Ziphuphu - nsomba zodabwitsazi poyamba zimafanana ndi njoka, chifukwa chake m'dziko lathu m'malo ambiri simumadziwika kuti ndi nsomba komanso samadyedwa. Ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yathu ziphuphu Amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndikafika ku 500 g. Kuchuluka kwa ma eels kumeneku kumafika pafupifupi zaka 6-8.
Nyama ya Eel imakhala ndi mafuta apamwamba pafupifupi 30%, mapuloteni pafupifupi 15%, mavitamini ambiri ndi michere. Zakudya zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimakonzedwa. Kusuta fodya kumawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chabwino.
Kufotokozera
Thupi la bondo limakhala lalitali, lokhala ndi njoka, kutsogolo kumazungulira mozungulira kapena mozungulira, kenako ndikumakanikizidwa kuyambira kumiyendo kupita kumchira. Eel imakutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wakhungu, womwe umapangitsa kuti ikhale yoterera kwambiri. Zipsepse za dorsal, caudal, ndi anal zimapanga malire mwamalire amalire, omwe amakhala oposa theka kutalika kwa nsomba.
Malingaliro a zipsepse zotetezedwa ndi khungu. Zipsepse zamtundu wa patisita ndi zazikuru, koma zazifupi, zipsepse zam'mimba sizipezeka. Masikelo ndi ochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi obisika pakhungu, kufalikira mpaka kumutu ndi zipsepse. Mutuwu ndiung'ono, wowoneka bwino, wopendekera pang'ono. Pang'onopang'ono zimadutsa mumtengo, kuyambira kumapeto kwake kumatha kusiyanitsidwa kokha ndi gill slits. Maso ali pamwamba pamakona amkamwa, ochepa. Nsagwada ya m'munsi imazungulira mtsogolo. Milomo ndi yanyama. Mano aang'ono ambiri ali pa nsagwada ndi mafupa ena amkamwa.
Mtundu wa ma eel umasiyanasiyana ndi zaka komanso kutengera mtundu wa nkhokwe yomwe akukhalamo, komanso mawonekedwe a munthu aliyense payekha. Ziphuphu zakumaso zimatha kubiriwira kapena zakuda bii, nthawi zina zakuda kumbuyo. Mmbali ndi utoto wachikaso mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mimba imakhala yachikasu kapena yoyera. M'maso akuda akulu, kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira kapena kwakuda, mbali zake ndi zofiirira, m'mimba mumakhala oyera. Thupi la ma eel awa limakhala ngati chitsulo chowonekera, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina amatchedwa silvery.
Kugawa ndi malo
A Eel amakhala m'malo osungirako nyanja ya Baltic Nyanja yaying'ono kwambiri - m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Azov, Black, White, Barents. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri osungirako ku Europe ku Russia.
Ku CIS, eel wamba amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo osungirako nyama mu Baltic Sea bas. Kupyola m'mayendedwe, imalowa m'madziwe ena. Mphutsi zake zazikulu zimakhala m'madziwe ndi m'madziwe. Ku Ukraine, eel imapezeka kumapeto a Danube ndi Southern Bug, mu Dnieper basin, koma nthawi zambiri mumadziwe a Pripyat ndi Western Bug bas.
Ma eel amagetsi amakhala ndi malo ochepa. Imapezeka ku South America kokha. Ma eel amagetsi amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dziko lino. Imakhazikika kum'mwera kwa Amazon.
Nyanja yamchere imakhala yodziwika bwino ku Nyanja ya Atlantic, kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Africa ndikufika kumapeto kwa Bay of Biscay, yomwe ili ku Mediterranean. Sipezeka kawirikawiri m'malo ena am'nyanja. Nthawi zina nsomba imasambira ku North Sea kupita kumwera kwa Norway. MuNyanja Yakuda, ndizosowa. Nyanja zam'madzi zimatha kukhala panyanja yayitali komanso kuchokera kumtunda, mozama kupitirira 500 nsomba sizichoka.
Kukula kwa Eel ndi kufalikira
M'malo osungira ku Russia, komwe kukula kwa eel kwaphunziridwa, kukula kwa thupi lake kumawonjezeka kwambiri pazaka zoyambirira 8-9 za moyo, pambuyo pake kukula kumachepa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mu zaka 9 zoyambirira, nsomba zimafika pafupifupi masentimita 83, ndikupereka kukula kwapafupifupi pafupifupi 9 cm, ndiye kuti pazaka 14 zotsatira adangowonjezera masentimita 14 zokha, i.e., kukula kwawo kwapachaka kumafikira 1 cm. kuchuluka kumawonjezeka kuchokera mchaka chachiwiri, kenako kunyanja zina, ndikupitilira kuchuluka mpaka zaka 13, kenako kumachepera. Ziphuphu za msinkhu womwewo zimakula ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana osati m'matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi, komanso thupi lamadzi lomwelo. M'mphepete mwa Volyn ndi Rivne, akuda amakula pafupifupi 80-100 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala 2,5 kg. M'malo osungira ma Belarus ma eel amapezeka kutalika kwa 115cm komanso kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwawo sikapitilira 50 cm, ndipo kulemera - 250 g.
Ziphuphu zikafika kutha msamba mchaka cha chisanu ndi chiwiri cha moyo, amafunafuna kusiya madzi abwino ndikupita kunyanja. Malo omwe amawombana ndi Eel amapezeka kumwera kwa Atlantic Ocean m'magulu a Sargasso algae, ndikupanga nyanja yotchedwa Sargasso pakati pa nyanja. Apa, pakuya kwa 400-500 mamita mu Epulo - Meyi, amatuluka ndikufa. Kumapeto kwa dzinja - kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira, masamba opaka masamba, mphutsi za eel zowoneka bwino zimasungidwa kuchokera mazira. Akukula, amakwera pang'onopang'ono kumtunda kwamadzi, amagwidwa ndi mafunde owoneka bwino, omwe amanyamula ena mpaka m'mphepete mwa America, ena amanyamula Gulf Stream kupita kumphepete kwa Western Europe. Pakugwa kwa chaka chachitatu chothamangitsa, mphutsi zimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 7.5. Pafupifupi pagombe la Europe, thupi la mphutsi limazunguliridwa, mano osinthika amasinthidwa ndi enieni, zipsepse ndi ma fins zimasunthira kutsogolo. Ziwalo za khungu zimachita khungu, ngakhale kuti nsomba zimawonekerabe. Mphutsi yotereyi imatchedwa kuti gly eel, ndipo panthawiyi, chitukuko chimalowa m'madzi abwino, momwe chimakhala pafupifupi zaka 9 mpaka 15, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena mpaka mpaka zaka 25. Kumpoto kwa kumpoto, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mafunde a Nyanja ya Atlantic, ma ere osakanikirana amatengedwa ndikusungidwa ndi matupi amadzi oyera.
Moyo
Ziphuphu zimayendetsa njoka, pang'onopang'ono. Akakumana ndi zoopsa, amathira pansi mabisiketi kapena kubisala m'malo onse okhala. M'malo okhala chinyezi, akuda amatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Amatha kuyenda pa udzu, makamaka ngati mame kapena mvula ikagwa, ndipo ngakhale pamiyala yonyowa kapena miyala yoyala, koma pamtunda amayenda mtunda waufupi. Chifukwa chake, zonena kuti eel zimatha kudya usiku m'minda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusaka nandolo ndizowoneka kuti sizolondola ndipo sizowona kuti zapadera.
