• Wamba kale ambiri ku Ulaya, kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi nyanja ya Baikal, kum'mwera kwa Far East.
• Watermark amapezeka kale kumwera kwa Europe, kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi Ukraine, ku Transcaucasia ndi Central Asia.
• Colchis, kapena wamkulu, amakhala kale ku Western Transcaucasia komanso kumapiri a Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
• Mphiri kale amakhala ku mayiko a kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa Mediterranean.

Mwachizolowezi Ili ndi zolemba zachikaso zowoneka bwino pamutu, zomwe zimatchedwa "makutu achikasu", ndipo mtundu wa zomwe zimayimira ukhoza kukhala woyera kapena lalanje.

Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amphongo, nthawi zina amafika kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 metres. Iwo kudyetsa makamaka pa achule, nsomba ndi makoswe. Adani a njoka wamba ndi agalu, mbalame zam'madzi, ndi zoweta zomwe zimadya.

Njoka zamtunduwu zimazika mizu mu ukapolo. Mwa njira, mu Belarus ndi Ukraine, iwo nthawi zambiri anali kunyumba kuwononga mbewa.

Mwachizolowezi osati mwamakani! Zachidziwikire, pakuwona munthu, amayesa kuthawa ndikubisala. Ngati atachita zimenezi, iye hisses anaopseza ndi kuponyera mutu wake patsogolo, kawirikawiri kulumidwa, kuluma ake kulibe vuto anthu.

Mwezi wa Epulo, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba njoka. Mu Julayi - Ogasiti, akazi amatanganidwa kusaka zisa momwe mazira amatha kuyikirako. Ndipo mu October - November, njoka wamba amalowa mu malo a phe kwa dzinja.

Madzi kale alibe zilembo zachikasu za lalanje-lalanje. Pamalo awo pali malo akuda ngati L, mtunduwo nthawi zambiri umakhala maolivi wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima akuda.

Nthawi zina monotonously mdima kapena monophonic maolivi anthu amapezeka. Kukula kwa njoka yamadzi kumayambira 1.3 m mpaka 1.6 m, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna.

Madzi amawononga nthawi yambiri m'malo osungira, mumchere komanso zatsopano. Izi mitundu wakudya makamaka pa nsomba zina achule. Amakhala usiku pamtunda, ndipo dzuwa litawotha dzuwa, amapita kumalo osungira kokasaka.

Tiyeni tiwone kanemayo, momwe ndimagwirira nsomba

Kukhala anagwira nyama, iye chimakakamiza izo kumtunda kumene kumeza lonse.
Adani akuluakulu ndi mbalame za nyama, zoweta, ma pike, ndi mitundu ina ya njoka.

Mwamuna wamadzi sachita ukali, kuwona anthu, amayesa kubisala m'madzi momwe angathere. Amaluma kwambiri kawirikawiri, ndipo pambuyo kuluma ake nkhani ya kutupa kapena kuyamba matenda a bala ndi n'zosatheka, popeza malovu ake ali katundu bactericidal.

Nyengo zamadzi kale pamtunda, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Epulo-Meyi, njoka zazing'ono zimatuluka mu Julayi-August.

Kolkhizhsky , Ali kusiyana kumodzi mitundu ina ya njoka, ali chachikulu wandiweyani thupi, lalikulu ndi lalikulu mutu ndi parietal zikuluzikulu ndi scutes mazunzo, pamwamba mpumulo kwa mutu, ndi makulidwe lalikulu mazira anaika.

Khungu limakhala lakuda.

Kutalika kwake, kumakula mpaka 1.5 metres. Iwo amakhala m'nkhalango, m'madambo watenganso, zigwa za mitsinje, floodplains anasefukira Madamu, meadows ndi msipu zimene zinachitika pa malo a m'nkhalango.

Kolkhizhsky amadya nsomba ndi ma amphibians, pamaso pa munthu ndimanyazi ngati banja lonse la njoka, kuluma kwake sikuli koopsa ndipo sikowopsa.

Nthawi ya Seputembala mpaka Disembala mpaka Epulo - Epulo. Mu kasupe ndi yophukira ndi achangu masana, m'chilimwe - madzulo.

Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira la Krasnodar Territory ndi International Red Book.

Viper kale , Otchedwa chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake, zikuwoneka kwambiri ngati mamba.

Mtundu wa zigzag kumbuyo, wokhala ndi mawanga ofanana ndi khungu. Kutalika kwake, njoka zimafika pamtunda wa 1. Akazi ndi akulu kuposa abambo.

Kamakhala padziko amatunga, pafupi bata mitsinje, mwatsopano ndi zithaphwi mchere. Imadyetsa ana ngati ma chule, achule, ma buluzi, nyongolotsi.

Sss viper koposa kanayi pachaka.

AmamveraChingwe changa cha ng'ombe , pamaso pa zambiri zosangalatsa za nyama.

Zabwino zonse kwa aliyense, onani inu!

Monga choncho ,, nkhani yathu yokhudza njoka.

Kufotokozera

The pazipita kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira ku anthu olembedwa Region Saratov ukufika 1095,0 mm. Mwa amuna okhwima, mchira ndi 3.83-4.35, ndipo mwa akazi 4.25-5.87 nthawi yocheperako kuposa thupi. Mutu umaphimbidwa ndi zishango zazikulu, zokhala ngati zozungulira, kutalika kwa malembedwe oyambira ndizokulirapo kuposa kutalika kwawo. The parietal ioneka 6.0-8.9 yaitali ndipo 4.5-6.0 mamilimita lonse. Mulifupi wa scutellum ya kutsogolo imakwanira kutalika kwake nthawi 1.16-1.41. Mapaipi a Preorbital - 1 (98.1%) kapena 2 (1.9%), postorbital - 1 (1.7%), 2 (5.1%) kapena 3 (96.2%). The kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke zosatha mu mzera wakutsogolo awiri kapena atatu. Milozo yapamwamba, ngati lamulo, 7-8, nthawi zambiri 6 kapena 9. Makala a Dorsal okhala ndi nthiti zowoneka bwino, ofananira nawo osalala. Kuzungulira pakati pa mzere mzere 19, mochepera 17 kapena 18 mamba. Chishango kumatako amakhala wogawanika.

