Chimbalangondo tsopano chatha. Anaonekera padziko lapansi zaka 300,000 zapitazo, ndipo anasowa zaka 25,000 zapitazo. Sayansi yamakono imamuwona ngati gulu la chimbalangondo chofiirira komanso kholo la chimbalangondo cha Etruscan. Potengera kukula kwake, masamba awo anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zamakono. Anali woposa grizzly ndi kodiak nthawi imodzi ndi theka. Inali chinyama chachikulu kwambiri chotchedwa furry ndipo chinali ndi mutu waukulu komanso matako olimba. Ankakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse la nkhalango ku Eurasia. Ku Africa ndi America, zotsalira zake sizinapezeke.

Chimbalangondo ndi nyama yapadera. Ngakhale zakunja kwambiri, chilombochi chimathamanga, chimathamanga ndipo chimathamanga. Amathamanga pa liwiro la kavalo, ndipo kuwomba kwa dzanja lake kungaphe munthu nthawi yomweyo. Masiku ano, zinthu zomwezo zimasokoneza kwambiri asaka. Ngati mumusaka popanda zida zokha, ndiye kuti mungayankhe pangozi. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Amwenye panthawi ina adanena kuti kupha munthu mwachisoni ndi kupha mtsogoleri wa fuko lankhanza. Osati wankhondo wamba, koma mtsogoleri.

Moyo

Poona kuchuluka kwa kukukuta kwa dzino, chimbalangondo cha m'phanga chinali chowonda chomwe masamba ake chinali zakudya zamasamba, komanso uchi. Komabe, nthawi yozizira, nthawi yozizira, chimbalangondo chimatha kubera anthu osadziona kapena anthu. Zimbalangondo zinabereka ana a 1-2. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chinali pafupifupi zaka 20. Chimbalangondo chimakhala m'madambo, m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso m'nkhalango, ndikukwera m'mapiri kupita kumapiri.

Kufalitsa

Chimbalangondo cha mphanga chimapezeka ku Eurasia (kuphatikizaponso Ireland ndi England), m'chigawo chomwe adapangira mitundu ingapo yamayiko. Makamaka, m'mapanga a alpine omwe ali pamtunda wokwera kwambiri (mpaka 2445 m kumtunda kwa nyanja), ndi mapiri a Harz (Germany), mitundu yazifupi yamtunduwu yomwe imapangidwa kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Kudera la Russia yamakono, chimbalangondo chinapezeka m'Chigwa cha Russia, ku Zhiguli Upland, ku Urals, ku Western Siberia; Posachedwa, asayansi aku Yakut adapeza mafupa amimbalangondo kumapeto kwa Kolyma.

Kutha

Cholinga chakutha kwa chimbalangondo cha mphanga mwina chinali kusintha kwanyengo kumapeto kwa nyengo ya ayezi ya Wurm, pomwe nkhalango idatsika kwambiri, ndikulepheretsa chimbalangondo cha mphanga kukhala magwero azakudya. Komabe, ntchito yosaka anthu akale idathandizanso pakutha kwake. Timakhulupiriranso kuti anthu azungu ku Europe samangosakira chimbalangondo, komanso amapembedza ngati totem.

Mitundu ina

Zimbalangondo za m'phanga zimatchulanso mitundu ingapo yamapiri ya Pleistocene chifukwa choti zotsalira zake zimapezeka kwambiri m'mapanga. Zowonadi zake, sizinalumikizidwe ndi matako. Izi zikuphatikiza ku Eurasia:

• Ursus (Spelaearctos) deningeri — Deninger Bear. Zofotokozedwa kuchokera ku Pleistocene waku Germany (Mosbach) woyambirira. Wokhala m'munsi - Pleistocene wapakati ku Europe.
• Ursus (Spelaearctos) rossicus — chimbalangondo chaching'ono. Middle - Late Pleistocene kumwera kwa Ukraine, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan (mtsinje wa Ural), Middle Urals (Kizel), kumwera kwa Western Siberia, Altai ndi, mwinanso, Transcaucasia. Wokhala m'matanthwe, samalumikizidwa ndi matako.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Cave Bear

Chimbalangondo ndi mbiri ya chimbalangondo chofiirira, chomwe chidawonekera kudera la Eurasia zaka zoposa 300,000 zapitazo, ndipo chimwalira pa Middle ndi Late Pleistocene - zaka 15,000 zapitazo. Amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku chimbalangondo cha Etruscan, chomwe sichitha kwazaka zambiri ndipo masiku ano sichinaphunziridwe pang'ono. Kungodziwika kuti ankakhala kudera lamakono la Siberia zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo. Zinthu zotsalira za chimbalangondo cha mphanga zimapezeka kwambiri mdera laphiri laphiri.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi chimbalangondo cha mphanga chikuwoneka bwanji?