Malo osungira abwino kwambiri okhala malo okhala ndi ma eel amaphatikizapo malo osungira, maiwe akuluakulu ndi mitsinje yokhala ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Chofunikira kwambiri pakakhala malo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri m'madzi ndi kupezeka kwa zakudya. Madzi ozizira, pansi pamatope, okhala ndi msipu wamadzi osaya, komanso kukhalapo kwa nsomba zambiri zamasamba, mphutsi za udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina - awa ndi malo abwino kuti eel azikhalamo. Zochita zake zimawonekera m'maola, akapita kokasaka. Eel ilibe mawonekedwe okongola, chifukwa chake chochititsa chake chachikulu ndi kununkhira kwakukulu, ndizomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti mumve ngati pali miyanda yamamita kuzungulira ndikuyenda mumdima wamdima. Eel ndi nsomba yotchedwa thermophilic, chifukwa chake, imawonetsa ntchito yofunika munthawi yotentha yokha. Pakati pa Russia, iyi ndi nthawi kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka pakati pa Seputembara. Mu nthawi yophukira, kutentha kwa madzi kumachepa, ntchito yofunikira ya nsombayi imachepa. Kutentha kwamadzi kukafika mpaka madigiri 9-11, mitu yakuda imaleka kudya ndikugwera makanema ojambula (hibernation). Adziyika okha m'manda, amabisala mumiyala, m'miyala, ndi m'malo ena, kuchokera komwe samabwera mpaka kumapeto.
Mtsinje wa eel, pokhala chilombo, chimadyetsa usiku. Akatulutsa nsomba zamtundu wina, amadya mazira awo, ndipo caviar yomwe amawakonda ndi cyprinids. Koma wolusa njoka amadya ndi tinsomba tating'ono (zoikapo nyali, ziboliboli), zatsopano ndi achule. Nthawi zina mphutsi, nkhono, crustaceans ndi mphutsi zimakhala chakudya.
Nsomba za Eel - malo okhala, zizolowezi, moyo wawo, kusaka ndi zithunzi za mitsinje ndi mitundu yam'nyanja ya eel
Tsopano mdziko lapansi kuli nsomba zochuluka kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo ndi osangalatsa, koma ambiri ndi ma eel. Zonsezi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, anthu nthawi zambiri amafotokoza nsomba za eel ngati njoka. Kutalika kwake kumafika mita 1.5 ndikulemera pafupifupi 7 kg.
Mwambiri, ambiri amaopa kuti m'sitolo sogulitsidwa eel, koma chinjoka, chifukwa chake anthu samachigula. Komabe, kodi eel ndi nsomba kapena njoka?
Pali zinthu zina zomwe zimamsiyanitsa ndi njoka wamba - kuti mulibe mamba thupi lake, komanso yokutidwa ndimadzimadzi a mucous. Komanso mchira ndi ndalama yayikulu, yololani kukumba m'nthaka.
Kusodza kwa Eel
Eel imapewa kuwala masana. Madzi amitambo ndi mitambo amathandizira kuti asodzi apeze nsomba. Popeza mwasankha malo oti muzisodza kunyanja, ndibwino kuti musankhe malo oyandikana ndi zomerazo zazomera zam'madzi.
Nyanja imakhala m'malo ozama am'madzi m'malo omwe pansi pamatope kapena yokutidwa ndi masamba. Pobisalira m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo mutha kukhala mizu yamitengo, ming'alu pakati pa miyala, mitengo ikuluikulu yovunda yomwe imadziponya m'madzi, komanso nthambi za masamba osweka. Awa ndi magawo pamtsinje wokhala ndi mabanki akulu, osatalikirana kwambiri ndi njira yayikulu, pomwe mabowo amapangidwa, pakati pamiyala yamiyala, snag mitsinje, nkhalango yodzala, nyumba zilizonse pansi.
Mu kasupe, ma eel amatha kugwidwa m'mitsinje ngakhale mumtsinje waukulu, ngakhale nsomba izi zimapewa madzi oyenda mwachangu, kufunafuna malo osaya omwe amakhala otetezeka.
Kuti mugwire ma eel, muyenera kukonzekera bwino. Zida zophera nsomba ziyenera kukhala zolimba komanso zolimba. Ngakhale eel yaying'ono yaying'ono ndiyamphamvu komanso woyenera kumenya nkhondo. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti panthawi yophera nsomba, amamamatirana ndi thupi lake kumizu yamadzi, nthambi ndi zomera, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzitenga m'madzi. Zikatero, zida zodalirika zimathandiza. Kulemetsa nsomba ndikosatheka.
Pali njira zingapo zoigwira: pamzere wina, pa singano, pa donka, pa "botolo", lomwe likuyandamitsa.
M'chilimwe, ma eels amatha kugwidwa ndi magiya apansi. Vutoli ndi losavuta, ndodo yamphamvu yosodzi yokhala ndi chingwe chodalirika ndi mzere wosodzi wokhala ndi chingwe chambiri kapena te.
Nyambo zofala kwambiri za eel ndizosakayikitsa kuti ndizochepa nsomba - nsomba nyambo, gulu la nyowoka, mafupa a nsomba zakufa 6-7 cm, zidutswa za nyama. Chapakatikati, amakonda kudya nthochi, mphutsi zam'madzi, nyongolotsi kapena mphutsi za ndowe. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nsomba kapena zakufa. Nsomba za Eel sizimanyansidwa ndi masamba azipatso. Zinachitika kuti adayankha tchizi, nyemba, nyemba kapena nandolo zobiriwira.
Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe
Pali mitundu ingapo ya ziphuphu. Koma zofala kwambiri ndiz:
- Eel yamagetsi. Izi nsomba amatchedwanso mphezi eel. Izi ndichifukwa chakutha kwake kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Mutha kuwona mtundu wa eel mu chithunzi choyamba. Kutalika kwambiri komwe nsomba imatha kufika ndi 3 mita, pomwe unyinji umatha kufika mpaka 40 kilogalamu,
- Chithunzi cha Eel, chithunzi chomwe chili pansi pa chithunzi cha eel yamagetsi. Nsomba zimatha kutalika pafupifupi 3 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala pafupifupi kilogalamu 100,
- Mtsinje wa eel. Izi nsomba amatchedwanso European eel. Chithunzi chake ndi chachitatu mzere. Kutalika kwake, kumafikira mita imodzi, ndipo mwa kulemera - 6 kilogalamu. Koma nkhani yogwira munthu wogwidwa yolemera kuposa kilogalamu 12 idalembedwa.
Thupi la eel yamagetsi silikhala ndi mamba, imakhala yotalikilana, yoponderezedwa mbali ndi kumbuyo, ndikuzungulira kutsogolo. Akuluakulu amakhala odera a maolivi ndipo m'munsi mwa mutu ndi lalanje wowala. Nsombayi ili ndi maso obiriwira obiriwira komanso m'mphepete mwa anal fin. Eel yamagetsi ndi yosangalatsa kwa ziwalo zomwe zimapanga magetsi ndipo zimakhala ndi 66% ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Ndi chithandizo chawo, zotulutsa zamagetsi zimapangidwa ndi mphamvu yakufika ku 1 Ampere ndi voliyumu yofikira 1300 V.
Eel ya kunyanja ili ndi thupi lalitali komanso la njoka, lomwe silophimbidwa konse ndi mamba konse. Mutu wake wakhazikika, kumapeto kwa nsomba kuli kamwa yomwe imasiyana ndi milomo yolimba. Mtundu wa thupi ukhoza kukhala wonyezimira kapena wamtambo wakuda, ndipo m'mimba nthawi zambiri umakhala utoto wagolide kapena wopepuka. Ma anal ndi dorsal fin ndi a bulauni, koma ali ndi malire akuda, omwe amawonekera kwambiri pachithunzichi. Nsomba zimakhala ndi pores yoyera pamzere wotsatira.
