Daman Bruce (Heterohyrax brukiii) - oimira yekhayo a gulu la Mountain Damans. Dzinalo linapatsidwa kwa iye kulemekeza woyenda ku Scottish James Bruce (1730-1794). Kutalika kwa mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi masentimita 32,5-56, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 1.3 mpaka 4.5 kg. Amphongo ndi zazikazi sizimasiyana, ngakhale zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu. Damu lamapiri ndi laling'ono kuposa Cape, ndi chopondera pang'ono. Kunja, ikufanana ndi nkhumba kapena bwalo. Mtambo wake wamatsitsi ndiwofiyira, wotsika komanso wowuma, ngakhale tsitsi lotsalira ndilofewa kuposa la Cape Daman, mpaka 30 mm kutalika, ndi nsonga zakuda. Kutulutsa kwa msana (mpaka 1.5 cm kutalika) kwa dziwe la Bruce kumazunguliridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali, nthawi zambiri mtundu wake ndi wachikasu (chifukwa chake dzina lina la mtunduwo ndi "madona achikasu"). Pamaso pa nyamayi, vibrissae yayitali kwambiri (mpaka 90 mm) imagunda. Zida zam'mphepete mwa chida zimakhala zapadera kuti ziziyenda pamiyala yosalala - ndizovundikira komanso zopanda chofewa kuchokera pakutchingira tiziwalo ta khungu, ndipo chida cha minofu chimalola phazi kutenga mawonekedwe a chikho chophimba. Thermoregulation, monga amayi onse, samakulidwa bwino, kutentha kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 24 mpaka 35˚C kutengera kutentha kwa kutentha. Mwana amatetezedwa ku kuwala kowala ndi kutuluka kwapadera kwa iris, komwe kumathandizira kuti daman kuti ayang'ane mwachindunji ndi dzuwa, chipangizochi chimalisintha kuti chizitha kuwona mosavuta adani ake pakuwala.
Habitat
Daman Bruce ogawidwa ku East ndi South Africa kuchokera ku Southeast Egypt (gombe la Red Sea), Sudan ndi Ethiopia kupita ku Central Angola ndi Northern South Africa, anthu ake omwe amapezeka ku Algeria, Central Sahara, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pomwe nyamayi imakhala ndi miyala, malo otsetsereka komanso mapiri otsetsereka mpaka 3,800 m.
Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe
Damu Bruce - nyama zachikoloni. Kuchuluka kwa anthu a m'mudziwo ndi anthu 34; maziko ake ndi gulu la mabanja la polygynous (harem). Gululi limaphatikizapo wamwamuna wamkulu, mpaka akazi 17 ndi nyama zazing'ono. Nyama izi zimagwira ntchito masana, komanso usiku wowala mwezi. Mabowo pakati pamiyala, ming'alu ndi miyala ikuluikulu imakhala pothaŵirapo pathanthwe. Nyamazi zimakhala ndi maso akuthwa komanso kumva, ndipo zikagwidwa, zimadziteteza ndi mano awo. Pangozi, anyamatawa amatulutsa kubangula, kukakamiza nyama zina zamtunduwu kubisala m'misala. Amatha kuthamanga mpaka 5 m / s, amalumpha bwino.
Kodi ma Bruce Damans amadya chiyani?
Nyama zazing'ono zam'mapiri izi ndizomwe zimapanga zakudya zake zamasiku onse. Amakonda kudya mphukira, masamba okoma, zipatso, kapenanso makungwa a mitengo. Zomera zazikuluzikulu za azimayi a Bruce ndi allophius (mtundu wa mthethe). Nyama yamtunduwu safunikira kumwa madzi, chifukwa chinyezi zonse zofunika kusunga zofunika kuchita zimachokera ku chakudya. Mwa njira: am'mapiri amadya, atasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Komabe, nyamazo ndi nyama zachikoloni. Mu gulu limodzi mumatha kukhala anthu 30 mpaka 34, motsogozedwa ndi amuna akulu kwambiri. Mtsogoleriyo amalemba dera lake, akuwonetsa malire a chuma.
Anthu achi Damru a ku Bruce amakhala m'midzi.
Nyama izi zimagwira ntchito masana. Kuthamanga padzuwa, asitima akumapiri amasamalira ubweya wawo, kuyinyambita ndi kuyiphatikiza. Ma Bruce Damans amachititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso kumva kwambiri. Ndipo akulira kwambiri, zimachitika akakumana ndi zoopsa. Mwanjira imeneyi, amachenjeza akaidi anzawo kuti ayenera kubisala posachedwa.
Pazakusamba madamu akumapiri
Oimira mtundu wa anyaniwa ali okonzeka kuyamba kubereka chaka chonse. Kwa iwo, palibe nthawi yeniyeni yopendekera nyengo yakukhwima, ngakhale kuti chimtengo chapadera chimapezeka kumapeto kwa nyengo yonyowa. Mkazi amatenga mwana kwa miyezi 6.5 - 7.5. M'modzi mwa azimayi am'mapiri, abambo amodzi mpaka awiri atabadwa. Pobadwa, kulemera kwa makanda sikuposa 230 magalamu. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, mayi wachikondi amadyetsa ana mkaka.
A Bruce Damans amakhala ku Africa.
Mbadwo wachichepere umakhalabe ndi makolo awo osaposa miyezi 30 kuchokera nthawi yotsiriza yoyamwitsa, kenako mwana wamwamuna amapita kukapanga mabanja awo, ndipo anyamatawo amakhalabe m'manja mwa kholo ndikupitilirabe kubereka.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera Kwambiri
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu ngati mphaka wapakhomo: kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 30 mpaka 60-65 masentimita, kulemera kuchokera 1.5 mpaka 4.5 kg.
Mchirawo ndi wamwano (1-3 cm) kapena kulibe.
M'mawonekedwe, amamatawa amafanana ndi makoswe - marmelota osawoneka bwino kapena nkhumba zazikulu zam'mphepete -, komabe, ali aphindu kwambiri ndi njovu.
