Akavalo a Przewalski
(equus przewalskii)
Ufumu: Nyama (Animalia).
Mtundu: Chordata (Chordata).
Kalasi: anyani (Mammalia).
Dongosolo: artiodactyls (Perissodactyla).
Banja: equine (Equidae).
Mtundu: akavalo (Equus).
Mitundu: Akavalo a Przewalski (Equus przewalskii).
Akavalo a Przewalski inasowa kwathunthu ku nyama zamtchire. Nyamayi idawonedwa komaliza kuthengo ku Dzungarian Gobi mu 1968. Zifukwa zazikuluzikulu zakutha kwa Akavalo a Przhevalsky: kuthamangitsidwa kwa nthumwi zamtunduwu komanso chitukuko chaulimi, kuchepetsa malo odyetserako ziweto komanso kuyimitsidwa kwa maenje othirira, komanso kukulitsa ziweto za abulu. Mahatchi a Przewalski - Mahatchi otsika komanso okhathamira ndiosiyana ndi mahatchi apakhomo. Ali ndi chingwe chachifupi, chopanda zingwe, mchira, miyendo yotsika ndipo malekezero a manewa amapakidwa utoto wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda, mutu wawo umakulirapo kuposa mutu wamahatchi apakhomo. Khungu lofiirira la nyama izi limawoneka bwino kwambiri padzuwa. Imakhala yoyera pamimba ndikumapeto kwa muzzle. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa nyama ndi 200 cm, kutalika kufota - 130 cm, ndi kulemera - 300-350 kg. Oimira zamtunduwu adapanga ziwalo zam'malingaliro mwangwiro, ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala otetezeka.
Mahatchi a Przhevalsky amakhala m'matanthwe, ndipo pali mitundu iwiri ya ng'ombe: harem ndi bachelor. Pamutu woyamba nthawi zonse amakhala munthu wamkazi wamkulu. Pafupi naye pali agulu akulu akulu anayi kapena asanu ndi anyani angapo. Anthu onse a m'gulu laling'ono amatsatira mokhulupirika mphamvu zake. Ndiwotsika yemwe amasankha komwe angadye komanso kuti akapumule, amasankha malo oti athe kuthirira. Koma yamphongo imasamalira gulu lake la ziweto .. Nthawi yonseyo, amaima mochenjera pafupi ndi malo ozungulira kuti apereke chenjezo m'malo owopsa. Yaikazi imatha kubala mwana wamphongo, itakwanitsa zaka pafupifupi zitatu kapena zinayi, amphongo amayamba nawo kubereka mchaka chachinayi kapena chachisanu cha moyo. Ana akhanda amawonekera kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse ndipo ali m'mimba kwa miyezi 11.5. Mafuta amadyetsa mwana wamkaka mpaka mkaka wina.
Ndizosangalatsa. Hatchi ya Przewalski yotchedwa chifukwa mu 1879 idapezeka ndi Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Ndipo kuchokera ku Central Asia, malo omwe ali Nyanja ya Lob Nor, adangobweretsa khungu la nyama yosadziwika kale.
Lit: Big Red Book / Oksana Skaldina. - M: Eksmo, 20014.-480s
Akavalo a Przewalski - Equus przewalskii Poljakov, 1881
Gulu Lama Rarity: 0 - mtundu womwe wasowa zachilengedwe, m'modzi mwa awiri mwa oimira artiodactyl fauna aku Russia. Umangosungidwa m'malo osungirako zinyama zokhazokha komanso malo apadera padziko lonse lapansi.
Kufalitsa: Zofotokozedwa kuchokera kumchenga wa Hanobo - kumwera kwa Nyanja. Ulyungur, Central Dzungaria. M'mbuyomu, mitundu ya anthu ku Europe idatenga nkhalango, steppe, ndi dera lachipululu, kulowa kudera laling'ono mderalo. Gawo lina linali lakutali ndipo mapiri a Kazakhstan komanso kumwera kwa Zap. Siberia chakum'mawa. kupita ku mapiri a Baraba ndi Predaltai, Salair Ridge ndi Lake. Zaysan, kuwonjezera apo, panali malo okhala ku Transbaikalia, omwe anali olumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi dera lalikulu kunja kwa Russia, lomwe limayang'ana dziko lonse la Dzungaria, mwachionekere onse aku Mongolia ndi Kashgar, kummawa kwake. magawo a [1,2]. Imodzi mwa njira zitatu za kavalo wa Przhevalsky - the steppe tarpan (E. p. Gmelini) - idawonongedwa kwathunthu m'zaka za m'ma 1800, munthu womaliza adapulumuka mu ukapolo mpaka 1914-1918, subspecies yachiwiri - nkhalango yamtchire (E. p. silvaticus) - yowonongedwa ku Central Europe kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages, nyama zaulere zophedwa zidaphedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XIX. ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Mabungwe achitatu, kavalo wa Przhevalsky, adawoneka komaliza ku Dzungarian Gobi mu 1968, kuyambira pano mawonekedwe awa akuwonekeranso kuti atha kuchokera ku chilengedwe, chifukwa chachikulu chotsirizira ndikuwachotsa kwachindunji, kukulitsa malo okhala ndi malo achangu kuchokera kumalo abusa ndi malo othirira [1, 3.5]. 11 Akavalo a Przhevalsky ochokera ku Dzungaria adagwidwa ndikubwera nawo kumalo osungira nyama ku Europe kuti akwaniritse ndi 1899 mpaka 1901, mahatchi otsiriza adagwa mu 1939. Nyama ina yolanda inagwidwa mu 1947. Ana a omwe adayambitsa anali akavalo 50 pofika 1958, pomwe chiyambi cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woweta kavalo wa Przhevalsky mu malo osungira nyama ndi ana. Mu 1956, magulu anayi a abambo ndi amayi 8 adatengedwa kupita ku America. Pakutha kwa ma 90s. Chiwerengero chonse cha akavalo kumalo osungira nyama ndi malo apadera malinga ndi Buku la International Stud Book linali pafupifupi anthu 1000.