Eel yaku Europe ili ndi thupi lalitali, lokakamizika pang'ono pambuyo pake. Thupi limakutidwa ndi miyeso yaying'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi. Kumbuyo kwa nsombayo kuli utoto wonyezimira ndi utoto wonyezimira, ndipo m'mimba mumaponya utoto wachikasu. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi ntchofu, pomwe mamba okwera amabisala.
Zakudya
Mtsinje wa eel, pokhala chilombo, chimadyetsa usiku. Akatulutsa nsomba zamtundu wina, amadya mazira awo, ndipo caviar yomwe amawakonda ndi cyprinids. Koma wolusa njoka amadya ndi tinsomba tating'ono (zoikapo nyali, ziboliboli), zatsopano ndi achule. Nthawi zina mphutsi, nkhono, crustaceans ndi mphutsi zimakhala chakudya.
Eel yamagetsi ndi yapadera. Amadya nyama yodabwitsika chifukwa chotulutsa magetsi. Komanso, magetsi samapangidwa nthawi zonse: kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa kumakhala kochepa nthawi zonse. Sizowopsa kwa munthu, koma kugwedezeka kwamagetsi kumamupweteka kwambiri.
Kuswana
Eel amayamba kukhwima mochedwa wachibale ndi nsomba zina: pa zaka 5 mpaka 12. Mosasamala kanthu komwe woimira uyu wa ichthyofauna amakhala, mumtsinje kapena nyanja, kuwonekera kumapezeka mu nyanja yokha. Izi zikufotokozera kuti mitundu ya mitsinje imangokhala m'madzi am'nyanja: ikafika kukhwima, nsomba imatsika ndikutsalira munyanja kuti ipitilize mtunduwo.
Madzi akayamba kutentha + 16 ... + 17 digiri Celsius, nthawi yophukira imayamba. Kubereka kwa akazi ndikokulira m'mayimidwe am'madzi a ziphuphu (pafupifupi mazira 7-8), mitundu ya mitsinje imatha kubereka mazira 500,000. Dongosolo la mazira pafupifupi 1 millimeter. Utoto wam'madzi utangotuluka umafa. Mphutsi zamkaka kuchokera mazira, zomwe poyamba zimasambira pamadzi.
Eel alibe zikhalidwe zogonana mpaka atafika pa kutha. Nthawi zambiri, kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kumadziwika m'madzi mwa zaka 9-12. Nthawi yomweyo, belu kuchokera kumbuyo limada, ndipo mbali ndi m'mimba zimakhala siliva. Asayansi sanadziwikebe chifukwa chake eel imasamukira kumadzi akuya kwa nyanja kuti ikaswe.
Chifukwa chake, eel ndi nsomba yamalonda yomwe imatha kugwira bwino ntchito. Koma eel nthawi zambiri imakhala nsomba yapadera, yapadera yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera, njira yodabwitsayi, komanso malo omwe amasankhidwa nthawi zambiri ngati malo owombera.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mtsinje Eel
Kansomba kakang'ono ka chord pikaya, kamene kakhala Padziko Lapansi 530 miliyoni zapitazo, kumaonedwa kuti ndi usodzi. Iwo anali ochepa kukula - masentimita ochepa, koma nthawi yomweyo ziphuphuzo zinali zofanana kwambiri ndi iwo poyenda - amasunthira chimodzimodzi, akumapinda thupi. Koma kufanana kumeneku sikuyenera kukhala kopusitsa: mosiyana ndi zoikapo nyali, ma eel ndi nsomba zokhala ndi ray, ndiye kuti zidachitika mamiliyoni ambiri pambuyo pake. Ngakhale ma conodonts amafanana ndi ma eel akuwoneka, imodzi mwa nsomba zoyambirira zopanda pake zomwe zinkakhala kumapeto kwa Cambria.
Ma maxillary adawonekera munthawi ya Silurian: iyo, komanso iwiri yotsatirayi, Devonia ndi Carbon, imawerengedwa kuti ndi nthawi yam'madzi kwambiri, pomwe anali nyama zosiyanasiyana kwambiri komanso zazikulu padziko lapansi. Koma zochepa zomwe zidatsala padziko lapansi panthawiyo - mitundu yambiri yamakono ya nsomba idayamba pambuyo pake.
Kanema: Mtsinje Eel
Nsomba za bony, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati eel, zimachokera kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Jurassic kapena kumapeto kwa Triassic. Panthawiyo, nthumwi zoyambilira zokhala ngati Ugric zitha kukhalanso, ngakhale ofufuza alibe lingaliro wamba pankhaniyi: ena amakhulupirira kuti zidachitika pambuyo pake, kumayambiriro kwa Paleogene.
Ena, m'malo mwake, kudalira zopezeka zofanana ndi zolengedwa zakale, zimachokera ku zomwe makolo awo adayamba kalekale.Mwachitsanzo, nsomba zosowa ngati izi zimadziwika kuti Tarrasius, za nthawi ya Carboniferous komanso zofanana kwambiri ndi eel pakupanga. Koma mawonekedwe omwe alipo ndi akuti kufananaku sikutanthauza ubale wawo. River eel adafotokozedwa ndi C. Linnaeus mu 1758, dzinalo lachi Latin ndi Anguilla shida.
Chochititsa chidwi: Eel wakale kwambiri - dzina lake ndi Putt, amakhala ku aquarium ku Sweden kwa zaka 85. Anagwidwa ochepa kwambiri mu 1863 ndipo anapulumuka nkhondo zonse ziwiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa eel umawoneka bwanji
Ma Eel amasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lalitali kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe ali ngati njoka kuposa nsomba - m'mbuyomu, chifukwa cha izi, sanadyedwe m'maiko ena chifukwa sanatengedwe ngati nsomba. M'malo mwake, izi sizingokhala nsomba, komanso zokoma kwambiri: ma eel amadziwika kuti ndiwopatsa chidwi, ngakhale maonekedwe ake angawonekere kuti samakonda.
Mtundu wa eel ukhoza kukhala wosiyana: kumbuyo ndi maolivi, wobiriwira wakuda kapena bulawuni wokhala ndi kuwala konyezimira - zimatengera komwe akukhala. Zotsatira zake, nsomba ndizovuta kuwona poyang'ana madzi kuchokera kumwamba. Mmbali zake ndi m'mimba zake zimatha kukhala zachikaso mpaka zoyera - nthawi zambiri kelusi imawala mukamakula.
Mamba ake ndi ochepa kwambiri, khungu lake limakutidwa ndi ntchofu, ndichifukwa chake limakhala losalala komanso loterera - eel imatha kutuluka m'manja, motero muyenera kuigwira mosamala kwambiri. Nsomba zapamwamba kwambiri zimatha kukula mpaka 1.6-2 m, ndikulemera 3-5 kg.
Mutu wa buluzi mwachidziwikire umasunthidwa kuchokera kumtunda, thupi lake kumutu kwa chozungulira, pang'onopang'ono kuyandikira mchira, chilichonse chimasungunuka. Mukamasuntha, eel imagwada ndi thupi lonse, koma makamaka imagwiritsa ntchito mchira. Maso ake ndi achikaso achikasu komanso ochepa kwambiri ngakhale kwa nsomba, zomwe zimaperekanso chiyambi.