Matupi awo ndi owonda, osasangalatsa, ali ndi mutu waukulu pakhosi lalifupi komanso miyendo yayifupi koma yolimba.
Phokoso laling'ono ndi lalifupi.
Makutu amazunguliridwa, ang'ono, nthawi zina amakhala obisika m'chovala. Zambiri zimasiya kuyenda.
Zilembo za kutsogolo ndizoyenda ndi mikono isanu ndi iwiri.
Miyendo yakumaso ndi yopinda mikono itatu, chala chamkati chimanyamula msomali utaliitali, womwe umagwira ntchito kuphatikiza tsitsi, ndi zala zina - ziboda zopindika.
Mapazi a mapaziwo ndi opanda kanthu, wokutidwa ndi mphira wofanana ndi khungu lopaka tinsito tambiri tinsalu tambiri totseguka pamaso pawo, komwe kumanyowetsa khungu.
Gawo lapakati pa phazi lililonse la phazi limatha kukwezedwa ndi minofu yapadera, ndikupanga mtundu wa sucker. Khungu loyera limalimbitsa kuyamwa.
Chifukwa cha chipangizochi, madamawo amatha kukwera m'matanthwe ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yokhala ndi kupendekera kwakukulu komanso kuthamanga ngakhale kutsika kuchokera pansi mozondoka.
Ubweya wa ma Daman ndiwowonda, wopangidwa mofewa pansi komanso wowuma. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira. Magulu amtundu wautali wamtundu umakula pa thupi (makamaka pachifuwa chamaso ndi khosi).
Pakati pa msana pali gawo la tsitsi lalitali, lakuthwa kapena lakuda kwambiri, pakatikati pake pali gawo lopanda kanthu.
Pamaso pake, pamatuluka zala za m'munda wapadera wotseguka - kumaso kwa ma cell a 7-8 opangidwa ndi hypertrophic sebaceous ndi thukuta la thukuta.
Tizilombo timatulutsa chinsinsi.
Mwa atsikana achichepere, chitsulo sichimakwinitsidwa kapena kukhazikika bwino, mwa akazi sichochepa kuposa amuna.
Ndi mantha kapena kukwiya, tsitsi lophimba ndulu limatuluka. Cholinga chenicheni cha gland sichikudziwika.
Mano okhazikika mwa azimayi akuluakulu akuluakulu 34, mkaka - 28.
Zitsulo zam'mwendo wapamwamba ndi kukula kosalekeza, zokhala ndi mbali zambiri ndipo zimafanana ndi makonzedwe a makoswe.
Mafangayi akusowa. Ma molars ndi ma molars ali ofanana ndi mano a anthu osazindikira.
Chigoba ndi nsagwada yayikulu kwambiri. Nipples: 1awiri ya thoracic ndi awiriawiri awiri a inguinal kapena 1 peyala ya axillary ndi 1-2 - inguinal.
Chiyambi cha Madamu
Zinthu zakale kwambiri zakale za azimayi zidachokera ku mochedwa Eocene (zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo).
Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, makolo a madam anali azitsamba zikuluzikulu zaku Africa, pomwe mu mpikisano wa Miocene ndi bovid sizinawakakamize kuti atuluke mu niche yakale yachilengedwe.
Komabe, kwanthawi yayitali Amadanan adakhala gawo lalikulu komanso lalikulupo, okhala ambiri ku Africa, Asia ndi Southern Europe ku Pliocene.
Phylogenetically amakono amakono ali pafupi kwambiri ndi proboscis, pomwe ali ndi zofanana zambiri pakupanga mano, chigoba ndi placenta.
Pali lingaliro kuti "mavu" otchulidwa m'Baibulo, omwe mawu akuti "shafan" (Shafani ) anali makamaka achidani.
Kuchokera kutali, amafanana kwenikweni ndi akalulu akuluakulu.
Kuchokera ku Chihebri, mawuwa adadutsira mchilankhulo cha Afoinike, omwe molakwika adatenga akalulu a m'dera la Iberian Peninsula kwa amayi, ndikupatsa dzikolo dzina I-shapan-im , Daman Coast.
Pambuyo pake kuchokera dzinali kunabwera Chilatini Chisipanishi ndi "Spain" amakono.
Dzinalo "daman" ndi lochokera ku Arab ndipo limatanthawuza "ram."
Gulu
Mpaka posachedwapa, banja la a Daman lawerengera mitundu 10-11 ya 4 genera. Pambuyo pa 1995, kuchuluka kwa mitundu kunachepetsedwa mpaka 4:
- Banja la Daman (Procaviidae )
- Rod Wood Damans (Dendrohyrax )
- Wood Daman (Dendrohyrax arboreus )
- Daman Wamadzulo (Dendrohyrax dorsalis )
- Rod Mountain Damans (Heterohyrax )
- Heterohyrax brukii )
- Rod Wood Damans (Dendrohyrax )
- Rod Rocky Damans (Procavia )
- Cape Daman (Procavia capensis )
- - Mafuta, mawonekedwe a nyama zoyambira zodwala. Kutalika kwa thupi 30-60 cm, mchira 1-3 cm, wolemera mpaka 4.5 kg. Maonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mano awo ofanana ndi makoswe, kumene amayambira amayandikira njovu.
- - Ndikulamula munjira yazinyama, gulu la taxonomic lomwe limagwirizanitsa mabanja angapo. Tsekani O. pangani Ophunzirawo.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - cholepheretsa nyama zosafunikira. Kunja amafanana ndi makoswe. Kutalika kwa thupi 30-60 cm, mchira wa 1-3 masentimita 11. Mitundu 11, ku Asia ndi Africa. Amayi ena amakhala m'nkhalango pamitengo, ena m'mapiri, m'matanthwe.
- - mu biology - gulu la taxonomic mu msonkho wa nyama. Magulu ogwirizana amagwirizana m'mayunitsi. Mwachitsanzo, mmbulu, raccoon, marten, feline, ndi mabanja ena amapanga phwando lakudya.
