Ku Zimbabwe mchaka cha 2008, ogwira ntchito m'boma adaletsa KUGWIRA IT chimbudzi. Ndi mawu awiri ati omwe asinthidwa ndi KUTI ITI?

Yankho ndi: Pukutani ndalama. Mu 2008, ku Russia kunali matenda osiyanasiyana. Pa 1 biliyoni dollars yaku Zimbabwe sikunali kotheka kugula ngakhale mapepala akuchimbudzi, ndiye kuti inali yotsika mtengo kupukuta ndi ndalama. Zachidziwikire, boma silinakonde malingaliro awa ku ndalama zamayiko

MISONKHANO YAKUTI YA AFRAN

Ogulitsa ku Portugal adamva za "nyumba" zazikulu zamiyala kuchokera kwa anthu aku Africa akufika pagombe kuti adzasinthana katundu kuchokera mkati mwa kontrakitala. Koma m'zaka za m'ma 1800 zokha pomwe azungu adawona malo odabwitsa. Malinga ndi zofalitsa zina, mabwinja odabwitsa amapezeka koyamba ndi woyendayenda komanso mlenje wa njovu Adamu Rendere, koma nthawi zambiri zomwe amapeza zimachokera kwa katswiri wofufuza malo wa ku Germany Karl Mauch.

Sayansiyi idamvapo mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku Afirika za miyala yamphamvu kwambiri m'madera omwe sanafufuze kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Limpopo. Palibe amene akudziwa kuti adamangidwa ndi ndani ndipo wasayansi waku Germany adaganiza zopita paulendo wowopsa kupita kumabwinja osamvetsetseka.

Mu 1867, Mauh adapeza dziko lakale ndikuwona nyumba zambiri, zomwe pambuyo pake zimatchedwa Big Zimbabwe (m'chilankhulo cha fuko la a Chichewa, mawu oti "Zimbabwe" amatanthauza "nyumba yamwala"). Wasayansi adadabwa ndi zomwe adawona. Kapangidwe kake, komwe kanawoneka pamaso pake, kanakhudza wofufuzayo ndi kukula kwake komanso kapangidwe kake kazachilendo.

Khoma lowoneka bwino lomwe linali ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi mamitala 250, kutalika kwake pafupifupi mita 10 ndi m'lifupi mwake mpaka mita 5 lazungulira malo akale, momwe, mwachiwonekere, nyumba ya wolamulira wa dziko lakale ili idalipo kale.

Tsopano malowo amatchedwa Temple, kapena Elliptical nyumba. Zinali zotheka kulowa m'gawo lotchingidwa ndi khoma kudzera m'mizere yopapatiza. Nyumba zonse zidamangidwa ndi zomanga zowuma, pomwe miyala idayikidwapo pamwamba pa wina ndi mnzake popanda njira yothandizira. Pamamita 800 kumpoto kwa mzinda wokhala ndi linga, pamwamba pa phiri lamiyala, panali mabwinja a nyumba ina, yotchedwa Stone Fortress, kapena Acropolis.

Ngakhale Mauh adatulukira m'mabwinja ena okhala ndi chikhalidwe cha komweko, sizidadziwike kuti anthu aku Africa angathe kumanga nyumba ya Zimbabwe. Pachikhalidwe, mafuko am'mudzimo adamanga nyumba zawo komanso zina pogwiritsa ntchito dongo, nkhuni ndi udzu wouma, motero kugwiritsa ntchito mwala pompangira nyumbayo kumawoneka kosafunikira.

PA DZIKO LAPANSI GOLD

Chifukwa chake, a Mauh adaganiza kuti Greater Zimbabwe idamangidwa osati ndi anthu aku Africa, koma ndi azungu omwe adayendera zigawozi kale. Malinga ndi lingaliro lake, mfumu yodziwika bwino Solomo ndi Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba atha kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yomanga nyumba zamiyala, ndipo malo awa palokha anali Ophir wa m'Baibulo, dziko la migodi ya golide.

Asayansi pamapeto pake adakhulupirira zomwe amaganiza atazindikira kuti mtengo wamakhoma amodzi wapakhomo amapangidwa ndi mkungudza. Amatha kubwera ku Lebanon kokha, ndipo ndi Mfumu Solomo yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mkungudza pomanga nyumba zake zachifumu.