Dorsal kumtunda ndi imvi yakuda, maolivi mpaka wakuda. Pali malo akuluakulu, nthawi zina oyera kapena azikasu m'mbali mwa mutu. M'lifupi chotero banga, lolingana m'lifupi lonse limodzi, tinaonera 9,3% ya anthu, awiri - 73,1%, atatu kapena kuposerapo - 5,7%, ndi 12,7% ya malo zinakambidwa. Anthu wamba okhala ndi malo kutalika olingana ndi kutalika kwa 2-6 (nthawi zambiri 4). Mitundu yam'mimba ndi gawo lamkati mwa mchira limadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa pateni, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kuphatikiza kwa malo amdima pamiyala ndi chikhalidwe cha mawonekedwe a chapakati chachitali choyera.

Wa naini subspecies kudziwidwa ndi njoka wamba mu chigawo Rtishchevsky, ndi subspecies mwadzina ndi olembetsedwa N. n. natrix (Linnaeus, 1758).

Kufalitsa

Zakhala zodziwika kale ku Europe, kupatula zigawo za polar ndi subpolar. Amakhalanso kum'mwera kwa Siberia kupita ku Lake Baikal komanso kumwera kwa Far East.

Yogawa ndi kugawa biotopic njoka wamba m'dera Saratov ndi m'goli ndi makamaka sachoka m'madera chinyezi wa mitunda intrazonal; zokwawa kupewa lotseguka malo ouma ndi agrocenoses. Zimapezeka kale kulikonse kumphepete chakumanja kwa dera lino, zisonyezo zochulukirapo zalembedwa m'zigwa za Volga, Khopra, Medveditsa ndi mabungwe awo - Tereshka, Chardyma, Atkara, Karaya ndi ena. Kuchulukana kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kumasiyana kuchokera pa 89 mpaka 119. / km² (yopezeka pachilumba cha nkhokwe kumtunda kwa Volgograd reservoir) mpaka 195 ind. / Km² (kwa floodplains wa Khoper ndi Medveditsa mitsinje).

Mchigawo cha Rtishchevsky, Tretyak adadziwika m'munda.

Zochita ndi chikhalidwe

Zimapezekanso Common mitundu ndi nkhalango m'mphepete, overgrowing yodula, shrubbery m'mphepete mwa Madamu ndi otsetsereka a kutsitsa chigwa-chigwa kachitidwe. Zimakhala zodziwika bwino m'malo otsetsereka osadutsa madzi, kumalire kwa nkhalango kapena kumiziridwa ndi zitsamba.

M'madera a kudera la Saratov, njoka zolumikizana zimawonedwa kuchokera theka lachiwiri la Marichi mpaka pakati pa Okutobala. maonekedwe wawo woyamba taonera theka lachiwiri la March - zoyambirira za April. Komabe, mawonekedwe awo ochulukirapo kumpoto kwa dera, monga lamulo, amagwera theka loyamba la Epulo, ndipo kumwera - chakhumi chachitatu cha Marichi - theka loyambirira la Epulo.

Njoka wamba imatha kuwoneka yogwira masana okha, osasamala nyengo. Mu kasupe ndi autumn, ntchito njoka ndi mkombero ndi umodzi-pachimake, ndi m'chilimwe, pamene m'mawa ndi madzulo nsonga amadziŵika, kumakhaladi ziwiri pachimake.

Matenthedwe apansi panthaka nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri ya njoka imasiyanasiyana kutuluka kwa +12.4 mpaka +26.1 ° C ndipo nthawi yachilimwe kuyambira +16.6 mpaka +28.4 ° C, pomwe matenthedwe a thupi lawo ndi kuyambira +14.8 mpaka +32.8 ° C ndi kuchokera +24.8 mpaka +34.3 ° C, motsatana. Choncho, kudalira kutentha thupi la njoka wamba kutentha kwa chilengedwe pa ntchito yawo ndi nyengo. Njoka zimagwira ntchito masana pa kutentha kwa nthaka kosachepera +12 ° C. Chapakatikati, kutuluka kwa njoka kumisumba kumawonedwa ndi kutentha pang'ono pafupi ndi mulingo uno. Mu chilimwe, pamene osachepera mtheradi wa kutentha padziko nthaka chimaonekadi kuposa osachepera zaufulu, njoka kusuntha kwa malo pamthunzi ndi chinyezi ndi khola chikhalidwe cha kugwirizana kusiyana microclimatic.

Njoka zikatuluka m'malo othawirako pambuyo pake kutentha, matenthedwe awo amayamba kuchuluka pang'ono, kenako ndikuchepa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mpaka pomwe obwezeretsawa amasowa pogona usiku. Khalidweli ndilolumikizana kale ndi kuthekera koonjezera mphamvu: kupewa kuthana ndi kutentha malo amodzi, kumalowa mu malo ena, komwe kumakhala malo abwino. Choncho, ntchito zapoizoni mu zikhalidwe za kumpoto kwa dera wotsika Volga limapezekanso pa kutentha thupi pang'ono kuposa kutentha yozungulira, pamene kutentha kwa +25,0 kuti +31,0 ° C ayenera kutengedwa mulingo woyenera.

Nthawi yakukhwima mu njoka wamba imayamba patangotha ​​nthawi yochepa yochizira, nthawi zambiri gawo loyambirira la Meyi. Nthawi yakukhwima, njoka izi zimapanga masango a anthu angapo. Dzira kuika zimawonedwa ku mapeto a June mpaka theka lachiwiri la July. Zomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa mazira zimasiyanasiyana malingana ndi malo omwe nyama zimakhala komanso zikhalidwe za nyengoyo. Chiwerengero cha mazira mu clutch chimasiyana kuchokera pa 8 mpaka 19: kukula kwawo ndi 15.2-19.8 × 25,7- 33.2 mm. Onse zomangamanga amadziwika, olengedwa mwa malo ambiri yabwino ndi akazi angapo, mu malo awa mungapeze mazira dazeni angapo. Monga gawo loyikira njoka, manyowa kapena zowola zanyengo m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizokondedwa. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zambiri, m'malo otere mumakhala zipsinjo zowola, zinyalala zomera, kusiya mbalame zokhala ngati mabowole am'madzi, njuchi zagolide. Nthawi makulitsidwe pa kutentha +23,5 kuti +31,9 ° C kumatenga 33-41 (avareji 35.1) masiku.

