Wothamanga wakuda ndi wokulirapo kuposa kumeza - kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 18 cm, kulemera mpaka 40. Mapiko ndiwotalika, mchira ndi mafoloko. Zikuwoneka kuti ndi zakuda kwambiri, koma zimawoneka pafupi kuti pakhosi ndipopepuka ndipo pamakhala mithunzi ina yakuda ndi imvi m'mitundu yambiri. Maso ndi a bulauni, mulomo ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi yoyera. Amuna ndi akazi sasiyana kunja.

Ndegeyo imathamanga (kuthamanga kuthamanga kumafikira 120-180 km / h), ndikuwuluka pang'ono, pang'ono ndi mapiko othamanga, nthawi zambiri pamlengalenga. Ntchentche pomwe pamakhala tizilombo tambiri m'mlengalenga, nthawi zambiri pamizinda. Itha kukhala mumlengalenga popanda kuyima kwa zaka 2-3, nthawi imeneyi imadya, kumwa ndi kukwatira osakhala pansi, ndikugonjetsa mtunda wa 500,000 km. Padziko lapansi, osathandizika konse. Chifukwa chomwe mbalamezi zimagwera pansi ndikuyika mazira ndi kuwaswa.

Zoyala m'miyala ya makoma, nthawi zambiri m'malo okhala m'nyumba ndi m'maenje. Othandizira amapanga chisa kuchokera ku nthenga ndi masamba osankhidwa omwe amathawa, omwe amalumikizana ndi mbale. Kumapeto kwa Meyi 2 kapena 3 mazira oyera, ndipo patatha masiku 18 mpaka 19 anapiye amatsekwe. Amakhala mchisa pafupifupi milungu 6. Koma kumapeto kwa mwezi wa Julayi zitatuluka mu chisa, zimakhala zodziyimira kale ndipo zimatha kuuluka mpaka 1000 km tsiku limodzi. Poyamba, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi makolo awo ndi mapiko ambiri.

Zimadyanso tizilombo touluka mlengalenga.

Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda

Swift wa sing'anga kukula, wamkulu kuposa ngothamanga pang'ono ndi theka kukula kwa mchira wa singano. Kutalika konse (mm) - 160-170, mapiko 420-480.

Utoto wake umakhala wakuda kwambiri, wopanda mawanga kapena mikwaso. Madzimadzimadzuwa ndi woderapo, wokhala ndi nthenga zofiirira komanso nthenga zotuluka, malo oyera kumaso. + Pouluka, mbalame yakuda imasiyananso ndi mitundu ina mumtundu wake wakuda komanso popanda mawonekedwe oyera ngati pamimba poyera kapena pamimba yoyera.

Mbawala yakuda imayang'aniridwa makamaka ikuuluka, nthawi zambiri pamalo odyera kapena chisa, m'malo apadera pansi. Mlengalenga, chimafanana ndi kumeza kwa mzindawo, koma ndikuwoneka ngati-wokhala ndi mapiko, kuthamanga kumathamanga, kotheka, kwachuma kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuthawa (kugwedezeka, kutsika, kugwedezeka, ndikuwuluka), ndikungotuluka mosinthika, kuwongolera komanso kuwinduka kwa mpweya (Luleyeva, 1970) , Dolnik, Kinzhevskaya, 1980). Swows nthawi zambiri sipanga magulu owuma, koma nthawi yakukhwima komanso asananyamuke amawuluka m'kagulu kakang'ono mwachangu mpaka 250 km / h (apa, liwiro la njira likuwoneka kuti likuwongoleredwa ndi mauthenga akuthwa amawu omwe akumveka mosalekeza).

Liwu ndi whistle ya tonic yosiyanasiyana, yovuta kufotokoza m'mawu. Gulu la nkhosalo limapanga mawu ofuula, oboola, okhala ndi mawu akuti "mitsinje. ndi. ndipo ", nthawi yakukhwima masana (komanso nthawi zina usiku), osambira omwe amakhala mu chisa amaliza mluzu wapamwamba kwambiri, ndikuwawuza abwenzi mlengalenga. Pakusuntha, usana ndi usiku, amakhala chete.

Kamodzi padziko lapansi, kothamanga wakuda amayenda movutikira, kumakwawa pamimba pake, kudzithandiza yokha ndi miyendo yayifupi, koma yolimba kwambiri yokhala ndi zibwano zakuthwa, zopindika komanso malekezero a mapiko atali kwambiri olimba. Mbalame yachikulire yathanzi imachoka pansi ndikuwomba mapiko ake pansi. Mtundu womwe umasunthira pansi, sungagwere pansi, sungagwiritsidwe ntchito, umachokera pamilandu yachangu ya anapiye kuchokera ku zisa, zomwe zimasiyana pang'ono ndi mbalame zazikulu.

