulidwa ku sayansi, woweta yekhayo amasungidwa ku Non Hai-Dzu (South Lake) -ku Imperi Hunting Park kumwera kwa Beijing. Adatsegulidwa ndi katswiri wotchuka wachilengedwe wa ku France dzina lake Abbot Armand David (yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi dzina lake) mu 1865, pomwe adakwanitsa kuyang'anitsitsa mpanda wa malo osungidwa bwino, pomwe azungu adakanidwa kulowa.
Chaka chotsatira, David adakwanitsa kutenga zikopa ziwiri ndikutumiza ku Paris, komwe Mil-Edward adawafotokozera. Pambuyo pake, angapo amoyo amatumizidwa ku Europe, ndipo ana awo adakhala m'malo osungira nyama angapo.
Mu 1894, pomwe mtsinje wa Yellow umataya, khoma lamiyala lopitilira 70 Imperial Hunting Park linagwetsedwa, ndipo matsenga adabalalitsa malo oyandikana nawo omwe anthu omwe anali ndi njala adawapha.
Nyama zochepa zomwe zidatsala zidawonongedwa mu 1900 nthawi ya nkhonya. Ndi nyama zochepa zomwe zidatsala ku Beijing. Mu 1911, agalu awiri okha adatsala ku China, ndipo zaka khumi pambuyo pake onse adagwa.
Zitachitika izi ku China, Mtsogoleri wa Bedford adaganiza zokhazikitsa gulu la ziweto ku Wubern, kulumikiza nyama zonse kuchokera kumalo osungira nyama ku Europe. Pakati pa 1900 ndi 1901 anakwanitsa kusonkhetsa deya 16. Ziweto ku Wuberna zinayamba kukula, ndipo pofika 1922 panali 64 agulu.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kuchuluka kwa abuluwo kudakulirakulira kotero kuti zochulukirapo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa zoweta m'maiko ena, pofika mu 1963 ziwerengero zidapitilira 400. Mu 1964, gudumu lidatembenuka kwathunthu pamene London Zoo idatumiza makope anayi kubwerera ku China, komwe adakhazikika ku Beijing Zoo, theka la zaka izi zitasowa m'dziko.
Kulembetsa pachaka padziko lonse lapansi kwa David padziko lapansi kumachitika ndi a E. Tong, mkulu wa Whipneyd Zoo, ndipo amafalitsidwa mu International Yearbook of Zoos.
(D. Fisher, N. Simon, D. Vincent "The Red Book", M., 1976)
Chogwirizira cha david. Tsoka la Davide ndiwakufa koma wobwezeretsanso. Makhalidwe & Khalidwe Lamagulu
Deer wa David kapena Milu - amatanthauza chinyama chapadera, chomwe chimalembedwa mdziko la Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Imadziwidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zosavutikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, popeza imapezekiratu kuthengo, ndipo anthu ake adasungidwa ndi nyama kokha ku malo osungira nyama.
Maonekedwe a nswala ndiwokondweretsa. Zowonadi, mu nyama imodzi, zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zosagwirizana zinaphatikizidwa. Ngakhale Wachichaina, komwe agulu amachokera, amakhulupirira kuti anali ndi ziboda ngati ng'ombe, khosi la akavalo, maulendowo ndi mchira wa bulu. Ngakhale amodzi mwa mayina achi China - "sy-pu-xiang", m'matembenuzidwe amveka ngati "zosakwanira zinayi".
Davidov deer ndi nyama yayikulu pamiyendo yayitali. Kulemera kwake kumafikira ma kilogalamu mazana awiri mwa amuna, akazi ndi ochepa. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo kufota ndi sentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kuchokera pa mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mita iwiri. Pamutu wawung'ono wokwezeka womwe umakhala ndi makutu owongoka. Mchira wa mita imodzi uli ndi burashi, ngati bulu. Ziboda zake ndi zazitali zokhala ndi calcaneus yayitali ndi ziboda zamtsogolo.
Thupi lonse la nyamayo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lofewa komanso lalitali. Kumbuyo konsekonse kuchokera kumchira mpaka kumutu ndi kansalu ka tsitsi. Amuna amakhala ndi chingwe chaching'ono kutsogolo kwa khosi.
Tsitsi lonyowa limakhala lofiirira nthawi yotentha, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakhala imvi ndi chingwe chakuda kumbuyo konse, ndipo gawo lam'mimba limakhala lopepuka. Kuphatikiza pa tsitsi, nyamayi imakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lakutsogolo lomwe limakhalabe chaka chonse.
Kunyada kwa nswala ya Davide ndi nyanga zake. Akuluakulu, amatha masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Amakhala ndi njira zinayi zolozera kumbuyo (kwa nyanga zonse zamphongo zimayang'ana kutsogolo), ndipo zotsalazo zimagawika m'magulu ena asanu ndi limodzi. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amawataya chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Disembala. M'malo mwa zakale, njira zatsopano zimayamba kukula, zomwe ndi Meyi zimakhala nyanga zonse zopangidwa.