Habitat: Akavalo a Przhevalsky ndi mitundu yapadziko lapansi ya pulasitiki, yomwe imadziwika ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Pakati pamtunda waukuluwo, nkhalangoyi inakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe ku Europe, steppe tarpan - nkhalango yotsata ndi Vost steppes. Europe, gawo la ku Europe la Russia pafupifupi mpaka ku Urals, Przhevalsky kavalo koyenera - mapiri a phala (pang'ono nkhalango), zipululu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipululu, mapiri akuluakulu komanso zitunda zazing'ono [1,2,6]. Popeza pofika nthawi yomwe mahatchi a Przhevalsky adapezeka ku Dzungaria, anali atasowa kale m'mbiri yonse kupatula Dzungaria, titha kulankhula zokhazokha za anthu awa - nthenga za mitengo yopanda chipululu kapena mapiri audzu kumapiri kapena kumapiri kwa mapiri malo othirira ndi malo abwino okhala (ma gorges, mitsinje). M'madambo akuluakulu, mahatchi amayenda kudera la China. Zoweta za Hare, zotsogozedwa ndi munthu wamkulu wamkazi ndi ma 4-5 akuluakulu agalu ndi angapo agalu, ndi ng'ombe za bachelor, zophatikizana ndi zazikazi zazing'ono, zimakhala zikhalidwe za akavalo. Akazi amayamba kubweretsa ana azaka zapakati pa 3-4, amphongo amayamba nawo ntchito yobereketsa azaka 4-5. Matani nthawi zambiri amakhala mu Meyi-June. Mimba ili pafupi miyezi 11.5. Yaikazi imabweretsa thumba limodzi, lomwe limadyetsa mpaka chotsatira chotsatira. Nthawi zambiri, nyambo zimakonda kubereka pakapita zaka ziwiri zilizonse, kubadwa kwa pachaka kwa ana kumawonedwa pokhapokha ngati nyama zili bwino, gulu limakula.
Mphamvu: Palibe zambiri zenizeni zokhudza kuchuluka kwa mahatchi amtunduwu kwazaka mazana angapo zapitazo ku Russia konsekonse. Zambiri pa chiwerengero cha mahatchi a Przewalski kumalo osungira nyama ndi malo ogulitsa padziko lapansi zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi mu International Stud Book, yomwe imasungidwa ku Prague Zoo. Zomwe zikuchepetsa kupitilirabe kuteteza zachilengedwe ku malo osungira nyama ndi malo osungirako zinthu zachilengedwe zikukula ndikukula kwa mitundu yachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa matenda obadwa nawo, kuchepa kwa chonde, kupulumuka kwa nyama zazing'ono, kutayika kwa nyengo yodziwika bwino komanso zina zoyipa zosunga ndikusunga kwaukapolo unyinji wambiri wa mibadwo ya nyama [11-14] . Chofunikira pakusungidwa kwa mitunduyi ndikupanga chilengedwe chodzilamulira mwachilengedwe. Zomwe zimalepheretsa pakusankhidwa kwa malo obwezeretsanso ndizofanana ndi chilengedwe (nyengo, kapangidwe kazomera, kupezeka kwa mabowo othirira) kuzosowa zachilengedwe zamtunduwu, kuthekera kokukulitsa malo okhala, kupezeka kwa zilombo, kuwonetsetsa kutetezedwa kwa nyama, kuthana ndi chiopsezo cha ma hybridization ndi mahatchi apakhomo [6.15-17] . Kulima namwali kumayamba kubzala. magawo a mitundu yamitunduyo, chosindikizira chachikulu cha msipu, makamaka kukula kwa ziweto zamagulu kumachepetsa kusankha madera omwe ali oyenera kubwezeretsedwanso, ndikuwasunthira kudera lopanda chipululu komanso chipululu. Nthawi yomweyo, malo okhala mchipululu sindiwo chinthu chochepetsera; mahatchi ochokera kumalo osungira nyama amatha kukhala malo abwino okhala m'malo opezekako komanso kubereka bwino.
Chitetezo: Amalembedwa m'ndandanda wofiira wa IUCN-96, Zowonjezera 2 za CITES. Kufalitsa bwino zaukapolo. Mu 1985, polojekiti idakhazikitsidwa ndikuvomerezedwa kuti ikonzenso bulu wa Przewalski m'chilengedwe, kupangitsa kuti pakhale anthu odziyang'anira okha aulere asanu ndi anthu pafupifupi 500 [3.19]. Ntchito yodzikonzanso inayamba ku Mongolia (ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa Netherlands ndi AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Science), gulu loyamba lidayambitsidwa mu 1992. Ntchito yoyesera yoyeserera idachitika ku China (komwe idachitika mu 1987, kutulutsidwa koyamba mu 1990) [21-23]. Kuyambira 1985, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulani ndi mapulogalamu ena ake pakukonzanso kavalo wa Przhevalsky pakati pa Russia ndi CIS kunayamba. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa ntchito yakukonzanso kwa akavalo a Przhevalsky ku Dauria, mdera lokhala ndi malo osungirako mayiko ena, komwe kuli mwayi wopititsa patsogolo kudziwikiratu kwa anthu omwe ali mdera loyandikana ndi Russia, Mongolia ndi China.
Wolemba: ZOKHUDZA. Pereladova, V.E. Flint
Onani ndi mamuna
Anthu okhala m'malo omwe mahatchiwa amakhala akudziwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amawutcha "tachi". A Mongol amatcha dziko lakutali la tahi ridge ("Yellow Ridge of a Horse Horse), komwe kavalo amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Komabe, nyamayi idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1879, pomwe idafotokozedwa ndi wapaulendo waku Russia, wodziwa za chilengedwe komanso wolemba zachilengedwe, yemwe mtunduwu udatchulidwa. Pakadali pano, mahatchi osiyanasiyana anali ochepa ku Dzungaria.
Anthu akumaloko adasaka mahatchi atchire: nyama izi zimatha kupikisana ndi nyama zapakhomo nthawi yomweyo zidali nyama komanso zikopa. Komabe, kukhazikika kwa anthu ku Dzungaria m'zaka za zana la 19. ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 sanali ambiri, ndipo anthu sakanakhoza kuwononga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa akavalo amtchire.
Kuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha akavalo a Przewalski kunayamba nthawi yozizira kwambiri ya 1944-45 kutalizira nyengo yotentha: mahatchi anafa ndi njala. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yozizira iyi, yomwe inalembedwa m'mbiri ya Mongolia pansi pa dzina la "Jute of the Monkey," mabanja ambiri okhala m'mudzimo adataya ziweto zawo zonse ndipo adakakamizidwa kusaka chakudya. Tsoka lachilengedwe linakulitsidwa ndi zochitika za anthu: m'malo awa, kuchuluka kwa asitikali ndi osamukira, omwe amakhala ndi zida zamakono komanso osakhala ndi ziweto zawo, adawonjezeka kwambiri.
Pakutha kwa zaka. Zaka mazana 20 m'chilengedwe kunalibe kavalo wamtchire aliyense.
Katswiri wina atangokhala kunja kwa dziko lakwawo, malo ena owetera nyama anali atafunitsitsa kuti nyama zawo zisungidwe. Zikudziwika kuti maulendo angapo oyamba kuthamangitsa akavalo a Przhevalsky adapangidwa mwa wamalonda aku Russia N. Asanov. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Zinyama 55 zomwe zinagwidwa mu chilengedwe zidalandiridwa kumalo osungirako (Ukraine), komanso m'malo angapo osamalira nyama zaku Europe ndi North America. Komabe, mwa awa, khumi ndi atatu okha pambuyo pake adabereka ana. Mu 1957, ndege ina inachokera ku Mongolia kupita ku Mongolia, yomwe inaswana. Chifukwa chake, akavalo onse amoyo a Przewalski ali ndi moyo wawo mwa nyama 12 zokha.