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Kusiyana kwazakugonana ndi nyengo sikumawonetsedwa bwino, kotero magawo otsika ndi zolemetsa zimaphatikizidwa. Amuna ndi akazi okhwima mwakugonana ali pafupifupi amtundu wakuda bii, okhala ndi mapiko akuda, pafupifupi mapiko akuda ndi mchira. Mu mbalame zakale (kuyambira pa chaka chachitatu cha kalendala), kukula kwa kamvekedwe kakuda m'mapulogalamu kumachulukira, kumutu, kumbuyo ndi mapewa, komanso pazitali nthenga zoyambirira, zimapeza chitsulo chamtambo chobiriwira. Mwatsopano, mbalame zambambande zimasiyananso kumapeto konse kwa ntchentche zoyambirira. Mu mbalame zakale, maula ambiri ankalima pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndipo mapiko ake anali amdima. Mbalame zachikulire zimasiyananso ndi zazing'onozi momwe zimakhalira ngati malekezero a nthenga zakukulira zazitali (Cramp, 1985) ndi nthenga zazikulu kwambiri (Luleyeva, 1986). Utawaleza ndi wodera, mulomo ndi miyendo yakuda. Anapiye atavala zovala zakuda, ndi amtambo wakuda, miyendo ndi mulomo, ngati akuluakulu, ndi akuda.

Povala zodzala, ana amakhala oderapo, okhala ndi nthenga zoyera zodziwika bwino za nthenga iliyonse. Pambuyo pa nthawi yozizira, ana azaka zoyambirira amakhala ndi kamvekedwe kofiirira, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo kumawonekera, kutaya mizere yoyera ndipo nthawi zina kumatha. Malekezero a maulendo owuluka oyambira amawululidwa, komanso malekezero akuwongolera kwambiri.

Swift wamba

Swift wamba - Apus - Wofiirira wakuda bii wokhala ndi khosi loyera pang'ono. Kukula kwapakatikati - kutalika kwa thupi 15-16 cm, mapiko a 42-48 masentimita, masentimita 36-52. Swift amakhala m'malo otentha a Eurasia kuchokera ku Western Europe, North Africa ndi Canary Islands mpaka pakati pa taiga ya Eastern Siberia, Transcaucasia, East China, Tibet, Iran.

Nyengo wamba nyengo yam'mphepete mwa Sahara ku Africa, Madagascar. Kuyambira nthawi yozizira kumayamba mu Marichi, kumawulukira ku Russia pakati pa Meyi. Kusunthika kwa kasupe kumakulitsidwa, nthawi yofikira imasiyanasiyana kuyambira masiku 18 mpaka 27 kutengera nyengo zachilengedwe. Amafika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nesting imayamba sabata imodzi itafika. Pakumanga, nthawi zambiri 2, nthawi zambiri 3 (mongosankha, 1 kapena 4). Makulitsidwe kutengera nyengo nyengo imatenga masiku 11-16. Nyengo ikakhala kuti ikusokosera, kusinthaku kumatsika ndikumayambira ndikuyamba kusanja kwachiwiri. Madeti amachokere amathandizanso potengera nyengo ndipo amasiyanasiyana - kuyambira masiku 33 mpaka 56.

Kutentha kwa anapiye kumatha kutsika mpaka 20 C, koma kumatha kupita popanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, kulola kuti akuluakulu azitha kusintha nyengo pamtunda wamtunda wa 70 km kuchokera ku chisa, mpaka sabata kapena kupitirira. Akuyerekezeredwa kuti mtunda womwe othamanga amawuluka tsiku lililonse kufunafuna chakudya ali wofanana ndi kuzungulira kwa Dziko lapansi kumapeto kwa St. Pa nthawi yausiku yotentha (pafupifupi maola 19), munthu wothamanga mmodzi amabweretsa chakudya chambiri maulendo 34, asanafike anapiye - katatu kokha. Chakudya chilichonse chimakhala ndi tizilombo tokwana 400-1500; patsiku, anapiye amadya mpaka 40,000 tizilombo. Achichepere amayamba kulemera kwambiri patsiku la 20 la moyo, kenako amayamba kuchepa thupi (fanizo losangalatsa ndi kudyetsa anapiye a albatrosses ndi ma perel).

Kusunthira kwa malowedwe kumayambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti ndikuyamba kwa Seputembala, pafupifupi malo onse osunthika m'malo ena, monga lamulo, amazimiririka malo osungirako zisa mkati mwa masiku 1-2. M'dzinja loyamba, mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo ozizira.

Ngakhale akuthamanga akuthwa mumphepete mwa msewu amawoneka ngati mbalame yakumidzi, imakhazikika m'malo okhala zachilengedwe, zisa m'mabowo, mabowo, m'matanthwe, m'miyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala, komanso m'malo ena malo achilengedwe ndi mizinda amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza malo ofanana. M'dera lathyathyathya, amakonda nyumba zamiyala yayitali - mikanda, matchalitchi.

Ku Transbaikalia, m'malo omwe amakhala ndi chisangalalo chokhala ndi malamba oyera, omwe amalowa m'malo mwa wakuda ku Eastern Siberia ndi China, wothamangira wakuda amakhala kumapiri, m'mizinda - kokha lamba-loyera. M'mapiri a Tibet, chisa chakuda chothamanga mumiyala pamalo okwera mpaka 5700 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Ichi ndi mbalame wamba, ngakhale yambiri, ikukulitsa chiwerengero chake molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa madera amatawuni. Ku Russia kokha miliyoni 1-5 pawiri chisa.