Great Encyclopedic Dictionary
- pankhani zankhondo, 1) kapangidwe kazankhondo kwakanthawi kapena kokhazikika kamene kamapangidwa kuti achite zankhondo iliyonse kapena yapadera.
Great Encyclopedic Dictionary
Mtanthauzira mawu wa Chirasha
- Wopangidwa kuchokera ku mneni wa iti - "zida", ndikukwera kumunsi kwa mndandanda. Kwenikweni "kufinya."
Mtanthauzira wama Greek wa Krylova
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Madamayi ndi nyama zazing'ono, zofanana kwambiri ndi pansi, ndipo pamene am'matsegulawo anali otseguka, poyambilira anali kulakwitsa kukhala ndi makoswe. Pambuyo kanthawi, poyang'anira zodabwitsa za kapangidwe ka miyendo yawo, madokotalawo adawerengedwa kuti ndi artiodactyls, ndipo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, atazindikira kufanana kwa omwe ali ndi njovu, adasankhidwa kukakhala payokha. Kufanana kwamadama okhala ndi maofesi ndi njovu kumafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa makolo wamba otchuka a nyama zonsezi - zakale zakale zosatulutsa mawu, zomwe nyama zamakono zonse zimachokera.
Ma Damans agawidwa m'mitundu itatu: mitengo, mapiri ndi miyala yamwala. Amayi onse amakhala kumapiri pamtunda wa 5200 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Amadamu a mitengo amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri mu Africa. Anthu okhala m'mapiri amakonda malo amiyala opanda udzu. Ndipo miyala yamwala simapezeka m'mapiri okha, komanso m'mapululu, savannas ndi steppes a Africa, Arabia, Syria ndi Palestine. Amayi onse amakwera bwino pamalo otsetsereka a miyala kapena mitengo ikuluikulu. Zidutswa zazitali komanso zothinitsidwa nthawi zonse, ngati mphira, nsapato ndi kusayenda kwachilengedwe kwa nyama zowoneka bwino izi zimawathandiza kuti asamatsike.
Amama a Wood amakhala m'mabanja: bambo, amayi ndi ana. Masana amagona m'maenje a mitengo, ndipo madzulo amapita kukafunafuna masamba okongola ndi tizilombo. Amayala a mitengo samakwera mitengo, koma mwachangu kuthamanga ndikumatsika ndikugwetsa mitengo ikuluikulu ndikumalumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi.
Madamu amiyala ndi mapiri amakonda kukhala m'madela akuluakulu, nthawi zina mpaka anthu mazana. Kukhala m'malo otseguka, ndibwino kumamatira palimodzi - ndipo mudzazindikira mdulitsidwe munthawi yake, ndipo ndikosavuta kuteteza limodzi.
Ana a Daman amatuluka chaka chonse. Zinyalala zam'mapiri ndi miyala nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ana 1-3. Damu la Cape limadziwika kuti ndi lotalika kwambiri, pomwe mwana mpaka ana 6 amabadwa nthawi imodzi. Ma atsikana obadwa kumene amakhala opanga bwino, ophimbidwa ndi ubweya ndikuwona, wokonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha, ngakhale akuyang'aniridwa ndi makolo. Pazaka 2, amayi achichepere akuyamba kale mabanja awo. Ma Damans sakhala nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi zaka 6-7.
Anthu aku Damayani amalola kuti ukapolo ukhale wabwino. Ngakhale achikulire amakhalabe zakutchire, nyama zazing'ono zimatha kusinthidwa. Madama satha kuopsezedwa kuti adzawonongeka, ndipo palibe mtundu umodzi wa nyama womwe walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Madamu akuluakulu kwambiri ndi madamu a Johnson (mpaka 5.4 kg), ndipo ang'ono kwambiri ndi madamu a Bruce (mpaka 1,3 kg). Mitundu yonseyi ndi yamtundu wa am'mapiri am'mapiri ndipo imakhala m'madera akuluakulu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti kapangidwe kameneka ndiosakanikirana: madamu a Bruce samangokhala moyandikana ndi madamu a Johnson: amakhala usiku wonsewo, amawotcha wina ndi mnzake, akukulira mitundu iwiri ya ana limodzi ndipo amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana.
Ma Damans a ku Mapiri Kuphatikizidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyamayi ndi kwapadera. Kuphatikiza pa amayi, ndi anyani amtundu wina okha omwe amalankhulana kwambiri.
Zachidule
Ma Damans safuna madzi, kupeza chinyontho chonse chofunikira kuchokera ku chakudya.Kuphatikiza chovala chake chofiirira chakudonthacho, mkuluyu amagwiritsa ntchito chovala chokhazikika chakatikati mwa miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Zidole za azimayiwo zimakutidwa ndi zikopa zakuda, zofanana ndi mphira. Pazotupa zapadera pamapazi, thukuta lomata limatulutsidwa, chifukwa chomwe miyendo imagwira ngati zoyamwa, kulola kuti nyamayo izitha kuyenda mosavuta pamatanthwe, kuphatikiza pansi.
Anthu achi Damans amasamala kwambiri. Amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 50 omwe amakhala m'miyala yamiyala. Gulu lililonse limakhala ndi owonera omwe amayang'anira bwino chilengedwe. Kuwona munthu kapena nyama, “alonda” amenewa amalira mofuula, ndipo gulu lonselo limabalalika pamiyala.
Anthu aku Damayan amatha kutulutsa mawu, kutulutsa mawu - twitter, kufuula, kuwomba mluzu, mawu akulu. Nthawi zina usiku magulu amayitanirana ndi anansi awo - zonse zimayamba ndi kulira kosamveka bwino kapena kumayimba mluzu, komwe pang'onopang'ono kumasintha kukhala phokoso la nkhumba, kenako ndikusintha phokoso lofanana ndi kulira kwa mwana.
Ma Damans amapanga phokoso kwambiri akakwera mtengo kapena kutsika kuchokera pamenepo. Usiku wozizira, wopanda chipwirikiti, anyamatawa amasonkhana, akumamatirana kuti afundidwe, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakhala pansi pamthunzi wamitengo, ndikukweza miyendo yawo pamwamba.