Dera lakale ndi malo okhala
Kafukufuku wazaka ndi mbiri yakale zikuwonetsa kuti dera la mahatchi a Przewalski silinangokhala kwa Dzungaria (Central Asia), komwe "linali lotseguka" ku sayansi. M'bodza, zachilengedwe izi zadziwika kuyambira Late Pleistocene. Zotsatira zakuwonekera zikuwonetsa kuti malire akumpoto amtunduwu anali pakati pa 50-55 ° N, chakumadzulo nyama izi zidagawidwa ku Volga, komanso kummawa pafupi ndi Pacific Ocean. Kuchokera kum'mwera, malo awo anali ochepa mapiri atali. Pakati pa malo ogawa, mahatchi amasungidwa m'malo opumira komanso kumapiri okwera pansi (mpaka 2000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja).
Kudera la Dzhungar Gobi, mahatchi a Przhevalsky atha kukhalapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magwero abwino komanso opanda mchere pang'ono ozunguliridwa ndi mafutawa, pomwe sanapeze madzi ndi chakudya, komanso malo okhala, komanso kupezeka kwa gawo ili la mapiri ndi chipululu chokhala ndi tirigu komanso mbewu zina zomwe zimadyedwa ndi akavalo .
Maonekedwe ndi morphology
Akavalo ngati kavalo wamkulu, wokhala ndi mutu wolemera, khosi lakuthwa, miyendo yolimba ndi makutu ang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi 220-280 masentimita, kutalika kufota 120-146 masentimita, kulemera makilogalamu 200-300. Mchirawo ndi wamfupi kuyerekeza ndi kavalo wakunyumba, ndipo kumtunda kwa mpiru kumakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Ma mane ndi ofupikirapo, aimirira, opanda zingwe.
Kupaka kapena, kupepuka pamunsi pa thupi. Mng'oma ndi mchira, ndipo pakati pa kumbuyo kuyambira pa mane kukafika kumizu ya mchira kumadutsa lamba. Mtundu womwewo wa miyendo pansi pa hock. Mapeto a muzzle ndi opepuka. M'nyengo yotentha, chovalacho chimakhala chachifupi, chofunikira-ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi owala. Chovala chachisanu chimakhala chotalikirapo, chokhala ndi undercoat yakuda, ndipo mtundu wake umakhala wopepuka kuposa chilimwe.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zamadyetsa
Maziko okhathamiritsa kwamahatchi amtchire aku Asia ku Dzungaria amapangidwa ndi chimanga: udzu wokhala ndi nthenga, mapira a tirigu, fescue, ki, bango. Anadya chowawa, anyezi wamtchire, ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Mwa zitsamba, saxaul ndi caragana analipo mukudya kwawo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mahatchi omwe amakhala m'malo azikhalidwe za mayiko ena amatha kusinthidwa ndi zakudya zam'deralo.
Amatsogolera gulu la akavalo kubusa, monga lamulo, maula wodziwa ntchito, ndipo mtsogoleri atseka. Pakudya msipu, nyama imodzi kapena ziwiri zimayang'anira zomwe zikuzungulirazungulira, pomwe zina zimaluma pamtunda. M'nyengo yozizira, chipale chofewa chikamagwa, nyama "zimangoyankhula" - zimang'amba ndi ziboda zawo zakumaso ndikutenga chakudya.
Akavalo amakumana ndi zovuta zapadera nthawi yozizira, mvula ikagwa kapena kutentha kwamphamvu mpweya umatsika kwambiri ndipo nthaka imakutidwa ndi ayezi (jute). Zibwibwi zimayamba kusefukira, akavalo sangathe kudutsa pakati pa madzi oundana ndikufika pa udzu, ndipo njala imayamba.
Khalidwe pamagulu
Zochepa kwambiri zomwe zinkadziwika mwanjira ya moyo wa akavalo awa asanafafanizidwe kumeneko. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mlendo waku Russia adakumana ndi nyama kangapo ku Dzhungar Gobi. Adalemba kuti "kavalo wakuthengo ndi wokhalamo m'chipululu ndipo amapita kukadyetsa ndi kumwa usiku, nthawi ikamadzayamba kubwerera kuchipululu, amakhala kuti akapumula mpaka dzuwa litalowa." Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kavalo wa Przewalski amakhala ndi magawo angapo a kukhala tulo komanso kupumula masana.
Akavalo amatengedwa m'magulu a amuna akulu akulu amtundu wa 5-1 ndi ana. Ana achichepere azaka zapakati pa 1.5-2,5 azichokapo kapena amachotsedwa m'magulu a makolo ndikupanga magulu a abwana. Yekhayokha, nthawi zambiri amakhala amuna achikulire, osatha kupititsa nyumbayo.
Kapangidwe ka geobotanical m'derali kumapangitsa kuti mahatchi agawike kwambiri. Dzungaria, yomwe inali gawo lomaliza la mahatchi a Przewalski, ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri otsika komanso mapiri odulidwa mitsinje yambiri. Pamunsi pa zitunda pali akasupe ambiri, ofunika kwambiri mahatchi, popeza nyengo kuno kuli kouma komanso kowonekera konsekonse. M'malo awa muli zipululu za solyanka semi, ndi malo a nthenga za mapiri, ndi nkhalango za saxaul, ndi m'nkhalango zamtundu wa tamarisk. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa ma biotopu komanso kukhalapo kwa mabowo ambiri othirira, akavalo amatha kupanga maulendo ochepa nyengo. Zosunthika zoterezi mkati mwa zaka zapitazi sizinapitirire 150-200 km molunjika.
Magulu a akavalo a Przewalski amayenda kwambiri ndipo amayenda mosasunthika, osakhala nthawi yayitali malo amodzi, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kufalikira kwamasamba mosiyanasiyana.
Kulera ndi kulera ana
Monga mahatchi onse, nthumwi zawo zakutchire zimatha kukhwima pofika zaka ziwiri, koma anyani amayamba kutenga nawo mbali poswana kuposa zaka zamalimwe. Mu kuswana nyengo kukufotokozedwa: mares amabwera kudzasaka kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti. Mimba imatenga miyezi 11-11,5; kubadwa mwana mmodzi. Izi zimachitika panthawi yomwe chakudya chimapezeka.Masabata 1-2 atabereka, wamkazi amakhala wokonzeka kuberekanso; nyama yathanzi, yamphamvu imatha kubala ana chaka chilichonse.
Tonde imabadwa yakukula, mayi amatenga amniotic fluid ndi milomo ndi lilime lake, ndipo mwanayo amadwala mwachangu. Mphindi zochepa atabadwa, mwana wa nkhandweyo amayesa kuyimirira ndi mapazi ake, ndipo patapita maola ochepa amatha kutsatira amayi. Pakupita milungu iwiri, anyani amayamba kuwerengera udzu, miyezi ingapo kuchuluka kwa zakudya zamasamba muzakudya zawo kumayamba kuchuluka mwachangu, koma mayiyo akupitilabe kuwapatsa mkaka kwa miyezi ingapo.