Maonekedwe a ana osachedwa kutalika kwa 151.4-185.0 ndi 36.0-51.1 mm wa thunthu ndi mchira, motero, ndi masekeli 6.0-9.1 g, awona kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna obadwa ali akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Pambuyo molt woyamba pa tsiku 4-9, njoka achinyamata kuyamba kusaka mwachangu, ambiri a iwo kukula m'miyezi 1-2, kuwonjezera kwa 18-29 mamilimita pa nthawi imeneyi. Kutalika kwa ana asanafike nthawi yozizira kumafika 181.2-211.0 mm. Kukazizira kumachitika kumapeto kwa Seputembara - koyambirira kwa Okutobala.

Kukhwima mu amuna amapezeka wachitatu, ndi akazi m'chaka chachinayi cha moyo. Kutalika kocheperako kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chogonana ndi pafupifupi 50 cm.

Zomwe zili kale ndizovuta kwambiri: zimakwawa mwachangu, zimakwera mitengo bwino ndikusambira mwangwiro. Iye amalandira chakudya zambiri pa gombe kuposa madzi. Samapha mnzake, koma amameza amoyo ndikusinthana ndi nsagwada za m'munsi, nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumutu, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina amagwidwa ndi dzanja la kumbuyo ndi mbali ina ya thupi. Pakakhala ngozi, imasunga kale nyama ndipo, monga lamulo, imathawa. Monga anachita kumbuyo, izo akumasula madzi ndi amphamvu chonyansa fungo, amene chitaya kunja kwa cloaca, ndipo potsiriza, tingakhale chete kwa nthawi yaitali, simulating imfa. Kusamukira kumadziwika komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kubereka mchaka, komanso kugwa, ndikusaka malo achisanu; nthawi zina amasamukira kwakanthawi kukafunafuna chakudya. Monga malo othawirako, njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito malo pansi pa mitengo, miyala, ngalala. Iwo zimabisala mu ofanana, malo okhawo zakuya, nthawizina outbuildings.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mitundu yazakudya za njoka wamba ndizosiyanasiyana, koma anthu ochulukirapo ndiwo chakudya chomwe amakonda - amapanga 75.0% ya kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zikututa ndi 86.0% ya zotsalazo. Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimachitika kuti makoswe ali ndi mbewa zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, chakudya chonse - anapiye, nsomba mwachangu ndi tizilombo tambiri - amapezeka m'zakudya zochepa, makamaka zotsalira zazomera (pafupifupi 2%). Pakati achule, panyanjayi chule bwino lalikulu, ndi forages subdominant ndi lakuthwa yachisoni chule ndi wobiriwira umodzi wa achule. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zimatha "kusinthana" mosavuta pazakudya zotsika mtengo komanso zochuluka, pomwe makoswe ambiri okhala ndi mbewa amawonekera m'malo ochepa.

Zakudya zamasiku onse a njoka zimasiyanasiyana. The pazipita kuchuluka kwa chakudya m'mimba mwa njoka (thupi 329.4 g), anakwatulidwa pa July 12, 1984, linali 72.8 g. The m'mimba munali 2 nyanja achule (69.8 g) and 4 tadpoles (3 g). Komabe, monga lamulo, kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili m'mimba sizidutsa 40-50 g. Mwa njoka zambiri zophunzirazi, panali chule limodzi m'mimba ndipo linali lolemera 21.2 mpaka 41.7 g. omwe agwirizana bwino ndi kukula kwawo. Mu August, mphamvu ya kudyetsa njoka wamba chimaonekadi amachepetsa, nthawi imeneyi chinthu chachikulu cha kusaka njoka ndi nyanja chule.

Zochepetsa ndi mawonekedwe

Adani achilengedwe a njoka wamba ndi mbalame (zazikulu zoyera ndi zimpira, akadyedwe ka njoka, kite wakuda) ndi anyani (nkhandwe wamba, corsac, badger).

Ordinary ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yanthawi zambiri ya dera la Saratov, ndipo m'malo ena limafika ochuluka. Mitunduyo sifunikira chitetezo chapadera.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Photo: Common

Banja lalikulu la omwe adagwirizana kale limaphatikizapo magawo awiri mwa atatu a njoka zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi. Ndikosavuta kulingalira kuti wamba ndi m'modzi wa oimira banja la njoka'yi. chokwawa Izi si poizoni, choncho tikhoza kwathunthu kwa anthu.

Nthawi zambiri anthu amatenga njoka kuti ikhale ndi njoka yoopsa, koma pali zosiyana zingapo:

• mawanga owala kumbuyo kwa mutu akuwonetsa kuti pamaso panu,
• thupi la njoka ndi zina wachisomo - ndi ang'ono ndipo ali ndi kutalika kuposa mphiri,
• Njoka zimasiyana m'mutu, njoka imafanana ndi chowongoka, ndipo njoka - yotetezedwa,
• Mwachilengedwe, njoka zilibe ma poizoni (koma simuzindikira nthawi yomweyo),
• ndi ana a njoka imakonzedwa vertically (monga amphaka), pamene mphiri iwo amaoneka ngati yopingasa nkhuni.

Ngati mupita mwakuya, mutha kupeza zizindikiritso zina zambiri, koma zonsezo sizingawonekere kwa wamba wamba ndipo sizitenga nawo gawo poti mukumane ndi malo amodzi kapena nyama ina.