Zimbalangondo zamasiku ano ndizotsika kwambiri kuphanga mwakulemera ndi kukula kwake. Mitundu yamakono yamitundu yayikulu monga grizzlies kapena cognac ndiyocheperako kuposa chimbalangondo cha nthawi yoposa imodzi ndi theka. Amakhulupirira kuti ichi chinali chilombo champhamvu kwambiri chokhala ndi minofu yolimba komanso yayitali, yotalika mokwanira. Pazovala zam'makalabu akale, kutsogolo kwa thupi kunali kutukuka kwambiri kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo miyendo inali yolimba komanso yayifupi.

Chigoba cha chimbalangondo chinali chachikulu, mphumi yake inali yochepa kwambiri, maso ake anali ochepa komanso nsagwada zake zinali zamphamvu. Kutalika kwa thupi kunali pafupifupi 3-3.5 metres, ndipo kulemera kwake kudafikira ma kilogalamu 700-800. Amuna anali opambana kwambiri kuposa mbirayi yolemera. Zimbalangondo za mphanga sizinakhale ndi mano oyambira pseudo, omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi achibale amakono.

Chosangalatsa: Chimbalangondo ndi chimodzi mwa zimbalangondo zolemera kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zakhalako Padziko Lapansi kuyambira pomwe idayamba. Iye anali mwini wa chigaza chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe amuna akuluakulu ogonana amatha kufikira masentimita 56-58.

Atayimirira ana anayi onsewo, nkhonya yake yamphamvu yolimba inali m'mbali mwa phewa, koma, komabe, anthu adaphunzira kumuwopa bwino. Tsopano mukudziwa kuti chimbalangondo cha mphanga chimawoneka bwanji. Tiwone komwe amakhala.

Kodi chimbalangondo chimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Cave Bear ku Eurasia

Zimbalangondo za nkhuku zimakhala ku Eurasia, kuphatikizapo Ireland, England. Mitundu ingapo ya malo idakhazikitsidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana. M'mapanga ambiri alpine, omwe anali pamtunda wamtunda pafupifupi mamitala atatu kufika pamlingo, ndipo m'mapiri a Germany, mitundu yayitali kwambiri yamtunduwu idapezeka. Ku Russia, zimbalangondo za m'mapanga zimapezeka ku Urals, the Pla ya Russia, Zhiguli Upland, ku Siberia.

Nyama zakutchirezi zinkakhala m'tchire ndipo m'mapiri. Amakonda kukhazikika m'mapanga, komwe kumakhalanso nyengo yotentha. Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimatsikira m'mapanga, mobisalira, mumdima wathunthu. Pakadali pano, m'malekezero ambiri okufa, tinthu tating'ono, pali umboni wa kukhalapo kwa zolengedwa zakale izi. Kuphatikiza pa zikhomakhomakhomakhomakhomakhomo, zimbalangondo zowola za theka zimapezeka zomwe zidasoweka pazitali zazitali ndikumwalira osapeza njira yobwerera.

Pali malingaliro ambiri pazomwe zidawakopa paulendo wowopsa uyu mumdima wathunthu. Mwina awa anali anthu odwala omwe anali kufunafuna kothawira komaliza komweko kapena zimbalangondo zomwe zimayesa kupeza malo ena obisika kuti zizikhala. Pokomera izi ndikuti m'mapanga akutali omwe akutha, matumbo a achinyamata adapezekanso.