Zosiyanasiyana
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti mtundu woyimira mitundu yamakono ya mahatchi ndi buluzi. M'mawonekedwe, anali ofanana ndi mbidzi - mikwingwirima yomweyo pamthupi, njenjete yayifupi. Nthambi zitatu zamagulu zopangidwamo - steppe tarpan, the tarpan nkhalango ndi Przhevalsky kavalo. Zoyambirira ziwirizi zidasowa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ndipo mitundu yokhayo ndi yomwe idapulumuka mpaka lero.
Palibe amene angayankhe molondola 100% ngati mtunduwu ndiwakuthengo kapena ayi. Akatswiri ena amati izi ndi zakutchire, ena, makamaka paleogenetics, amati izi ndi mbadwa za akavalo a Botai, omwe adapita mwakuthengo.
Mahatchi a Botay ndiye woyamba kukhala m'mudzi wa Botai, womwe uli kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan.
Mbiri yakubadwa
Woyamba kukumana ndi woimira zamtunduwu anali wolemba chilengedwe, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Akupita ku Asia, kukafika kumtunda wa Dzungaria, womwe uli m'malire a kumpoto kwa China ndi Mongolia, adakumana ndi gulu la mahatchi mpaka pano osadziwika kuti aku Europe.
Omwe adawatcha "tahs", otanthauziridwa ku Russian, izi zikutanthauza "kavalo wachikasu". Kukhazikika kwawo kunali kwakukulu, mahatchi amapezeka m'dera lalikulu la Kazpstan kupita kumpoto kwa Mongolia. Kuchokera pa ulendowo, asayansi adabweretsa chigaza ndi khungu la nyama, yomwe adamupeza ndi wamalonda, yemwe, adawalandira kuchokera kwa alenje aku Kyrgyz. Zinali pazinthu izi kuti Polyakov adalongosola nyama yosadziwika ndikuyipatsa dzina - kavalo wa Przhevalsky.
Zaka zopitilira kuchokera pa chiyambi cha kutsegulira, kuchuluka kwa mahatchiwo kunayamba kuchepera - kudera limodzi la Eastern Altai, komanso chiwerengero chake. Chifukwa chiyani? Zambiri zomwe zidaseweredwa pano:
- Kupha nyama mwamagemu,
- chilala chomwe chidatenga nthawi yayitali
- nyama zina zinayamba kuzichotsa kubusa,
- kuthekera kochepera kuzolowera zinthu zatsopano, zomwe zidasokoneza kubereka.
Zikadakhala kuti anthu sanalowerere mwanjira imeneyi, ndiye kuti sitikadawonapo kavalo wodabwitsayo ali moyo, ndipo pakadakhala gulu la nyama zosowa monga tarpan kapena savannah zebra - quagga.
Kukonzanso
M'zaka zana zapitazi, zinaonekeratu kuti kavalo wakuthengo amachoka. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali mu ukapolo padziko lonse lapansi panalibe anthu oposa 20 okhoza kubereka.
Mu 1959, Prague adagwira msonkhano woyamba wa International Symposium on the Conservation of Przewalski's Horse, komwe adapanga njira yopulumutsira mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Monga gawo la njirayi, adapangana kuti asankhe ana awo mosamala kuti achulukane, asinthanitse magawowa pakati pa malo osungira zakudya ndikuwasunga akavalo a Przewalski ndi magulu achilengedwe. Njira izi zidabweretsa zotsatirapo zabwino. Malinga ndi buku ladziko lonse lapansi, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chakwera kufika pa 200 pofika 1972, ndipo kufikira anthu 680 pofika 1985. Kotero malingaliro adatha kudutsa otchedwa "botolo".
M'chaka cha 1985 chomwecho, adaganiza zoyamba kuyang'ana malo oti abwezere akavalo amtchire. Ntchito yayikulu idachitika, ndipo mu 1992 mahatchi oyamba ochokera ku Soviet Union ndi Netherlands adafika ku Mongolia ali mundondomeko. Pakadali pano, anthu atatu adapangidwa kale ku Mongolia. Adzukulu a akavalo aufulu oyamba akula kale. Chiwerengero chonse cha mahatchi opanda moyo a Przhevalsky chikuyandikira 300. Iwo, monga makolo awo akuthengo, amatha kusiyanitsa mbewu zodyedwa ndi poyizoni, amapeza malo othirira, adziteteze ku mimbulu ....
Kunja
Nyama iyi imadziwika, ikawonedwa kamodzi sikusakanikirana ndi aliyense. Ndipo zonse chifukwa zimawoneka zakale, ndiye kuti, zidasunganso mawonekedwe a kavalo ndi bulu.
Imapakidwa utoto wamchenga wamtambo wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira (koma), koma kuyimitsidwa (mane ndi mchira), miyendo yotsika nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda. Mbali yam'mimba komanso kumapeto kwa chotsekera ndi yopepuka, mphuno ndi "mealy", ndiye kuti, m'deralo tsitsi limapaka zoyera, zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo idalowetsa mphuno yake mu ufa.
M'chilimwe, chovalachi chimafupika, mtundu wake umakhala wowala kwambiri kuposa nthawi yozizira. Koma nthawi yozizira imakhala yambiri komanso yayitali, undercoat yofunda imapangidwa. Mng'oma ndiwowongoka, waufupi komanso wowuma, wofanana ndi mohawk wokonzedwa kapena burashi. Mchira kumtunda umakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi ndipo umatha ndi "burashi", womwe umatsala pang'ono kufika pansi. Mchirawo umafanana ndi zomwe mchira wa bulu kapena kulan. Akavalo alibe ma bang. “Lamba” wakuda amawoneka kumbuyo.
Pamutu waukulu, maso ang'onoang'ono ndi akulu. Thupi limakhala lotupa komanso lamantha. Miyendo yayifupi, yolimba imathandiza nyamayo kutulutsa liwiro lalikulu pagulu.
Awa ndi akavalo aang'ono:
- Kutalika kwa thupi sikupita mamita awiri,
- kutalika kwa 135 cm, mita 1.5,
- kulemera wamba sikoposa 350 kg, koma anthu olemera omwe ali ndi kulemera kwama 400 kg amapezekanso.
Makutu ang'onoang'ono ndiwosavuta kumva. Nyama imamva mdaniyo patali kwambiri, chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake kwabwino komanso kumva mwachidwi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azikhala ndi maso.
Mpaka posachedwapa, munthu amamva mawu akuti hatchi yakuthengo siwina koma kholo la hatchi yapakhomo. Komabe, madontho onse a asayansi a "ndi" majini. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wambiri, adapeza kuti, ngati mahatchi apakhomo, pali ma chromosomes 64, ndiye kuti nthumwi yolowayo ili ndi zaka 66, ndiye kuti, malinga ndi mtundu wamtunduwu, mitunduyi siigwirizana.
Kutalika kwa nyama ndi zaka 20-25.