Mano ake ndi ochepa koma akuthwa, okhala m'mizere. Kupatula zipsepse zamtchire, zimapakidwa ndipo ndizitali kwambiri: zimayamba motalikirana ndi zipsepse zamtchire ndikupitilira mchira wa nsomba. Mzere wotsatira ukuwoneka bwino. Eel ndiwofatsa kwambiri: zitha kuwoneka kuti mabala ake ndi akulu kwambiri kotero kuti ayenera kufa, koma ngati angakwanitse kuthawa, makamaka pakatha miyezi ingapo adzakhala wathanzi, pokhapokha atalandira msana.
Kodi mtsinje wa eel umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wamadzi m'madzi
River eel imakhalanso nthawi zina imatchedwa European, chifukwa imakhala pafupifupi ku Europe: kunja kumapezeka ku North Africa kokha komanso m'malo ochepa ku Asia Minor. Ku Europe, ndizosavuta kunena komwe siziri: m'mbali mwa Nyanja Yakuda. M'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda mitsinje ina yonse ikutsuka ku Europe, amapezeka.
Zachidziwikire, sizitanthauza kuti imapezeka m'mitsinje yonse: imakonda mitsinje yopanda bata ndi madzi opanda phokoso, chifukwa chake imatha kukumana kawirikawiri m'mitsinje yamapiri othamanga. Zambiri mwa anthuwa zimakhala m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Baltic.
Mtsinje wa eel ndi wofalikira kumadzulo konse ndi kumpoto kwa Europe, koma malire a magawo ake kummawa ndi ovuta kwambiri: amapezeka ku Balkan Peninsula kumwera kwa Bulgaria, kuphatikiza, koma kupitirira izi malire amapita molowera kumadzulo ndikupita pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Balkan. Ku Austria, mitsinje yamadzi siyikupezeka.
Ku Eastern Europe, amakhala:
- M'mayiko ambiri ku Czech Republic,
- pafupifupi kulikonse ku Poland ndi Belarus,
- ku Ukraine mutha kukumana naye kokha m'dera laling'ono kumpoto chakumadzulo,
- kudera lonse la Baltic
- kumpoto kwa Russia mpaka ndi kuphatikiza madera a Arkhangelsk ndi Murmansk.
Madera ake amaphatikizanso Scandinavia ndi zilumba zonse zapafupi ndi Europe: Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland. Kuchokera kudera lomwe amagawidwira zimatha kuwoneka kuti sizikukwera kutentha kwa madzi: kumatha kutentha, monga m'mitsinje ya Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndi kuzizira, monga momwe zimayambira mu White Sea.
Ziphuphu ndizodziwikanso chifukwa zimatha kukwawa kuchokera kuchosungira ndikuyenda pa udzu wonyowa ndi nthaka - mwachitsanzo, mvula ikadzayamba. Chifukwa chake, amatha kuthana mpaka makilomita angapo, chifukwa chomwe chitha kutsirizika munyanja lotsekedwa. Popanda madzi, amatha mosavuta maola 12, ovuta kwambiri, komanso otheka - mpaka masiku awiri. Amayenda kunyanja, koma amakhala nthawi yoyamba ndi kutha kwa moyo wawo kumeneko; amakhala nthawi yayitali akukhala m'mitsinje.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mtsinje wa eel umapezeka. Tiwone zomwe nsomba izi zimadya.
Kodi eel river amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Eel River Fish
Zakudya za eel zimaphatikizapo:
Amasaka usiku, ndi achinyamata nthawi zambiri m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo akuluakulu, m'malo mwake, m'madzi akuya kutali ndi iwo. Mutha kuzigwira masana, ngakhale nthawi ino sizigwira ntchito kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri amasaka nsomba zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimakhala pafupi pansi, monga olemba miyala. Ngati simungathe kuzipeza, zimatha kubwera pamwamba.
Eel, makamaka achichepere, ndi m'modzi mwa omenyera kwambiri nsomba zina, makamaka cyprinids. Amamukonda kwambiri, ndipo munthawi yogwira ntchito mu Meyi-Juni, ndiye caviar yomwe imakhala maziko ake. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, amasinthana ndi crustaceans, amadya mwachangu kwambiri.
Amasankha pike ndi tench mwachangu, chifukwa chake, m'mitsinje momwe mumapezeka nsomba zambiri, ma eel nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amatha kudya osati m'madzi, komanso pamtunda: amakwawa kupita kumtunda kuti agwire nkhono kapena nkhono. Ma eel akuluakulu amatha kuthana ndi anapiye.
Ngakhale amasaka mumdima, ndipo masomphenyawo sawawona bwino, amatha kudziwa bwino komwe wakhudzidwayo, ngati ali ndi 2mitunda kapena pafupi nayo, amakhalanso ndi fungo labwino, chifukwa chomwe amatha kununkhira kutali. Ma glass eels amadya makamaka mphutsi ndi crustaceans - iwowo ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso ofooka kuti asagwire amphibians, nsomba zazing'ono kapena ngakhale mwachangu.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: River eel ku Russia
Blackheads amagwira ntchito usiku, koma amakhala masiku akupumula m'makola, kapenanso amangogona pansi, akumagwera silt - nthawi zina mpaka kuya kwa mita. Zimbudzi za Eel nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi zotuluka ziwiri, nthawi zambiri zobisika pansi pa mwala wina. Amatha kupuma pagombe lomwe, m'mizu yamitengo: chinthu chachikulu ndikuti malowo ndi opanda phokoso komanso ozizira.
Nthawi yambiri yomwe amakhala pafupi ndi pansi kapena pomwepo, amakonda kubisala m'misasa, yomwe ndi mabatani osiyanasiyana, mabatani kapena matayala. Nthawi yomweyo, kuya kwakuku sikofunikira: itha kukhala pakati pa mtsinje, komanso osati malo ozama kwambiri pafupi ndi gombe. Koma nthawi zina zimawonekeranso pansi, makamaka ngati madzi akukwera: panthawiyi, matope kapena mabango amapezeka m'nkhwawa pafupi ndi gombe, m'mizu yazipafupi pafupi. Amakonda akakhala pansi atakutidwa ndi matope kapena dongo, koma m'malo omwe muli ndi miyala kapena mchenga, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kukumana ndi nsomba.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa nthawi ya masika ndi nthawi yonse ya chilimwe eel yakhala ikusuntha: imatsika ndikuyenda kenako kusambira kupita kumalo obisika, kuthana mtunda wautali kwambiri. Koma amayamba kamodzi kokha (pambuyo pake atamwalira), ndipo amakhala zaka 8-15, ndipo nthawi zina, motalikirapo, mpaka zaka 40, chifukwa ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la iwo omwe amatenga nawo mbali. M'nyengo yozizira, mitu yakuda imabisala, ikubwera pansi pa mtsinje kapena ikabisala mu dzenje lawo. Sachitapo kanthu poyeserera kwakunja, njira zonse mthupi lake zimachepa kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kudya pafupifupi mphamvu iliyonse komanso osadya panthawiyo.
Koma pofika masika, adakali kuchepetsa thupi, kotero kuti akadzuka amayamba kudzidyetsa okha. Ambiri mwa ma eel amapita ku hibernation, koma si onse: ena amakhalabe otakataka nthawi yozizira, makamaka izi zikutanthauza anthu okhala m'mitsinje ofunda ndi nyanja.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Giant Mtsinje Eel
Kuti zitheke, mafunde ochokera m'mitsinje yonse amasambira mu Nyanja ya Sargasso. Kuti muchite izi, ayenera kuthana ndi mtunda wautali: kwa nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'mitsinje ya Russia, mpaka 7,000 - 9,000 km. Koma akuyenda komweko - komwe iwo eni anabadwira. Ndi mu nyanja iyi momwe malo abwino kwambiri a mphutsi za eel amatchedwa leptocephalus. Kutumphuka kumachitika moszama kwambiri - 350-400 m.Eelikazi imazikira mazira ang'onoang'ono okwana 350-500, iliyonse imakhala mita imodzi, kenako kufa.