Kodi chimbalangondo chidadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Cave Bear

Ngakhale zinali zazikulu komanso zooneka bwino za chimbalangondo, chakudya chake chinali chodyedwa, monga zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ma molars ovala kwambiri. Nyamayi inali yovuta kwambiri komanso yosapsa mtima ya herbivore, yomwe inkadyetsa zipatso, mizu, uchi komanso nthawi zina tizilombo, imagwira nsomba pamitsinje ya mitsinje. Njala itakhala yosalephera, amatha kuthana ndi munthu kapena nyama, koma anali wosakwiya kwambiri kuti nthawi zambiri wovutayo amakhala ndi mwayi wothawa.

Chimbalangondo cha mphanga chimafunikira madzi ambiri, kotero kuti akhalebe iwo adasankha mapanga okhala ndi mwayi wofikira kunyanja kapena pansi. Zimbalangondo zimafunikira makamaka izi, popeza sizimatha kusiya ana awo kwa nthawi yayitali.

Amadziwika kuti zimphona zazikulu zokha ndizo zinali zofunika kusaka anthu akale. Mafuta ndi nyama za nyama izi zinali zopatsa thanzi kwambiri; zikopa zawo zimatumizira anthu zovala kapena zofunda. Pafupi ndi malo okhala munthu wa Neanderthal, mafupa ambiri a chimbalangondo adapezeka.

Chosangalatsa: Anthu akale nthawi zambiri ankawongoletsa zovala m'mapanga awo, kenako nkuwakhazikitsa, pobisalira, pabwino. Zimbalangondo zinalibe mphamvu kutsogolo kwa nthungo ndi moto.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Extinct Cave Bear

Masana, mabango akumayenda pang'onopang'ono kudutsa m'nkhalangomo kukafunafuna chakudya, kenako ndikubwerera m'mapanga. Asayansi amati nyama zakalezi sizinkakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 20. Odwala ndi ofowoka adayang'aniridwa ndi mimbulu, mikango yamphanga, amasanduka zosavuta za hyenas yakale. M'nyengo yozizira, zimphona zazitali za phanga nthawi zonse zimabisala. Anthu omwe sanathe kupeza malo oyenera m'mapiri analowa m'nkhalango zamtchire ndikukhazikitsa malo obisalamo.

Kafukufuku wamafupa a nyama zakale adawonetsa kuti pafupifupi munthu aliyense amadwala matenda a "phanga". Zotsatira za rheumatism, ma rickets, monga ma satelifoni pafupipafupi a zipinda zonyowa, amapezeka pamafupa a zimbalangondo. Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amapeza ma vertebrae ophatikizika, zophuka pamafupa, mafupa otupa ndi zotupa, zoperewera kwambiri ndi matenda a m'nsagwada. Nyama zofooka zinali asaka osauka pomwe adachoka m'malo awo munkhalango. Nthawi zambiri anali kuvutika ndi njala. Zinali zosatheka kupeza chakudya m'mapanga omwe.

Monga nthumwi zina za banja la chimbalangondo, Amuna amayendayenda okhaokha, ndipo akazi pagulu la ana amuna. Ngakhale kuti zimbalangondo zimawonedwa ngati zonyoza, sizinapangitse awiriawiri moyo.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Prehistoric Cave Bear

Chimbalangondo chachikazi sichinkapereka mwana chaka chilichonse, koma kamodzi pa zaka 2-3. Monga zimbalangondo zamakono, kutha msinkhu kumatha pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Wamkaziyo amabweretsa ana awiri mpaka amodzi m'mimba imodzi. Wamphongo sanatenge gawo lililonse pamoyo wawo.

Ana amabadwa opanda thandizo, akhungu. Amayi a pabowo nthawi zonse amasankha matako kotero kuti panali akasupe amadzi, ndipo ulendo wopita kumalo othirira sichinatenge nthawi yayitali. Tsoka lidali lili ponseponse, choncho kusiya ana awo kwa nthawi yayitali popanda chitetezo kunali koopsa.

Zaka 1.5-2, wachichepere anali pafupi ndi wamkazi ndipo pokhapokha adakula. Pakadali pano, ana ambiri anafa m'makola awo, kudyera nyama zina zomwe zakale zinali zambiri.