Mahatchi olusa ku Zoo ya Moscow
Amadziwika kuti mahatchi oyambilira akufotokozera za Zoo ya Moscow adagwidwa ku Dzungarian Gobi. Malinga ndi zolemba kuchokera kumalo osungira nyama, izi zidachitika mu 1917. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, mibadwo ingapo ya nyama yasinthidwa m'gulu lathu. Takhala otenga nawo gawo pa International Wild Horse Breeding Programme, yomwe yapangidwa ndi Prague Zoo (Czech Republic), pomwe buku la Przewalski lakhala likusungidwa kwazaka zambiri. Oyang'anira pulogalamu, pogwiritsa ntchito bukuli, amapangira mahatchi owerengeka (akwatibwi ndi akwatibwi sangakhale m'malo osungirako zinyama zosiyanasiyana, komanso m'maiko osiyanasiyana), mapulogalamu osinthana nyama pakati pa malo osungira nyama ndi nazale padziko lonse lapansi kuti apewe kubzala zipatso (mitanda yoyanjana kwambiri) nyama). Malinga ndi pulogalamuyi, athu achimuna, omwe zaka zingapo zapitazo amawonekera pagulu la abambo ku malo a Hoofed Row ku New Territory ya zoo, tsopano asamukira ku tawuni yaying'ono kufupi ndi Prague, komwe kuli malo akuluakulu osungira mahatchi a Przewalski. Ali komweko amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yoswana ya mitundu.
Pofotokozera, mutha kuwona maresi awiri - amayi, obadwa mu 2003, ndi mwana wawo wamkazi, yemwe adabadwa kumapeto kwa 2013. Mtundu pafupifupi umodzi, wa thupi lamphamvu, akavalo awa ndi amtundu wa Askanian wobereketsa akavalo ali muukapolo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ina ina - mzere wa Prague, womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chachikulu cha mitundu, mtundu wowala kwambiri, mimba yoyera pafupifupi ndi kutha kwa muzzle. Mizere iyi ndi chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwakomwe kwa makolo akale amakono omwe adagwidwa kuthengo, komanso kusowa kwa malo osungirako nyama pakati pa malo osungira nyama m'maiko oyambilira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mizere iwiri iyi ili ndi genotype wamba, yomwe ndiyofunika kuisamalira.
Moyo
Ngakhale sizipezeka konse m'chilengedwe (komaliza pomwe zidawoneka ku stepp ya ku Mongolia mu 1969) ndikukhala mu ukapolo kwathunthu, akavalo sanataye zizolowezi zawo komanso kupsa mtima. Awa ndi anthu olimba mtima komanso olimba mtima, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akupambana pomenya nkhondo ndi abwenzi am'nyumba.
Nyamayi imakhala m'gulu la ziweto, momwe muli akazi 5-10 okhala ndi ana, ndipo abulu wamkulu amawatsogolera. Ndipo gululi limatha kukhala ndi ana aang'ono "amodzi". Amuna omwe ataya mphamvu pa abambo awo amalumikizana nawo. Akavalo akale omwe sangathe kubisa "akazi awo" amakhala moyo wawo wonse.
Khosalo likuyenda mozungulira m'deralo, kufunafuna chakudya ndi madzi, kuthamanga kapena kukokomeza, koma likuwona ngozi m'deralo, limapita kumalo osungirako ndipo limathamanga mpaka 50 km / h, likuyenda mtunda waung'ono. Ng'ombeyo imatsogozedwa ndi mphaluzi wokhazikika, ndipo yamphongo ya alpha imatseka.
Amadya m'mawa kapena madzulo, nthawi yamadzulo ikafika. Masana, amasangalala kupumula, kugontha pamalo okwezeka, popeza amayi ndi anyani atagona ndikupuma, stallion amayendayenda ndikuyang'ana malo owazungulirawo, ndipo kuchokera pamalo okwera amawonekera bwino ndipo mdani akuwonekera patali. Wamphongo akazindikira zoopsa, amakwiya ndipo amatsogolera gulu. Amadyanso. Pomwe ena "amakhala ndi nkhomaliro", mahatchi angapo amakhala "osamala", kenako nyama zimasintha maudindo.
Adani awo okhawo ndi mimbulu ndi miyala yamkuntho. Gulu la adani, likuukira gulu, likufuna kuchigawa ndikupha nyama zofowoka - zazing'ono, zachikulire kapena zodwala. Komabe, kavalo wathanzi, wamphamvu amatha kupha nkhandwe kapena mphaka ndikumenyeka kamodzi. Akaopseza, gulu limakhala mphete. Nyama zimayimilira mitu yawo kuzungulira bwalo lomwe amatenga ana, ndipo chida chawo chachikulu - miyendo yam'mbuyo yolimba imalunjikitsidwa kwa mdani.
M'malo osungirako, mahatchi amakhala ndi moyo monga momwe zimakhalira mwachilengedwe, koma amadya zakudya zakunyumba.
Ku malo osungira nyama, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto la kusayenda, chifukwa m'chilengedwe ng'ombe zimasunthasuntha. Ngakhale atapanga malo otetezeka muukapolo, malo omwe amakhala osatsekerako samapereka malo otambalala monga kuthengo kapena kosungira zachilengedwe.
Habitat
Kuthengo, adakonda zigwa zotsika, zopanda kutalika kwa 2 km kuchokera kumtunda kwa nyanja, kapena kukhazikika m'malo owuma. Malo abwino kwa iwo anali a Dzungarian Gobi. Apa anali ndi chakudya chochuluka, magwero amchere pang'ono ndi madzi abwino, komanso malo ambiri okhala. Adayenda kudera la Kazakhstan, Mongolia ndi China. Chifukwa cha ntchito yopanga ma paleontologists, zinadziwika kuti mbiri yakale yahatchiyo inali yotakata. Kumadzulo chinafika ku Volga, kum'mawa - kumapiri a Daurian, kumwera - anali ochepa mapiri atali.
Tsopano akukhala m'malo osungirako ku Russia, Mongolia ndi China, mayiko ena a ku Europe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mwachilengedwe, akavalo ankadya zakudya zophatikiza - zitsamba, chimanga - saxauls, caragana, udzu wa nthenga, chitsamba chowawa, thyme, chia ndi ena. M'nyengo yozizira, ankayenera kukumba chisanu ndi ziboda zawo zakumaso ndikudya udzu wouma. Ali mu ukapolo chifukwa chakuti akatswiri sangathe kupanga chakudya chokwanira cha nyama, m'badwo wachiwiri wamahatchi udataya chimodzi mwazizindikiro zake - mano akulu.
Zokhala ndi malo osungirako nyama, nyama zimadya zomera zomwe zimamera mmalo mwake, ndipo zimaphunzitsidwanso nthawi yozizira kudya nthambi zamitengo ndi mitengo.