Kanema: Zofala

Anthu kale kwa nthawi yaitali, asanafike ngakhale iwo mwapadera monga ziweto, chifukwa kupirira mbewa zosasangalatsa palibe choipa kwambiri kuposa amphaka. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu aku Ukraine adakhulupirira kuti zovulaza zomwe zidachitika kale zimapangitsa kuti wolakwa alephere, chifukwa chake njoka izi sizinawakhumudwitse kapena kuwachotsa kumakomo.

Chosangalatsa: Wotchuka kale kuti palinso mzinda waku Ukraine wotchedwa, ndi Uzhgorod, womwe uli kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Photo: Common Nyoka

Kutalika kwa njoka, nthawi zambiri sikupita kupitirira mita imodzi, koma pali zitsanzo zomwe kutalika kwake kumafikira mita imodzi ndi theka. Mbali yodyera kwamadzulo ndi mawonekedwe a malo awiri oyanjana omwe amakhala pakusintha kwa mutu kupita ku thupi adadziwika kale.

Iwo m'mphepete mwa wakuda ndondomeko ndipo angathe:

• lalanje
• chikasu pang'ono
• ndimu yowala
• yochitidwa.

Chosangalatsa: Pali njoka wamba momwe malo owoneka bwino mu dera la mizimu sangakhalepo kwathunthu kapena kufotokozedwa mofooka. Pakati pa njoka pamakhala maalbino onse ndi mamisulidwe.

Kumbuyo mbali ya njoka akhoza kukhala kuwala imvi ndi mdima, pafupifupi wakuda, nthawizina ali azitona kapena brownish kulocha. Ngati kamvekedwe kali ndi imvi, ndiye kuti mawanga amdima akhungu amatha kuonekera. Mimba ya chimbudzi ndi yopepuka ndipo imalongosola ndi mzere wakuda, wotambasulira pafupifupi chibwano.Mutu chowulungika wa njoka akuyima motsutsa maziko a thupi ndi kaso khosi kudutsana. Mchira wamphongo ndi wofupika nthawi 3 mpaka 5 kuposa thupi. Amuna othandizira amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi.

Mukapita ku kufotokoza bwino mozama za njoka wamba, ndi Dziwani kuti m'malo lalikulu amakona anayi-mphako scutes kuphimba mutu wake: parietal, preorbital, postorbital, wosakhalitsa, labial ndi chimodzi mazunzo. Mamba omwe ali pamphepete mwa zodzitchinjiriza amakhala ndi miyendo, ndipo m'mbali mwake ndi osalala. Pakazungulira gawo lamkati la thupi (mzere umodzi) amatha kukhala 19, 18 kapena 17.

Kale: kufotokoza, kapangidwe, khalidwe. Kodi chikuwoneka bwanji?

Kukula kwa njoka kungakhale njoka zazing'ono kuchokera kutalika kwa 15 cm, ndipo njoka zazikulupo zazitali kuposa mamilimita 3.5. Komanso, chosangalatsa ndichakuti, njoka zazikazi nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna.

Mutu wa njoka ang'ono ndi ena mitundu, ndi kutetezedwa ndi zishango symmetrically anakonza ndipo wophatikizidwa. Thupi la njokayo ndi yochepa komanso yokutidwa ndi mamba, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala yosalala, pomwe ina imakhala ndi nthiti zazitali. Maso ake ali njira, ndipo ophunzira ake ali bwino.

Mchira kale wamfupi kusiyana thupi lonse nthawi 3-5. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana: ozungulira, owongoka kapena otsetsereka.

Koma mano a njoka amadalira kwambiri mtundu wake, paz njoka zosiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake, komanso kukula kwake. Ambiri, njoka ambiri ali lakuthwa, osaya ndi ima. Koma kuphatikiza pa izi, akatswiri odziwa zachipatala apeza njoka zina zokhala ndi mano osalala omwe nthawi zonse amakhala akudya chakudya cholimba. Kupatula mano, kamwa imakhalanso ndi lilime losalala.

Kodi anthu wamba?

Chithunzi: Pakalepo

Wodziwika kale wasankha pafupifupi Europe yonse, kokha kumpoto sikungakumane naye, sakhala mu Arctic Circle. M'dera la M'madera a zitunda kumpoto, izo ndi anagawira kwa Karelia kuti Sweden. Kummwera, adakhala kumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka ku Sahara. Chilumba cha Iberia ndi Zilumba za Britain ndi malo akumadzulo komwe amakhala. Kuchokera kummawa, osiyanasiyana ukufika likulu la Mongolia, mbali kumpoto kwa China ndi Transbaikalia. M'dziko lathu, imatha kutchedwa yotchuka kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse yankhokwe.

Njoka zodziwika bwino zimasinthana kukhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana, mapiri ndi chilengedwe. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa osasamala moyo wawo pamaso pafupi mosungiramo, makamaka ndi njira ofooka kapena popanda konse.

• m'malo onyowa
• m'mphepete mwa nkhalango
• m'nkhalango
• madzi osefukira
• ma steppe
• mu mapiri,
• pamiyala yonyowa
• kuthengo
• mabacteria m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya matupi osiyanasiyana madzi,
• mapiri.

Njoka za anthu wamba sizimachita manyazi ndipo zimatha kukhala m'mapaki amizinda, pansi pa milatho, kumadamu akale. M'madera akumidzi, njoka akhoza kukhala moyo mu nkhuku kapena nkhokwe, mu sennik, m'chipinda chapansi, wokhazikika, wokwera, kumene iwo amamva kwambiri. Njoka zimatha kukonza zogona zawo mobisalira, pakati pa mizu yamitengo, dzenje, mu msipu.

Chosangalatsa: Pali nthawi zina pamene njoka zomwe zidakhazikika pafamu yam'mudzimo zimayikira mazira awo mumakanda opanda kanthu abakha ndi nkhuku.

Tsopano ife tikudziwa kumene njoka wathu chakupha moyo. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zili zachilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amafunika panthawi yopuma.

Kodi njoka zimakhala kuti?

