Anthu amagwirizanitsa mbalame ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, zimadziwika ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana aumunthu. Zina la mbalame zambiri zimasokoneza mayanjano athu onse.
Polankhula za mbalame ya mbalame, aliyense amalingalira za kukongola kwake ndikukumbukira za kukhulupirika. Pa banja ili pali lomwe lidasankhidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha dziko la Finland - Whooper swan.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a whooper swan
Dongosolo la Anseriformes ndi banja la abakha limayimiridwa ndi osiyanasiyana mbalame, ndi Whooper swan m'modzi mwa oimira osowa. Kunja, iyi ndi kakamba wamba pamachitidwe wamba, komanso ilinso ndi kusiyana.
Kukula kwa whooper swan ndikokulira: unyinji wa mbalame ndi kilogalamu 7.5-14. Kutalika kwake, thupi la mbalameyo limafikira masentimita 140-170. Mapiko ake ndi 275 cm. Mlomo wake ndi utoto wonyezimira ndi nsonga yakuda, kukula kwake kuyambira 9 mpaka 12 cm.
Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. TO Whooper Swan titha kuwonjezera kuti poyerekeza ndi abale ndichachikulire kuposa kachidutswa kakang'ono, koma kocheperako kuposa kachilomboka.
Mtundu wa maula wazungu ndi zoyera; Mbalame zazing'ono zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira, ndipo mutu umakhala wakuda pang'ono kuposa thupi lonse, ndipo mchaka chachitatu chokha cha moyo chimakhala choyera kwambiri.
Mbalame zazikulupo zimakhala ndi khosi lalitali (khosi limakhala lofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi), lomwe amaligwira molunjika, osapindika, komanso miyendo yayifupi, yakuda. Mapiko awo ndi olimba kwambiri komanso olimba, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuti akhalebe olemera.
Kukwapula kwamphamvu kwa mapiko a tchire kumatha kuwononga dzanja la mwana. Pa chithunzi cha whooper swan mutha kuthokoza kukongola kwake komanso chisomo chake mu mbalamezi.
Whooper Swan Habitat
Whooper Swan ndi mbalame yosamukira. Malo ake okhala ndi chisa agwera kumpoto kwa kontrakitala ya Eurasia, kuchokera ku Scotland ndi Scandinavia kufikira kuzilumba za Sakhalin ndi Chukotka. Amapezekanso ku Mongolia, kumpoto kwa Japan.
Kuti kukhale yozizira, mbalame zimasamukira kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kumwera ndi Southeast Asia, (China, Korea), kupita ku Caspian. Nesting ku Scandinavia, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Zoyera ndi Baltic, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimangotsalira nyengo yozizira m'malo osungira. Mbalame zochokera ku Eurasia sizimathanso kuuluka, bola malo osungira omwe amakhala kuti asazizire.
Kudera la Omsk, whoopers amapezeka ku Tauride, Nazyvaevsky, zigawo za Bolsherechensky. Dziwe la dziwe la dziwe limalandiranso swans whoper panthawi yosamuka. Mbalame zimasankha malo okhala malo omwe nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa malo ozungulira zimasinthidwa ndi tundra.
Malo otetezedwa a nyama zakuthengo a Bairovsky State ndiwokwera kwambiri kwa asoper omwe amawuluka kupita chisa. Mbalame zimakhala momasuka komanso zotetezeka pamenepo, zomwe zimakonda kuswana.
Moyo wa Whooper Swan
Swans nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, motero mbalame ndizambiri, amakhala moyo wawo wamadzi. Ma Waterfowl amakhala pamadzipo modabwitsa, atagwira makosi awo molunjika, ndikulimbira mapiko awo mpaka thupi.
Kunja, zikuwoneka ngati mbalame zikuyamba kusambira, osati kuthamangira kulikonse, koma ngati zikufuna kuti akwaniritse, zimapeza kuyenda mwachangu. Mwambiri, swans amasamala kwambiri, amayesa kukhala pamadzi kutali ndi gombe.
Pofuna kutsika, mbalame yolimba yolemetsa imathamanga kwakutali pamadzi, ikukwera ndi kuthamanga. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimangoyenda pansi, pokhapokha ngati pakufunika, chifukwa ndizosavuta kuti thupi la onenepa m'madzi kapena kuthawa.
Panthawi yosamukasamuka amene amasenda amayambira kusangana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu angapo. Choyamba, mbalame zokhazokha, ndipo kenako gulu la anthu mpaka khumi limawulukira kumwamba usana ndi usiku.
Ku Eastern Siberia ndi Primorye, munthu nthawi zambiri amawona mapesi akuuluka. Mbalame zimatenga nthawi yopumira m'madziwe kuti apumule, adye ndikupeza mphamvu. M'dzinja, nthawi yosamukayi igwera pa Seputembara-Okutobala, nthawi yomwe chisanu choyamba chimalowa.
Usiku, moyo ukauma, kulira kwamasamba kumveka bwino kumwamba. Zinali mawu awo - omveka ndi lipenga, iwo amatchedwa opusa. Phokosoli limamveka ngati "gang-go," ndipo kulira kwa chikwangwani kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri pamene mawu awo osangalatsa akumveka motsutsana ndi chilengedwe chodzutsa, ndikung'ung'udza mitsinje ndi nyimbo za mitengo yaying'ono. Munjira yomweyo mawu akusonyeza kusuntha kwawo mu nyengo yakukhwima.
Mverani mawu a theoperoper
Whooper Swan akudyetsa
Popeza ma swan ndi mafoni am'madzi, chakudya chomwe chimapezeka m'madzi ndicho gawo lazakudya zawo. Izi ndi zinthu zam'madzi zingapo zomwe mbalame imatulutsa ikasambira. Swans amathanso kutenga nsomba zazing'ono, crustaceans ndi mollusks m'madzi.
Makamaka omwe amakonda chakudya choterechi ndi mbalame zomwe zimafunikira mapuloteni. Ali pansi, swans amadya zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, chimanga, amatola mbewu, zipatso, tizilombo, ndi mphutsi.
Anapiye omwe amafunikira kukula, makamaka amadya zakudya zama protein, kuzisankhira pansi penipeni, posunga mozama pafupi ndi gombe, ndikulowera m'madzi, monga abakha amachita.
Mbalame zimatulutsa khosi lalitali m'madzi, zimadzaza milomo yawo pamtunda, ndikusankha mizu ndi mbewu zokoma. Amasonkhanitsanso silika ndi mulomo wawo, ndikuusefa ndi ma bristles apadera. Kuchokera ku unyinji wotsalira wa mbalameyo, zakudya zimasankhidwa ndi lilime.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Whooper swan ndi nthumwi ya banja la abakha komanso dongosolo la Anseriformes. Zambiri, mawonekedwewo ali ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya swans:
Mbawala yamtundu wamtunduwu imasiyana ndi abale ake omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mbewa zokhala chete. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika masentimita a 180, ndipo mapiko ndi 280 cm.Malemu achikazi amakhala wachikulu kuyambira 7 mpaka 10 kg. Wamphongo amalemera kwambiri - kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 16 kg.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi khosi lalitali, koma lopanda mawonekedwe, thupi lowonda komanso lamphamvu, lalifupi.