Molting

Zovala zapakati pa thonje zikuwoneka pa 8 - 9th tsiku lachitukuko cham'mbuyo, ndipo pa tsiku la 14 mpaka 17, nthenga zanthete zamtundu wakuda, 5-6 mm kutalika, nthenga kuzungulira nthenga yayikulu ya pterillia (Collins, 1963) ndipo imachita gawo lofunikira ntchito yolimbikitsa, kuphimba khungu la anapiye. Kupangidwe kwa kavalidwe ka ana kumatha pa tsiku la 35-3 la 8 la chitukuko cha postembryonic. Komabe, kukulira kwa kachilombo koyambira kwambiri (II-IV) kuchedwa masiku enanso atatu. Mbalame yaing'ono siyimachoka m'malo ogona kufikira mbalame-mbalame, ndikupanga pamwamba pa mapiko, zimatulutsidwa kwathunthu pachikuto cha nthenga (milandu yakumapeto kwa achimuna achichepere omwe asiya chisa asanatulutse mbalame za ntchentche, ndikupanga pamwamba pa mapiko, zimadziwika).

Maula omwe ali pamapiko a mwana wachinyamata amasintha pokhapokha nthawi yozizira yachiwiri, njira yomwe ayenera kuthana nayo kawiri. Pa mayendedwe a "chilimwe" ndi "nyengo" kwa makilomita masauzande ambiri, nthenga za ana zimayenda kwambiri (nthawi zina, ndi ziboda za chaka chimodzi, nthenga za ntchentche zimathyoledwa ndikulumikizidwa kuming'oma), zomwe zimapangitsa achichepere kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi mapiko amibadwo ina omwe asintha mapiko awo ndipo ali bwino kuwasunga mpaka molt wotsatira. Kuyamba koyambira koyambirira kwa unyinji wachinyamata wa mapikowo kumayamba mu Ogasiti-Seputembala chaka chamawa chamtsogolo, kutsogolo kwa matrimonial hairstyle pankhani ya ukwati. Kukhetsa koyamba kwakuda komwe kumakhala chizindikiro. Congo pa Ogasiti 18. Apa, kusungunuka kwa mbalame-za mbalame mu mbalame zamtunduwu kumachitika pakatikati. Ntchentche zamkati moyambirira. Kuwombera kwakanthawi koyamba kumachitika mwachangu kwa nthenga ziwiri pa mwezi, ndipo kutalika - nthenga 1-1.5 pamwezi (De Roo, 1966).

Pofika Novembala, kusuntha kambiri kumakhala ndi nthawi yosintha ntchentche zisanu ndi ziwiri. Malingaliro osintha kuthawa ndi okhazikika, kusintha kwa maula ndizofanizira (kusinthana kwachinyamata, komwe kumapezeka pamalo amodzi nthawi yomweyo, kusintha nthenga yomweyo). Pofika kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, ma flewheel onse, kupatula owonjezera, asinthidwa ndi atsopano; pofika kumapeto kwa February, kusintha kwazowera konse kwamveka. Ngati pofika nthawi ino kusinthaku koyambirira sikunasinthe, ndiye kuti pakuchedwa kuyembeka mpaka Ogasiti-Sepemba, i.e. nyengo yachisanu isanayambe. Kusintha kwa nthenga zopanga pamwamba pa mapiko kumachitika pang'onopang'ono - nthenga m'modzi pamwezi. Malingaliro aching'ono, okhala ndi malire 2 2 35 ′ N ndi kutalika kwa 23 ° 37 'E, kusungunuka kwa ntchentche kwambiri kwadziwika kumapeto kwa February komanso koyambirira kwa Epulo (De Roo, 1966, Cramp, 1985). Zovuta zazikulu zimachedwa kusungunuka kwa mwezi umodzi. Pazovala zokhwima (chaka cha 3-4 cha moyo), kusungunula kumakhala kokwanira ngati chovala chamtundu wachinyamata chikasinthidwa kukhala chisanachitike. Tizilombo ta ntchentche kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakalekale, ndipo timitengo topotera touluka, zomwe zimasiyana ndi nthenga zatsopano pakhungu la brownish, sizisintha. Kusintha kwa chovala choyambirira chakusunthira kumayamba ndi ntchentche yoyamba, yomwe sinazirala nthawi yachisanu chomaliza, nyengo yachisanu. Ndikatha kusungunuka, ntchentche yanga yatsopano yomwe ndimayambira ikupeza malekezero ozungulira ndi notch apical, mmalo mwa lakuthwa. Pazonse, kuchuluka kwazosintha kwa chaka chachitatu ndi akulu kumadziwika ndi kaso lakuda, komabe, mapangidwe ena apamwamba amtundu wa ntchentche amakhala a brownish okhala ndi malekezero owoneka, mapiko apakati akuuluka amasiyanasiyana ndi kamvekedwe ka bulauni, komwe amasinthidwa koyamba. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osasangalatsa awa, pokhapokha mwa kupenda mosamalitsa mosinthika titha kusiyanitsa anthu azaka zoyambira, zachiwiri, komanso zachitatu za moyo kuchokera ku mbalame zakale zomwe zofunikira zake zimawonetsedwa ndi kamvekedwe kakuda kakang'ono, makamaka mutu, kumbuyo, mapiko, ndi mchira kuchokera kumwamba.

Subspecies taxonomy

Pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri kapena itatu:

1.Apus apus

Hirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 192, Sweden.