Njoka moyo m'dera kwambiri lonse Hrs, kotero iwo achulukane lonse la Europe, mpaka ku Arctic Circle, mbali yaikulu ya Asia. Zimapezekanso ku North ndi Central America, Africa, kuzilumba zambiri za Oceania, ndipo mtundu umodzi wa njoka umakhala ngakhale ku Australia. Zachidziwikire, njoka zimapezeka mosavuta m'nkhalango zathu, nthawi zambiri, zimakhala m'malo onyowa momwe mumakhala madzi pafupi: nyanja, mitsinje, dziwe, madambo. Ngakhale pali chipululu njoka kuti moyo mu louma ndi malo mchenga.

Zomwe zimadya wamba?

Chithunzi: Njoka yapoizoni - wamba

Menyu ya njoka wamba angatchedwe osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi achule.

Kuphatikiza pa iwo, akhoza kuluma kwambiri:

• buluzi
• cholowa
• ma tadpole
• mwachangu nsomba
• newt,
• mbalame zatsopano zomwe zagwa zisa zawo,
• mwana makoswe madzi
• makoko ang'onoang'ono
• tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo.

chakudya masamba ndi itachotsedwa chakudya zakudya, iwo salola kudya zovunda, koma iwo ankakonda mkaka, iwo amakondedwa kwambiri ndi ogwidwa. Nthawi zina zokwawa zakutchire zimakwawa kununkhira mkaka watsopano, womwe anthu ammudzimo amasiya mkaka kuti ukhale m'khola la amphaka.

Tikusodza, njokayo imadikirira moleza mtima nyama yawo, ndikuponya mwachangu, nsombayo ikangosambira kuti ikwaniritse gawo lake. Kufunafuna achule amachitika zinthu zakuthambo. Wosaka nsomba amameza nthawi yomweyo, koma ndi chule amayenera thukuta, chifukwa amakana ndipo amayesetsa kuti anyamuke. Pakamwa pa njoka amatha kutambasula kwambiri, ngakhale achule waukulu ndipo achule bwinobwino odzipereka.

Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Wachilengedwe wina wochokera ku Germany monga zoyesera sanadyetse njoka yoyesera kwa miyezi 10. Pomwe ankadya koyamba pambuyo panjala yayitali, onse awiriwo ndi m'mimba adamva, modabwitsa, zili bwino.

Pambuyo chakudya yaitali, mukubwera ndi pafupifupi masiku asanu yopuma, zimafunika kudya zonse kudya. Pakasaka kamodzi, imatha kuyamwa achule angapo ndi ma tadpo kuwonjezera, ndikatha kudya, imakhala yovuta komanso yopanda phokoso. Ngati pakadali pano mdani aliyense wayandikira, muyenera kusula chakudya chomwe mwadyacho kuti mukhale okalamba komanso chogwiranso ntchito.

N'koopsa kwa anthu?

Anthu omwe akukhala m'malo amtunda wathu ndiopanda vuto kwa anthu. Alibe poizoni, kupatula kuti sakudziwa kuluma nkomwe, kutalika komwe angachite ndikukanda khungu pang'ono. Komanso pamene munthu wakudza, njoka onse kubisa posachedwapa, ndipo iwo akhoza kuluma pokha pokha kwambiri, ngati iwo ali lotengeka mu ngodya. Mulimonsemo, mikwingwirima yopepuka yoyambitsidwa ndi njoka imachira msanga. Mwiniwake, atagwidwa ndi munthu ngati chitetezo, adzayeseza kufa kwake, thupi lake limasunthika ndikusuntha, koma atamasulidwa, wakufayo wachinyengo adzakhalanso ndi moyo ndikubisala kuthengo.

N'zoona kuti palinso mitundu ya njoka zimene zingakhale zoipa, monga kambuku kapena msodzi, iwo ndi mano chakupha kumbuyo kwa nsagwada ndi kuluma awo zingachititse kutupa kapena ngakhale imfa.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Zofala

Wogwira ntchito masana, ndipo mumdima amakonda malo ake obisika. Wamba ndi agile kwambiri ndi agile. Kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kake padziko lapansi kumatha kufikira makilomita asanu ndi atatu pa ola limodzi. M'mitengoyi, amayendanso bwino kwambiri. Madzi mchitidwe kwa njoka ndi njira kwambiri, iwo ukuchita monga ndiwo umoyo wa zokwawa a. Ngakhale dzina la Chilatini natrix, loperekedwa ndi asayansi kale, limamasuliridwa kuti "osambira".

Msodzi wochokera ku njoka ndi wabwino kwambiri. Pamadzi mu ndime madzi, zikhoza kukhala pamenepo kwa mphindi 20, padziko izo amasambira mtunda chidwi kwambiri. Amasambira, ngati njoka zonse, mokhazikika, ndikuzungulira thupi lake losinthasintha.

Zochititsa chidwi: O, amakonda kusambira ndipo amatenga madzi ambiri. Kawirikawiri amayandama m'mbali mwa nyanja ya mosungiramo, koma pakhala milandu pamene njoka anapezeka mu nyanja yaikulu ndi ngakhale nyanja makumi makilomita kwa katundu wambiri.

Amakonda, monga njoka zina zambiri, kuti azilowa dzuwa, akukwera masiku owoneka bwino, kutalika kwambiri. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira mu njoka kuli mu Okutobala-Novembala. Kawirikawiri, njoka zimabisala pamodzi (anthu angapo aliyense), ngakhale ena amakonda kusungulumwa wathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yovutayi, amakhala m'malo oterera a makoswe, kapena mitundu yazingwe. Kutupa kumatha mu Epulo, kenako zibwezerazi zimasankhidwa kuti zizitentha dzuwa, ngakhale zimamva kuwawa komanso kugona, pang'onopang'ono zimayamba kugwira ntchito.