Mu mbalame zazikulu, nthenga zimakhala zoyera ngati chipale, ndipo mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimachita imvi, zoyera-imvi, zofiirira. Kuchepetsa kwa akuluakulu kumachitika pofika zaka zitatu zokha.
Habitat
Whoopers hibernate m'malo otentha: pagombe la Mediterranean, ku China ndi Korea, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan (zigawo za Caspian pagombe). Anthu ena okhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baltic nthawi zina amakhalira nthawi yozizira ndipo amawonjezerapo mapiko ngati nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso yozizira kwambiri.
Malo okhala mbalame ndi ochulukirapo: kuchokera ku Scotland ndi maiko a Scandinavia mpaka Sakhalin. Anthu ambiri akumwera amakhala kudera la Astrakhan ndi Altai Territory, ku Mongolia, m'chigawo chakumpoto cha Japan, Switzerland, ndi Austria. Nthawi zambiri anthu ogwira ntchito amapezeka ku Central Central Russia, Siberia, m'maiko a Kumwera ndi Central Europe.
20.12.2017
Whooper Swan (lat.Cygnus cygnus) ndi wa banja la Utins (Anatidae). Ma Finns amaona mtundu wokongola kwambiri ngati chizindikiro chawo. Mosiyana ndi mbewa yolira, imangokhala ngati ikufuula, koma siimva mawu oyimba patali kwambiri. Mbalame yokhala ndi mbereriyo imakhala ndi mawu ambiri, mothandizidwa nayo imawafotokozera.
Kufalitsa
Mtunduwu umagawidwa mu gawo lalikulu la subpolar zone of Eurasia. Madera ake amachokera ku Iceland kudzera ku Scandinavia kufikira ku Siberia kukafika ku Sakhalin ndi Chukotka. Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kwa mbalamezi ndi tundra ndi masamba odabwitsa. Dera lakumwera kwa Asia likuyenda kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi Japan.
Whoopers amakhala m'madziwe osaya ndi mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, pomwe mbewu zam'madzi zimakula kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo amawuluka nthawi yozizira kupita kumadera otentha. Amakhala nthawi yozizira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Caspian, komanso madera a Asia. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'madzi opanda madzi ozizira nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe nyengo yozizira kwawo kapena zimayenda maulendo ochepa kum'mwera kupita kumalo abwino. Amamva bwino chimodzimodzi m'madzi atsopano kapena amchere kapena osakanizidwa.
Khalidwe
Whooper swan amakhala nthawi yambiri pamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amasambira pang'onopang'ono, akusangalala ndi ukulu wake wonyada, koma munthawi yakuwopseza kuti afe amatha kuthamanga. Imachoka patapita nthawi yayitali pamwamba pamadzi, ndikukhomerera miyendo yake. Imayenda mosadukiza komanso kawirikawiri pamtunda.
Mbalame imakonda ndipo imadziwa kufuula. Pofuula, amadzuka khosi lake ndikukweza mutu wake. Tchati ndi zipambano zimamveka ngati "gi-gi-gi" ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi kuwomba kwamphamvu kwamiko. Tchuthi, asodzi amalankhulana paphokoso komanso chete, ndipo mbalame iliyonse imakhala ndi mawu ake apadera. Mbalame zosokonezekazo zimasinthana mawu amfupi ndi akuthwa kukumbutsa za "uk" kapena "ak". Pothawa, amalankhula ngati lipenga ngati "kyu-kyu-kyu".
Whooper swans imawuluka mokongola mopanda phokoso lamapiko mwachilengedwe mwa ena mwa mabanja awo. Kutengera ndi nthawi ya chaka komanso momwe zinthu zilili, zimagwira masana kapena usiku. Pokhala zolengedwa zowopsa, amayesetsa kuti asadziyike pachiwopsezo chambiri. Maulendo opita kuzipinda zozizira zimachitika mkati mwa Okutobala.
Maziko a chakudya ndi zomera zam'madzi. Nthawi ndi nthawi, azibambo amasambira masamba onyowa, kudya udzu ndi mizu. Sakonda kupita kuminda yaulimi, amakonda amadyera achinyamata okugwirira ntchito kuti akhale mbewu yachisanu. Nthawi zina ma invertebrates, makamaka tizilombo, amalowetsa menyu.
Kuswana
Malo akuluakulu osungira amakhala pamalire a taiga ndi tundra. Amapezeka m'matupi amadzi osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Nthawi yakukhwima imakonda kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Pakadali pano, omwe amagwira ntchito mosinthana amakhala amtchire ndipo amateteza mwamphamvu chuma chawo kuti zisasokonezedwe. Amathyola wophulika m'malire ndi mapiko ndi peck kwambiri.
Yaikazi imamanga chisa chomwe ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 1 mita ndi kutalika kwa 0,5-0.8 mamita pagombe pafupi ndi madzi mkati mwa nthito zazitali. Kutumiza kwa zomangamanga kumachitika ndi amuna awo. Pobzala masamba, mphaka, ma sedage ndi udzu uliwonse wa algae omwe amagulitsa pafupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mkati, chisa chimakhala ndi pansi ndi moss. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo, kukulitsa ndi kulimbikitsa pachaka, mpaka m'mimba mwake wa 2-3 m.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira 5-6 113x74 mm kukula kwake. Mitundu yawo imakhala yosiyanira ndi yoyera mpaka mtundu wamtundu waung'ono. Mazira amaikidwa pakadutsa pafupifupi maola 48. Kumaswa kumayambira pambuyo poyikira dzira lotsiriza. Makulitsidwe amatenga pafupifupi masiku 35-36. Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali pomenyera ana am'tsogolo, kudziteteza ku chisa. Ndi kutaya kwa masonry, chachiwiri chimachitika, koma nthawi zonse mumakhala mazira ochepa.
Popeza ziumezi zaphwa, ma suwa osokonekera akonzeka kusiya chisa ndikutsatira amayi awo. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa ana awo, kuwateteza ku mavuto onse. Chichewa chimaphimbidwa ndi bulauni la bulauni pansi ndi kuwala kwamtambo. Zili ndi milomo yofiira kwambiri ndi nsonga yakuda ngati mbalame zachikulire. Amakhala ndi mapiko ngati pafupifupi masiku 90. Nthawi zambiri amakhala nthawi yawo yozizira ndi makolo awo, ndipo nthawi yopuma yopuma imakhala yodziyimira payokha. Kutha kwawo kumachitika pofika zaka 4.