Chochititsa chidwi: Kalelo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, akatswiri opanga ma paleont anapeza zadongo zosenda bwino m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje m'mapanga a Austria ndi France. Malinga ndi akatswiri, zimbalangondo zamphanga zimakwera pa iwo maulendo ataliatali mobisa ndipo kenako nkugubuduza matupi amadzi. Chifukwa chake, adayesetsa kulimbana ndi majeremusi omwe akuwavutitsa. Amachita izi nthawi zambiri. Nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikwingwirima yazovala zawo zazikulu pamtunda wopitilira mamitala awiri kuchokera pansi, pama stalegmites akale m'mapanga akuya kwambiri.

Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo

Chithunzi: Huge Cave Bear

Akuluakulu, anthu athanzi okhala mdera lomwe anali kukhalamo sanakhalepo kupatula munthu wakale. Anthu anathamangitsa zimphona zochepa zomwezo pang'onopang'ono, pogwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi mafuta ngati chakudya. Kuti agwire nyamayo, mabowo akuya adagwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe amayendetsedwa ndi moto. Zimbalangondo zikagwera mumsampha, zidamenyedwa ndi nthungo.

Chosangalatsa: Zimbalangondo zamphanga zinasowa pa Earth Earth kale kwambiri kuposa mikango yamphanga, mammoths, Neanderthals.

Zidyamakanda zina, kuphatikiza mikango yamphanga, zimasaka ana aang'ono, zimbalangondo zodwala ndi zachikulire. Tikaona kuti pafupifupi munthu aliyense wamkulu ali ndi matenda oopsa komanso ofooka ndi njala, ndiye kuti olusa nthawi zambiri amatha kugwetsa chimbalangondo chachikulu.

Ndipo komabe, mdani wamkulu wa phangalo amabala, zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zimphona izi ndipo pamapeto pake adaziwononga, sizinali munthu wakale, koma kusintha kwanyengo. Pang'onopang'ono zipatsozo zinadzaza nkhalango, chakudya chochepa kwambiri chinkapezeka, chimbalangondo chinayamba kuvutika kwambiri, ndikuyamba kufa. Nyamazi zimasakanso nyama zam'miyendo, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mafupa awo omwe amapezeka m'mapanga momwe zimbalangondo zimakhalamo, koma kusaka kunatha bwino osatinso.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Cave Bear

Zimbalangondo zamphongo zimamwalira zaka masauzande zapitazo. Zomwe zimayambira kusowa kwawo sizinakhazikitsidwe, mwina zinali zophatikiza zingapo zakupha. Asayansi aika malingaliro angapo pamalingaliro, koma palibe amodzi omwe ali ndi umboni wokwanira. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, chifukwa chachikulu chinali njala chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo. Koma sizikudziwika chifukwa chake chimphona chija chinapulumuka zaka zingapo za ayezi popanda kuwononga anthu ambiri, ndipo mwadzidzidzi izi zidamupha.

Akatswiri ena amati kusinthika kwa zinthu zakale za anthu okhala m'deralo kwa zimbalangondo kunatha. Amakhulupilira kuti anali anthu omwe amafafaniza nyamazo, chifukwa nyama yawo inkapezeka mokwanira pakudya kwa anthu akale. Potsutsa mtundu uwu ndikuti m'masiku amenewo anthu ambiri anali ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zimphona zamphanga.

Dziwani bwino kuti chifukwa sichokonzekera. Mwina chifukwa choti anthu ambiri anali ndi zilema zazikulu zam'mafupa ndi mafupa kuti sangathenso kusaka ndi kudya, ndikukhala nyama zosavuta kwa nyama zina, adathandizanso kuti zimphonazo zitheretu.

Nthano zina za ma hydra owopsa ndi ma puloni adatulukira pambuyo pakupeza kosangalatsa kwa zigaza zakale, mafupa, omwe adachoka chimbalangondo. Ma oges ambiri a Middle Ages amafotokozanso molakwika zotsalira za zimbalangondo ngati mafupa a mbuluzi. Mu chitsanzo ichi, mutha kuwona kuti nthano za zoopsa zowopsa zimakhala ndi magwero osiyanasiyana.

Makhalidwe a Cave Bear

Ponena za chimbalangondo, anali wamkulu komanso wamphamvu kuposa chimbalangondo, ndipo kupha kwake kunkaonedwa ngati ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Komabe, omwewo a Neanderthals adapha zimbalangondo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. M'mapanga akale akale omwe amasungako zinthu zakale za anthu achinsinsi awa, zigaza za ma bere mazana amapezeka. Neanderthals analibe zida zodziwikiratu, koma mwanjira ina adatha kusaka chilombo choyipa.