2.Apus apus pekinensis

Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 435, Beijing.

M'mabuku oyambira, mitundu yonse imakhala yakuda, pamphumi pakhungu lomwelo ndi kumbuyo kapena pang'ono pang'ono kowala. Malo a mmero ndi ochepa komanso amdima. Yachiwiri imakhala ndi kuwala kosalala, pamphumi imakhala yotuwa, yopepuka kuposa msana, malo ammero ndi akulu komanso oyera oyera (Stepanyan, 1975).

Kugawa

Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Kupatula maiko ozizira, othamanga wakuda amakhala ponseponse ku Europe ndi kulikonse. Imachulukira makamaka kumapiri a Central Asia ndi Caucasus (mkuyu. 35, 36).

Chithunzi 35. Dera logawirako anthu akuthamanga:
- malo okhala nesting, b - malo odyetsera nyengo yachisanu, c - ntchentche, d - njira yolowera nyengo yophukira (malinga ndi: Voos, 1960). Magawo: 1 - A. a. nsanje, 2 - A. a. pekinensis.

Chithunzi 36. Mtundu wa akuthamanga wakuda ku Europe Europe ndi North Asia: mitundu - yosanja.

Mapulogalamu osankhidwa Apus apus apus amagawidwa kuchokera Kumpoto chakumadzulo. Africa (Morocco ndi East. Tunisia) Kummwera kwa Sahara Atlas. Ku Eurasia, kuchokera pagombe la Atlantic kum'mawa kukafika kuchigwa cha Olekma, Nerchinsky Range, kum'mawa kwa Mongolia, kumwera kwa Hei-Longjiang, Peninsula ya Shandun. Kumpoto ku Scandinavia mpaka pa 69th parallel, ku Kola Peninsula to the 68th parallel, to the Arkhangelsk, in theass. Pechora mpaka kufanana kwa 66th (Stepanyan, 1975), mu bass. Ob mpaka wa 63, pamabasi. Yenisei ndi kufanana kwa 57, m'munsi mwa Olekma mpaka 60th parallel. Kummwera mpaka pagombe la Nyanja ya Mediterranean, Palestina, Iraq, South. Iran, South Afghanistan, Kumpoto Balochistan, Himalayas, kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Yellow, Nyanja Ku-Kunor, South Gansu, Middle Shansi, Shandong Peninsula. Zomera kuzilumba za Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi ku Britain. Kummawa Europe ndi North. Asia imagawidwa kuchokera kumadera akumadzulo a Moldova, Ukraine, mayiko a Baltic kum'mawa kupita ku Lake Baikal. Kumpoto mpaka malire a mitunduyo. Kumwera chakum'mwera kwa Europe komanso Transcaucasia mpaka kumalire a USSR yakale, kummawa mpaka kumapeto kwa Emba, Mugodzhar, malo apakati pa mapiri a Kazakh, Zaysan, kum'mwera kumalire a USSR yakale. Mu Mzere wambiri wa Zap. ndi Kumpoto. Kazakhstan, kumalire akum'mwera akugawa, imagwirizanitsa ndi A. a. pekinensis. Zomwezi sizingakhale zokhazokha za pre-Baikal pre.

Apus apus pekinensis amakhala ku Central Asia kuyambira Nyanja ya Caspian kum'mawa ndi kumwera mpaka kumalire a dziko la Iran, Afghanistan ndi China. Kumpoto mpaka kumapeto kwa Emba, Mugodzhar, pakati pa mapiri a Kazakh, Nyanja. Zaysan komanso kuchokera ku Baikal kum'mawa kupita kuchigwa cha Olekma ndi Nerchinsk Range. Mu Mzere wambiri wa Zap. ndi Kumpoto. Kazakhstan, yomwe ili kumpoto kwa magawidwe, imagwirizana ndi apus. M'dera la Prebaikalia ndi mabass. pamwamba Lena mwina amaphatikizidwanso ndi apus (Stepanyan, 1975). Agawidwa paliponse la Pamir-Alai (nesting kapena span), ochulukirapo pa Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), makamaka m'chigwa cha Alai pafupi ndi Daraut Kurgan (Molchanov, Zarudny, 1915), adapezeka mgulu. Nuratau ndiofala ku Samarkand pama nyumba akumatauni (Meklenburtsev, 1937). Kum'mwera, zisa kudutsa mitundu yonse m'mapiri kuyambira kaphiriko. Kugi-tang kupita kumapiri a Darvaz, m'malire a Badakhshan ndi Pamirs, pamtsinje. Shahdara. Mchigwa cha mtsinje. Zeravshan akukwera mpaka 2,400 m (Abdusalyamov, 1964), m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Kyzylsu - mpaka 3,100 m. Zimachitika nthawi yomwe amathawa ku Pamirs (Severtsov, 1879, Abdusalyamov, 1967, Bolshakov, Popov, 1985). Zambiri zokhudzana ndi ndege ku Central Asia zitha kudziwitsidwa ndi subspecies awiri (Abdusalyamov, 1977).