Nkhani
Bungwe la heoperoper limatchulidwa kawirikawiri ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha kukhulupirika, chikondi ndi chiyero. Koma palinso zina, zosakondweretsa pang'ono, zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere:
- kusiyana kwakukulu pakati paanthu amtunduwu ndi kusowa kwa mawonekedwe pamlomo wa wolumikizana,
- Whoopers ndi mtundu wokhawo wa swans yemwe ali ndi khosi lalitali lolunjika, popanda kuwerama,
- Amuna amakonda kumenya nkhondo zamagazi m'malo awo, kapena mnzawo,
- Akuluakulu ndi olimba ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zozizwitsa, chifukwa chake ndi phiko limodzi lokha lomwe limatha kupha nyama yaying'ono ngakhale kuswa dzanja lamunthu.
- Anthu ambiri a ku Trans-Urals adakweza mbalamezi ndikupanga maonekedwe owoneka ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo anthu ena adakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku ma swans,
- Ku Siberia, anthu amakhulupirira kuti ndikayamba kuzizira, nyengo yozizira imasandulika chisanu, ndipo pofika kumapeto imatembenukira kumafunde.
Nthawi zonse, maansoper amasangalatsa anthu. Nthano zambiri ndi nthano zopeka, ndakatulo, nyimbo ndi zopeka zidalembedwa za iwo. Ndipo mdziko lamakono, swans amapanga munthu chizindikiro cha kukhulupirika ndi chikondi chamuyaya.
Kufotokozera kwamasamba
Pofotokozera magawo akunja a wogwira ntchito, palibe zizindikiro zachilendo zomwe zingasiyanitse ndi kuzindikira kovomerezeka ka mawonekedwe a mbalame za mtundu uwu. Komabe pali mawonekedwe a mtundu waoperuyo.
Choyamba, izi ndi zazikulu:
- kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumatha kufika pa ma kilogalamu 7.5 mpaka 15,
- kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 140 mpaka 175 sentimita,
- Mapikowo amayenera kulumikizana ndi thupi, mapikowo kuyambira 265 mpaka 280 cm,
- Khosi ndi lalitali komanso lolunjika.
- mulomo umafikira masentimita 10-12, wopaka utoto wonyezimira wopindika ndi wakuda,
- Ndizokulirapo kukula kuposa swans "yaying'ono", koma pang'ono pocheperapo mpaka ku bubu.
Ponena za utoto wamtunduwu, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti maula oyera oyera ngati chipale chofewa amakhala ndi zaka 3 zokha, ukamakula. Kufikira m'badwo uno, swans zimakhala ndi maula owoneka bwino amtundu, ndipo utoto wa nthenga pamutu nthawi zonse umakhala wakuda kuposa kumbuyo.
Malo omwe maoperocooper amakhala amakhala akuimiriridwa ndi Scandinavia Peninsula, Scotland ndi Sakhalin. Zitha kuwonedwa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Caspian, Mongolia ndi Japan, ndipo aoperoper amakhala m'mphepete mwa Perm Territory komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja yayikulu ya Chukotka.
Uku ndi mtundu wosunthira wa ma swans, chifukwa chake, nthawi isanayambike, iwo amawuluka kumadera otentha ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, komanso kum'mwera chakum'mwera kwa Asia. Kuuluka kwa Whoopers kumatha kutalika kwambiri.
Ngati ndi kotheka, mbalame zimatsikira pansi pamadzi momwe zimasungirako zazikulu, pomwe zimapuma ndikupeza mphamvu kuti zitheke.
Pakumapeto kwa dzinja, mbalame zimabwereranso kumalo awo akale a mbalamezi, pambuyo pake kuvina kumayamba. Poyamba, anapiye ang'onoang'ono amawuluka m'gulu lomwelo ndi makolo awo, ndipo atatha kutha amalimbana nawo, amapanga banja lawo ndi gulu lawo.
Kuswana
Zaka zokhala ndi moyo wazamasamba otentha zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 9 mpaka 10, ndipo kutha msinkhu, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kumachitika zaka zitatu. Amayamba kukonza masewera aubwenzi kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu.
Amuna amayamba kupereka mokweza mawu ndikukopa chidwi cha akazi ndi kuvina kodabwitsa. Atafika kumalo awo okhala, mbalamezi zimagawika pawiri ndikuyamba kukonza zisa kuti mazira ena adzaikemo ndi kuswedwa ndi anapiye.
Kunena zowona bwino, chisa chimakhala ndi zida zazikazi, ndipo chachimuna chili pafupi. Ngakhale kuti magawo a chisa cha mbewa ndiwopatsa chidwi komanso osiyanasiyana kuyambira mita imodzi mpaka itatu kutalika ndi kukwera masentimita 74-80, samapezeka kwambiri, chifukwa anthu awa ndi amanyazi kwambiri ndipo amawona zoopsa pachilichonse. Chifukwa chake, posaka chisa, amasankha malo obisika kwambiri komanso akutali.
Pakangolira kamodzi, wamkazi amapanga mazira 7 ndikudziguguda. Wamphongo nthawi zonse amamuteteza ndipo pakakhala vuto, amalira mofuula.
Yaikaziyo nthawi yomweyo imayamba kutembenuzira mazira, pambuyo pake imapitilira.
Njira yonse kuyambira pakuyika mazira kuti ana awonekere imatenga masiku makumi atatu ndi atatu ndi makumi atatu. Pali ana omwe ali ndi imvi fluff pathupi. Maanja a Swan ali ndi udindo wopanga ndi kupangira anapiye, omwe amakula ndikukula msanga. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira sabata yoyamba ya moyo, anapiye amadya okha, ndipo pofika miyezi itatu amasiya zisa, koma osapita kutali ndi makolo awo.
Whooper Swan ndi mbalame yosamukasamuka ikuluikulu, motero amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi.Kuchokera kunja zikuwoneka kuti mbalamezo sizichedwa kusweka komanso zopanda nkhawa, koma zikafika ngozi, asodzi amayenda mofulumira m'madzi mpaka atanyamuka, kotero ngakhale ali m'bwatomo samatha kunyamulidwa nthawi zonse.
Pakadali pano, alimi akuluakulu ambiri amabala anthuwa m'makola awo ngati zokongoletsera zokongoletsera. Kuti asunge swans, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale dziwe laling'ono kapena dziwe lochita kupanga mundalo, ngati zingaphwanyidwe pazofunikazi, swans sangathe kukhala ndi moyo kwanthawi yayitali pachiwembu chokha ndipo amangozisiya atangofika.
Kudyetsa
Kutchire, maoperopa amadya zakudya zamtchire, ndipo pafupifupi 18-20% ya zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nyama:
- nyongolotsi
- tizilombo
- mitundu ina yaying'ono ya invertebrate.
Momwemonso kudya pakudyetsa kunyumba kulinso chimodzimodzi. Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku za swans zizikhala ndi mbewu monga:
Zosindikizidwa zomwe zili ndi zinthu zopindulitsa monga niacin, sulfates, chloride, carotene, tocopherol ndi zina zofunikira pakukula bwino ndikukula kwa ma swans.
Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku mbalamezi zizioneka ngati izi:
- m'mawa - mbewu zosweka (230 g pa munthu m'modzi) ndi madzi ambiri, komanso ma foro (500 g pa munthu m'modzi) ndi mbewu monga chimanga (250 g), chakudya chamfupa - 20 magalamu,
- pa nkhomaliro - chakudya chonyowa ndikuyenda tsiku lonse mumsewu pafupi ndi malo osungira ndi mwayi wopeza udzu,
- dzuwa lisanalowe, chilichonse chimalimbikitsidwa ngati chakudya cham'mawa.
Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti ngakhale mbalamezi zimakhala nthawi yayitali padziwe kapena nyanja, zimayenera kudzaza mbale zakumwa nthawi zambiri, pagombe la dziwe komanso m'malo omwe zimasungidwa.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Whooper amasinthana chisa m'nkhalango-tundra ndi zigawo za taiga kudera lonse la Eurasia, kum'mwera kwa mtundu wa Buick swans, kuyambira ku Iceland ndi kumpoto kwa Scandinavia kumadzulo mpaka pagombe la Pacific ku Russia kummawa.
Magulu asanu aansoper afotokozeredwa:
- Chiwerengero cha Iceland
- anthu akumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Europe,
- Nyanja Yakuda, Eastern East,
- anthu akumadzulo ndi Central Siberia, Nyanja ya Caspian,
- Chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Asia.
Komabe, pali zambiri zochepa zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa kusenda kwa ma whoper swans pakati pa Nyanja Yakuda / Eastern East ndi madera a Western ndi Central Siberia / Nyanja ya Caspian, chifukwa chake mbalame izi nthawi zina zimawonedwa ngati mtundu umodzi wokha ku Central Russia.
Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu aku Iceland ku Iceland, ndipo ambiri amasamukira ku Atlantic kwa 800-1400 km nthawi yozizira, makamaka ku Britain ndi Ireland. Pafupifupi mbalame za 1000 mpaka 1500 zimatsalira ku Iceland nthawi yozizira, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumadalira nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya.
Kanema: Whooper Swan
Chiwerengero chakumwera chakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe chikuchulukitsa kumpoto kwa Scandinavia ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, ndikuwonjezereka kwa chiwerengero cha awiriawiri opita kum'mwera (makamaka m'maiko a Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ndi Poland). Swans amasamukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu, makamaka ku Europe, koma zimadziwika kuti anthu ena adafika kumwera chakum'mawa kwa England.
Zidole za Black Sea / East Pacific zisa ku Western Siberia ndipo mwina, kumadzulo kwa Urals, pakhoza kukhala kulumikizana kwina ndi anthu okhala ku Western ndi Central Siberia / Caspian Sea. Kuchuluka kwa Western ndi Central Siberia / Caspian. Amaganizira kuti imabzala ku Central Siberia komanso nthawi yozizira pakati pa Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Nyanja ya Balkhash.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu ku East Asia kuli ponseponse m'miyezi yachilimwe kumpoto kwa China komanso kum'mawa kwa Russia ndiga komanso nthawi yozizira makamaka ku Japan, China ndi Korea. Njira zosamukira sizikumvekabe bwino, koma mapulogalamu oyitanitsa ndi kutsata amayendetsedwa kummawa kwa Russia, China, Mongolia ndi Japan.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan Akuwoneka Ngati
Whooper Swan ndi dona wamkulu yemwe kutalika kwake ndi 1.4 - 1.65 metres. Yaimuna imakhala yayikulupo kuposa yaikazi, pafupifupi 1.65 mita ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 10.8 kg, pomwe wamkazi nthawi zambiri imalemera makilogalamu 8.1. Mapiko ndi 2.1 - 2.8 mita.
Whooper Swan ali ndi maonekedwe oyera oyera oyera, okhala ndi miyendo yakuda. Theka la mulomo ndi lalanje-wachikasu (pamunsi), ndipo nsonga yake ndi yakuda. Zolemba pamilomo ndi zosiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Zolemba zachikasu zimatulutsa mawonekedwe a wedge kuyambira pansi mpaka m'mphuno kapena kupitirira iwo. Ma swoper a Whooper ali ndi mawonekedwe ofukula ofanana poyerekeza ndi mapanga ena, omata pang'ono m'khosi ndi khosi lalitali kutalika kokwanira thupi. Miyendo ndi miyendo nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda, koma imatha kukhala yapinki kapena yokhala ndi mawanga pinki pamiyendo.
Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maula oyera, koma anthu otuwa nawonso siachilendo. Tizilombo tofiyira timene timadontha ndi korona wakuda pang'ono, nape, mapewa ndi mchira. Zowonjezera zazing'ono kumayambiriro koyamba zimakhala zofiirira, zakuda kumutu. Anthuwa amakhala oyera pang'onopang'ono, mosiyanasiyana, nthawi yachisanu, ndipo amatha msambo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Whooper Swans amakhala ndi mawu okwera kwambiri, nthawi yonse yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira, amakhala ndi mafoni ofanana ndi a Buick swans, koma ali ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono, kachifundo. Mphamvu ndi kutalika kwake zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala nawo: kuyambira pakumveka mokweza mawu pamisonkhano yopambana ndi kulira kopambana mpaka kumanzere oseketsa "pakati" mbalame pakati pa mabanja ndi mabanja.
M'nyengo yozizira, mafoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akhazikitse kutchukitsa mutangofika kumene malo ozizira. Mabelu omwe amayenda ndi mutuwo ndikofunikira kuti asunge mgwirizano wa banja ndi banja. Amakhala mokweza kwambiri asananyamuke, nkusandulika mawu okweza pambuyo pothawa. Achinyamata ocheperako amalankhula momveka bwino nthawi zina.
Chaka chilichonse kuyambira mwezi wa Julayi mpaka Ogasiti, maopolopolo amaponyera nthenga zawo kumalo osungira. Mbalame zokhala ndi mapira zimakonda kupindika. Mosiyana ndi ma swick a Buick, momwe nyama za chaka chimodzi zimadziwikiratu ndi nthenga za imvi, kuchuluka kwa omwe nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira sadziwika pa kuchuluka kwa akuluakulu.
Kodi maoperopa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan potuluka
Swans ya Whooper ili ndi mitundu yambiri ndipo imapezeka m'malo a boreal mkati mwa Eurasia komanso kuzilumba zambiri zapafupi. Amasamukira mamailo mazana kapena masauzande kupita kumalo osunga nyengo yachisanu. Izi zimakonda kusamukira kudera lozizira mozungulira Okutobala ndipo zimabwerera kudera lawo la April.
Whooper amasenda amabala ku Iceland, Northern Europe ndi Asia. Amasamukira kum'mwera mpaka nthawi yachisanu kupita kumadzulo komanso pakati pa Europe - mozungulira Nyanja Zachisanu, Aral ndi Caspian, komanso madera a m'mphepete mwa China ndi Japan. Ku UK, amabereka kumpoto kwa Scotland, makamaka ku Orkney. Amakhala nyengo yachisanu kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa England, komanso ku Ireland.
