Elk, malongosoledwe omwe amapezeka pafupifupi m'mabuku onse onena za anthu okonda nyama, ndi nyama yayikulu-yamiyendo yokhotakhota yomwe ili mwa mtundu wa elk, banja la agwape.
Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti dzinalo limachokera ku liwu lakale la Slavic "ols", lomwe limawonetsa tsitsi lofiirira lomwe limaphimba thupi la mphiri zatsopano. Dzinalo lina lotchuka kwambiri kuyambira kale ku Russia ndi moose. Mwachidziwikire idatulukira chifukwa chofanana ndi nyanga zake ndi zolima.
Kodi mbewa zimakhala kuti?
Kufotokozera kwa buluzi kuyenera kuyambira ndi mtundu wake. Ma artiodactyl awa ndiofala ku Northern Hemisphere. Pofika chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu ambiri omwe anafa anali atatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka ku Europe, kupatula Russia. Chifukwa cha zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zinachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ma artiodactyl amenewa adakhazikika kumpoto ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe.
Masiku ano nyama zikuluzikuluzi zimakhala m'maiko a Scandinavia (Norway, Finland), Belarus, kumpoto kwa Ukraine, Hungary ndi Poland, m'maiko a Baltic (Estonia ndi Latvia), ndi Czech Republic. Kuchulukitsitsa kuli ku Russia: kuyambira Kola Peninsula mpaka kumapeto kumwera. Ku North America, moose adakhazikika ku Canada, Alaska, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States.
Kuwerenga mafotokozedwe a mphalapakati mu magawo osiyanasiyana, titha kunena kuti nyama izi zimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zowoneka bwino zomwe zimakhala ndi zithaphwi, mitsinje yopanda phokoso ndi mitsinje. Nkhalango za Aspen ndi birch zimakonda kwambiri nkhalango-tundra. Madzi ambiri ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje - m'nkhokwe zamasefukira. M'nkhalango zamapiri, amakhala m'mipata ndi m'malo otsetsereka.
Elk Habitat
Gulu la anyama okwana pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ndi theka. Pafupifupi theka la anthu onse okhala ku Russia. Koma kupatula malire a dziko lathu, nyama izi zimakhala ku Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Belarus, Hungary, Baltic States), zimakhala kumpoto kwa Ukraine, Scandinavia.
M'mayiko a ku Europe omwe tafotokozawa, Elk anawonongedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka 1900. Pambuyo pake, anthu adabwezeretseka chifukwa cha kasamalidwe ka malo, kukonzanso malo obzala nkhalango, komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwazinyama zodya nkhwawa - mimbulu.
Imakhala kumpoto kwa Mongolia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China kupita kumadera akumpoto kwa Siberia. Kumpoto kwa America kudalinso kwawo kwa moose, komwe adakhazikika ku Alaska, Canada ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States.
Elk imakhala m'nkhalango ndi zitsamba - mitengo ya birch ndi paini, nkhalango zachilengedwe, msondodzi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Mu tundra ndi steppe, anyama amatha kukhala kutali ndi nkhalango. Koma amakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana, komwe malo opangika bwino amapangika.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakupezeka malo achidontho ndi malo osungira omwe ndi ofunikira kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa chilimwe, komanso chakudya chowonjezera. M'nyengo yozizira, iwo amadya m'nkhalango zosakanizika bwino. Sakonda chisanu chakuya, ndipo amakhala moyo wongokhala m'malo omwe simagwa kupitirira theka la mita.
Ngati chisanu chiri chakuya, amayendayenda m'malo ena. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Choyamba, zazikazi zomwe zimachoka ndi mphalapala zimachoka, kenako amuna amakula. Kubweranso kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, nthawi ya chisanu. Nyama zimatha kuyenda pafupifupi 15 km pa tsiku.
Kodi elika amawoneka bwanji? Chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe
Moose ndiye woimira wamkulu wa banja lake. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo kufota ndikuchokera pa 1.70 mpaka 2.35 mita, kutalika kwa thupi - 3 mita. Kulemera kwa mkazi wamkulu ndi makilogalamu 300, ndipo wamwamuna amaposa mazana asanu ndi limodzi. M'mawonekedwe, nyamazo zimawoneka zovuta: miyendo yayitali, thupi lalifupi. Nyama zili ndi mapewa ndi chifuwa champhamvu. Miyendo ndi yayitali koma osati yopyapyala, yokhala ndi minofu yopapatiza komanso yayitali. Mchirawo ndi waufupi koma wowoneka bwino.