Amadama ndi nyama masana, amathera nthawi yawo akukwera miyala ndi ma gorges kapena kudumphira kunthambi kupita ku nthambi kukafunafuna masamba atsopano, zipatso, mitengo ya mitengo ndi zitsamba. Daman sangakane ku kachilombo komwe mwakumana nako mwangozi. Kuchokera kwa achibale omwe anali ndi zibowo, mkuluyu amakhalabe pachabe kutafuna, ngakhale kuti milomo yake inkangoyenda panthawiyi pomwe amangotulutsa kachinthu kena komwe amatenga kuti kutafuna.
Nyama zochenjera zamtunduwu zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera kwa Sahara, komanso ku Syria ndi Israeli, zili ndi adani ambiri - nyalugwe, ma pythons, steppe lynxes (makatuni), serval ndi wyverra kusaka amayi. Mdani wako wamisala amatha kutchedwa chiwombankhanga chakuda cha ku Africa, chomwe chimakonda kudya ochita kukhala achangu okha.
Amagawidwa ku East ndi South Africa kuchokera ku Southeast Egypt (gombe la Red Sea), Sudan ndi Ethiopia kupita ku Central Angola (anthu akutali) ndi North South Africa (Limpopo ndi Mpumalanga Province).
Kutalika kwa mtsogoleri wamkulu wamapiri ndi 32,5-56 masentimita, ndipo misa ndi 1,3-4,5 kg. Amphongo ndi zazikazi sizimasiyana, ngakhale zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu.
Kukhazikika komwe asungwana am'mapiri amakhala miyala, malo otsetsereka komanso mapiri. M'mapiriwo amatsetsereka mpaka mamita 3,800 kuposa nyanja. Phiri lamiyala (monadnoki) madera owuma limapatsa anthu aku Damadani kutentha (17-25 ° C) ndi chinyezi (32-40%), kuteteza ku moto wa steppe.
Monga ma Daman onse, oweta mapiri ndi nyama zamakoloni. Kuchuluka kwa anthu a m'mudziwo ndi anthu 34; maziko ake ndi gulu la mabanja la polygynous (harem). Gululi limaphatikizapo wamwamuna wamkulu, mpaka akazi 17 ndi nyama zazing'ono. Madamu a mapiri nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi madamu a Cape, akugawana nawo malo okhala. Ma Damans amagwira masana, komanso usiku wowala mwezi. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsa kuyambira 7:30 a.m. mpaka 11 a.m. ndipo kuyambira 3.30 p.m. mpaka 6 p.m., komabe, amawononga mpaka 94% ya nthawi yawo akuyenda padzuwa, akusamalira tsitsi lawo, ndi zina zambiri. Mabowo pakati pamiyala, ming'alu ndi miyala ikuluikulu imakhala pothaŵirapo pathanthwe. Amakhala ndi maso akuthwa ndi kumva, ndipo amadzitchinjiriza ndi mano. Pakakhala ngozi, kukuwa kwa anthu, kumakhala kukakamiza azimayi ena kubisala m'misasa. Kutha kufulumira kuthamanga mpaka 5 m / s, kudumpha bwino.
Amayala am'mapiri amadya zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo masamba, zipatso, mphukira ndi makungwa a mitengo. Mwachitsanzo, dera lina ku Zambia lidadya masamba owuma a (Dioscorea bulbifera). Gwero lalikulu la chakudya, komabe, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mthethe ndi allophilus, ambiri, amakonda kudya zakudya zamtchire, zomwe zimatha kukwera mitengo. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zam'mapiri ku Serengeti National Park zimaphatikizapo ciaia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grewia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Ficus), ndi merua (Maerua triphylla). Iwo samamwa madzi, ndikupeza madzi oyenera kuchokera kuzomera. Kudyetsa m'magulu, nthawi zambiri - m'modzi m'modzi.
Anthu okhala m'mapiri amatha kubereka chaka chonse, ngakhale kubzala pachimake kumachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yanyengo. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6.5-7,5 ndipo imatha ndikubadwa kwa ana 1-2 m'mimba lachiberekero, omwe ammapiri nthawi zina amagawana ndi Cape. Kulemera kwake kwa kanyengo pakubadwa ndi 220-230 g.Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pakati pa miyezi 12 ndi 30, anyamata omwe ndi achikulire omwe amachokera kumadera awo; akazi amatenga nawo mbali.
Njoka zazikulu (hieroglyphic pythons), mbalame zodya nyama, ankhandwe ndi nyama zina zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, mongooses) zimadyera kumapeto a mapiri. Amatha kutenga kachilombo ka chibayo ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Wopanda nematode amtundu wa Crossophorous kolar, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhupakupa, utitiri ndi nsabwe. Zaka zojambulidwa zakale ndi zaka 11.
Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Syria, Israel ndi North-East Africa kupita ku South Africa. Ku Africa kum'mwera kwa Sahara kuli pafupifupi kulikonse. Madera akutali amapezeka kumapiri a Libya ndi Algeria.
Kutalika kwa thupi 30-58 masentimita, kulemera kwa 1.4- kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi.
Madamu a Cape amakhala pamiyala, poyala-miyala yoimika, panja, kapena m'zipululu zamiyala. Phula limapezeka pakati pa miyala kapena m'maenje opanda kanthu a nyama zina (aardvark, meerkats). Makoloni amakhala kuchokera pa anthu 5-6 mpaka 80. Zigawo zazikulu zimagawika m'magulu a mabanja motsogozedwa ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Yogwira gawo lowala masana, makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma nthawi zina amabwera pamadzulo komanso usiku wosangalatsa wa mwezi. Nthawi yayitali tsiku limapuma ndikupumira padzuwa - kusinthika bwino kwa thupi kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa azimayi kusinthasintha tsiku lonse. Amadyetsa kwambiri udzu, zipatso, mphukira ndi makungwa a zitsamba, nthawi zambiri samadya zakudya za nyama (dzombe). Ngakhale mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, nyamazi ndizoyenda kwambiri, zimakwera mosavuta pamiyala.