Pambuyo kuwaswa, mphutsi zimakhala zowonekera - izi zimawapatsa chitetezo chabwino kwa adani. Maso awo akuda okha amawoneka m'madzi. Amasiyana ndi makolo awo kotero kuti kale ankawaganizira kuti ndi mtundu wina - asayansi akhala akutenga nthawi yayitali ndi chinsinsi cha kubereka kwa ma eels, ndipo dzina la leccephalus lazika mu mphutsi zawo.
Pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa leptocephalus, imatulukira ndipo imatengedwa ndi Gulf Stream. Pamodzi ndi izi, leccephalus pang'onopang'ono imayandama ku Europe. Pamalo pamene nsomba ili kale m'mphepete mwa Europe, kenako ndikubwera m'mitsinje, imatchedwa galasi eel. Pakadali pano, nsomba imakula mpaka 7cm, koma nthawi yomweyo panjira yopita kumtsinjewo imasiya kudyetsa kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuchepera kukula ndi kamodzi ndi theka. Thupi lake likusintha, ndipo amakhala ngati mwendo wachikulire, osati ngati leptocephalus, koma amakhalabe wowonekera - motero kuyanjana ndi galasi.
Ndipo mukakwera mumtsinje, eel imapeza utoto wa munthu wamkulu, pambuyo pake imakhala pafupifupi moyo wake wonse kumeneko: nsomba izi zimangokhala mumtsinje kwa zaka 8-12 ndikukula mosalekeza, kotero kuti pakutha pa moyo zimatha kukula mpaka mamita awiri .
Adani achilengedwe a mitsinje ya eel
Chithunzi: Mtsinje Eel
Palibe nyama zolusa zomwe zimakonda kusaka nyama za eel. Pafupifupi palibe amene amawopseza anthu achikulire momwemo akadakhalabe mumtsinje: ndi okulirapo kuti asawope nsomba za mumtsinje kapena mbalame zodyedwa. Koma kunyanja amatha kudya ndi shaki kapena nsomba.
Ma eel ang'ono omwe sanakulire kukula kwakukulu amatha kuopsezedwa ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya, monga pike, kapena mbalame: cormorants, gulls ndi zina. Komabe, sizinganenedwe kuti ngakhale kwa eel wachichepere pamakhala zoopsa zambiri mumtsinje. Zachidziwikire, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mwachangu kukhala wovuta kwathunthu, osanenapo za lecoscephalus: owononga ambiri amadyera.
Koma adani akuluakulu a eel ndi anthu. Nsombayi imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala ndi nyama yofatsa komanso yokoma, chifukwa chake imagwira nsomba. Osangopha nsomba, komanso zochitika zina za anthu zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto kwa anthu omwe akukhala ndi eel. Kuwonongeka kwa madzi sikukukhudza anthu awo m'njira zabwino, komanso kupanga madamu omwe amawalepheretsa kutuluka.
Chochititsa chidwi: Chifukwa chiyani ma eel pakadali pano kusambira kuti asatulukirebe sanakhazikitsidwe, pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pankhaniyi. Wodziwika kwambiri amafotokozera izi ndiulendo wadziko lonse: eel anali pafupi ndi nyanja ya Atlantic kale, ndipo ngakhale pano, mtunda utakula kwambiri, amapitiliza kutero.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Mtsinje wa eel umawoneka bwanji
M'mbuyomu, chiwerengero cha anthu akuda kumayiko a ku Europe chinali chachikulu kwambiri. M'malo ena, sanagwidwe nkomwe, akukhulupirira kuti sangakwanitse, kapenanso kuwadyetsa ziweto, chifukwa ma eels ambiri adabwera momwemo. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku Peninsula ya Iberia, komwe ma eel fry ambiri adagwidwa.
M'mayiko ena, adagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali ndikukondedwa, adagwidwa komweko. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba izi kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndi theka lachiwiri la XX century. Kusodza kukupitirirabe ma eel, komabe, kukula kwake kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Kumapeto kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, matani chikwi 8,700 anali atagwidwa pachaka, koma pofika nthawiyo zinali zowonekeratu kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika. Zinapitilizabe kugwa m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa usodzi kukuchulukenso. Tsopano, mtsinje wa eel wayamikiridwa kwambiri.
Fry yake ku Spain pano amagulitsanso ma euro 100,000 pa kilogalamu imodzi ngati chakudya kwa olemera. River eel adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mtundu watsala pang'ono kutha, komabe, kuwedza kwake sikunali koletsedwa - osatinso m'maiko onse. Umboni wa International Union for Conservation of Natural ndiwoti achepetse zomwe zikuchitika.
Chitetezo cha Mtsinje
Chithunzi: Redhead River Eel
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma eel am'madzi komanso kuphatikizidwa kwa Red Book, njira zachitidwa m'maiko ambiri kuti atetezeke. Ngakhale kuti kugwira kwawo sikunaletsedwe konse, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, ku Finland, ziletso zotsatirazi zimakhazikitsidwa: eel imatha kugwidwa pokhapokha ngati ikufika pamtundu wina (nsomba zochepa zimafunikira kumasulidwa) ndipo pakukonzekera nyengo yokha. Pophwanya malamulo amenewa, ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa kwa asodzi.
Ku Russia ndi Belarus, njira zikuchitidwa kuti zitheke zosungirako: m'mbuyomu, nthawi za Soviet, magalasi agululi adagulitsidwa ku Western Europe, tsopano kugulitsa kwawo kunja kwa EU kuli kochepa, komwe kumapangitsa zinthu zambiri. Zogula ziyenera kupangidwa ku Morocco, ndipo popeza ndianthu osiyana, thermophilic, ndizovuta kwambiri.
Ku Europe, kuti apulumutse kuchuluka kwa mphutsi zoyenda panyanja, amagwidwa ndikugwidwa pamafamu, momwe sakhala pachiwopsezo chilichonse. Ma eel okalamba kale amatulutsidwa mitsinje: zochuluka kwambiri zimapulumuka. Koma kuweta ma eel mu ukapolo sikugwira ntchito, chifukwa sikukubereka.
Chochititsa chidwi: Akasambira kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumadera aku Europe, amasambira mumtsinje woyamba womwe umalowa mnjira, kotero zimatengera komwe kwenikweni amatembenukira kugombe. Kukhala ndi kamlomo lalikulu la mtsinje kumatha kukhala komwe kuli, chifukwa chake ma eel ochulukirapo amapezeka m'masamba awo.
Ndipo ngati eel wasankha chandamale, ndiye kuti nkovuta kuzimitsa: ikhoza kupita kumtunda ndikupitilira njira, ikakwawa mopingasa, kukwera eel ina.
Mtsinje wa eel - Chitsanzo chimodzi chakuchulukitsidwa kopitilira muyeso kumachititsa kuti nsomba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zisamachitike. Tsopano, kuti tithandizire kuchuluka kwa ma eel, zimatenga zaka zambiri ntchito yayikulu kuti ateteze ndi kubereka - yotsirizika ndiyovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti sizibereka mu ukapolo.