Mutuwu ndi waukulu komanso wolemera, mpaka 500 mm kutalika, wobala. Ili ndi makutu akulu ndi mafoni. Milomo yapamwamba pang'ono yotupa imapachikika pamwamba pa mlomo wapansi, ndipo pansi pa mmero mutha kuwona chofewa chofewa chikuda - "mphete", kutalika kwake kungafikire 40 cm.
Zojambula
Moose ndiye woimira wamkulu wa banja la agwape. Wamphongo wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi 600 kg., Ndi kutalika kwamamita atatu, kutalika kwa 2.4 metres. Akazi ndi ocheperako.
Nyama zazikulu zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi zazikazi ndi nkhokwe zazikulu za nyanga. Kukula kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi 1.8 metres, ndipo kulemera mpaka kilogalamu 30. Zowona, nyanga sizizindikiro zosiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi - nyambo iliyonse yophukira ikataya chizindikiro chodziyanikirachi.
Zimaponya nyanga pambuyo pa nyengo yophukira yapitayo, kuti mu nthawi yophukira iyambe kukulanso. Nyama ikalamba, nthambi zambiri pamutu pake. Wamphongo amakhalanso ndi “mphete” - kufalikira kwachikuda pansi pakhosi pake.
Maonekedwe a elk ndiyabwino kwambiri, nyama yamtchireyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi agulu ena onse. Mutha kuweruza izi zingapo chithunzi chowongolera.
Mutha kunenanso kuti ng'ombe ya mphalapala ndi yoyipa pang'ono - miyendo yayitali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi, phokoso kumsana, mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi mlomo wapamwamba. Komabe, monga nthumwi zonse zamdziko lapansi, zimachita bwino ndi oyimira amuna kapena akazi amitundu ina.
Ma Elks ali ndi kumva bwino komanso kumva kununkhira, koma mawonekedwe operewera. Ngati munthu ayima osayenda, ndiye kuti owongoka sangamuzindikire patali mamita 20-30. Mphalapala zimasambira kwabwino, zimakonda madzi ngati chipulumutso kuchokera kumapeto, komanso ngati chakudya.
Ngati chiweto chachikuluchi chikufuna kudziteteza, ndiye kuti sichikugwiritsa ntchito nyanga, chizithana ndi zilombo zamiyendo yakutsogolo. Koma sikuti akutsutsana, ngati mwayi ulipo kuti athawe, salowa nawo ndewu.
Malaya
Ngakhale kufotokozera mwachidule nyamayo sikumachita popanda mawonekedwe a ubweya, womwe umakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali lozungulira komanso undercoat. Choyambirira chili ndi malaya azitali. M'nyengo yozizira, imakula mpaka masentimita khumi. Khosi limafota ndi lalitali kwambiri ndipo limafanana ndi mane, kutalika kwotalika masentimita makumi awiri. Nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti nyamayo imakhala ndi chiphuphu.
Tsitsi lofewa lomwe limaphimba mutu limakula ngakhale pamilomo. Pakati pa mphuno kwambiri pamilomo yapamwamba kokha ndi malo ang'onoang'ono owonekera.
Khalidwe labwino
Moose amatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 4 mpaka 8. Mapulogalamu a Alaskan ndiakulu kwambiri, amatha kulemera 800 kg. Chaching'ono kwambiri ndi magulu amtundu wa Ussuri, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi nyanga zake zamphongo (zopanda lobes). Nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, moose amakhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Zimatengera kutentha kozungulira.
Kutentha kwambiri kwa chilimwe, amakonda kubisala tizilombo tokhala m'nkhaka zowuma, m'khosi komanso m'madzi. Amapita kukadyetsa usiku wabwino. M'nyengo yozizira, m'malo mwake, amadya masana, ndikupumula usiku. M'madera ozizira kwambiri amayamba kugwa m'chipale chofewa, chomwe chimawotha nyama ngati khola.