Nthawi yakukhwima ikadalira malo. Chifukwa chake, ku Kenya kumachitika mu Ogasiti-Novembala, koma amatha mpaka Januware, komanso ku Syria mu Ogasiti-Seputembala. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6-7. Akazi nthawi zambiri amabereka mu June - Julayi, nthawi yamvula. Mu zinyalala 2, nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi ana atatu, nthawi zina mpaka 6. Matumba amabadwa amawona ndi okutidwa ndi ubweya, atatha maola ochepa amachoka chisa cha ana. Amayamba kudya chakudya cholimba pakatha masabata awiri, ndikudziyimira pawokha pakatha milungu 10. Amayi achichepere amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi miyezi 16, azaka za 16-16 miyezi zazimuna zazing'ono zimakhazikika, akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gulu lawo.
Adani akuluakulu a gululo ndi kambuku, mbalame, ankhandwe, zibaba zam'madzi ndi mbalame zodyedwa. Chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir (Aquila verreauxii) chimadyetsa pafupifupi ana aakazi. Mdani akaukira, wopondayo samangoteteza yekha, ndikukweza chovala chake kumisana, ndikuziteteza ndi mano ake aatali, amphamvu. Nthawi yachilengedwe yoyembekezera ndi zaka 10. Akazi amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna.
Amakhala munkhalango za Central ndi South Africa. Zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri mpaka kumtunda wa 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 40-60 masentimita, mchira 1-3 cm, kulemera kwa 1.5-2,5 kg.
Madamu a nkhuni ndi mafoni kwambiri: amathamangira uku ndi uku mitengo ya mitengo, kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Nyama siziyenda usiku ndipo ndizochenjera. Komabe, nthawi yamadzulo, nkhalangoyi imadzaza ndi mawu awo, ndikuwadziwitsa kuti amayi adyetsa. Usiku, kufuula kumachepa, koma dzadzanso nkhalangoyi mbandakucha, nyama zikafika kunyumba. Kulira kwa madamu a mitengo kumakhala ndi phokoso losiyanasiyana lofufutira. Mawu a madamu amitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Mwa kufuula, munthu amathanso kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Ma Damans amafuula m'mitengo yokha. Mwinanso kulira kwa azimayiwo ndikuwonetsa kuti madera amakhala.
Muzikhala moyo wopanda wokha. Tsamba linzake la nyamayi ndi pafupifupi 0.25 km 2. Anthu a ku Daman amadya masamba, masamba, mbozi ndi tizilombo tina. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukadyetsa dzikolo, komwe amadya udzu ndi kutola tizilombo, amakhala tsiku lonse m'maenje kapena kolona ngati mtengo pakati pa masamba owala.
Palibe nyengo yeniyeni yoleredwa, ndipo amabweretsa ana chaka chonse. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7. Nthawi zambiri mubweretse imodzi, kawiri kawiri. Amabadwa atawonedwa, atakutidwa ndi ubweya, wamkulu kwambiri (pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa amayi) ndipo maola ochepa atabadwa kale akukwera mitengo. Amakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
Pakakhala zoopsa, azimayiwo amatenga mawonekedwe, natembenukira kumbuyo kwa mdani ndikuponyera tsitsi pamsana kuti msamba wa glandular uwululidwe. Anthu okhala kuderako kulikonseko amagwira amayi, chifukwa nyama ya nyama iyi ndi yabwino. Muukapolo, amatanthawu wamatabwa amasintha msanga, amakhala zaka 6-7.
Kugawidwa ku Africa, gombe la South-East. Madera ake amachokera kumwera kuchokera ku Kenya ndi Uganda kupita ku South Africa komanso kuchokera kummawa kwa Congo ndi Zambia, kumadzulo mpaka gombe lakummawa kwa kontrakitala.
Kulemera kwamphamvu kwa thupi ndi 2.27 kg, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 52 cm.
Chimakhala m'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango zowirira mpaka pamtunda wamtunda wa 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Ma Damans
Ma Damans
Achikondwerero Achinyamatawa, kapena anthu olemera, a msonkho amaphatikizidwa ndi njovu ndi ng'ombe zam'nyanja zazipangiri zazakale. Nyama zina zakale pafupi ndi Mercury, kholo la njovu, makumi mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo adakhala oyambitsa abambo. Ena mwa iwo anali
Gulu
Gulu ndi Bolek, ndinayamba kupanga gulu loyamba la zigawenga. Ndidayamba ndi anzanga apamtima. Zinachitika kuti anali ambiri oyandikana nawo. "Albina" - Stanislav Lovets, "Stashek" - Stanislav Ptasinsky ndi "Povalu" - Tadeusz
2. Gulu B
2. Gulugulu B. Ndidadzuka ndimamva kupepuka. Ndikufuna pano. Masiku ano, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakongoletsa chilichonse. Ine ndi mthenga tidadya pang'onopang'ono chakudya cham'mawa, ndipo ndidamuthandiza kusesa zipinda zingapo komanso zipinda zapa likulu pasadakhale zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri asanachitike oyang'anira oyamba. Ndine
16. squad No. 731
16. Dongosolo No. 731 Pamaziko a lamulo lachinsinsi lomwe analandira kuchokera ku Tokyo, chinsinsi chachinsinsi No. 731 chinalengedwa ndikuyika mu Harbin mu 1936. Komabe, pambuyo pake adazichotsa pa Harbin yomwe inali ndi anthu ambiri pomwe panali "maso" ambiri osafunikira pamaso pa azondi ndi scout
Ma Damans
Kugawa
Mitunduyi imakhala ku East ndi South Africa kuyambira ku Southeast Egypt (gombe la Red Sea), Sudan ndi Ethiopia kupita ku Central Angola (anthu akutali) ndi kumpoto kwa South Africa (dera la Limpopo ndi Mpumalanga). Madera akutali amapezeka mu
- Algeria - Mapiri Ahaggar, Central Sahara, subspecies Heterohyrax brukii antineae, Ahaggar Daman wakale (Heterohyrax antinae),
- Democratic Republic of the Congo - Loadi Hills, kum'mawa kwa dzikolo, subspecies Heterohyrax brukii chapini, yemwe anali mkulu wa Loadian (Heterohyrax chapini).