Kusamukira

Black Swift ndi trans-equatorial yosamukira. Zimapanga maulendo apandege pachaka kuyambira malo okhala mpaka gawo laulendo wozizira, kuyenda mtunda wa 10,000 km. Kuyambira nthawi yachisanu, iye amakhala pakati komanso kumapeto kwa Marichi. Kuchoka ndikutambasulidwa (mwina chifukwa chosungunuka) mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo, koma mbalame "zapamwamba" zili Kumwera. Spain kale kumapeto kwa Marichi. Mu kasupe, njira yayikulu yoyambira imachoka kumpoto chakumadzulo, kenako kumpoto chakum'mawa, m'mbali mwa gombe la Atlantic.

Kusuntha kwakukulu masana kumachitika ndi kutentha kwambiri (osati kutsika + 10 ° С), ma radiation okwera kwambiri, ndi mafunde am'mawa ndi kumpoto chakummawa. Kusuntha kwausiku kumachitika modekha kapena ndi kutentha pang'ono kwa kum'mwera kotentha komanso kutentha kwa mpweya osatsika + 10 ° C, komwe kumakhazikitsidwa m'madera amakilomita ambiri komwe kudutsa kumadutsa. Usiku, monga masana, anthu ochita kusambira amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yothamanga komanso yovutirapo. M'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mapiri, kuthamanga ndikuyenda modabwitsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde amlengalenga kuyenda mtunda wautali ndi mtundu wa mitundu yonseyo masana ndi usiku. Pakuyenda masana, zakuda zakuda zidalembedwa pamtunda kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 1,700 m, ndipo usiku - kuchokera 200 mpaka 3,000-6,000 m (pomwe 60-70% pamtunda wa 200 mpaka 800 m, 15-20% - kuchokera 800 mpaka 1,500 m, ndi 1-1.5% - 3000-6000 m). Mu ora loyamba, theka la ola litalowa dzuwa, zochulukirapo zakumaso zomwe zimayambira usiku zimasungidwa mlengalenga (kutalika kwa 200-300 m), maola awiri otsatira, kuthamanga kwa ndege imakwera molimba, ndikufika pafupifupi 480 m pamwamba pamadzi. . (Bulyuk, 1985; Luleyeva, 1983).

Madeti ofika ku malo osungira nesting ndi nthawi yosunthira anthu ambiri amakhala osasunthika (mkati mwa masiku ± 5).M'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ku Crimea, kuthamanga kwakuda kumawonekera kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo (Kostin, 1982), ndipo mawonekedwe oyambira a kasupe adadziwika ku Armenia nthawi yomweyo (Sosnin, Leister, 1942). Kumpoto. Ku Caucasus, kubwera kwa maulendo akuda mzaka zopitilira 12 zakajambulidwa pakati pa Epulo 17 (1986) ndi Meyi 3 (1984) (Khokhlov, 1989). Kudera lamapiri la Kumpoto. Ma phukusi akuda a Osseti amawonekera pafupifupi pa Epulo 20 (zaka zopitilira 24), m'midzi yamapiri ataliatali - pa Meyi 2 (zaka 13) (Komarov, 1991). Kumadzulo. Ku Ukraine, mbalame zoyambirira zimawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo unyinji ukufika kudalembedwa pambuyo pa masiku 2-4, ku Lviv kwa zaka 17 - Epulo 30 - Meyi 1, ndi kuzizira patatha milungu iwiri (Strautman, 1963). Mchigwa cha Vakhsh cha Tajikistan, kuwuluka kuchokera pa Marichi 10 mpaka Meyi 5, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu osamukira kudziko lachifumu chidawonetsedwa pa tsiku lachinayi la Malichi (Abdusalyamov, 1977), m'chigwa cha Gissar chikuwonekera pa Epulo 11 (Ivanov, 1969), komanso m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Gulu la Varzob loyamba lolemba pa Epulo 24 (Boehme, Sytov, 1963).

Ku Kokand, kufika kwa zisinthidwe kunawonedwa pa Marichi 16, ku Margilan - pa Marichi 15 ndi 22, ku Samarkand - pa Marichi 14-15 (Bogdanov, 1956), ku Termez - pa Marichi 17 (Salikhabaev, Ostapenko, 1964). M'madera apakati a Kazakhstan, kunyanja. Kubwera kwa Kurgaldzhin kufika Meyi 17-19 (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985), m'mapiri a Zap. Tien Shan pa Chok-Pak Pass zisinthano zoyambirira pazaka 9 zalembedwa pa Epulo 11, kusunthidwa kwakukulu kwambiri (84.6% ya kuchuluka) kumachitika mu khumi lachitatu la Epulo - khumi yoyambirira ya Meyi, kutha pafupifupi pa Meyi 14 (Gavrilov, Gissov , 1985). Ku Mordovia, kufupi ndi Saransk, kusinthana kumawonekera pa Meyi 5-15 (Lugovoi, 1975), mdera la Nizhny Novgorod. - Meyi 15-17 (Vorontsov, 1967), ndipo kuwonekera kambiri m'malo ena oswana kumachitika 2.7 ndi masiku 10 pambuyo poti kuwonekera kwa mapiri apamwamba (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Maonekedwe oyenda mothamanga amadziwika m'zigawo zikuluzikulu za chigawo cha ku Europe cha Russia. Chifukwa chake, adalembetsedwa pa Meyi 16, 1963 m'mizinda ya Gorky, Moscow ndi Ryazan, komanso ku Oksky Zap., Panthawi yomweyo mu 1946-1960. adadziwika, pafupifupi, pa Meyi 15 (S. G. Priklonsky, kulumikizana kwaumwini).