Malo omwe moose amatha nthawi yozizira amatchedwa misasa, ndipo malo ake amatengera malo omwe kuli chakudya chochulukirapo. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi ma pichechi achichepere m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, msondodzi kapena tinthu tating'ono tambiri ku Siberia, komanso masamba obiriwira ku Far East.
Nyama zingapo zimatha kusonkhana pamsasa umodzi. Mpaka pa mahekitala zana pahekitala 1000 ya nkhalango ya paini ya Obobsky adalembedwa. Mphalapala si gulu la zinyama, nthawi zambiri limayenda limodzi nthawi imodzi, kapena anthu atatu amatengedwa.
M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zina zimalumikizana ndi zazikazi, ndipo nthawi yozizira gulu laling'ono limaphatikizapo zazikazi zazing'ono ndi munthu wazaka chimodzi ndi theka. Pofika nyengo ya masika, kampani yaying'ono iyi ibalalikiranso.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zitsamba zamitundu yonse, ma moss, ma lichens, bowa, mbewu zazitali za herbaceous (sangathe kutsina udzu chifukwa chakukula kwambiri komanso khosi lalifupi), mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba amitengo (phulusa la mapiri, birch, aspen, chitumbuwa cha mbalame ndi mitundu ina ya zitsamba) zimapanga mgonero wamtchire.
Mphalapala zokhala ndi milomo yayikulu zimagwira nthambi ndikudya masamba onse. M'nyengo yotentha amakonda kuyang'ana chakudya m'madziwe; amatha kuyimilira m'madzi kwa mphindi imodzi ndikusankha mbewu zamadzi zamadzi (calendula, kakombo wamadzi, dzira laling'ono, mahatchi).
Pofika m'dzinja, amasintha kukhala nthambi, kudziluma pakhungwa pamitengo. Pakakhala chakudya chambiri, nthawi yotentha, abuluzi amadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 30, M'nyengo yozizira ndi makilogalamu 15 okha. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mphalapala zimavulaza nkhalango, chifukwa nyama imodzi imadya pafupifupi matani 7 a zomera pachaka. Olephera amafunika mchere, womwe umadzaza m'misewu, kapena kuyendera malawi amchere omwe adawapangira iwo.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Pofika m'dzinja, mwezi wa Seputembala, timadontho ting'onoting'ono timayamba kuthamanga. Amphongo amakuwa mokweza mawu, amakanda nyanga zawo pamitengo, amadula nthambi, ngati kuti akuitanira amuna enanso kukamenyera chachikazi.
Kupeza chachikazi, amamuthamangitsa, kuletsa kuti nyama zina zisamuyandikire. Munthawi imeneyi amakhala ankhanza kwambiri. Nkhondo ya amuna akulu awiri nthawi zina imatha ndikumwalira kwa ochepera. Pankhondo zikuluzikulu, abuluzi samenyera ng'ombe, koma wamkazi m'modzi - ndi nyama zokhazokha.
Kupatula liti khola lanyumba ndipo akazi ambiri amapezeka m'busa. Kenako wamphongo mmodzi azibisa akazi angapo, zomwe sizolondola kwenikweni.
Pambuyo paubwenzi miyezi iwiri, chibwenzi chimachitika, ndipo patatha masiku 230-240 mwana amabadwa. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso nyengo zabwino, ndipo zinyalala 1-2 zimabadwa. Koma imodzi imawonongeka masiku oyambilira kapena milungu.
Sabata yoyamba ya moyo, mwana wa ng'ombe ndi wofooka kwambiri ndipo sangathe kuyenda mwachangu, chifukwa chake ali ndi njira imodzi yodzitetezera - kugona mu udzu ndikudikirira ngozi. Zowona, ali ndi chitetezo kumbuyo - amayi ake akuluakulu. Amavutika kuteteza ana ake, nthawi zina mopambana.
Ngakhale zimbalangondo nthawi zina zimafa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa miyendo yolimba ya mozi wokwiya. Pambuyo pake, adzaima ndi miyendo yake molimba mtima ndikutsatira amayi ake. Pakadali pano, amangodya masamba, omwe ali pamlingo wokukula kwake.