Dziwani kuti njoka sasunga dumbo ndi ndewu, khalidwe lawo m'malo ofatsa ndiponso ochezeka. Kuwona anthu, amasankha kuti asamayendetse misonkhano. Chifukwa chake, kwambiri, imatha kutchedwa yamtendere komanso yopanda vuto poyanjana ndi nyama zobwezeretsedwa. Anazindikira kuti si zovuta zikhale njoka kapena, si mantha kupanga kukhudzana ndi anthu ngati saona zoopsa, kokha powasunga kunyumba ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Njoka Yodziwika

Njoka wamba zimakhwima pazaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Nyengo ukwati kumayambira iwo pambuyo woyamba kasupe molt, m'madera osiyana nthawi chimango ake zingasiyane, nthawi zambiri imagwera pa mapeto a April-May. Mukukhwima, kukhwima ndikothekanso kugwa, koma kuyikira mazira kumatengedwa kupita kukacha.

Asanakhwime, njoka zimasanjikizana ngati mpira wokhala ndi mayi m'modzi ndi abambo ake ambiri. Pamene ndondomeko umuna yatha, anapeza mkazi mu gawo lina lotsatira - dzira atagona.

Mazira amakhala achikopa kale, mkazi m'modzi amatha kuyika zidutswa zingapo mpaka 100. Ndikofunika kuti iwo (mazira) asazizire ndipo asayume, kotero njokayo imasankha malo omwe amakhala ofunda komanso onyowa, mwachitsanzo, masamba a spruce, zinyalala zowoneka bwino za moss, chitsa chowola. Kuno loyenera kwambiri, chifukwa wamkazi samachita nawo mbala, akumusiya iye.

Chochititsa chidwi: Akazi a njoka amatha kugwirizanitsa magulu awo, ngati sangapeze malo abwino kwa ena. M'nkhalango anthu glade anapeza chisa, kumene adamuyesa mazira 1200.

Pakatha milungu isanu kapena isanu ndi itatu, njoka imayamba kuwaswa, kutalika kwake kuyambira 11 mpaka 15. Kuyambira kubadwa kwawo kwenikweni, amayamba kufunafuna malo oti nthawi yozizira ikhale yabwino. Si ana onse amene amatha kudzikundikira mafuta nyengo ya chisanu isanayambike, koma ngakhale ena osakhalapobe moyo amakhalabe ndi masika, amangowoneka ochepera kuposa anzawo omwe adya bwino.

Ndipotu chidwi: Akuti iliyonse njoka makumi asanu wabadwa mitu iwiri, kotero malamulo chikhalidwe. Njoka zokhazokha "za Gorynych" sizikhala ndi nthawi yayitali.

Njoka imatha kuwerengedwa kuti imakhala nthawi yayitali, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wawo imaposa zaka makumi awiri, pafupifupi, zotsalazo zimakhala zaka 19 mpaka 23. The chikhalidwe chachikulu moyo wautali awo ndi pamaso pa moyo madzi opatsa pafupi gwero kwa malo analamula zonse.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka wamba

Chithunzi: Pakalepo

Adani a m'banja kale ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa njoka izi alibe kawopsedwe. Odyera osiyanasiyana amakonda kudya chakudya chamadzulo, motero amatha kukhala ankhandwe, agalu a raccoon, hedgehogs, weasels, badger, martens, ndi mink. Mbalame zambiri zimatsutsana ndi njoka, motero zimatha kudyedwa ndi chinkhanira, chiwombankhanga cha njoka, kite, heron. makoswe Large, monga makoswe, angathe kukatenga njoka, makamaka achinyamata ndi wosadziwa, kuwonjezera, iwo nthawi zambiri amachita kugwa kwa chakudya zisa m'badya njoka mazira.

Modabwitsa, achule ndi mikanda, yomwe iwonso imakhala chakudya cha njoka, nthawi zambiri amadya zazing'ono. Kuwonongeka kwa mazira a mgonero kumaphatikiza tizilombo monga nyerere ndi kachilomboka pansi. nsomba Small akhoza nawo nsomba zazikulu Mwachitsanzo, mumapezeka nsomba. Njoka zina zimadyanso njoka.

Kudziteteza, ikuyesayesa kale kuti ikhale ngati poizoni: imaluka khosi pang'onopang'ono, kutulutsa mgulu, ndikumangika ndi mawonekedwe a zigzag, ndikupiringiza nsonga ya mchira mwamantha. Kotero iye akuyesera kuti mantha kuganiza pa kudwala mafuno abwino, koma ngati pali mwayi kuzembera kutali, ndiye iye, ndithudi, anapezerapo ake, poyamba pa zonse, ankaona njira imeneyi.

Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Wophunzitsidwa kale amakhala ngati wakufa kapena wapereka chinsinsi cha mwana wakhanda, chifukwa cha tiziwalo tambiri tambiri. Ndi maukadaulo oterowo, amayesa kudodometsa zoopsa kuchokera kwa iyemwini, chifukwa pakulimbana kwa moyo njira zonse zili bwino.

Njoka zambiri kuvutika munthu amene angaphe iwo monga choncho, chifukwa inayake, mistaking iwo mamba. Popeza ziberazi sizimapewa malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu, nthawi zambiri zimagwera pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, njokazi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri munyengo zachilengedwe, makamaka nyama zazing'ono zili pachiwopsezo, choncho nyama zouluka zizisamala nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo zikabisala m'malo awo obisalirako.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Photo: Common

Banja lalikulu la anthu limakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodzikongoletsa zamtenderezi sizimakumana ndi zoopseza, sizimayambitsa nkhawa yayikulu pakuchepetsa. Mayendedwe kusamala njoka akhoza zimachitika yachibadwa. Chaposachedwa, sipanakhaleko kufalikira konsekonse mwa kuchuluka kwa njoka'zi.

Ponena za dziko lathu, njoka wamba zimatha kutchedwa imodzi mwazirala zambiri zomwe zimamva bwino kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, kupangidwa ndi anthu. Ngakhale kuti vuto ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu njoka wamba kulikonse yabwino, pali madera kumene chiwerengero chake utachepa kwambiri ndipo wakhala m'gulu la Red Book m'madera payekha. Izi zikukula, choyambirira, chifukwa cha zochitika zachangu za anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zadyera komanso zimangofuna kupindulitsa anthu okha, osanyalanyaza zofuna ndi zofuna za abale athu ang'ono.