Monga tikumvetsetsa, nyama yokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo chotere silingalephereke chidwi munthu yemwe poyamba adawonongeratu nyamayo, ndipo tsopano akuchita zolimba pakubwezeretsa kwake.
Khalidwe la mbadwa za David
Tsitsi lalikulupo, kutalika kwa mapewa 140cm, kupindika kwa masentimita 140, kutalika kwa 215 cm.Miyendo yake ndi yayitali komanso yotsika, kutsogolo ndiyofupikirako kuposa kumbuyo, imangokhala ndi zapamwamba kumbuyo kwa metapods ofananira, tiziwalo totsogoloska pakati pa zala palibe kusapezeka. Ziboda zake ndi zokulirapo, ndipo mbali yayitali kwambiri yam'madzi yopanda chidendene kuchokera kumapazi ake. Zovala zamtsogolo ndizitali kwambiri. Pakati pawo pali malo opanda kanthu, mtolo wolumikiza ziboda, nawonso wamaliseche. Zingwe zazing'ono zazing'onoting'ono, zazing'onoting'ono zamiyendo yakumbuyo ndizifupi zazifupi kuposa mphete. M'nyengo yozizira, miyendo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda kuposa chilimwe. Mutu, womwe udakwezedwa kutsogolo, ndikuwonetsa bwino. Malo opanda mphuno ndi akulu, pafupifupi kuphimba mphuno, ofanana ndi Cervus, ali ndi khwinya lalikulu. Tizilombo ta preorbital ndiokulirapo. Makutu ndi ochepa, ochepa thupi, amafupikitsa kangapo kuposa mchira. (Kutalika kwa makutu ndi pafupifupi 7 cm). Mchira wamtunduwu, poyerekeza ndi agwape ena, ndi wautali kwambiri, kutalika ndi tsitsi pafupifupi 53 cm, wopanda tsitsi 32 cm, cylindrical, wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali ngati mawonekedwe burashi wofika chidendene kumapeto (chizindikiro chomwe chimasiyanitsa mtunduwu ndi Cervidae yonse) . Khosi limakhala lokwera, limakhala ndi mauna opangidwa kutalika, kutalika kuyambira pansi.
Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga, zazikulu, zozungulira pamtunda, zodutsa patali, ndipo njira zonse (makamaka 4) zimayendetsedwa kumbuyo osati kutsogolo, monga ku Cervinae (amafanana ndi Odocoileus). Njira yotsika ndiyitali kwambiri, yolunjika, nthawi zambiri yopanga kumapeto, nthawi zina imakhala ndi malekezero asanu. Kupitilira apo, m'mwamba, njira zimachepera kutalika. Nthawi zina, nyanga zimasintha kawiri pachaka, zomwe zimatha kukhala boma lokhazikika. Mtundu wa tsitsi umakhala ndi mitundu itatu ya tsitsi. Apex ndi yofewa, pang'ono pang'ono yavy, yochepa. Tsitsi limakhala lotalikirana ndi mzere, pamimba limakhala lalifupi komanso locheperako kuposa thupi lakumtunda. Dera la mbolo limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. M'mbali mwa khosi komanso pansi pa khosi, tsitsilo limapanga ndevu, pang'onopang'ono kuphatikizana ndi mbali yonse ya tsitsi. Tsitsi limakhala ndi mulu womwe umasinthira kutsogolo ndi Mzere wopita kutsogolo, kuchokera ku sacrum kudutsa kumbuyo konse komanso mmbali mwa khosi. M'mphepete mwa tsitsili mumakumana malembedwe akuthwa. Thupi lonse, kupatula mutu ndi miyendo yam'munsi, kuchokera ku metacarpal joints ("bondo") ndi chidendene, pali tsitsi lalitali losowa mpaka 10 cm. Mkati wamkati ndi wamfupi, wofewa kwambiri.
Mtundu waung'ono ndi wofiirira, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera. Akuluakulu ndi makanema achikuda. Kamvekedwe kake ndi kofiirira komanso kakang'ono ka imvi, kofewa pamapewa. Chizindikiro chake ndi choyera kapena chofiirira. Malo ofiira akuda pamwamba pa malo amphuno. Mphumi, malo pakati pa maso ndi makutu, ndi mphete zozungulira m'maso ndizowongoka. Khosi limakhala lofiirira pamwambapa, lomwe limakhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda m'mbali, lakuda pansi. Khosi, pansi pamutu ndi chifuwa ndi zakuda. M'mbali mwake muli chingwe chakuda. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi limakhala loyera, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi tinthu tambiri. Kumbuyo ndi mkati mwa ntchafu ndizoyera kirimu, pang'onopang'ono kumasintha kukhala mtundu wa thupi. Mchira ndi mtundu umodzi wokhala ndi kumbuyo kapena wofiira pamwamba, bulashi yakuda yokhala ndi kuphatikizika pang'ono kwa tsitsi lofiira. Zotsogola kuyambira "bondo" pansi komanso kumbuyo kwa khoma lamkati ndizoyera, miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyotenga chidendene kunjaku ndipo lingaliro lozungulira mpaka bondo kupita ku groin ndilofanana, lingwe lofiirira lomwe limadutsa mkati. Akazi ndi owala kuposa amuna. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimadzaza, zimatenga tsitsi lalitali komanso lalitali la utoto wonyezimira. Ubweya wa chilimwe umatha kuyambira Meyi kapena June mpaka Ogasiti-Sepemba. Zizindikiro zoyambira za nyundo zikupezeka kumapeto kwa Julayi.