Pamapeto pake, Karl Mauh adazindikira kuti ndi Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba yomwe idalakwika ku Zimbabwe. Malingaliro okopa asayansi aja adadzetsa mavuto. Alendo ambiri adayamba kuyenda m'mabwinja akale, omwe ankalakalaka atapeza chuma cha Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba, chifukwa mgodi wakale wagolide kale udalipo pafupi ndi tata. Sizikudziwika ngati pali amene anakwanitsa kupeza chumacho, koma kuwonongeka kwa zida zakalezo kunali kwakukulu, ndipo pambuyo pake zinapangitsa kwambiri kufufuza kwa akatswiri ofukula zakale.

Mapeto Mauch mu 1905 adatsutsidwa ndi ofufuza zakale waku Britain David Randall-Maciver. Adachita kafukufuku wodziyimira payokha ku Greater Zimbabwe ndikuti nyumbazo sizinali zachikale ndipo zidamangidwa munthawi ya 11th mpaka 1500 century.

Zidapezeka kuti a Native Africa amatha kumanga Big Zimbabwe. Kufika kumabwinja akale kunali kovuta kwambiri, kotero kutuluka kotsatira kunawonekera m'magawo awa mu 1929. Adatsogozedwa ndi wasayansi wofufuza za akazi ku Britain Gertrude Caton-Thompson, gulu lake lidaphatikiza azimayi okha.

Pofika nthawi imeneyo, osaka chuma anali atachita kale kuwonongeka kotero kuti Caton-Thompson adakakamizidwa kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito yofufuza nyumba zomwe sizinapezeke. Wofufuza molimba mtima adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ndege posakira. Anatha kuvomera pagalimoto yokhala ndi mapiko, adanyamuka yekha ndi woyendetsa ndege mlengalenga ndikupeza mwala wina wamtali kuchokera patali.

Atafukula, Cato-Thompson adatsimikiza kwathunthu zomaliza za Ren-dall-Makiver za nthawi yomanga Greater Zimbabwe. Kuphatikiza apo, adanenanso motsimikiza kuti nyumba zomangidwa, mosakaikira, zidakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu akuda Africa.

AFRAN STONEHENGE?

Asayansi akhala akuphunzira Greater Zimbabwe kwazaka zana ndi theka, komabe, ngakhale atakhala nthawi yayitali, Greater Zimbabwe yakwanitsa kusunga zinsinsi zina zambiri. Sizikudziwika kuti omwe omanga akewo adadziteteza bwanji pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu zotchinjiriza. Sikuti zonse zili zomveka ndi nthawi yoyambira kumanga kwawo.

Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa khoma la nyumba ya Elliptical, zidutswa zamatayala zidapezeka kuti zidachokera nthawi ya pakati pa 591 (kuphatikiza kapena zaka zaka 120) ndi 702 AD. e. (kuphatikiza kapena kusiya zaka 92). Mwina khomalo linamangidwa pamaziko akale kwambiri.

Pakufukula, asayansi anapeza mbalame zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi steatite (mwala wa sopo), akuti anthu akale a ku Great Zimbabwe amalambira milungu yonga mbalame. Ndizotheka kuti kapangidwe kodabwitsa kwambiri ka Greater Zimbabwe, nsanja yachilengedwe yomwe ili kukhoma kwa nyumba ya Elliptical, ndizolumikizana mwanjira ina. Kutalika kwake kumafika mita 10, ndipo kuzungulira kwa maziko ndi 17 mita.

Inamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomangira zomangira ndipo ndiwofanana mu nkhokwe za anthu wamba wamba, koma nsanjayo ilibe khomo, ilibe windows, palibe masitepe. Mpaka pano, cholinga cha nyumbayi ndi chopanda tanthauzo cha akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja.

Komabe, pali lingaliro losangalatsa kwambiri la Richard Wade kuchokera ku Nkwe Ridge Observatory, malinga ndi momwe Temple (Elliptical Building) idagwiritsidwira ntchito mofananamo ndi Stonehenge wotchuka. Khoma lamiyala, nsanja yododometsa, ma monolith osiyanasiyana - zonsezi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana Dzuwa, Mwezi, mapulaneti ndi nyenyezi. Kodi zili choncho? Yankho likhoza kungopereka kafukufuku wina.

CHITSANZO CHA MPHAMVU YA MPHAMVU

Pakadali pano, asayansi ochepa amakayikira kuti Greater Zimbabwe idamangidwa ndi anthu aku Africa. Malinga ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja, m'zaka za m'ma 1400 ufumu wa ku Africa uno udakwaniritsidwa ndipo ungafanane ndi London kuderalo.