Fossil yemwe amadziwika kuchokera ku Late Miocene - Heterohyrax auricampensis, zinthu zakale zochokera ku Namibia, zinali zokulirapo kuposa zamakono Heterohyrax brukii.
Kubalana
Nyama zimaswana chaka chonse, ngakhale kuti kuswana pachimake nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumapeto kwa nyengo yonyowa. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6.5-7,5 ndipo imatha ndikubadwa kwa ana awiri amphongo mu chisa cha ana, omwe abambo a Bruce nthawi zina amagawana ndi Cape. Kulemera kwake kwa kanyengo pakubadwa ndi 220-230 g.Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pakati pa miyezi 12 ndi 30, anyamata omwe ndi achikulire omwe amachokera kumadera awo; akazi amatenga nawo mbali.
Njoka zazikulu (hieroglyphic pythons), mbalame zodya nyama, nyalugwe ndi zolengedwa zina zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, mongooses) zimagwiritsa kumadamu. Amatha kutenga kachilombo ka chibayo ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Musakhale ndi matupi amtunduwu Mtanda wamtanda, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhupakupa, utitiri ndi nsabwe. Zaka zojambulidwa zakale ndi zaka 11.
Udindo wa anthu
Amayi a Bruce ali ponseponse ndipo ambiri, makamaka ku East Africa; ku South Africa ndi ochepa. Zodziwika mwachilengedwe zachilengedwe ndi malo ena otetezedwa. Monga lamulo, sizinthu zofunikira kusaka, ngakhale zili zodyedwa. Kuyambira 2006, mitunduyi yaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa International Red Book wokhala ndi "mtundu ochepera chiopsezo" (Chiwopsezo Chochepa / Chosavutikira).
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Dongosolo ili limagwirizanitsa banja lamakono la Procavidae, kuphatikiza 3 genera ndi mitundu 10.
Kunja, madamu ali ngati kalulu, wopanda zingwe kapena khola lalikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi kuyambira 30 mpaka 60 cm, kulibe mchira, kapena kutalika kwa 1-3 cm, kuchuluka kwa nyamayo kumachokera pa 1, 5 mpaka 4, 5 kg. Tizilomboti tifupikitsa, tili ndi milomo yapamwamba yolowera m'makutu, makutu ndi ang'ono, mwa mitundu ina amakhala obisika m'goli, miyendo ndiyifupi koma yolimba. Miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi mikono inayi yolumikizana ndi ziboda zopindika, miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yolumikizika katatu, chala chamkati chimanyamula msomali utaliitali, ndipo enawo ali ndi ziboda zopindika, ngati kumiyendo yakutsogolo. Pali ma buluti pamiyendo yopanda kanthu, ndipo gawo lapakati pa khomalo la chokhachokha limatha kukwezedwa ndi minyewa yapadera ikathandizidwa pamtunda wapansi, womwe umapanga utupu, ndipo pawalo umamatirira pansi pamwala kapena mtengo. Tizilombo tamadontho tambiri, kutulutsa chinsinsi cha mphira, kumayambitsa kuyamwa kwamphamvu kwa gawo lokhalo la gawo lapansi. Chifukwa cha chipangizochi, amama amatha kuthamanga ndikutsika matanthwe ndi mitengo ikuluikulu mwachangu komanso kuthamanga. Mano amkaka - 28, okhazikika - 34-38, Chokhacho chokhacho chapamwamba chokhazikika chomwe chimakhala ndi kukula kosasunthika mkati mwazinthu zamkati ndikufanana ndiententis. A diastema yotakata imasiyanitsa zofunikira ndi ma cell awiri a canines (omaliza atha kusakhalapo). Antibody (4/4) ndipo makamaka mano a molar (3/3) ndi ofanana ndi mano a osabereka. Mimba imagawidwa m'madipatimenti awiri. Kumbuyo kwa amayiwo kuli gawo lalikulu lobisika la magawo 7-8 - gawo la msana, tanthauzo la zomwe sizikudziwika. Mwa akazi achichepere sichimakula, ndipo mwa akazi - ochepera amuna. Pakakhala mantha kapena chisangalalo, tsitsi lophimba nduluyo (ali amtundu wina kuposa tsitsi kumbuyo konse) limasungunuka, ndikuwonetsa ma gland omwe mankhwalawo amamasulidwa.
Tsitsi la Damasa ndilopakika, lili ndi undercoat yofewa komanso yolimba. Pathupi (makamaka pankhope pamwamba pamaso ndi pakhosi) pali mitolo yazitali zazitali. Utoto wa ubweya nthawi zambiri umakhala wa bulauni wokhala ndi mithunzi yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zonse pamakhala malo owala kapena tsitsi lakuda pamsana.
Anthu aku Damaya amakhala ku Africa, South kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia (Peninsula wa Arabia). Mitundu yam'madzi yam'madzi yam'madzi imakhala m'matanthwe, imakwera m'mphepete mwa mapiri mpaka kumtunda wa 4,500 m kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja, kapena pakati pa miyala ndi zitsamba pazigwa zowuma. Amadamu a mitengo amakhala m'nkhalango. Ndiwobzala, koma ambiri aiwo amadya tizilombo komanso mphutsi zake. Anthu achi Damans amabereka chaka chonse. Mimba yawo imatenga 7-7, miyezi 5. Achichepere amabadwa okalamba, openya, ophimbidwa ndi ubweya ndipo posakhalitsa amatha kudzilamulira.
Zoyambira madamu sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mwina ali pafupi kwambiri ndi proboscis. Pazinthu zakale, azimayi amadziwika kuchokera ku Oligocene waku Africa. Ku Pliocene, kuphatikiza ku Africa ndi Southwest Asia, anali ambiri kumwera kwa Europe.