Mbalame zochokera ku Siberia nthawi yozizira ndizochepa kwambiri ku zilumba za Aleutian, Alaska. Osamukira kumayiko ena amapita kwina kumadzulo kwa Alaska, ndipo amakhala osowa kwambiri nthawi yozizira kupitirira kumwera kwa Pacific kupita ku California. Masango aokha komanso ang'onoang'ono, omwe sawoneka kumpoto chakum'mawa, amatha kuthawa kuchoka ku ukapolo kapena kuchoka ku Iceland.
Whooper swan amakokana ndikumanga zisa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamadzi abwino, nyanja, mitsinje yopanda madzi. Amakonda malo okhala ndi zomera zam'mera, zomwe zimatha kuteteza zisa zawo ndi kusambira kwatsopano.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe ma whoper swan amapezeka kuchokera ku Red Book. Tiwone chomwe mbalame yokongola imadya?
Kodi chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan wochokera ku Red Book
Swans ya Whooper amadya kwambiri pamadzi am'madzi, koma amadyanso chimanga, udzu, ndi zinthu zaulimi monga tirigu, mbatata, ndi kaloti - makamaka nthawi yozizira pomwe zakudya zina sizikupezeka.
Maphukusi ocheperako komanso achichepere okha omwe amadya tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi crustaceans, popeza amafunikira kwambiri mapuloteni kuposa akuluakulu. Akakalamba, zakudya zawo amasintha kukhala chomera chomwe chimaphatikizapo zomera zam'madzi ndi mizu yake.
M'madzi osaya, maansoper amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mapazi awo olimba kuti akumbe matope osefukira, ndipo ngati timakontena, timagundana, ndikugoneka mitu ndi khosi pansi pamadzi kuti tiwonetse mizu, mphukira ndi ma tubers.
Whooper swans amadya ma invertebrates komanso masamba am'madzi. Makosi awo aatali amawapatsa m'mphepete pa abakha aafupi, chifukwa amatha kudya m'madzi akuya kuposa atsekwe kapena abakha. Tizilomboti timatha kudyetsa m'madzi mpaka mamita 1.2 kuya mwakuzula mbewu ndi kudulira masamba ndi zitsamba zamera zomwe zimamera pansi pamadzi. Achi Swans amapezanso chakudya potola zomera kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi kapena m'mphepete mwa madzi. Pamtunda, amadya njere ndi udzu. Kuyambira pakati pa 1900s, chikhalidwe chawo nthawi yozizira yasintha ndipo tsopano akuphatikiza chakudya chamagulu ambiri.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan
Nyengo ya nesting imaperekedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zomwe zimapezeka mosavuta. Nesting nthawi zambiri imachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Zimakhala m'malo okhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, madzi osaya komanso osasamba. Nthawi zambiri amangokhala chisa chimodzi padziwe limodzi. Madera okhala ndi zisa zoterewa amachokera pa 24,000 km² kupita ku 607,000 km² ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi komwe akazi amakokerako.
Yaikazi imasankha chisa, ndipo yamphongo imateteza. Ma Swan awiriwa akuyenera kubwerera ku chisa chomwechi ngati m'mbuyomu akadatha kulera ana kumeneko. Maanja atenga chisa chatsopano kapena kukonza chisa chomwe adagwiritsa ntchito zaka zam'mbuyomu.
Masamba okongoletsa nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo okwera ozunguliridwa ndi madzi, mwachitsanzo:
- Pamwamba pa nyumba zakale zokongoletsa, madamu kapena oyenda,
- Zomera zomwe zimamera, zomwe zimasambira kapena kukhazikika pansi pamadzi,
- kuzilumba zazing'ono.
Kupanga chisa kumayambira pakati pa Epulo, ndipo kutha kwake kumatha kutenga milungu iwiri. Wamphongo amatenga masamba am'madzi, zitsamba ndi kuphimba ndikuwapatsira wamkazi. Choyamba, amayika chomera kumtunda, kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito thupi lake kupanga chisokonezo ndikuyika mazira.
Chisa chimenecho ndi mbale yotseguka. Mkati mwa chisa muli yokutidwa ndi nthenga, ndi nthenga komanso chomera chofewa chomwe chimapezeka mdera lake. Tizilombo tambiri titha kutalika pafupifupi mita 1 mpaka 3.5 ndipo nthawi zambiri timazunguliridwa ndi mtunda wa mita 6 mpaka 9. Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imadzazidwa ndi madzi kuti izitha kukhala zovuta kuti zolengedwa zomwe zimadya zisamafike pachisa.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan Chick
Ma swoper a Whooper amaswana m'madziwe abwino, m'madziwe, m'madzi ndi m'mitsinje yopanda. Ambiri amasamba amapeza anzawo omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana 2 - nthawi zambiri nthawi yachisanu. Ngakhale kuti ena mwa iwo amatha kubereka nthawi yoyamba ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ambiri samayamba mpaka ali ndi zaka 3 mpaka 7.
Titafika kudera lakuswana, banjali limalowa mchitidwe wakukhwima, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwedeza mutu wake ndikumenya ndi mapiko akunjenjemera.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ophatikizira awiriawiri nthawi zambiri amakhala amoyo wonse, ndipo amakhala limodzi chaka chonse, kuphatikiza kusamukira limodzi kumalo osamukasamuka. Komabe, zadziwika kuti ena mwa iwo amasintha anzawo m'miyoyo yawo yonse, makamaka atakhala pachibwenzi, ndipo ena omwe amuna awo amwalira samakwatiranso.
Mwamuna akamalumikizana ndi mtsikana wina, amapita kwa iye m'gawo lake. Ngati alumikizana ndi mkazi wachikulire, apita kwa iye. Mkazi akamataya mnzake, nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza msanga, ndikusankha wamwamuna wachichepere.
Maubwenzi omwe amalumikizana amakhala nthawi yayitali chaka chonse, komabe, nthawi yopanda kubereka, amakhala ochezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akuswana ndi ma swan ambiri. Komabe, nthawi yakubzala, mabanja aziteteza madera awo mwankhalwe.
Kuyika mazira nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka June, nthawi zina ngakhale chisa chisanamalize. Wamkazi amayikira dzira limodzi tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri mu clutch 5-6 mazira oyera otsekemera. Komabe, nthawi zina adapezeka kuti ali ndi zaka 12. Ngati uku ndi koyamba kugona wamkazi, mwina pakhale mazira ochepa, ndipo mazira ambiri amakhala osabereka. Dzira ili ndi mulifupi pafupifupi 73 mm ndi kutalika kwa 113,5 mm, limalemera pafupifupi 320 g.
Nthawi yotsikirako ikamalizidwa, njere imayamba kumeza mazira, yomwe imatenga masiku 31. Munthawi imeneyi, yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndi malo odyera ndipo imateteza yaikazi kwa nyama zomwe zimadyedwa. Nthawi zina, yamphongo imatha kuthandiza mazira.
Chochititsa chidwiNthawi yakulowerera, wamkazi amasiya chisa kwa nthawi yochepa kuti adye masamba pafupi, kusambira kapena kudyera. Komabe, asanachoke pachisa, amaphira mazira ndi nesting zinthu zowabisalira. Wamphongo amakhalanso pafupi kuti ateteze chisa.