Kufalikira kwa Eel
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi, wachinyamata waku Danish wasayansi komanso wasayansi yam'nyanja, dzina lake Johannes Schmidt (anali asanakhalepo zaka makumi atatu) adaphunzira kupanga nsomba zamalonda zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Europe. Ukonde wokhala ndi mafoni okhala ndi maselo ochepa kwambiri adatsitsidwa kuchokera kumbali ya chotengera. Pambuyo kanthawi, maukonde adakwezedwa mkati, ndipo kusanja mosamala kwambiri zonse zomwe zalowamo kunayamba. Choyamba, nsomba yayikulu, kenako nsomba yaying'ono, yotsatiridwa ndi mwachangu, mphutsi, ndi zina zotero mpaka nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, mpaka mazira amodzi. Mopirira komanso mwanjira, zonsezi zimatengedwa m'mabanki, kuwerengera ndi zotsatira zake zolembedwa.
Mu 1904, tikuyenda pa sitima "Thor" ku Islandse Islands, pakati pa Iceland ndi gombe la Scotland, Schmidt adagwira leptocephalus. Chimodzi chokha. Zikuwoneka kuti zikutanthauza kuti kugwidwa kwa nsomba imodzi yaying'ono nyengo yonse yopumira? Koma Schmidt, ndi malingaliro osasinthika a wasayansi wowona, adazindikira kuti iyi ikhoza kukhala nsonga ya ulusi, kukoka komwe kungatsegule mbali yonseyo. Kupatula apo, leptocephalus yoyamba sinagwidwe mu Strait of Messina. Ndipo Schmidt adatha kutsimikizira mamembala a Danish Commission for Marine Surveys kuti kuyambira pano cholinga chachikulu chogwira ntchito yake ndikuyang'ana malo omwe amawonekera. Schmidt adalemba pambuyo pake kuti: "Pamenepo ndidalinso ndi malingaliro ochepa, kodi ndimavuto otani omwe angapeze njira yothanirana ndi mavutowa."
Mu 1905, a Thor anakwera ngalawa kumadera akum'mwera. Nthawiyi idakwanitsa kugwira ma euro angapo. Ena a iwo anali akusintha kale, ngakhale anali osavuta kuzindikira. Schmidt adazindikira kuti matope amatuluka kwinakwake munyanja. Koma kuti?
Nyengo ya 1906 sinapereke chilichonse chatsopano, koma idatsimikizira bwino zotsatira zam'mbuyomu. Chaka chotsatira, Schmidt sanapite kunyanja konse. Mogwirizana ndi njira yake, adakhala chaka chonse akuyang'anitsitsa bwinobwino zomwe adapeza pa makina oonera tinthu tating'ono. Ndipamene mikangano yonse yosungidwa kwa kambuyo idalipira bwino! Ataphunzira ma leccephals omwe adagwidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, Schmidt adawona kuti, onsewo monga amodzi, ali ofanana modabwitsa. Izi zinali zofunikira kwambiri.Anachitira umboni kuti pali mtundu umodzi womwe umatha kutchedwa European eel. Farai adauza Schmidt kuti ma eels onse amatuluka malo amodzi, mwina kwinakwake pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic.
Gawo lotsatira la asayansi liziwoneka ngati lodabwitsa: kuyambira 1908 mpaka 1910, Schmidt adakonzanso zakudutsa, koma pati? Mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ngakhale anali wotsimikiza kuti ma eels amapangira malo osiyana ndi ena. Kwa nyengo ziwiri zomwe adakhala ku Mediterranean, Schmidt adatsimikizira mosavomerezeka kuti ma eels samapezeka pano. Ma cryptocephals onse ogwidwa anali akulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, tikayerekezera kukula kwa mphutsi ndi malo omwe adagwidwa, timakhala ndi chithunzi chomveka bwino: kutali kwambiri kuchokera ku Gibraltar, kokulirapo ndi leptocephalus. Zotsatira zake, onsewa ndi ochokera ku Atlantic.
Tsopano zinali zotheka kuwomba nyanja ya Atlantic. Kuchokera kuzilumba za Faroe kupita ku Azores, kuchokera ku Azores kupita ku Newfoundland, kuchokera pamenepo kupita kuzilumba za Antilles - awa ndi ena mwamayendedwe a Schmidt. Panali maboti am'madzi, pomwe zinali zozizwitsa kupulumutsa anthu pokhapokha ngati chozizwitsa. Koma palibe chomwe chingalepheretse Dane yemwe anangowona kumene uja kuti asamukire. Ngakhale nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambike, chinsinsi chomwe chidabisa malo a ma eel chidadulidwa. Malowa adasandulika Nyanja ya Sargasso: michere yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe inali itasweka kuchokera mazira anagwidwa pafupi nawo. Zowona, Schmidt adadziona kuti ali ndi ufulu wotsiriza kunena izi mu 1920 zokha.
Mtundu wa eel ndi uti?
Mtundu wa ma eyel siosiyana kwambiri ndipo umafotokozeredwa ndi kufunika kwa kubisala pakalenje. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, tsitsi lakuda limakhala utoto wazithunzi zosiyanasiyana zakuda, zakuda, zofiirira kapena zobiriwira. Nthawi zina pamakhala zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera kukula kwake, ma eel am'madzi amapitilira kwambiri abale awo amchere ndipo amatha kutalika mpaka 3 m ndipo amalemera mpaka 100 kg.
Kukula eel
Eel sea, komanso eel river, ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera, ndipo ngati mungaphunzire kuweta kapena kuzipeza kuti zikugulitsidwe ndi ma galasi amiyala, zimapindulitsa kwambiri pazachuma. Mwachilengedwe, lingaliro la izi limasuntha kuyesa kuyesa kwa kulimbitsa ma eels. Ku Japan, zoyesera zofananazi zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira 1950. Kenako aku Japan adayamba ndikuyesera kukulitsa ma eels achi Japan.
Nayi kufotokozedwa kwa kuyesa komwe kunachitika ndi wasayansi waku Japan Takahashi mu 1972. Adatenga ma eel a galasi omwe amachokera ku England. Pazonse, gululi linali ndi ma eels pafupifupi awiri, kulemera kwake kunali magalamu 20,4. Nsombazo zimapatsidwa chakudya chophatikizidwa kamodzi patsiku kuti zolemetsazo zinali pafupifupi kawiri kapena atatu a kulemera kwa nsomba. Kamodzi pamwezi, madziwo anali kuthiriridwa ndikulemetsa nsomba zonse motsatana, kudziwa kulemera kwawo kwathunthu komanso kwapakati. Kulemera kwa magalamu 150 kunatengedwa ngati chingwe chowongolera, ndipo mwezi uliwonse kunkajambulidwa kuti ndi nsomba zingati zomwe zimapeza kulemera uku.
Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zitha kufupikitsidwa motere: eel anakula kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha nsomba zomwe zimakwanitsa kuwongolera chinali kokha awiri kapena atatu pamwezi. Asodzi a nsomba khumi adatengedwa kuti adziwe kugonana kwawo. Ambiri mwa nsomba zomwe zapita kumalire a galamu 150 anali amphongo. Komabe, kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kumavumbula zozizwitsa modabwitsa pakugawidwa kwa akazi: zoyambirira, gulu la Ogasiti, nsomba khumi zophunziridwa zidapezeka kuti ndi akazi. Kenako chithunzicho chinasintha kwambiri: mu Seputembu panali azimayi awiri ndi amuna amuna asanu ndi atatu, mu Okutobala - m'modzi ndi asanu ndi anayi, motero, mu Novembala lachiwiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, mu Disembala - amuna onse. Kuyesaku kunatha mu Disembala. Msodzi uliwonse unalemedwanso, ndipo onse anagawika m'magulu atatu, kuchokera pa nsomba 50 zilizonse zomwe zimatengedwa mwachisawawa ndipo kugonana kwawo kunatsimikizika. Zotsatira zodabwitsa zinapezekanso: nthawi zonse amuna amuna ochulukirapo kakhumi kuposa akazi!
Chifukwa chiyani eel ndi nsomba yachilendo?