Chimbalangondo chinali ndi chigaza chachikulu kwambiri chokhala ndi mphumi yakutsogolo. Thupi linali lamphamvu komanso lalikulu. Kutalika kwake kunafika mamilimita 3-3,5. Kulemera kuyambira 500-700 kg. Akazi olemera pafupifupi 2 nthawi zochepa. Poyerekeza ndi kutsekeka kwa mano, chirombo chamadya kwambiri pazakudya zam'mera. Koma ndizotheka kwathunthu kuti adaukira nyama ndi anthu. Peresenti yokha yazakudya za nyama mwa iye zinali zochepa. Chofunikira kwambiri pachakudya chinali uchi. Chimbalangondo chidadya mosangalatsa ndikuyenda m'mafuta nthawi yachisanu.

Chifukwa chiyani chimbalangondo chidafa?

Nthawi inayake zaka 25,000 zapitazo, chilombo champhamvu chinasowa. Ndipo ndichifukwa chake - apa ofufuzawo alibe chiphunzitso chomveka bwino. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana, koma izi ndi malingaliro chabe komanso malingaliro omwe alibe umboni.

Akatswiri ena amati njala ndi yomwe inayambitsa vuto. Munthawi ya ayezi, nkhalango idachepa kwambiri, ndipo mzerewo udakwera. Zomera zofunika pachakudya zidasowa, ndipo chimbalangondo chidayamba kufa. Koma mfundo yake ndiyakuti izi zambewu zofiirira zomwe zinali ndi kutalika komanso mitundu mitundu yazakudya. Pafupifupi mafupa a osakhulupirira omwe amapezeka pafupi ndi mafupa a zimbalangondo za m'mapanga amalankhula izi. Ndipo, zaka zonse zam'madzi oundana sizinapweteke chilombo champhamvu, koma chomalizacho chidakhala chakufa chifukwa chamantha.

Chimbalangondo chomwe chinawonongedwa ndi Neanderthals. Chinyengo choterechi chimagwira. Koma, mwakuthekera, izi sizingachitike chifukwa cha ochepa anthu akale. Malo awo okhala anali ang'ono kwambiri kuposa malo okhala nyama yam'chigololo. Ndipo pazithunzi za mwala, chithunzi cha chimbalangondo chachikulu cha furry ndizosowa kwambiri.

Mwina Cro-Magnons (mbadwa zamunthu wamakono) atero. Anachokera ku Africa ndipo adayamba kufalikira mwachangu ku Europe ndi Asia. Adafunikira mapanga, omwe adasankhidwa ndi chilombo. Chimbalangondo sichinasiyidwe pogona, chilankhulidwe chamakono, ndipo chifukwa chakufa. Koma, monga tanena kale, chilombocho sichinabisala m'mapanga okha. Anamanga maenje m'nkhalango zowirira.

Mwa mawu okha, palibe yankho la funsoli, chifukwa chimbalangondo chafa. Ngati muphunzira chowonadi, sizikhala zovuta kumvetsetsa momwe nyama zina zimathere, komanso Neanderthals. Koma nthawi yayitali idabisira chidziwitso kwa anthu omwe amafunsa, ndikuwasiya anthu opanda chiyembekezo cha chowonadi.

Kusintha kwa genome

Mu Meyi 2005, a American paleogenetics ochokera ku Joint Institute for Genome ku California adalengeza zakonzanso dongosolo la DNA la chimbalangondo chomwe chimakhala zaka 42-44 zapitazo. Pofukula, zinthu zakutchire zochotsa mano a nyama zomwe zimapezeka ku Austria zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa kuyendetsa mwachindunji zidutswa za DNA zopatukana ndi mafupa, ndikuziyerekeza ndi DNA ya galu, asayansi adatha kupulumutsa mitundu 21 ya chimbalangondo. Komabe, 6% yokha mwa DNA yotsatidwayo inali ya chimbalangondo, ena onse anali a mabakiteriya kapena nthakaontologists onena za mafupa.