Kusunthidwa pafupipafupi kwa chilimwe kukasambira wakuda kumachitika ku Zap. Europe, m'maiko a Scandinavia ndi mayiko a Baltic kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka pakati pa Julayi (Magnusson, Svardson, 1948, Koskimies, 1950, Svardson, 1951, Luleyeva, 1974.1981.1993, Kashentseva, 19786). Kusunthika kwa chilimwe kumasiyana ndi masika malinga ndi kukhazikika kwa mawu, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa osamukirako (mpaka 94% ya chiwerengero chonse pamsika) ndikusintha kosunthika kulowera kwa kuyenda kwa mbalame. Kusuntha kwa chilimwe kumachitika usana ndi usiku (67-70% ya kusunthira kwakuda kojambulidwa kuzungulira kumbuyo kwa disk disk yomwe imawerengeka kuyambira pakati pausiku mpaka maora awiri ndi mphindi 30 usiku). Zomwe zikuwonekera zaka zosamukila panthawiyi sizinapeze tanthauzo lomaliza, koma deta yakugwidwa kwa malo osamukirako ikuwonetsa kutenga nawo gawo kwa achichepere, makamaka azaka chimodzi ndi azaka ziwiri, pakusamuka kwanyengo yayitali (Luleyeva, 1986).

Kuchoka kwa zakuda zakusunthidwa kuchokera kumalo okhala nesting kumachitika ngati achichepere amasamukira, omwe amawuluka osayima pano, atangochoka chisa. Kuchuluka kwa unyinji kumachitika usiku, ndipo phokoso lamadzulo lamtunduwu (Luleyeva, 1983). Masiku omwe ndege zimasambira zimayambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka Okutobala ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malire. Mchigawo cha Oksky misonkhano yotsiriza ya maulendo akuda, yomwe imatha kuonedwa ngati misonkhano ya osamukira, mu 1956-2001. zolemba kuyambira pa Ogasiti 8 mpaka 19 (Priklonsky, kuyankhulana kwamwini).

Mu nthawi yophukira, nkhuku zakuda zimawulukira kum'mwera chakum'mwera komwe zimayenda (zokhala ndi ma Sweden ku Finland ndi ku Finland, zimapezeka ku Estonia, dera la Kaliningrad ndi Stavropol Territory (Dobrynina, 1981.) Kusunthika kumatha kuyambira pa Julayi 20-25 mpaka Okutobala 10, ndipo mbalame zina zimakhala mkati mwake nesting mpaka Novembala (Ptushenko, 1951, Jacobi, 1979).

Kudera la Leningrad ambiri osunthika amasamukira limodzi pakati pa Ogasiti, ku St. Petersburg m'madambo akuluakulu 60% akuwuluka pakati pa Ogasiti 13 mpaka 19, ndipo omalizira - Seputembara 1-2 (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Pa gombe la Gulf of Finland ndi Ladoga, mayendedwe owongolera adadziwika kale koyambirira kwa Ogasiti (Noskov, 1981). Misonkhano yaposachedwa m'chigawo cha Leningrad. ndipo m'malo oyandikana nawo adalembetsedwa pa Seputembara 11, 1978, Seputembara 30, 1900, Okutobala 15, 1879, Okutobala 20, 1979, ku Ladoga - Novembara 1, 1981, Okutobala 29 - Novembara 7, 1979, ma shears adakumana. ngakhale kutagwa chipale chofewa (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Zomwe zimachedwetsa kusunthidwa kwakuda kumalo osungirako chisa sizingangotengeka ngati kubereka, komanso chidwi chosamuka, komanso kusuntha kosalekeza (kothamangitsidwa) ndi mafunde amlengalenga, chifukwa chomwe anthu pawokha amawonekera m'malo omwe siikhalidwe yawo kwa nthawi yayitali (Jacobi, 1979). Zosankha za hypothermia zosankha zamtunduwu (Koskimies, 1961), komanso kuthekera kowongolera ndikubwezeretsa kuthamanga kwa thupi ndi mafuta osungiramo mafuta (Keskpayk, Luleyeva, 1968, Luleyeva, 1976) ayenera kuloleza kusunthika kuti akhalebe m'malo ovuta kwambiri ndikubwezeretsanso ntchito zofunika kwambiri ikayamba kutentha.