Chiwerengero chake chinali anthu 18,000. Greater Zimbabwe inali likulu la ufumu waukulu womwe unkatalikirana makilomita masauzande ndikusonkhanitsa ambiri, ndipo mwina mazana amitundu.

Ngakhale migodi imagwira ntchito muufumu ndipo golide anali atakumbidwa, chuma chochuluka cha omwe akukhalamo chinali ng'ombe. Golide wopangidwa ndi minyanga ndi njovu anapulumutsidwa kuchokera ku Zimbabwe kupita kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, komwe madoko anali pomwepo, ndipo ndi thandizo lawo, malonda anali othandizidwa ndi Arabia, India ndi Far East. Zoti dziko la Zimbabwe limalumikizana ndi zakunja zikuwonekeranso chifukwa cha zofukulidwa pansi zakale zaku Arabia ndi Aperesi.

Amakhulupilira kuti Greater Zimbabwe ndiye chimake cha migodi: m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kumapangidwe amiyala, ntchito zambiri za mgodi zidapezeka. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, ufumu wa Africa udalipo mpaka 1750, kenako udayamba kuvunda.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ku Africa, Greater Zimbabwe ndi malo ophunzirira. Polemekeza malo ofukula zakalezi, Southern Rhodesia, komwe ili kudera, idasinthidwa ku Zimbabwe mu 1980.

• 1878 malingaliro

Chiyambi cha munthu padziko lapansi adapangira ukapolo

Kuchokera pachibadwidwe cha anthu, timayesetsa kulongosola komwe tidachokera ndikuyankha funso lofunikira, loyamba: tidachokera kuti? Mu zikhalidwe zonse zakutali zomwe zimabalalika padziko lonse lapansi, munthu akhoza kupeza zokhuza nthano za chiyambi, mosiyanasiyana monga chikhalidwe chomwe chidachokera.

Pambuyo pake, tinali ndi sayansi komanso lingaliro la chisinthiko, kuyesa kwa asayansi kufotokozera funso lakale lomwe lomwe lakhala likutivuta kuyambira pachiwonetsero choyamba cha kudzikumbukira chidawonekera m'misempha yathu, komabe palibe yankho lenileni la funso ili.

Koma pali malingaliro kuti anthu alibe mawonekedwe akumaloko ndipo adabwera ku Earth kuchokera ku pulaneti ina.

Lingaliro ndilakuti zomwe tidachokera padziko lapansi pano sizomwe zikuwoneka, komanso kuti mwina sitife opanga dziko lapansi, koma alendo, omwe pazifukwa zina, adakhalako posachedwa padziko lonse lapansi mwina mazana zikwizikwi kapenanso aposachedwa kwambiri, zaka masauzande zapitazo, pambuyo pake tidalumikizana ndi mitundu yakale, monga Neanderthals, kuti tikhale zolengedwa zosakanizidwa zomwe tili lero.

Izi zidzamveka zambiri kwa anthu ambiri, koma asayansi ambiri otchuka amatsimikizira chiphunzitsochi.

Ndipo pali zokangana zambiri kuti ife, monga mtundu, sindife a malo ano. Chifukwa choyamba komanso chachikulu chachitikazi ndichakuti anthufe sitili ngati china chilichonse padziko lapansi lino pokhudzana ndi luntha ndi malingaliro.

Palibe chinyama china chilichonse chomwe chimayandikira luso lathu kuganiza, filosofi, kupanga ndale, ntchito zaluso ndi ndakatulo, kapena kupita patsogolo paukadaulo mwachangu kwambiri.

Uwu ndiye mkangano wodziwikiratu, koma siwokhawo, ndipo anthu akuwonetsa zinthu zambiri komanso zochitika mwakuthupi zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti sitife oyamikika komanso oyenera dziko lino lapansi monga momwe olemba athu oyambilira angaganizire.

Mndandanda wautali wosiyana pakati pa ife ndi pafupifupi mitundu ina yonse ya zinthu zapadziko lapansi, zimatizindikiritsa kukhala osazolowera chilengedwe komanso dziko lapansi.

Kusiyana kwawoneka kotereku kumatha kuonekera koyambirira m'miyoyo yathu. Amayi aanthu amakhala ndi zovuta zazikulu komanso zowawa pakubadwa kwa mwana zomwe sizikuwoneka kwina kulikonse mu ufumu wa nyama, pomwe kubadwa pakati pa nyama kumakhala kwachilengedwe komanso kosalala, pomwe anthu amafunikira thandizo kwambiri ndipo amatha kumwalira nthawi yobala, yomwe nthawi zina imakhalabe ngakhale zikuchitikabe mpaka pano.