Ma Dam Dam (Dendrohyrax dorsalis, D. validus, D. arboreus) amakhala m'nkhalango za Central ndi South Africa. Zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri mpaka kumtunda wa 4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Ubweya waamatesi amitengo ndi wautali komanso wowonda kuposa mitundu ina. Utoto wamtambo wakuda ndi wakuda ndi utoto wonyezimira ndi wachikasu chifukwa cha kumera kwa tsitsi. Kutupa kwa msana kumakutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera. Tsitsi loyera lalifupi limaphimba m'makutu. Pansi pathupi pali zofiirira. Madamu a Wood amasiyanitsidwa ndi tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka mano ndi mawonekedwe ake mu utoto. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi chakudya 40-60, mchira wawo ndi 1-Zele, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi 1, 5 - 2, 5 kg.
Madamu a nkhuni ndi mafoni kwambiri: amathamangira uku ndi uku mitengo ya mitengo, kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Nyama siziyenda usiku ndipo ndizochenjera. Komabe, nthawi yamadzulo, nkhalangoyi imadzaza ndi mawu awo, ndikuwadziwitsa kuti amayi adyetsa. Usiku, kufuula kumachepa, koma dzadzanso nkhalangoyi mbandakucha, nyama zikafika kunyumba. Kulira kwa madamu a mitengo kumakhala ndi phokoso losiyanasiyana lofufutira. Mawu a madamu amitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Mwa kufuula, munthu amathanso kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Ma Damans amafuula m'mitengo yokha. Mwinanso, kulira kwa azimayiwo ndi chizindikiro kuti m'derali mulimo. Anthu aku Damans amakhala moyo wapayekha. Gawo limodzi la nyamayi ndi pafupifupi 0.25 km2.
Anthu a ku Daman amadya masamba, masamba, mbozi ndi tizilombo tina. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukadyetsa dzikolo, komwe amadya udzu ndi kutola tizilombo, amakhala tsiku lonse m'maenje kapena kolona ngati mtengo pakati pa masamba owala.
Palibe nyengo yeniyeni yoleredwa, ndipo amabweretsa ana chaka chonse. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7. Nthawi zambiri mubweretse imodzi, kawiri kawiri. Amabadwa atawonedwa, atakutidwa ndi ubweya, wamkulu kwambiri (pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa amayi) ndipo maola ochepa atabadwa kale akukwera mitengo. Amakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
Adani akuluakulu a asitikali amitengo ndi nyalugwe, njoka ndi mbalame zolusa. Pakakhala zoopsa, azimayiwo amatenga mawonekedwe, natembenukira kumbuyo kwa mdani ndikuponyera tsitsi pamsana kuti msamba wa glandular uwululidwe. Anthu okhala kuderako kulikonseko amagwira amayi, chifukwa nyama ya nyama iyi ndi yabwino. Muukapolo, amatanthawu wamatabwa amasintha msanga, amakhala zaka 6-7.
Chifundo phiri , kapena imvi , Daman (Hete-rochyrax) akuphatikiza mitundu isanu kapena isanu ndi umodzi yogwirizana ku Central ndi South Africa. Kutalika kwa thupi 30 cm masentimita, kulemera - 4, 7-3, 5 kg, popanda mchira. Thupi limakutidwa ndi ubweya wamfupi, koma wowuma. Pamwambapo ndimtambo wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga amdima chifukwa cha magulu osiyana atsitsi okhala ndi malangizo akuda. Kutulutsa kwa msana kumakutidwa ndi tsitsi loyera. Pansi pa thupi ndi zoyera. Mitundu ya asitima am'mapiri, kuphatikiza iwo omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Nyanja ya Victoria, amasiyana mwapangidwe ndi mano ndi utoto.
Amayi am'mapiri amakhala m'mapiri, m'matanthwe kuchokera pagombe la nyanja mpaka kumtunda wa 3800 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Amakhala m'magulu angapo kuyambira makumi khumi mpaka mazana a nyama.
Amayala am'mapiri amagwira ntchito masana, chifukwa chake ndiosavuta kuwona. M'mawa, dzuwa litayamba, amawoneka pamiyala ndi miyala, akuyenda padzuwa, ngati abuluzi. Poyamba, amasuntha pang'ono ndikugona mulu mpaka (monga kafukufuku waposachedwa) kutentha kwa thupi lawo kumakwera kuchokera pa 34 mpaka 39 °. Atawotha, adawona pakati pa miyala, akusewera. Posakhalitsa, amama (makamaka akazi) amayamba kudyetsa. Pangozi yake, nyama'zi zimasambira ndikubisala pakati pamiyala kapena m'miyala yamiyala. Komabe, ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa, ndipo posakhalitsa pakati pa miyala pano ndikulira komweko kumveka ndipo nkhope za nyama zimawonekera. Ngati mungakhale pakatikati pa koloniyo, ndiye kuti ayambanso kuchita masewera, pitilizani kudyetsa kapena basiki, atakulungidwa pamwala. Komabe, amawona ndikumva bwino kwambiri: kuyenda pang'ono kapena kudina kwa kamera kumapangitsa kuti nyama zibisike.
Ambiri mwa tsiku lotentha la ku Africa, azimayiwo amakhala osasunthika, akugona pamiyala, akumatambasula miyendo yawo m'mbali ndikutembenuzira miyendoyo, zikuwoneka kuti malo omwewo amawoneka chifukwa choti azimayiwo amakhala ndi thukuta thukuta pamtunda wokha.
Towwera madzulo, nthawi ya 4-18 p.m., asitikaliwo amadyetsanso, kukumba ma rhizomes, mababu kapena kugwira dzombe. Amakhala pakati pa miyala pomwe amamanga zisa zomwe zimazunguliridwa ndi ubweya mkati. Nyama zingapo zimasonkhanitsidwa mu chisa mumulu wokutira pachisa, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitentha kwambiri, chifukwa kuphatikiza kwawoko sikukula bwino.