M'malo osungira nyama, zakudya zawo zimakhala:
- kuchokera ku nsipu
- udzu watsopano
- maapulo
- masamba - kabichi, kaloti ndi beets,
- chinangwa, oats.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Asayansi adaomba alarm mu nthawi ndipo amayesetsa kuti asataye nyama yamtunduwu. Koma poyamba, boma lililonse lidakumana ndi vutoli payekhapayekha, zomwe zidapangitsanso kuti chiwopsezo chakutha kwa kavalo wa Przewalski, popeza anthu ogwirizana nthawi zonse amawoloka. Zonsezi zinayambitsa kubadwa kwa ana omwe anali ndi matenda obadwa nawo, ndipo ziwetozo zinafa.
Kuti apulumutse kuchuluka kwa mares, adayamba kuwoloka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya steppe, motero adapeza zatsopano, ndipo adayamba zosiyana kwambiri ndi makolo awo, omwe adapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Zotsatira za kubereka akavalo ali mu ukapolo, mizere iwiri idawonekera - Askanian ndi Prague. Onsewa ali ndi mtundu wa nyama zamtchire, zomwe ndizofunikira kuzisamalira. Mutha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mizere iwiri kunja. Oyamba amakhala ndi suti yofiirira komanso yolimba. Chingwe cha Prague chimadziwika ndi mtundu wokongola kwambiri wa nyama, ndi mtundu wowala - m'mimba ndi kumapeto kwa muzzle kuli pafupifupi koyera.
Kukhwima mu zogonana kumachitika m'mbuyomu kuposa m'magonana. Mwa akazi azaka 2, Amuna ali ndi zaka 5. Mu nthawi ya masika, akazi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi amuna, pomwe abuluwa amayesetsa kuteteza "akazi" awo. Zikopa zimachitika nthawi zonse ndimuna wina wamkazi kuti akhale ndi mkazi. Amunawo adadzuka ndikugunda mdani wawo ndi ziboda zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri sangapewe kuvulala, mikwingwirima yambiri.
Mayi amakhala ndi pakati miyezi 11, ndipo mwana amabadwa nthawi yachilimwe ndi nthawi yotentha, pomwe kumatentha komanso kusowa kwa chakudya. Mkazi m'modzi nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mkono umodzi.
Munthawi zonse, kulemera kwa nyambo ndi 35-45 kg. Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amadya mkaka wa amayi, ngakhale atatha milungu iwiri akuyesa kutafuna udzu. Pakupita maola angapo, mwana wakhanda amafika ndikutsatira amayi ake kulikonse. Ngati atsalira pambuyo pake, ndiye kuti amayi popanda kumukomera mtima ayamba kumukankha, ndikuluma m'dera lometa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo, adamletsa kuyamwa mkaka.
Chisanu chikachitika, kuti anawo asamavutike ndi kuzizira, amaponyedwera mphete yopangidwa kuchokera kwa achikulire, komwe amawotha ndi mpweya wawo. Mbidzi ya chaka chimodzi imasiyira m'bulu osati mwa kufuna kwake, mtsogoleri wa gulu amuthamangitsa.
Akatswiri akuyesabe kudutsa kavalo wamtchire ndi mitundu ina, koma zoyesayesa sizikhala zopanda pake, popeza mawonekedwe osakanizidwa amathetseratu mtundu wa kubereka kwa amayi. Cholinga cha obereketsa ndikupeza mtundu watsopano, womwe umasunganso mawonekedwe ndihatchi ya Przewalski, koma izikhala ndi zokulirapo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pofika 70s ya zaka za zana la 20, palibe nyama imodzi yomwe idasungidwa zachilengedwe, koma m'malo osungirako ana padziko lonse lapansi adatha kupulumutsa anthu 20 omwe anali oyenera kubereka. Komabe, kale mu 1959, akatswiri a zanyengo adayambitsa nkhani yakufalikira kwa nyamazo ndipo adayitanitsa msonkhano wamayiko womwe udapanga njira yopulumutsira anthu. Njira zake zidayenda bwino ndipo pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwawo kudayamba kukula, pofika 1985 lidasankhidwa kuti libwezeretse nyamayo.
Chidziwitso chatsegulidwa kwa mahatchi onse omwe akukhala mu ukapolo; Prague Zoo ikuchita izi. Nyama yokhala pangoziyi imatetezedwa ku boma komanso mayiko ena. Amalembedwa mu Red Book osati mayiko amodzi okha, kuphatikiza Russia, komanso ku International. Ntchito yogwira ntchito ikupitilira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumalo achilengedwe. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti posachedwa nthawi idzafika yoti mitunduyo itha.
Zosangalatsa
Pali zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa pankhani ya mtunduwu:
- Mitunduyo idapezeka mwamwayi.
- Nyama izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima, ndipo zimangoopa mdani wawo wachilengedwe - nkhandwe.
- Mabizinesiwo ndi nsanje kwambiri.
- Uwu ndi mtundu wankhosa kwambiri kavalo mpaka pano, sunakhalepo m'nyumba.
- Wachibale wake wapafupi ndi bulu wamtchire, ku Asia - kulan, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa bulu wamphongo, chifukwa imafanana ndi kavalo.
- Khola ndi mtsogoleri wa gululo, koma posaka madzi ndi chakudya, gawo lalikulu limaperekedwa kwa mkazi.
Mahatchi okonda ufulu wa Przhevalsky akukhazikika pang'onopang'ono m'mapaki adziko, malo osungirako. Mlonda waboma amapereka chiyembekezo kuti m'badwo wotsatira wa munthu uwona nyama zamtunduwu.
Nkhani yopezeka
Mu 1878, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky abwerera kuchokera kuulendo wachiwiri kupita ku Central Asia. M'malire a Russia ndi China, poyang'ana malo a Zaisan, adalandira ngati mphatso kuchokera kwa wamalonda A.K. Tikhonov khungu ndi chigaza cha kavalo wakuthengo wopezedwa ndi osaka aku Kazakh (Kyrgyz-kaisaks). Przhevalsky adatumiza nkhaniyi ku St. Petersburg, ku Zoological Museum, komwe adamuyesa ndi I.S. Polyakov. Anazindikira kuti khungu ndi chigaza ndi cha nyama zamtunduwu zomwe sizikudziwika sayansi ndipo adalongosola koyamba kavalo wakuthengo. Polyakov adatchulanso zamtunduwu polemekeza amene wapeza - Hatchi ya Przhevalsky (Equus przewalskii Polj., 1881).
Ogwidwa
Pali mahatchi pafupifupi 3,000 a ma purezred Przhevalsky padziko lapansi, omwe ndi ochokera pamahatchi 11 omwe agwidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 ku Dzungaria ndi kavalo 1 wam'nyumba. Mbadwa za mahatchi amenewo zakhala zikugwidwa ukapolo kwa mibadwo yambiri m'malo osungira nyama ndi malo padziko lapansi. Buku la mahatchi a Przewalski limasungidwa ku Prague Zoo. Ku USSR, akavalo ambiri a Przhevalsky amasungidwa ku Askania-Nova Reserve (Ukraine). Zisanachitike, anali ndendende yemwe anali woyamba wa Askania-Nova F.E. Falz-Fein yemwe anali woyamba kupanga maulendo kukatenga akavalo a Przhevalsky ku Dzungaria.