Sitikudziwa zambiri. Nazi zochepa mwazinthu zomwe sizinasinthidwe. Chifukwa chiyani ma mutu onse akuda amapita kumalo amodzi, ndipo kuli mu Nyanja ya Sargasso? Munthu atha kufotokozera. Ziphuphu za kubereketsa zimafunikira kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Mwachilengedwe amatuluka mumtsinje ndikupita kunyanja ndikusambira komwe madzi amakhala ochulukirapo, motero, pamapeto pake, amapezeka mu Nyanja ya Sargasso.
Pali umboni wotsimikizira izi. Amadziwika kuti ma eels omwe agwera mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean samasiya ndipo nthawi zambiri satenga nawo gawo pobereka: ku Gibraltar, mchere wamadzi umasintha kwambiri, ndipo mzere wosaonekerawu umakwera patsogolo pa ma eel, ngati khoma la simenti. Komabe, izi sizodziwika: kodi ma eels omwe akukhala m'mitsinje yakutali kwambiri kuchokera ku Atlantic amawona bwanji kuti ayenera kupita paulendo kale kuposa abale awo ochokera kumitsinje yapafupi? Kupatula apo, onse amafika mu Nyanja ya Sargasso nthawi imodzi!
Mu Sargasso Nyanja ikubwera osati European, komanso American eels. Kenako leptocephalus iyenera kupita kumalire amalo omwe magawo amayenda mozungulira kwambiri, ndikusunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndikutali kuchokera pakati, mwachangu. Kodi "azungu" ndi "aku America" amatha bwanji kudumpha "pagaleta lalikulu" ili nthawi yabwino? Koma eels mwanjira inayake amathetsa ntchito yovuta kwambiri iyi: Mtundu uliwonse umapita komwe chakumadzulo chimatenga ena ndikuwanyamula kupita ku gombe la America, pomwe ena amagwera pa Gulf Stream yotumiza, yomwe imawathamangitsira ku gombe la Europe. Zofunda zonse zidzawonongeka. Ma eel aku Europe omwe agwidwa ku "Western Express" adzafika pagombe molawirira: kupatula apo, makina awo olandila cholowa akonzedwa kuti ayende zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Zomwezi zikuyembekezeranso "Amereka" omwe adaganiza zopita ku Europe: apeza metamorphosis pakati pa nyanja ndipo sadzapeza madzi abwino, omwe sangathe kukhalamo.
Pali zonyansa zambiri momwe ziphuphu zimaberekera. Poyamba, pa gawo la leptocephalus ndi galasi eel, anthu onse amakhala ngati alibe kugonana. Pambuyo pa metamorphosis, ma mutu akuda amagawika "makampani" awiri - ena akukwera mitsinje, pomwe ena amakhalabe m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndikosatheka kuzindikira kusiyana kulikonse pakati pawo; onse ali ndi ziwalo zachimuna ndi zazikazi. Koma kenako kuyimbidwa kwa Nyanja ya Sargasso kumayamba kulira, ndipo ma eel amachoka. Nthawi yomweyo, amayamba kukhala amuna kapena akazi. Nthawi yomweyo, ma eel omwe ankakwera mitsinje amakhala pafupifupi azimayi onse, ndipo am'mphepete mwa nyanja amakhala amuna.
Zinaonekeratu kuti chilengedwe chinapatsa Eel chilichonse chofunikira pama milandu onse awiri, ndipo ndi zochitika zakunja zokha zomwe zimatsimikiza kuti zipambana. Kuyesera kwa Takahashi ndi ofufuza ena aku Japan akuwoneka kuti akutsimikizira izi. Mwa ma eel omwe adakulitsidwa ndi iwo, amuna owirikiza kakhumi amatengedwa kuposa akazi. Koma m'magawo oyamba, onse zana anali akazi. Ndipo kusiyana kokha ndikungokhala. Mwachidziwikire, tsopano liwulo ndi la majini. Tiyeni tiyembekezere zomwe akunena.
Zojambula ndi malo okhala ndi nsomba za eel
Chimodzi mwa nsomba zosangalatsa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a pansi pa madzi ndi eel. Chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonekera ndi thupi la eel - ndilalitali. M'modzi wa nsomba ngati eel ndi njoka yam'nyanja, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a njoka, nthawi zambiri samadyedwa, ngakhale m'malo ambiri amagulitsidwa. Thupi lake mulibe mamba ndipo limakutidwa ndi ntchofu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi timinyewa tambiri. Zipsepse zamkati ndi ma anal zimalumikizidwa m'malo mwake ndikupanga mchira, mothandizidwa ndi momwe eel imalowera mumchenga.
Nsomba zimakhala m'makona ambiri padziko lapansi, kutengera kwina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu. Mitundu yokonda kutentha imakhala mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku Bay of Biscay, mu Nyanja ya Atlantic, kawirikawiri akasambira ku North Sea kupita kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Norway.
Mitundu ina imakhala yofala m'mitsinje yomwe imalowa mu nyanja, izi zimachitika chifukwa choti nyanjayo ndiyomwe imabereka eel. Nyanja zotere zimaphatikizapo: Wakuda, Ma Barents, Kumpoto, Baltic. Nsomba zamagetsi lomwe limangokhala ku South America, chidwi chake chachikulu chimawonedwa kumapeto kwa Mtsinje wa Amazon.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa nsomba za eel
Chifukwa chosaona bwino, ma eel amakonda kusaka kuchokera ku malo obisalamo, ndipo malo ake otetezeka amakhala pafupifupi mamita 500. Imapita kukasaka usiku, chifukwa cha kununkhira kwakukonzedwa bwino, imapeza chakudya chokha, ikhoza kukhala nsomba zina zing'onozing'ono, amphibians osiyanasiyana, crustaceans, mazira a ena nsomba ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana.
Pangani chithunzi eel nsomba osati chifukwa choti sakuluma, ndipo nkosatheka kumugwira m'manja chifukwa chakufooka. Eel akungoyendayenda ndi njoka imatha kubwereranso m'madzi.
Mboni zowona ndi maso zinatero nsomba zamtsinje chodabwitsa, amatha kuchoka kuchimbudzi kupita ku china, ngati pali mtunda pakati pawo. Amadziwikanso kuti anthu okhala m'mitsinje amayamba moyo wawo kunyanja ndikumathera pomwepo.
Pakutuluka, nsombayo imathamangira kunyanja yomwe mtsinje umadutsa, pomwe imamira mpaka akuya 3 km ndikuwuka kenako ndikufa. Eel mwachangu amabwerera kumitsinje.
Mitundu ya Blackheads
Pazosiyanasiyana zamitundu mitundu, zazikulu zitatu zimatha kusiyanitsidwa: mtsinje, nyanja, ndi eel yamagetsi. Mtsinje wa eel amakhala m'mipata yamtsinje ndi nyanja yoyandikana nawo, amatchedwanso European.
Imafika kutalika kwa mita 1 ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 6 kg. Thupi la khunyu limasunthidwa pambuyo pake ndikukulira, kumbuyo kumapangidwa utoto wonyezimira, ndipo pamimba, monga nsomba zam'mitsinje yambiri, ndimakaso achikasu. Mtsinje nsomba zoyera motsutsana ndi zakumbuyo za abale awo okhala kunyanja. izo mtundu wa nsomba za eel Mamba omwe ali ndi thupi lake ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi ntchofu.
Conger eel nsomba Kukula kwake ndi kwakakulu kwambiri kuposa mzake wamtsinje, kumatha kutalika kwamamita atatu, ndipo kukula kwake kumafika 100 kg. Thupi lokwera kwambiri la conger eel mulibe mamba, mutu wake umakulirapo pang'ono kuposa kutalika kwake, uli ndi milomo yolimba.