Adani Achilengedwe a Whooper Swan
Zochita zaanthu zimawopseza whooper swans.
Zina mwazinthu monga:
- kusaka,
- chiwonongeko cha chisa
- kuba,
- kutayika kwa malo okhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsa madambo okhala mkati ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka ku Asia.
Zowopsa zakusowa kwa ophunzirawo zimaphatikizapo:
- kukulitsa ulimi,
- kudyetsa msipu (mwachitsanzo nkhosa),
- kukhetsa kwa madambo kuthirira,
- kudula masamba odyetsera ziweto nthawi yachisanu,
- kukonza msewu ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kuchokera pakuwonetsetsa kwa mafuta,
- ntchito ndi mayendedwe,
- nkhawa zochokera ku zokopa alendo.
Kusaka kosaloledwa kosaloledwa kumachitikabe, ndipo kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi ndi chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha kufa kwa whoper kusenda nyengo yachisanu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe. Poizoni wotsogola wophatikizidwa ndi kumeza kuwombera kwawotchera nthawi yausodzi amakhalabe vuto, ndi gawo lalikulu la omwe awunika omwe ali ndi mtovu wokwezeka m'magazi. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti idadwala chimfine, chomwe chimavulaza mbalame.
Chifukwa chake, zomwe zikuwopseza masiku ano pamavuto osiyanasiyana, zomwe zikuwononga malo komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kuphatikiza malo ochulukirapo, kukonza malo ndikutaya kwa mafuta.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan Akuwoneka Ngati
Chiwerengero chikuti chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chaansoper ndi mbalame 180,000, pomwe anthu aku Russia akuyerekeza pafupifupi 10,000-100,000 awiriawiri ndipo pafupifupi 1,000,000,000 nyengo yachisanu. Chiwerengero cha Europe chikuyembekezeka pa 25 300-32 800 pawiri, chomwe chimafanana ndi anthu 50 600-65 500 okhwima. Mwambiri, swans whooper pano amasankhidwa mu Red Book ngati omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kumawoneka kuti ndikokhazikika pakadali pano, koma kutalika kwake kumapangitsa zovuta kukhala zovuta.
Whooper Swan awonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu ku North Europe m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.Kuswana koyamba kunanenedwa mu 1999, ndipo mu 2003, kuswana kunanenedwa mu chiwembu chachiwiri. Kuyambira 2006, kuchuluka kwa malo oswana kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo zikuti mitundu yonseyi imaberekana m'malo 20. Komabe, malo osachepera asanu ndi awiri adasiyidwa patatha chaka chimodzi kapena zingapo kuswana, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakanthawi kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu patatha zaka zochepa.
Kukula kopitilira kuchuluka kwa whooper swan kungayambitse mpikisano wowonjezereka ndi ma swans ena, koma pali malo ena ambiri oswana popanda swans. Swans ya Whooper imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuwongolera magulu am'mera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zomwe zidasowa pomwe amadya macrophyte, fennel awo omwe amawakonda, omwe amathandizira kukula kwamadziwe akuzama.
Whooper Swan
Chithunzi: Whooper Swan wochokera ku Red Book
Kuteteza mwalamulo kwa ma whoper swans kuchokera pakusaka kunayambitsidwa ndi maiko omwe angathe (mwachitsanzo, mu 1885 ku Iceland, mu 1925 ku Japan, mu 1927 ku Sweden, mu 1954 ku UK, mu 1964 ku Russia).
Kuchuluka kwa momwe lamuloli limakhazikidwira limasinthasintha, makamaka kumadera akutali. Mtunduwu umatetezedwa malinga ndi misonkhano yapadziko lonse, monga European Community bird Directive (mitundu ya Zowonjezera 1) ndi Berne Convention (mitundu ya Zakumapeto II). Kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Iceland, Nyanja Yakuda ndi West Asia akuphatikizidwanso gulu A (2) Pangano la Conservation of African and Eurasian Waterfowl (AEWA), lopangidwa molingana ndi Convention on Migratory Species.
Zochita zomwe zilipo kuti ateteze whooper swans ndi izi:
- malo ambiri amtunduwu amatchulidwa ngati malo achisangalalo apadera asayansi ndi malo achitetezo apadera,
- Rural Management Scheme ya Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ndi Magawo Omwe Amakhala Ndi Zosamalira Malo Amaphatikizanso njira zoteteza ndi kukonza malo okhala maansoper swans,
- kuwunikira kwamawebusayiti ofunikira malinga ndi chiwembu cha Wetland mbalame
- kalembera wa anthu.
Whooper Swan - chikwama chachikulu choyera, chomwe milomo yake yakuda imakhala ndi khungu. Ndi nyama zodabwitsa, zimakwatirana kamodzi moyo, ndipo anapiye awo amakhala nawo nthawi yonse yozizira. Whooper amasenda ku North Europe ndi Asia ndikusamukira ku UK, Ireland, Southern Europe ndi Asia nyengo yachisanu.
Mawonekedwe
Whooper swan wafalikira kuchokera kumpoto kwa Europe (Sweden, Scotland-Norway) kupita ku Central (Russia, Mongolia) ndi East Asia (Japan). Mtunduwu ndi wa mbalame zosamukira - pakati pa Seputembala, mbalame zimawulukira kumpoto kwa Mediterranean ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, kupita ku India, China. Mbalame zimabwerera kudziko lakwawo theka lachigawo chakumapeto, ngati usiku kutentha sikuthanso pansi pa ziro.
Gulu la Whooper Migratory Swans
Mbalame zimapanga ndege usiku ndi nthawi yamasana, ndikupita kukapuma kuti zizipuma. Yendetsani kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu khumi ndi asanu pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe apadera a nthengazo, zimatha kukwera kumwamba mpaka makilomita 8.
Zizolowezi za nyama
Dzinalo Klikun limakhala ndi mawu okweza, ngati lipenga, lomwe limawuluka. Zili ngati kuti akukhazika anthu oyandikana nawo paukwati kuti asasoweke. Mbalame yayikulu ikanyamuka, ndikofunikira kutulutsa kuchokera kumadzi kangapo ndi miyendo yake - kuthamanga, kwinaku ndikuwulutsa mapiko ake.
Swans amadziwika kuti ndi wodekha, nthawi zina ngakhale nyama zosachedwa. Koma, ngati mwadzidzidzi mukufuna kugwira mbalame, simungathe kutero ngakhale pa bwato. Koma pamtunda, mapiko sangafike pa liwiro lotere, chifukwa chake simupita kumeneko kawirikawiri komanso mosazengereza.
Whooper amakonda kukhala m'magulu awiriawiri ndikunyamula m'matumba okha nthawi yayitali yothawa. Mbalame imapanga imodzi kwa moyo wake wonse. Komabe, atamwalira wakale yemwe amagwiranso ntchito, akhoza kupeza mnzake wokhala naye yemwe adzakhala naye paubwenzi wa nthawi yayitali komanso wolimba.