Nsagwada yakumunsi ndiyokwera pang'ono, m'chigawo chakunja, mtunda kuchokera pm2 mpaka kumapeto kwa nsagwada kuli pafupifupi kutalika kwa mzere wowongoka komanso wowonekera bwino. Kusakanikirana ndikochepa, kochepera kutalika kwa mzere wa molars apansi. Ndondomeko ya angular imayendetsedwera kutsogolo ndipo siyibwerera, monga ku Cervus.
Mafangayi apamwamba ndi ochepa kukula. Ma molars apamwamba ndiakulu, okhala ndizipilala zazing'ono mkati. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimapangidwa, monga Cervus, pang'onopang'ono zimachepa kukula. Mbali yamkati yonse yazitsulo ndi ma canine imakhala ndi maimidwe apakati aatali, omwe amalekanitsidwa ndi ma crestudinal okwera kwambiri, kumbali zakumapeto kumakhalanso malire ndi zitunda, mbali yayikulu (kutsikira) ya kuvutikaku imakutidwa ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono owonjezera, chifukwa cha zomwe kuponyedwa ngati thumba.
Ma phalanges okhala ndi ziboda ngakulu, kutalika komanso kutsika (m'lifupi ndi kutalika m'mbali yamagawo ndi ofanana). Mbali yakumtunda palibe, phalanx imakhala yozungulira. Phaphasi yachiwiri ndi yofanana ndi Cervus, koma yotalikirapo.
Kugawa ndi nyumba yakukhazikika ya Davide
Mitundu yayikulu ya mbawala ya David sichikudziwika; mwina imaphatikizapo gawo lina la Kumpoto kwa China ndi Japan. Mosakayikira, kufalitsa kwa Elaphurus ku China kudakulirakulira, popeza kudapezeka m'dziko la Nihovan (Elaphurus bifurcatus Teilhard de Chardin et Piveteau) komanso m'chigawo cha Henan (Elaphurus davidianus Matsnmoto). Kugawidwa kwa ngwazi ku Japan kumeneku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa chidutswa cha lipenga la zinthu zakale, zomwe wafotokozedwa ndi Watase waku chigawo cha Harima. Pakadali pano sapezeka kuthengo. Gulu limodzi limasungidwa m'munda wa Beijing Summer Palace. Ochepa ochepa a m'bungweli adapita nawo ku Woburn Abbey (England) ndi kuminda ina yowotchera zoweta. Soverby akulemba kuti mwina gawo lalikulu la agwapewa anali m'zigwa za Hebei, pomwe agwape amakhala m'madambo omwe adakutidwa ndi mabango ndi zitsamba.
Zowunikira. Mawonekedwe a malekezero (kudzipatula kwakukulu kwa zala, kuthekera kwawo kuchoka patali, gawo lotalika la "calcaneal" ndi zala zazikulu zakutsogolo) kukuwonetsa kusinthika kwa Elaphurus kukhala moyo pakati pa marows (ofanana ndi abuluzi). M'mawu osokoneza, ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi subervam Cervinae. Pali zinthu zingapo zachilendo zomwe zimasiyanitsa detiyi ndi ena onse. Kuphatikiza kwapadera kwapadera (kapangidwe ka miyendo, nyanga, zogonana ndi nyengo, ndi zina) ndi zizindikiritso zakale (kutalika kwa dera la fronto-orbital, kusiyanasiyana kwakang'ono kwamtundu mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi). Kuyimbidwa kwa mtunduwu ndi Rusa kumawoneka ngati kothekera kwambiri, komwe kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati nthambi yosinthika kwambiri komanso yapadera ndipo yomwe ili ndi kufanana kwakukulu m'mawu a craniological.
Ndodo - deed wa David
- Kalasi: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 = Mammals
- Infraclass: Eutheria, Placentalia Gill, 1872 = Placental, Zapamwamba Zapamwamba
- Squadron: Ungulata = Ungulata
- Dongosolo: Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 = Artiodactyls, wapawiri-kumanja
- Dongosolo: Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777 = Ruminants
- Banja: Cervidae Gray, 1821 = Reindeer, agwape, agwape, okhala ndi nyanga pafupi
- Mtundu: Elaphurus Milne-Edward, 1866 = David Deer, Chinese Deer, Milu