Mtundu wake wautoto ndi wodera, wotuwa imapezekanso, pamimba ndiyopepuka, imanyezimiritsa kuwala kwa golide. Mchira wake umakhala wowala pang'ono kuposa thupi, ndipo mzere wakuda umakhala m'mphepete mwake, womwe umapereka chithunzi.
Zikuwoneka ngati china chomwe chingadabwitse kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ake, koma zikuwoneka kuti zili zodabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa chimodzi mwazinthuzi chimatchedwa magetsi eel. Amatchulidwanso kuti eel.
Nsombayi imatha kupanga magetsi, thupi lake ndi la njoka, ndipo mutu wake ndi lathyathyathya. Ma eel yamagetsi amakula mpaka 2,5 m kutalika, ndipo amalemera 40 kg.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imapangidwa ndi nsomba imapangidwa m'magulu apadera, omwe amakhala ndi "zipilala" zazing'ono, ndipo zochulukazo zimakhala zochuluka, zomwe mphamvu ya eel imatha kutulutsa.
Amagwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwake pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, makamaka kuti ateteze kwa otsutsa akuluakulu. Komanso potumiza zofooka zofowoka, nsomba zimatha kulankhulana, ngati zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu eel imatulutsa zikhumbo 600, ndiye kuti imagwiritsa ntchito mpaka 20 kuti athe kulankhulana.
Ziwalo zomwe zimatulutsa magetsi zimakhala ndi theka lopitilira thupi lonse, zimapanga mphamvu yayikulu yomwe imakhumudwitsa munthu. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kudziwa motsimikiza nsomba ya eel ili kuti amene sindikufuna kukumana naye. Akatulutsa chakudya, magetsi a eel okhala ndi mphamvu yambiri amakola nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimasambira pafupi, kenako amapita kaye kaye.
Kudya nsomba Zam'madzi
Nsomba zodziguguda zimakonda kusaka usiku ndipo eel sizimasiyana, zimatha kudya nsomba zazing'ono, nkhono, achule, mphutsi. Zikafika pakuwedza nsomba zina, eel amathanso kusangalala ndi caviar yawo.
Nthawi zambiri amasaka obisala, amakumba mchenga m'mchenga ndi mchira wake ndikubisala pamenepo, mutu womwe umangokhala pamwamba. Imakhala ndi mphezi, yemwe akumdutsa alibe mwayi woti athawe.
Chifukwa chachilendo chake, kusaka kwamagetsi kwamagetsi ndikosavuta, ndikukhala pakubisalira, kumadikirira nsomba zazing'ono zikasonkhana pafupi naye, ndiye kumatulutsa chida champhamvu chamagetsi chomwe chimamva aliyense nthawi yomweyo - palibe amene anali ndi mwayi wothawa.
Nyama yodabwitsayo imayamba kugwa pansi. Kwa munthu, ziphuphu sizowopsa, koma zimatha kupweteka kwambiri, ndipo ngati izi zichitika pamadzi otseguka, pamakhala ngozi yoti imira.
Biology
Monga nsomba zosamukasamuka. European eel imakhala nthawi yayitali yambiri m'madzi abwino, kenako imadziwira munyanja. Kuzungulira kwa moyo ndi metamorphosis. Imasaka usiku m'madzi osaya, ngakhale nyambo ndiyokwanira masana, ngati ili pafupi. Amadyanso mphutsi, tizirombo, achule, nsomba zazing'ono.
Kusaka kwa Eel
Eel ikhoza kukhala yosaka yosaka, koma mwatsoka ilibe khungu. Malo okhala bwino amakhala pafupifupi mita 500 pansi pamadzi, pomwe amakonda kusaka nyama zazing'ono usiku.
Momwe amasaka mosavuta. Monga ndanenera kale. Mothandizidwa ndi mchira wake, amatulutsa mbewa. Amakwera mmenemo mpaka mutu wake utawoneka, kenako amadikirira nthawi yayitali kuti agwire.
Mwachidziwikire, mdani aliyense angachite kaduka. Eel imatuluka m'khola mwake mwachangu kwambiri ndikugwira nsomba yosasamala.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Amakhala m'malo osungira nyanja ya Baltic Nyanja, laling'ono kwambiri - m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa zigwa za Azov, Black, White, Barents, Caspian Seas. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri osungirako ku Europe ku Russia.
Imatha kuthana ndi madera akuluakulu kudutsa msipu wonyowa kuchokera kumvula kapena mame, kusunthira kutali kuchokera kudambo lina kupita ku lina ndikuwonekera m'madziwe otseka. Amakonzekeretsa madzi opanda phokoso, komabe, amapezeka mumayendedwe othamanga. Amasungidwa munsi kwa malo ozama osiyanasiyana komanso panthaka iliyonse m'misasa, pomwe pamatha kukhala: burrow, bwaler, driftwood, nkhuni zazikulu za udzu.
Kuyanjana kwa anthu
Ndi chinthu choti agwiritse ntchito ngati nsomba. Kugwidwa padziko lapansi kunali (matani chikwi): 1989 - 11.4, 1990 - 11.1, 1991 - 10.1, 1992 - 10.7, 1993 - 9.5, 1994 - 9.4, 1995 - 8.6, 1996 - 8.5, 1997 - 10.1, 1998 - 7.5, 1999 - 7.5, 2000 - 7.9. Ma eels amtsinje amagwidwa makamaka ndi mbewa, misampha ndi zida zina za usodzi, ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kuchita ngati masewera.
Eel yaku Europe ili ndi nyama yofewa kwambiri, yokoma. Itha kukazinga, kusuta komanso kuwaza. Kuchokera pa eel, makina a "Eel in Jelly" amapangidwa. Ku North Germany, msuzi wa eel ndi zakudya zamwambo.
Mu 2010, Greenpeace idawonjezeranso mitsinje ya Red River (mndandanda wazandalama womwe umagulitsidwa m'misika yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi, koma uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha chifukwa cha kusodza kopanda).
Mu 2019, Finland idabweretsa chindapusa chokwanira kugwira nsomba zosowa, kuphatikiza mitsinje ya eel, kunja kwa nthawi yosodza kapena yochepera kuposa momwe adakhazikitsira. Komanso, mayi wachimayi wazaka makumi anayi wazaka makumi anayi adamasulidwa ku malo osungirako nyama osungirako nsomba ku Asikkala, omwe adapeza chizindikiro cha kusuntha kwa kusamuka.
Zindikirani!
Koma mtundu wina wa eel, ngati eel yamagetsi, umapanga mphindi kuti pakhale nsomba zabwino zowuzungulira, ndipo zimatulutsa kwambiri masiku ano.
Chithunzi cha nsomba
Zikuwoneka zovuta kwambiri kunena kuti nsomba ya eel imawoneka bwanji, chifukwa ndizosavuta kutenga chithunzi cha nsomba ya eel, chifukwa kwenikweni sichikugwidwa pamagetsi osavuta, ndipo cholembera chachikulu kwambiri sichitha kuchigwira m'manja mwanu. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi thupi lake losasangalatsa. Eel amazungulira ngati njoka, imayenda mtunda wamtunda wamtunda.
Anthu ena amatanthauzira kuti nsomba za m'mitsinje ya eel sizili zofanana ndi zina chifukwa zimatha kukwawa kuchokera kumphepete mwa mtsinje kupita kwina ngati kuli mtunda waufupi.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma eel padziko lapansi. Monga mtsinje (European), magetsi wamagetsi ndi zam'madzi.