Pofuna kuti tisasunge chitetezo ndikupitilizabe kutisangalatsa ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndikofunikira, choyamba, kuti tisalowe mwachisawawa m'malo omwe akukhalamo, kuti tisunge malo obisika komanso odalirika nthawi yachisanu komanso yomanga, kuganizira pasadakhale zosankha zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga zilizonse, kuphatikizapo kuyala misewu yatsopano. Chachikulu ndichakuti musataye umunthu ndikuyang'anira.

Kusunga njoka wamba

Photo: Wamba kale ku Red Book

Monga tanena kale, moyo ndi kutukuka kwa njoka sikuti nthawi zonse kumakhala kochita bwino, motero kumadera ena wamba amafunika kutetezedwa. Pazitetezo, adalembedwa mu Red Book la madera ena: Moscow, Tver, Leningrad. Izo kuteteza ku Republic of Karelia. M'malo onsewa, kuchuluka kwa zokwawa kunatsika kwambiri, ngakhale m'mbuyomo njoka zinali zambiri.

Zomwe zimapangitsa izi zimatchedwa zinthu zotsatirazi:

• kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe,
• Kuipitsa kwamphamvu kwa matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi (madzi ndiofunikira njoka),
• kusowa kwa malo okhala bwino ndi kugona mazira,
• zinali munthu ndi munthu malo ake okhala okhazikika chifukwa cha akulima dziko, kumanga misewu, mizinda, etc.

M'madera omwe omwe amalembedwa kale mu Red Book, mtundu wamtundu wake umawonetsedwa ngati wosauka ndikuchepa. M'magawo, mapulogalamu akupangidwa kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa njoka m'magawo apadera, otetezedwa, otetezedwa. Pa magombe a mtsinje, anthu recreate zomera pafupi-madzi; wapadera malo udindo zigwire chifukwa misa kusamba ndi zosangalatsa m'madera a anthu.

Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti mumangodabwa momwe mungaphunzirire zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino kuyambira paubwana, zomwe anthu kuyambira kale adapanga zopeka zambiri komanso zikhulupiriro, komwe wamba kale amachita monga chizindikiro cha zabwino zonse, woyang'anira chuma ambiri chuma, ndipo ngakhale mbuye wa zokwawa ena.

Kodi limasiyana bwanji ndi njoka?

Komabe, timalimbikitsa kuti tisayesenso kugwira njoka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imatha kusokonezedwa ndi njoka ina - chowonjezera, chomwe sichili ndi vuto lililonse, koma chakupha komanso chowopsa.Kodi kusiyana kwa mamba: ife kale analemba za nkhani za mamba, kutsatira kugwirizana, palinso za izo.

Zomwe zimadya?

Njoka, ngakhale sizilivulaza kwa anthu, komabe, monga njoka zina, zimadyera, amphibians ndi nsomba ndiye gwero lalikulu la chakudya chawo. Achule ndi tadpoles, abuluzi, komanso makoswe ang'ono, monga mbewa, mbewa, abwampini, agologolo, kukhala pafupipafupi chakudya cha njoka. Nthawi zina mileme, komanso mbalame zazing'ono, zimatha kubwera kwa iwo kuti adye nkhomaliro. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya tizilombo tambiri, nyongolotsi, mbewa ndi nsomba zazing'ono zingapo mosangalatsa. Pa kusakasaka, ndi njoka, monga ulamuliro, kupanga ambushes, udzateteza wovulalayo kuthekera, ndiye kupanga kuponya mwamsanga.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti njoka sizipha nkomwe zodyera, koma zimeza mwachindunji zamoyo, ngati kuti zimakodwa mkamwa. Nthawi yomweyo, kumeza nyama yaying'ono chifukwa cha njoka sikovuta, koma kuyamwa kwa munthu wokulirapo kumatha kutenga maola angapo.

Patapita atsimikize chakudya, mwina bwino alibe masiku angapo, koma ambiri njoka, ngati njoka zina zambiri, mungachite popanda chakudya kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwa njira, akatswiri a zojambula zanyengo adalemba cholemba chomwe chinjoka sichinadye masiku 300.

Ngakhale njoka zimatha kufa ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali, sizikhala nthawi yayitali popanda madzi, njoka izi nthawi zonse zimamwa kwambiri, makamaka kwambiri kutentha.

Adani a njoka mu chikhalidwe

Njoka zomwezo sizikhala kumtunda kwenikweni kwa chakudya, ndipo zimatha kukhala zochuluka za adani ena akuluakulu: nkhandwe, mbewa, ma martens. Mbalame zina zodya nyama zimadyanso: agogoli, mbewa ndi chiwombankhanga. Makoswe, imene imadyedwa ndi njoka, komanso ndi yoopsa, koma osati kwa njoka wamkulu, koma mazira ndi njoka yaing'ono. Zokongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa za njoka. Zachidziwikire, chiopsezo cha njoka ndi munthu.

Moyo njoka

Amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, amakonda Dzuwa, makamaka kuphika mumayendedwe ake otentha, omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali, kupatula m'mawa ndi madzulo - ino ndiye nthawi yosaka. Komanso njoka zimadziwa kukwera mitengo, ngakhale kusunthira kunthambi kupita ku nthambi, kusambira bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Anthu ambiri anafotokoza milandu pakuwona njoka, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa nyanja yaikulu.

Pali mitundu ya njoka yomwe ikukumba njoka, imakumba ngalande zenizeni pansi panthaka, ndipo njoka zam'chipululu zimakonda kukumba m'nthaka ndikudziyang'anira mchenga.

Nde njoka nthawi yozizira bwanji

Ndi kubera chimfine yozizira, ntchito zonse moyo wa zokwawa izi akulephera, njoka kugwera mu hibernation, limene limayamba mu kugwa ndi ukhoza mpaka miyezi 8, mpaka kasupe kutentha ifika. Pakusala nthawi yozizira, njoka zimasankha malo obisika osazizira nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri m'malo otere njoka zochepa zimatha kusonkhana nthawi yachisanu, ndipo nthawi zina njoka zina zimatha kukhalanso nthawi yachisanu. Ndi isanayambike kutentha, njoka amalowa mwa m'misasa ya chisanu.