M'chigawo cha Moscow ndi madera oyandikana nawo, kuthawa kwa achichepere kudalembedwa pa Julayi 30 - Ogasiti 10, kunyamuka - kuyambira pa Ogasiti 1 mpaka Ogasiti 18, ndipo mbalame zomaliza zidapezeka pa Ogasiti 27 - Seputembara 7 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Kudera la Ryazan, mu Oksky zap. kukwera kwa achinyamata kupita kuphiko kunadziwika makamaka kuyambira koyambirira mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti, kunyamuka - pakati - theka lachiwiri la mwezi uno. Kudera la Nizhny Novgorod Kutuluka kumawombera pa Ogasiti 15 mpaka 20, ndipo, malinga ndi E. M. Vorontsov (1967), nthawi zina amangochoka kumanzere achifundo osatha kubereka ana. Achichepere posachedwa amachoka m'dera la koloni (Kashentseva, 1978). Amawuluka kuchoka ku Belarus pa Ogasiti 12-22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Ziphuphu zimasowa kumapeto kwa gawo la Ossetia pa Ogasiti 4 (Ogasiti 3, 1981 - Ogasiti 6, 1988). Kuuluka kambiri pochitika pa Main Caucasian Range. mkati mwa Ossetia zidadziwika pa Ogasiti 18, 1980 (Komarov, 19916). Kuuluka kwa anthu akuda kuchokera ku Stavropol kumachitika masiku khumi oyambirira a Ogasiti (Khokhlov, 1989) Ku Mordovia, kutalika kwa nthawi yophukira kumaikidwa masiku khumi ndi achiwiri a Ogasiti: ku pulogalamu ya Mordovia. zomaliza zomaliza zidalembedwa pa Ogasiti 14, ku Saransk akuchedwa motalikirapo: kwa zaka 19 zowonera, tsiku loyambirira kuchoka mumzinda ndi Seputembara 2, posachedwa ndi Seputembara 15 (Lugovoi, 1975). Ku Lviv, kuchoka kwa achinyamata kumachitika pa Julayi 29 - Ogasiti 2, ndikuchoka kumadera a Zap. Ukraine - kuyambira pa Ogasiti 6 mpaka 12 (Strautman, 1963). Ku Baltic akuti, pa Curonia Spit, achinyamata oyambira okwera woyamba amapita kuphiko pa Julayi 22-25, tchuthi chaching'ono chonyamuka kuchokera pa Ogasiti 1 mpaka 7, ndipo mbalame zomaliza zimawonedwa pagawo lazaulusi pa Ogasiti 10 mpaka 15 (ngati kuli nyengo yabwino, masiku achokere atha kusuntha kwa masabata awiri). Kusuntha kwa nthawi yophukira kumachitika kuyambira pa Julayi 27 mpaka Ogasiti 10 ndipo kumafika masiku ochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, Julayi 29 mu 1971, Julayi 31 mu 1972 ndi Ogasiti 7 mu 1973) (Luleyeva, 1981).

Kuchoka ku madera okhala nesting kumayamba koyamba ndi achichepere achichepere, omwe nthawi zambiri amamatira malo okhala nthawi yayitali (Weitnauer, 1947, 1975, Cutclife, 1951, Lack, 1955), kenaka alowa nawo m'magulu omwe samakonda kubereka omwe amasamukira pachilimwe chaka chino, kuyambira kuyambira pakati pa Julayi. Madeti achichepere achichepere akuwoneka kuti akuwongoleredwa ndi mawu oyambira osungunuka, omwe amayamba kumapeto kwa Julayi ndi theka loyamba la Ogasiti chaka chimodzi ndi zaka ziwiri zamkati (De Roo, 1966). Pamalo a Curonia Spit ndi madera oyandikana nawo, kusuntha kwa chilimwe kwa akhungu akuda kwambiri makamaka pazaka zosavomerezeka, pomwe kusintha kwa kubereka kudasokonekera ndipo kusinthika kwachinyamata kunali kokhwima kwambiri (Julayi 15-18, 1974 - Luleyeva, 1976). Apa mu Julayi ndi August ma omnidirectional misa yosunthika ya kusuntha ndizofanana, zikuchitika masana ndi usiku (mtengo wawukulu wakutalikirana kuchokera ku azimuth wapakati pa 247 ± 68 °, wodziwika ngati maulendo apandege usiku panthawiyi, akutsimikizira kusakhala kowongolera okhwima). Ndege zoyenda molunjika ndizomwe zimachitika mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala, nthawi yakusamuka.