Dziwe laling'ono loyambirira la mahatchi amakono a Przhevalsky limabweretsa mavuto akulu mu kuswana kwawo: kusasinthika kosalekeza (matingidwe okhudzana kwambiri) kumakhudza kutha kwa akavalo ndi kuthekera kubereka. Osakhala munjira zabwino kwambiri momwe mahatchi amasungidwira ukapolo: mwachilengedwe, akavalo atchire amayenda mosalekeza, akuyenda ma kilomita ambiri masana.
Mwachilengedwe, malo osungirako ndi malo osungirako
Nthawi yomaliza kuthengo nyama izi zidawonedwa mu 1969 ku Mongolia. Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, kuchuluka kwa akavalo kudayamba kuchepa kwambiri nthawi yozizira ya 1944-1945, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuzizira kwambiri (pansi pa −40 ° C) komanso mvula yamkuntho yamasiku onse. Nyengo zotere ndizosowa ku Mongolia, pafupifupi zaka zana zilizonse. Nthawi imeneyo, ziweto zambiri zimafa chifukwa chodyetsa, zomwe zimakakamiza nzika kuti zisake nyama zakutchire, kuphatikizapo akavalo a Przewalski. Vutoli lidakulirakulira chifukwa choti asitikali aku China komanso ku Mongolia adalowa mgawo momwe mahatchi amakhala. Magulu azodzitchinjiriza adawonekera m'malire. Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti ambiri azitenga mfuti m'derali, eni ake omwe sananyansidwe kusaka. Zotsatira zake, kavalo wa Przhevalsky anazimiririka kumalo ake achilengedwe.
Kuyambira 1992, ma prozewalski amakonzanso kubwezeretsa (kubwerera kuthengo) zakhazikitsidwa ku Mongolia (Hustain-Nuruu National Park ndi Tahin-Tal Center, Big Gobi Biosphere Reserve, Gawo B). Kuyambira 2005, likulu lachitatu lokonzanso zinthu, a Homin Tal, aonekera ku Mongolia (lomwe lili mdera la Har Us National Park, kumadzulo kwa Mongolia). Anthu atatu olimawo akutchire anali pafupifupi anthu anayi kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015. Palinso ntchito ziwiri zoberekera ku China, ntchito ku Kazakhstan.
Kuyambira chaka cha 2015, chakhumi ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi komanso choyambirira ku Russia kuti akonzenso tsogolo la Przhevalsky kakhazikitsidwa ku Russia ku Orenburg Reserve. Dzinalo ndilo "Przhevalsky Horse Semi-Free Population Program ku Orenburgsky Natural Reserve". Mu nthawi yojambulidwa, kuyambira pa Julayi mpaka Okutobala 2015, malo onse ofunikira poyendetsa zoyambirira adapangidwa pa gawo la Pre-Ural Steppe la Orenburg Nature Reserve ndi Przewalski Horse Reintroduction Center. Ndipo pa Okutobala 18, 2015, gulu loyamba la mahatchi opindika bwino ochokera ku France lidayambitsidwa. Pa Novembala 20, magulu ena awiri adabwera kuchokera ku Khortobad National Park, ku Hungary. Mu Juni 2018, mwana woyamba wa kavalo wa Przewalski anabadwira ku Reintroduction Center.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, mahatchi angapo adamasulidwa kuti ayese kuyesa kupatula malo aku Ukraine osungirako mafuta ku Chernobyl, komwe adayamba kubereka mwachangu. Tsopano pali anthu zana, magulu atatu.
M'mbuyomu, mahatchi atchirewa anali ponseponse m'nkhalango zopondera, mapiri ndi mapiri a ku Europe, mapiri ndi gawo lakutali la Kazakhstan ndi kumwera kwa Western Siberia chakummaŵa mpaka ku Baraba ndi Pre-Altai mapiri, Salair ridge ndi Lake Zaysan. [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 3743 ]
Ngakhale kulowerera kosavuta kwa mahatchi wamba, kwakuthengo, komanso kwamafuta, kwazaka pafupifupi 45,000 kukhalapo kwa mitundu iwiri yosiyana, mitundu ya akavalo a Przewalski sizinasonkhanitsa mitundu yayitali ya mahatchi, popeza mahatchi a Przewalski mwachilengedwe amadya saxaul ndi zakudya zina zovuta kuzidyetsa . Chifukwa chake, ma hybrids nthawi zambiri amapita pamahatchi, omwe amasiyidwa ndi mahatchi a Przhevalsky nthawi zambiri samapereka ana chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya kapena kufa. Ngakhale mitundu ya akavalo a Przhevalsky idalowa mu mahatchi wamba, kagayidwe, minyewa, ndi matenda amtima wamahatchi a Przhevalsky amawongoleredwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - izi zidawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wama DNA osati mahatchi amakono a Przhevalsky, komanso mabala amtchire omwe adamwalira kale. Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe asayansi aku Russia ndi Austria adasindikiza kumapeto kwa chilimwe 2017, zidapezeka kuti mahatchi amakono a Przewalski amakono ku chakudya cha Dzhungarskiy Gobi chaka chonse pazomera udzu, pomwe kale, m'zaka za zana la 19, akavalo a Przhevalsky adakonda udzu nthawi ya kasupe ndi yophukira. ndipo nthawi yachisanu masamba ankadulidwa kuthengo za saxaul, caragan, ndi zina (ngakhale ankadyanso udzu). Mwinanso, m'masiku akale, akavalo adasintha zakudya zawo kuti asazolowere, chifukwa ndi momwe adakhalira maliseche, ndipo amadya nkhondoyi. Kupatula apo, adafika kuchipululu cha Dzungar Gobi kuchokera ku zigawo za steppe. Kuphatikiza apo, kavalo m'mbuyomu nthawi zambiri ankabisala kwa anthu, ndipo nthawi yozizira amabisala m'nkhalango zamtchire zomwe zimabalalika kumapeto kwa Gobi. Tsopano akavalo akuwopsezedwa osati ndi anthu omwe adayenera kubisala kuthengo, koma ndi mimbulu ndi agalu olusa. Zotsatira zake, nyengo yozizira mahatchi okonzedwanso a Przewalski amapikisanirana ndi mahatchi a ziweto ndi zoweta (ng'ombe zomwe ndizambiri kangapo chifukwa chosankhidwa ndi anthu pamsalo wong'ung'udza ndi kupambana chifukwa cha zochuluka zawo) pamasamba ochepa a udzu wobiriwira nthawi yozizira, ndipo izi zimachepetsa kuswana kwa akavalo Przhevalsky. Zinadziwika kuti kuti athe kupanga bwino ndikuteteza mtundu wawo kuti abwereke mitundu ya mahatchi wamba, munthu ayenera kuphunzitsa akavalo a Przewalski kuti adye masamba amitengo ndi zitsamba zopondera ndi chipululu asanakonzenso.