Osawadziwa omwe ali ndi alendo ndi odana - amasokoneza malo okhala malo awo, kumenyana, kuthamangitsa. Chifukwa chake, Klikun amasemphana ndi mbalame ina - ndibwino kuchepetsa misonkhano yawo.
Cholinga choyambirira cha bata mdziko muno ndi chokongoletsera. Kusunga mbalamezi ndi zamakono komanso zokongola. Nthawi zina zimalimidwa kuti zizigulitsa:
- kupanga zovala zofunda,
- nthenga ndi zikopa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zovala,
- kunenepa kuphedwa.
Komabe, kuswana swans pazachuma sikogwira ntchito monga kukulitsa abakha kapena atsekwe omwewo. Bola kungosilira mbalame zokongola.
Popeza ma whoper ndi a mafoni amadzi, kupezeka kwa chosungirako kumawoneka ngati kofunikira pakusaka kubereka. Ndibwino ngati muli ndi dziwe, nyanja kapena mtsinje wapafupi ndi mitsinje ya mabango ang'onoang'ono ndi madzi odekha.
Kuperewera kwa malo osungira madzi kungalipiridwe ndi kupangidwa kwa dziwe lochita kupanga patsambalo.
Kulengedwa kwa chosungira chongopanga
Gawo 1. Sankhani malo owoneka bwino pamalopo, opanda mitengo ndi mthunzi kwa maola osachepera 5 patsiku.
Mwachitsanzo pamalo opangira malo osungiramo zinthu zakale
Gawo 2 Sankhani mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa chosungira. Sankhani magawo momwe mungakonde, koma kumbukirani kuti pazikhala malo okwanira osambira mbalame yayikulu.
Ndikokulirapo dziwe lomwe lakhazikitsidwa, ndibwino kuti apikisane
Gawo 3 Poyamba kukumbani malire amadziwe momwe mungasankhire.
Ndikofunikira kukumba moat - malire a malo osungira
Gawo 4 Yambani kukumba dzenje la kuya kwakufunika.
Kupukula dzenje lakutsogolo
Gawo 5. Phimbani pansi ndi filimu yapadera yopanda madzi.
Malo okonzekera dziwe
Gawo 6 Kongoletsani pansi ndi m'mphepete mwa dziwe kuti mulawe.
Zitsanzo Zopanga Zazimbudzi
Gawo 7 Chotsani ndi chophimba film.
Gawo 8 Pamadzi kapena pagombe ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa milatho, zipata zazing'ono kapena nyumba - nthawi zina mbalame zimatuluka m'madzi ndikubisala kutentha, mwachitsanzo.
Chitsanzo pokonzekera malo oyenda osambira
Dziwe ndi amodzi mwa malo abwino osambira masana, mwayi woyenda ndikusambira. Kuzungulira dziwe mungathe kukhazikitsa khola lalikulu kuti muthe kuyenda komanso kuwuluka pamtunda wautali. Mphepete mwa mtunda, ikani mapaketi ndi mawaya opumira kuchokera kumabango, kutsata gombe.
Kudulira
Whoopers ndi nyama zokonda ufulu wamtchire, motero nthawi zina amafunika kumasulidwa kuti aziuluka kuthengo. Ndizotheka kuti anthu ena achokereni malo anu osungira kwina. Koma nthawi zambiri, mbalame zoyambirira zakulira muukapolo, kuzolowera chisamaliro cha anthu, zimabwereranso. Ngati muli ndi nkhawa ndi izi, kudula phalax yoyamba ya mapiko kwa nyama masiku angapo pambuyo pobadwa. Ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi tizilombo ta moto otentha, ndipo odulidwa amathandizidwa ndi ayodini.
Njira yoyendetsera ntchito yochepetsa mapiko a mbalame
Palibe chovuta pazinthu zamalimwe za nthawi zonse za mbalame - mbalame zimakonda kusankha nthawi yoyenda, kusambira ndi kugona padziwe lanu, nthawi zina kumayenda mozungulira mozungulira ndikupumula m'nyumba.
Ngakhale kuti kuthengo, mbalame zimawulukira kumwera, zina mwa izo zimakhalabe nthawi yachisanu. Izi zikuwonetsa kukana kwawo chisanu - Whoopers amatha kulolera kutentha mpaka madigiri 30 pansi pa ziro. Zitsanzo za munthu payekha zimatsalira pamadzi, ngakhale kuzizira.
Komabe, kwa nyengo yozizira komanso kupewa kutentha kwa chisanu, muyenera kumanga nyumba yokhala ndi magawo oyenerana:
- kusunga kutentha kumatentha sikofunikira, koma kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo kuposa pamsewu komanso mosalekeza,
- chipindacho chizikhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti muchepetse kuipitsidwa ndi chinyezi. Nthawi yomweyo zojambula zomwe zimatsogolera kuzizira siziyenera kuloledwa.
- kupezeka kwa windows - kutalika kwa masentimita 50-100,
- pangani pansi matabwa ndikuwaphimba ndi udzu (zinyalala - mpaka masentimita 10), omwe amayenera kusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi ikadzidetsa.
Chipindacho chikuyenera kukhala chachikulu kuti ochita ziwonetsero azikhala omasuka. Osachepera mita imodzi mwa munthu. Muthanso kugawa malowa m'zigawo, chilichonse chomwe nyama imodzi yachikulire kapena chachikulire chizikhala. M'malo omwewo, mbalame zimatha kuyendetsedwa usiku komanso nthawi yotentha.
Kudyetsa mitengo
Kuthengo, maziko azakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku a chakudya ndi chakudya chochokera kuzomera, pafupifupi 20% amagawidwa pazinthu zanyama (zazing'ono zolengedwa, mphutsi, tizilombo). Mfundo yomweyo iyenera kutsatiridwa m'nyumba, kuwonjezera 10% ya chimanga patsiku.
Pazakudya za tsiku lililonse za munthu wamkulu, zinthu zopindulitsa ziyenera kukhalapo.
Dzinalo | Kulemera kwamamilimita |
---|---|
Potaziyamu iodide | 8 |
Cobalt chloride | 10 |
Zink chloride | 30 |
Manganese Sulfate | 100 |
Copper sulphate | 10 |
Iron sulfate | 100 |
Carotene (mayunitsi) | 10000 |
Thiamine | 2 |
Riboflavin | 4 |
Niacin | 20 |
Pyridoxine | 4 |
Nicotinic acid | 20 |
Cyanocobalamin (ma micrograms) | 12 |
Folic acid | 1,5 |
Vitamini C | 50 |
Cholecalciferol (magulu) | 1500 |
Tocopherol | 10 |
Pafupifupi zinthu zonsezi zimapezeka mumapira, tirigu, nandolo, ndi mbatata. Kaloti ali ndi carotene, ndipo anyezi ali ndi sodium yambiri. Zosankha zabwino za tsikuli zikuwoneka motere:
- m'mawa kwambiri - ma foro, chimanga, mbewu zamizere, zosefukira ndi madzi ambiri,
- chakudya chamasana (komanso tsiku lonse) - kuyenda m'malo owoneka bwino komanso dziwe lodyera udzu momasuka, chakudya chonyowa,
- dzuwa lisanalowe - kubwereza kadzutsa.