Zachidziwikire, izi ndizolumikizana ndi mutu wamkulu wa makanda aanthu, koma bwanji, ziyenera kukhala, ngati iyi ndi njira yachilengedwe? Pambuyo pobadwa, pakapita nthawi yachilendo kwambiri, timadutsa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ana aanthu ali opanda chiyembekezo kwa zaka zambiri atabadwa, zomwe sizidziwika ngati nyama wamba.

Mapeto ake, akamakula, anthu amawonetsa zizolowezi zambiri zomwe sizigawidwe kwenikweni ndi zolengedwa zina padziko lapansi. Timalimbana ndi matenda komanso zinthu zina, monga hay fever, chifuwa ndi zina.

Ndipo pali kufooka kwathu kwachilendo kwa Dzuwa, ndife amodzi mwa zolengedwa zochepa zomwe zimavutika ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa mpaka momwe timakhalira, ngakhale kuti "tidasintha" kuti tisakhale ndi tsitsi lanyama, komanso kuti Kuphatikiza apo, ndife amodzi mwa zolengedwa zochepa zomwe zimafunikira kupukusa maso awo dzuwa litawala.

Mitundu yamagetsi yomwe timatha kumva imakhalanso yotsikirapo modabwitsa poyerekeza ndi nyama zambiri, monganso fungo lathu. Anthufe timakhalanso ndi mavuto obwerera m'mbuyo, omwe ndi zotsatira za mphamvu zosiyanasiyana pakati pa nyumba yathu ndi Dziko Lapansi, ndipo matupi athu amawoneka kuti atengera tsiku la maola 25 mmalo mwa 24, ndipo ambiri a ife timakhala ndi zovuta zosowa komanso zofala kumva kuda nkhawa chifukwa cha izi.

Kuphatikiza apo, sitimakonda zakudya zosaphika, mosiyana ndi nyama zina, zopangidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono, zili pamalo owongoka, osati ndi malo otsika olowera, osafanana ndi nyama zina, koma kuchuluka kwathu "zinyalala" zowonjezera DNA ”monga umboni kuti ndife alendo.

Ndife osiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zina padziko lapansi. Mwambiri, matupi athu sakhala oyenera chilengedwechi, ngati tidachokeradi kuno kwazaka mamiliyoni ambiri, ndiye kuti sitinapite kwina kulikonse.

Umunthu sunasinthike kuchokera ku mitundu iyi ya zinthu zachilengedwe (zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi), koma zidasinthidwa kwina ndikusamutsidwa zaka zapakati pa 60,000 ndi 200,000 zapitazo.

Komabe, ngati zonsezi ndi zowona, nanga bwanji tili pano?

Kuthekera kwina ndikuti Dziko Lapansi lingakhale pulaneti yokhoza akaidi omwe alephera kuphatikiza m'mabungwe awo wamba.

Makolo athu amatha kuthamangitsidwa pano, pambuyo pake adayiwalika ndikuyanjana ndi mitundu yakumaloko kuti apange zomwe tsopano tili ndi dzina loti "chitukuko cha anthu."

Kodi tili ndi mlandu wotani? Chimodzi mwazifukwa za izi ndikuwoneka kuti ndife amtundu wankhanza - ndipo tili pano mpaka titaphunzira kuchita. "

Pakanakhala kuti panali oyang'anira ena ndipo adakhala milungu m'maganizo a makolo athu. Zowonadi, ma UFO omwe anthu ambiri amawawona masiku ano atha kukhala makolo athu owona, kuwunikira momwe tikukhalira.

Lingaliro linanso ndilakuti asteroid kale adawononga dziko lathu lapansi, ndipo tidathawira kuno, zaka mazana ambiri, kuyiwala za komwe tidachokera, ndikuti ndife a Martians omwe adathawa kuno kuchokera ku pulaneti ya Mars yomwe ikufa. Akoloni amtchire omwe amaiwala zaka zawo.

Tikhozanso kuti tikhala pano kuti tiyeseko kwakutali, kutipangitsa kukhala nkhumba zamtchire zophatikizirana.

Kaya chifukwa chachikulu ndi chiani, chidziwitso ndichakuti sitinachokere kuno.

Tidabwera ku Earth mochulukirapo kapangidwe kake kokwanira, mwina mwakanthawi kochepa, mwa kusintha kosinthika kopangidwa kwa oyamba oyambirira a njira yopita ku Earth, kuti tiwone ngati nyumba yatsopanoyo ikugwirizana.