Kufotokozera
Akavalo a Przhevalsky ali ndi malamulo olimba okhala ndi mafupa komanso minofu yolimba, thupi lolimba, khungu lakuthwa, komanso kukukutira pang'ono kwa chingwe, mchira ndi maburashi. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, makutu ndi ang'ono, owongoka, akuyenda, maso ndi ochepa. Khosi lili lolunjika komanso lakuda. Kufota kumafotokozedwa mofooka, kumbuyo ndikofupika, kowongoka, khungubwi nthawi zambiri limakhala lozungulika bwino, losungunuka, chifuwa ndi chokwanira komanso chakuya. Zingwe zolimba, za mawonekedwe olondola, miyendo imakhala ndi makulidwe wamba. Khoma la mphuthu za buluzi limanyezimira, ngakhale, muvi umakonzedwa bwino, zonse, nyanga ya yekhayo ndi yopanikizika, yosalala, yopanda mawonekedwe. Kugonana kwamanyazi panja sikunafotokozeredwe. Miyeso yayikulu (masentimita): kutalika kufota - 136 (kuchokera pa 124 mpaka 153 cm), kutalika kwa thupi - 138, chifuwa mozungulira - 158, chifuwa kuya - 62, metacarpuszungulira - 17. mawonekedwe a Przhevalsky akavalo obadwa mwachilengedwe. pafupi ndi lalikulu. Mitengo yaying'ono ya bony index, komanso zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa chifuwa komanso kusunthika (kuwerengeka monga kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa thupi mpaka kutalika kwa chifuwa pamtunda) zimawonetsa Zizindikiro zosatsutsika za mtundu wakwera muhatchi ya Przhevalsky. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale amakhala ochepa mphamvu, kavalo wamtchire mosiyanasiyana amakhala osiyana ndi gulu la akavalo, ataliitali komanso akulu azinyama. Ndili pafupi ndi mahatchi olimidwa komanso ochulukitsa. Komabe, mutu waukulu wokhala ndi khosi lalikulu ndi chizindikiro cha akavalo amtchire - mndandanda wamakutu akuluakulu ndiwofunikira kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi mtundu uliwonse wamahatchi apakhomo.
Sutu iyi nthawi zonse ndi Savrasai - mchenga wachikasu wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda, mane ndi mchira. Lamba wamdima pafupi ndi kumbuyo kuyambira kufota kupita kumchira. Msewuwo ndi waufupi, wowoneka bwino, wopanda mabanga, wakuda wokhala ndi ubweya wamkati wamtundu wa suti yayikulu pamunsi. Pa miyendo ya anthu ena pali mikwingwirima - zebroidity. Pamapeto pake pali choyera (chotchedwa "mphuno ya ufa"), koma pamahatchi osowa amakhala chikasu chakuda ("nose nose"). Mbali yam'mwamba ya mchirayo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi lamtundu wa suti yayikulu ya kavalo, kumapeto - tsitsi lalitali lakuda. Chingwe ndi mchira wapadera ndizo chizindikiro cha hatchi yakuthengo. Mahatchi apakhomo amakhala ndi chingwe chachitali komanso mchira wowoneka bwino kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe.
Zatsopano pa chiyambi cha kavalo wa Przewalski
Malinga ndi genetic, hatchi yapakhomo (Equus ferus caballus) amachokera ku mahatchi atchire a Dziko Lakale. Mtundu wa kavalo wa Przewalski uli ndi ma chromosome 66, ndipo kavalo wapakhomo amakhala ndi ma chromosomes 64, ma DNA awo a mitochondrial nawonso amasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kholo la kavalo woweta, yemwe amatchedwa kuti tarpan, anali wosiyana ndi kavalo wa Przhevalsky ndipo m'chilengedwe anamwalira pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1900.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku amakono a 2018, zidapezeka kuti kavalo wa Przhevalsky sikuti amangokhala kholo lokhala ndi mahatchi apakhomo, koma ndiwopeka kale, mbadwa ya kavalo wopulumutsidwa - kholo lawo. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsalira za mahatchi 20 ochokera ku chikhalidwe cha Botai omwe adapezeka komwe kunali Krasny Yar (Kazakhstan). Zitsanzo zina 22 zamahatchi akale zinafufuzidwanso - zitsanzo zitatu kuchokera ku Yakutia ndi Taimyr, mahatchi asanu ndi awiri a Przhevalsky, 7 Bronze Age genomes (zaka 4,100-3,000 zapitazo), 18 Iron Age genomes (zaka 2,800-2,200 zapitazo) ndi ma genomes 7 amahatchi achi Roma ( pakati pa zaka 2000-100 zapitazo) ndi akavalo amakono 22 (mitundu 18).
Posanthula zotsatira, zidapezeka:
- Ma genomes okhala ndi mahatchi apakhomo amapanga magulu awiri odziyimira pawokha. Yoyamba ndi akavalo Botay ndi Borley. Gulu lachiwiri lili ndi mahatchi omwe adaberedwa pambuyo pake ndipo akukhudzana kale ndi mahatchi amakono. Mahatchi a Przewalski ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mahatchi a Eneolithic achikhalidwe cha Botai.
- Mumtengo wopangidwira wa phylogenetic, zinaonekeratu kuti akavalo ochulukitsa, kuyambira ku Bronze Age kupita ku mitundu yamakono, si mbadwa za chikhalidwe cha Botai ndi mahatchi a Borley.
Mapeto ake ndikuti nyengo ziwiri zakudziyimira pawokha komanso kuwongolera mahatchi zimadziwika m'mbiri ya anthu. Ichi ndiye chikhalidwe cha Botayan chomwe chidakulitsa mahatchi a Botayan, omwe pazifukwa zina adasowa ndipo, mwakutengera ma genetics, akavalo aku Przhevalsky adasungidwa - mbadwa zachindunji za akavalo achifwamba a Borley, omwe ndi gulu lomaliza la akavalo apakhomo achikhalidwe cha Botai. Nthawi yachiwiri yakugonjetsedwa kwa akavalo idachitika mu Bronze Age, kuchuluka kwa majini kuchokera ku mahatchi a Botai sikuti kunkalembedwa. A genetics ndi olemba mbiri adatsimikiza kuti akavalo a Botai adagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikhalidwe cha Botai ngati banja (mkaka, nyama, katundu wachikopa ndi akatundu, monga mahatchi ndi zithunzi zosonyeza kumanja kwa akavalo zidapezeka), koma sizidagwiritsidwe ntchito kukwera. Kwa zaka 4000 zapitazo sipanakhalepo kavalo m'modzi yemwe angakhale mbadwa zachindunji za kavalo wa Botai. Izi zikulankhula za kholo lakale lokhala ndi mahatchi amakono - pomwe malo okhala sanakonzedweretu molondola, chifukwa chosakwaniritsidwa kwa zinthu zakale.