Kutengera tebulo ili komanso kutengera chitsanzo, mutha kupanga zakudya zamagulu azisamba nokha.
Bukulo limafotokoza za zakudya zopangira swans nthawi yozizira ndi chilimwe, pamtunda ndi m'madzi, komanso zimapereka chinsinsi cha chakudya chodyeramo.
Nthawi yachilimwe
Mapiko osangalatsa amakudya udzu wosenda bwino, malingaliro abwino pakuphatikiza kwadongosolo. Ndikwabwino kuphika chakudya chonse - osangopulumutsa, komanso onetsetsani zachilengedwe (zomwe zalembedwa patebulopo).
Dzinalo | Kuchuluka kwa magalamu |
---|---|
Nandolo yophika | 70 |
Mafuta owonda | 80 |
Mbale | 30 |
Wheat chinangwa | 25 |
Mapira | 100 |
Wowiritsa mapira | 25 |
Woyendetsedwa balere | 40 |
Mkate Woyera | 150 |
Mkate wakuda | 70 |
Beet | 20 |
Karoti | 150 |
Mbatata yophika | 70 |
Anyezi | 10 |
Kabichi | 50 |
Nyama yosankhidwa | 30 |
Nsomba zokometsetsa | 70 |
Zinthu zazikulu zimafunikira kudulidwa kapena kudulidwa. Phatikizani zosakaniza zonse m'mbale imodzi yayikulu. Dzazani ndi madzi kuti osakaniza apezeke phala kapena zonona.
Zakudya zokhazokha za mbalame tsiku lililonse m'chilimwe zitha kufotokozedwa motere:
- mikate yaying'ono, chimanga - 250 gm,
Chiyambi cha dzina
Amawatchula kuti sung aoperator chifukwa cha kuwoneka kwapadera komanso kwamphamvu kwambiri, kuwomba kwa lipenga. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimapereka mawu kumapeto kwa chilimwe, nthawi yakukhwima, nthawi ya ndege, komanso pangozi. Phokoso limasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwawo, kutalika ndi mawonekedwe. Kuti athe kulankhulana ndi ana, mbalame zimakonda kudina mwakachetechete, ngati zimapsa mtima zimamveka mkokomo wa njoka, ndipo m'malo mwake zimapanga “kulumikizana” kambiri, nthawi zina kumamveka kwa makilomita ambiri.
Alonda a Swan
Whoopers ndi amtundu wotetezedwa mwapadera ndipo amalembedwa mu International Red Book m'maiko ambiri. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi chikucheperachepera chifukwa cha chitukuko cha anthu madera omwe nsomba zophika, komanso chifukwa choipitsa madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Komabe, komabe, m'malo ena a dziko lathu, sizotheka kungobwezeretsa kwathunthu, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame yokongola iyi.
Chifukwa chake mu 2007, wogwira ntchito sanasungidwe ku Red Book of Karelia - ntchito yosungira mitunduyi inali yopambana. Koma kusaka ma whopers kuli oletsedwa kwambiri masiku ano. Makamaka anthu ambiri pagawo la Karelian Republic amadziwika pagombe la White Sea ndi Lake Onega. M'madera ena, zinthu zimakhala zachisoni kwambiri. Mu Perm Territory, pali malo ochepa pomwe maopu amakhala. Ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, awiriwiri a mbalame ndi omwe abwerera kumalo odyera. Pafupifupi anthu 300 pachaka amabzala pachilumba cha Altai, ngakhale m'mbuyomu kuchuluka kwa omwe abwerera kumalo awo okhalamo kudaposa zikwi zingapo.
Kusiyana kwa mitundu ina
Nthawi zambiri ma whopers amasokonezedwa ndi abale apamtima - swans ang'ono ndi mbewa. Kufotokozera kwa mbalamezi ndizofanana kwambiri, koma pali zosiyana zambiri. Mimba yolumikizana imasiyana ndi mbewa yolumikizira chifukwa chosakhalapo chingwe chooneka bwino m'munsi mwa mulomo, komanso khosi lolunjika. Mutha kusiyanitsanso kuchokera ku chikwanje cholumikizidwa ndi mchira wamfupi, wokhala ndi mapiko owongoka, olimbikira thupi. Makulu okulirapo amasiyanitsa ndi mtundu wa whoper. Mtundu wa mulomo mu osemphanitsa nthawi zambiri ndi wachikaso, osati wakuda.
Chizindikiro cha dziko
Ngati anthu ambiri akudziwa za kukhulupirika kwa anzawo, ndiye kuti si aliyense amene angayankhe funso: Kodi ndi dziko liti lomwe likuimira? Mbalameyi ili ndi udindo wolemekezeka kudera lathu loyandikana nalo - Finland. Ndipamene opanga sikuti amangokhala chizindikiro chadziko - mdziko muno muli chipembedzo chodziwika bwino cha mbalame yoyera chipale chofewa. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalame kukuchulukirachulukira, kusaka kwawo kumakhala koletsedwa kwambiri. Liwu Jousten (lotanthauziridwa - swan) mdziko muno limatchedwa makampani ambiri, ndipo chikwangwani chosonyeza mbalameyi ndi chizindikiro cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe za ku Finland zokha. Ngakhale ndalama ya euro imodzi ku Finland imawonetsa maopu awiri. M'madera ambiri mdzikolo, tchuthi chimakondweretsedwa masika aliwonse - kubwerera kwa mbalame ku zisa zawo.
Chithunzi cha swan mu nthano ndi nthano
Ku Russia, whooper ndi ubale wapadera. Chifukwa chake a Yakuts, swans ndi a nyama totem, ndipo anthu a Ainu ali ndi chikhulupiliro kuti anthu adachokera ku maulendo angapo. Chithunzi cha wakhungu loyera chipale chofewa chitha kupezeka mu nkhani zambiri. Mwa zina, mbalamezi zimagwira ntchito zoyipa, mwa zina zimayimira mphamvu zabwino. M'mawonekedwe achikwati, chithunzi cha chikwanachi chimakhudzana nthawi zonse ndi chikondi komanso kukhulupirika. Ndiye chifukwa cha maukwati ndi okhawo amene angokwatirana kumene omwe amaloledwa kudya sansenti yokazinga.
Mbalame zoyera zoyera ndi Agiriki akale sananyalanyazidwe. Milky Way ku Greece yakale inkatchedwa Road Swan. Panthawi ya mayendedwe a kasupe, njira yowuluka maulendo a gulu la nkulo imagwirizana kwathunthu ndi malo omwe ali pafupi ndi Milky Way. A Greek adaperekanso dzina loti Swan ku umodzi wa magulu a Nyenyezi Yaku kumpoto. Nyenyezi zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe a nyenyezi.