Mu chisa chomwechi cha ubweya, chachikazi nthawi zambiri chimabweretsa ana awiri, nthawi zina chimakhala chimodzi kapena zitatu.(Heterochyrax brucei ali ndi pafupifupi 1, ma cubs 7 pa mkazi aliyense.) Mimba imatenga pafupifupi 7, miyezi 5 (avareji ya masiku 225). Amayi a m'mapiri amabala chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri ana amapezeka mu febuloni - Marichi, nyengo yamvula isanafike. Amabadwa atawonedwa, atakutidwa ndi ubweya ndipo atatha maola angapo atha kale.
Adani akuluakulu a asitima okhala m'mapiri ndi ma pythons, mongooses, ndi mbalame zodyedwa. Aaborijini amagwira anthu okhala m'mapiri ndipo amadya nyama yawo, koma ndioyipa kuposa nyama yamatabwa. Pakakhala kundende, madamu a m'mapiri amakhala bwino, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala olimba mtima, adziteteze molimba mtima, pogwiritsa ntchito mano akuthwa, amphamvu.
Chifundo miyala kapena chipululu , amamaan (Procavia) akuphatikiza mitundu itatu yogawidwa ku Africa komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabia. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi 30-55 cm, kulemera - 1, 4-2 kg. Palibe mchira wakunja. Ubweya ndi wamfupi, woonda. Pamwambapa, amapaka utoto wonyezimira, wowoneka bwino m'mbali. Pansi pa thupi ndi zonona. Kutulutsa kwa msana kumakutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pamizere yokhala ndi ndevu zazitali zazitali (vibrissae kutalika mpaka 18 cm). Madwala amiyala amasiyana makamaka mu mitundu ya utoto, kukula kwake ndi tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka mano. Kunja, makamaka kuchokera kutali, madwala amiyala, onga am'mapiri, amakumbukira kwambiri nsanja zazikuluzikulu kapena marmel opanda mchira.
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Amadanawa amakhala m'matanthwe, poyala-miyala yoimika, malo osyanasiyana kapena zipululu zamiyala. Amathawira pakati pa miyala kapena kukumba mabowo pakati pa mizu ya chitsamba.
Amayala amathanthwe amakhala m'midzi kuyambira 5-6 mpaka 50 nyama. Amagwira masana, koma nthawi zina amabwera pamadzulo usiku wapakati. Mosiyana ndi amayi ena, amadya udzu, masamba ndi makungwa a zitsamba, ndipo amadya nyama, makamaka dzombe. Ngakhale miyendo yayifupi, nyamazo ndizoyenda kwambiri ndipo zimathawa pobisalira pamtunda wa 3 km.
Fatsani chaka chonse. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7, 5. Akazi nthawi zambiri amabereka mu June - Julayi, mvula ikatha. Yaikazi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ana awiri, 3 nthawi zambiri (ku Procavia habessinica ndi P. johnstoni pa 1, 9 cubs pa mkazi aliyense). Nyamayi imabadwa ikuwona ndi kuphimbidwa ndi ubweya, patatha maola ochepa atachoka pachisa (mu dzenje kapena pakati pamiyala) ndikuyamba kuthamanga. Chachikazi Cape Daman (P. capensis) amabweretsa ana osakwana 6, ndipo ana ake obadwa kumene samapangidwa pang'ono kuposa azimayi ena, ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi amayi ake kwakanthawi.
Adani akuluakulu a gululo ndi kambuku, nyama, nkhandwe, mongooses ndi mbalame zodyedwa. Mdani akaukira, bwanayo samangokhala chitetezo, povundukula msana, momwe ubweya umayimiridwira, komanso amadziteteza ndi mano ake olimba. M'malo mwake amadya nyama ya daman kuti adye.
Ali mu ukapolo, azimayi amatha kukhala ndi zaka zapakati pa zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Achinyamata ndi oseketsa komanso otupa, achikulire ndi ankhanza komanso amwano.
- - kuzungulira, gulu la taxonomic mu msonkho wa nyama. Mu O., mabanja ogwirizana amayanjana. Mwachitsanzo, banja la canid, raccoon, mustelids, amphaka, ndi ena amapanga O.
Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary
- gulu la taxonomic mu msonkho wa nyama. Zogwirizana ndizogwirizana mu gulu. Ma unit apafupi ndi omwe amapanga mkalasi. Mu msonkho wa mitengo, dongosolo limafanana ndi dongosolo.
Chiyambi cha sayansi yamakono
- Gulu la taxonomic la zolengedwa zokhala ndi maudindo pamwamba pa banja komanso pansi pa kalasi.
Mpandamachokero Anthropology. Mtanthauzira Wojambula
- kukonza. 1) Makina a ITU. M'mudziwo, akaidi amagawidwa m'magulu a anthu 100 kapena 200. Mu e muli magulu opanga awiri mpaka asanu. Mu VTK, amagawika m'magulu a anthu 20-30.
Mtanthauzira wina aliyense pofotokozera molondola za I. Mostitsky
- m Gulu la anthu ochita zinthu mogwirizana. - Chinanso chinapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi chosanja chagolide chomwe adapezacho. GZh, 1841, Na. 1: 2, Chipani cha migodi chagolide chinali ndi magulu awiri.
Dongosolo la migodi ya golide ya ku Russia
- gulu la anyani. Awa ndi achinyengo, koma amafanana ndi makoswe pakuwoneka. Kutalika kwa thupi 30-60 cm, mchira 1-3 cm, kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Mitundu 7 ku Asia ndi Africa. Amayi ena amakhala m'nkhalango, ena m'mapiri, m'matanthwe.
- taxonomic. gulu mu msonkho wa akazi. Mu O.gwirizanizani ubale. banja. Mwachitsanzo. nkhandwe, raccoon, marten, feline, etc. kupanga O. olusa. Tsekani O. tengani kalasi, nthawi zina koyambirira.
Mbiri Yachilengedwe. Buku la Encyclopedic
- mu zoology, gulu la taxonomic lolumikiza mabanja ogwirizana.
Dikishonale yayikulu
- mu msonkho wa nyama - gulu lomwe limagonjera kalasi ndikugawika mu sem. Nthawi zina ma O. ambiri amalowa mu superorder kapena O. amagawika m'magawo.