Madzi kale

Uyu ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa njoka wamba, ngakhale pali zosiyana. Mtunduwu umakonda kwambiri kutentha, chifukwa chake sungapezeke kumpoto, umakhala kum'mwera-kumadzulo kwa France mpaka pakati Asia, mutha kukumana naye kumwera kwa Ukraine, ku Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi mayiko ena angapo. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, moyo wa madzi njoka ndi yogwirizana madzi ndipo amakhala osati pa gombe la mitsinje ndi nyanja, koma nthawi zina ngakhale nyanja. Zimasambira molongosoka, zimatha kuthana ndi mafunde amphamvu, ndipo zimatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wa azitona wobiriwira, wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga ndi mikwingwirima. Pafupifupi madzi kale 1 mita m'litali, ngakhale pali nthumwi komanso akuluakulu pansi 1.6 mamita m'litali. Ili ndilopanda vuto lililonse, chifukwa silikudziwa nkhuku, koma chifukwa cha mtundu wake limasokonezedwa ndi chowonjezera komanso kuphedwa.

Colchis

Iye ndi mmodzi wamkulu mutu, miyoyo ku Central Asia, ku Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, Georgia, ndi kum'mwera kwa Russia. Miyoyo yamatumbo ndi nkhalango za beech. Kuchokera ku njoka zina mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe angapo am'mutu komanso kusowa kwa malo owala kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ndi 1-1.3 mamita yaitali. Amasambira bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizira kulowa pansi pamadzi, nthawi zambiri kuthawa adani. Posachedwa, chiwerengero cha njoka za Colchis chatsika kwambiri ndipo njira zoteteza ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti azisunge.

Mphiri kale

Uyu amakhala kale m'maiko aku Mediterranean, koma mutha kukumana naye kumwera kwa Ukraine. Njoka izi zimakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, mitsinje ndi zithaphwi, ndipo adatchedwa mayina chifukwa chofanana ndi njoka zomwezo. Kumene, kufanana izi si zabwino kwa njoka amene amaphedwa, poganiza kuti ndi adder, ngakhale yekha si angabweretse choopsa chilichonse.

Tiger kale

Koma Akambuku, omwe amakhala ku Asia, kuphatikiza China, Japan, Korea, ndi owopsa, popeza ali ndi chinsinsi chakupha chomwe amachigwiritsa ntchito podziteteza. Mosiyana ndi abale ake osavulaza, iyi ndi njoka yapoizoni, ngakhale kuti njoka ya njoka siilimba ngati ya njoka imodzimodzi, kapena njoka zina zapoizoni. Ali mpaka mamita 1.1 m'litali. China chomwe chimadziwika ndi njokayo ndi utoto wamizere, womwe umafanana ndi kambuku, motero dzina.

Dongo lakummawa

Izi mitundu miyoyo Africa American, makamaka zimapezeka kum'mawa United States, ku Iowa ndi Texas, ku Florida. Amasiyana ndi njoka zina kukula kwake kochepa - kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 25 chabe.

Chijapani kale

Ngakhale dzinali, silimangokhala ku Japan kokha, komanso m'maiko ena aku Asia, kuphatikizira Far East wa Russian Federation. Iwo ali kukula ochepa - m'litali ndi pafupifupi masentimita 50 ndi mtundu olimba: zambiri bulauni, chocolate kapena zofiirira-ofiira ndi kulocha wobiriwira.

Kodi njoka zimabala bwanji?

Monga njoka zina, njoka zimaberekera mazira. Amuna kufika msinkhu wawo pa zaka 3 zakubadwa, ndipo akazi mtsogolo pang'ono pa zaka 4-5. Nthawi yake yakukula imayamba mchirimwe, atangochoka kumene. Kuwabwerera kuli motere: yamphongo imayandikira mkaziyo, ndikugwedeza mutu wake kuchokera mbali ndi mbali. Kenako snuggles ku mbali yake, rubs naye, anakulunga mchira wake ake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti nthawi zina abambo angapo amatha kusonkhana nthawi yomweyo pafupi ndi mayi m'modzi, ndikupanga mpira wokhwima, koma nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi nyama zina, abambo samalimbana, ndipo amangoyesa kuletsa yemwe akupikisana naye kuti athetse umuna.

Mkazi atachita bwino umuna, amaikira mazira. mazira kale yokutidwa ndi woyera leathery film, tichipeza ulusi ambiri tosaoneka ndi maso, amene impregnated ndi wapadera yomata mapuloteni. Kukula kwa mabowo kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa njoka, ndipo, chosangalatsa, njoka izi zimatha kupanga zomangamanga zonse, zomwe zimakhala mazira pafupifupi 1000.

Kwa ndodo, njoka zimafunafuna malo otentha, obisika, awa amatha kukhala milu ya humus, zokhala zowola, mapindikidwe a moss, ngakhale masamba agwa. Nthawi makulitsidwe njoka kumatenga miyezi 1-2, kenako njoka yaing'ono zimaswa kuchokera apo, pomwepo anayala ndi kuyamba kukhala ndi moyo paokha. Nthawi yomweyo, ambiri a iwo amafa ali aang'ono, akamadya njoka zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo chakudya chamtsogolo cham'tsogolo: mikanda, makoswe ndi mbewa.

Zosangalatsa zokhudza njoka

• Kale pa nthawi chotero kusintha zimachitika kuti anthu mitu iwiri amabadwa. Zowona, njoka zachilendozi sizikhala kwanthawi yayitali.
• M'mabukuwa muli njoka zambiri, mwachitsanzo, njoka zimawonetsa achule asanadye. Ndipotu, izi ndi kanthu koposa zopeka.
• Njoka ndi ngwazi za nthano zambiri zomwe zimakonda kukhala zosunga chuma ndi chuma.