Gawo la Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan, zosintha zakuthengo za ma swap zakuda zimayambira kumapeto kwa Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. M'matenda a Tengiz-Kurgaldzhin mu Ogasiti, madzulo, nthawi yayitali imawonedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Apa, kozizira koopsa (+ 8 ° С) mvula itazizira ndi chimphepo champhamvu chakumpoto chakumadzulo, ambiri osinthika adamwalira chifukwa chotopa, maulendo 50 anasonkhanitsidwa mumazars, ma sheds ndi ma attic a nyumba zogona m'mudzi wa Karazhar (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985) . Ku Kurgaldzhin, msonkhano waposachedwa kwambiri walembedwa pa Seputembara 2 (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952). M'mapiri a Zap. Kutalika kwa Tien Shan kumayamba pakati pa Ogasiti (Kovshar, 1966). Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu osinthika omwe adalembedwa pa Chok-Pak pass (84.8%) ndi kuyambira nthawi ya pakati pa Ogasiti mpaka zaka khumi zoyambirira za Seputembala. Mwa ogwidwa panthawiyi (n = 445), anthu akuluakulu olamulira (73.9%), pambuyo pake panali ochepa akulu - 9.8% (n = 61). Kusamukira kwawo kunatsirizidwa ndi achinyamata a chaka chino cha kubadwa (azaka zakubadwa), omwe adagwidwa kwambiri pakati pa Seputembala kuposa anthu achikulire (kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa achikulire mpaka ana asukulu anali 2: 1). Kusamukira kumathera kuno, pafupifupi, pa Seputembara 30 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985). M'malo otsetsereka a Vakhsh kuuluka mumtunda wawukulu pamtunda woyambira 100 m, kuchokera kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ndi nsonga yayitali mkati mwa masiku asanu a sabata la Seputembala (Abdusalyamov, Lebedev, 1977). Ku Pamirs, A. N. Severtsov adawona kuwuluka kwa ndege kumapeto kwa Ogasiti 1897, m'chigwa cha Alai kuyambira pa Ogasiti 25 mpaka Seputembara 20, 1981, kusuntha kosalekeza kwamphamvu zazikulu za A. a. pekinensis m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Kyzyl-Su masana, dzuwa lisanalowe komanso usiku. Masana, adawuluka pamtunda mpaka 100, usiku mpaka 6000 m (pafupifupi, pamtunda wamtunda wa 1000 m, ngati simukuganizira malo a Alai Valley pamtunda wa 3100 m pamwamba pa nyanja). Ambiri mwa mbalamezo adasuntha m'chigwacho, ang'onoang'ono adawuluka kudutsa Central Pamir (pafupifupi perpendicular kulowera kwakukulu komwe kukuuluka usiku). Pa nyanja Rangkul I.A. Abdusalyamov anakumana ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono osuntha theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti. Mchigwa cha Gissar (Mtsinje wa Kashkadarya), kusuntha kwa magulu amodzi anawonedwa mpaka Seputembara 26 (Ivanov, 1969).

Kumadzulo. Ku Central Siberia, kusinthanitsa kumapezeka mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti (Ravkin, 1984); m'chigawo cha Minusinsk, mbalame zomaliza zidawonedwa pa Ogasiti 2 (Sushkin, 1914).

Ulendo wopita kumadera obiriwira nyengo yozizira umachitika, mwanjira ziwiri: kudzera ku Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, kumadzulo. gombe la Africa, kenako kudzera ku Nigeria kupita ku Kongo ndi ku South Africa kapena ku Madagascar, gawo lina la omwe amasamukira kumayiko akuwoloka South. France, Turkey, Chad (Carry-Lindhal, 1975).

Habitat

Malinga ndi A.S. Malchevsky (1983), madera achikuda a malo opangidwawo amapeza malo abwino okhalamo malo okhala anthropogenic, komabe, amakhala mofunitsitsa m'malo opanda mitengo, ndikupanga madera aang'ono ngakhale munkhalango zopanda anthu kwambiri (m'nkhalango zakale za Spen, zakupsa nkhalango zowirira za pine kuzilumba zamatchire kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ladoga - makumi makilomita kuchokera kumidzi yapafupi). Nkhuku zimakonda kukhala m'malo amitengo oyandikana ndi mayiwe kapena madera akuluakulu (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Nesting ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan A. a. pekinensis imadziwika kwambiri pamapiri: imachulukana ku Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), mseu wa Nuratau (Meklenburtsev, 1937) komanso m'mapiri a Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Pa mitsinje ya Zerafshan, B. ndi M. Naryn, kusunthidwa kwa Susamyr kumakwera 2400-3000 m (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Ivanov,

1969). Apa, mbalame zimapezeka m'miyala yamiyala (Yanushevich et al., 1960), m'malo otsetsereka a mitsinje yayikulu, m'mapanga ndi m'matalala (Korelov, 1970). Ku Central Asia, zisa zakuda zotuluka m'mizinda yayikulu monga Samarkand ndi Osh (Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960), pamalo okwera mamitala 400-700 kumtunda kwa nyanja.

Adani, zovuta

Mndandanda wapaulendo wothamanga wakuda ndiwomwe wakupeza majeremusi enaake - pamimba Ptilonyssusstrandtmanni, wofotokozedwa ndi Feng (Fain, 1956) wa ku Kaffir wothamanga ku Rwanda-Urundi. Ku Russia, idapezeka mu mbalame ku Oksky Zap. (Butenko, 1984).

Zisa, makamaka theka lachiwiri la nthawi yophukira, anapiye opezeka ndi ntchentche ndi nthata (Koshreg, 1938), nthawi zina agulugufe, makamaka njenjete (Cutcliffe, 1951).

Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo totulutsa mbalame zidapezeka zisa: magazi a Ornitomyia hirund.in.is, Crataerhina pallida, C. melbae, Hippobosca hirundinis, Stenopteryx hirundinis, utitiri wa Ceratophyllusgallinae, C.fringilla, C. delichisis, C. delichis, C. delichis avium, woimira gulu la parasitic bug (Cimicidae) - Oeciacus hirundinis. Kuphatikiza pa izo, tizilombo tinapezeka kuti timagwiritsa ntchito zinyalala, kuzola zinyalala za chakudya, ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi zisa zothamanga. Izi ndi, choyamba, njenjete: Tinea bisseliella, T. pelionella, Borkhausenia pseudospretella, komanso staphylins, omwe amadya khungu, zobisalira, etc. villiper, P. tectus, Tenebrio molitor, Omphrale senestralis, Dendrophilus punctatus (Hiks, 1959). Mitundu yotsirizayi imadziwika ndi malo okhala m'maenje ndi zisa za mbalame.