Pambuyo pake, adaphunzira kugwada kuti azisenda udzu, komanso kupindika mitengo yopapatiza kuti apezere masamba atsopano. Mkaka moose chakudya pafupifupi miyezi 4. Pa chakudya ichi, kanyumba kamachokera pa 6-16 kg. kulemera kwatsopano pofika kugwa kudzafika 120-200 kg.
Elks adzakhala ndi moyo zaka 25, koma m'malo ovuta zamtchire nthawi zambiri amakhala hafu ya moyo wawo. Cholinga cha izi ndi zimbalangondo, mimbulu yomwe imadyera nyama zodwala, komanso zachikale, kapena mosemphanitsa, zochepa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nsombayo ndi nyama yamalonda; kuusaka kumaloledwa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Januware.
Mawonekedwe
Kutalika kwa thupi lamphongo mpaka 3 m, kutalika kwa kufota kumakhala mpaka 2.3 m, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 12-13 masentimita, kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 360-600, ku Far East kwa Russia ndi Canada - mpaka 655 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako. M'mawonekedwe, mphalaphala ndi wosiyana ndi agwape ena. Thupi lake ndi khosi ndizofupikitsa, kufota ndikokwezeka, mwa mawonekedwe a hump. Miyendo imakhala yotakata kwambiri, kotero, kuti aledzere, moose amakakamizidwa kulowa pansi mwamadzi kapena kuimirira m'manja. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, wotsekemera, wokhala ndi milomo yapamwamba yayitali. Pansi pa pakhosi pali thumba lofewa (“lamakutu”), lofika masentimita 25 mpaka 40. Chovalacho ndi choperewera, chakuda chakuda, miyendo imachita imvi, pafupifupi yoyera. Zingwe zam'miyendo yakutsogolo zalongosoledwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moose azizigwiritsa ntchito ngati chida cholimba ndikulimbana ndi nkhandwe kapena zimbalangondo (koma osagwirizana ndi omenyera nkhondo kuti asazivulaze). Kumenya kumodzi kokha ndi ziboda zotere ndi kokwanira kuboola chigaza cha mdani kapena kutsegula m'mimba.
Amuna ali ndi nyanga zazikulu (zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zamakono) zowoneka ngati fosholo, malo awo amafikira masentimita 180, kulemera - 20-30 kg. Mphalapala zimaponya anthu chaka chilichonse mu Novembala - Disembala ndipo zimayenda popanda iwo mpaka Epulo - Meyi. Zachikazi zopanda nyanga.
Nthawi zambiri, mphalapala zimatchedwa sax chifukwa cha nyanga, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi khwangwala.
Kufalitsa
Moose amagawidwa munkhalango ya Northern Hemisphere, nthawi zambiri kunkhalango-tundra, nkhalango-steppe ndi kunja kwa gawo la steppe. Amapezeka ku Europe ku Poland, mayiko a Baltic, Czech Republic, Hungary, Belarus, kumpoto kwa Ukraine, Scandinavia ndi ku Europe ku Russia. Ku Europe yakunja kunawonongedwa: ku Western Europe m'zaka za zana la 18, ku Eastern Europe m'zaka za zana la 19. Ku Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary ndi Scandinavia, ochita phokoso adakhazikikanso monga chitetezo, chomwe chidayamba m'ma 1920s. Ku Asia, imakhala kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China mpaka kumpoto kwa taiga ya Siberia. Ku North America amapezeka ku Alaska, ku Canada komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States, kukafika kudera la Colorado. Ku Russia, imagawidwa kudera la Rostov kumwera komanso kugombe la Pacific kum'mawa, makamaka m'nkhalango.
Pafupifupi anthu 730,000 (pafupifupi theka la anthu onse) amakhala ku Russia, ndipo pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni amakhala Padziko Lapansi.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Nyama zimakhala m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, m'nkhalango zam'madzi am'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'nkhalango-tundra zimasungidwa m'nkhalango zowirira. Mu steppe ndi tundra nthawi yachilimwe amapezeka ndipo amakhala kutali ndi nkhalangoyi, nthawi zina amakhala pamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri. Chofunika kwambiri kwa mphalapakati ndicho kukhalapo kwa madambo, mitsinje yodekha ndi nyanja, momwe nthawi yotentha imadyera masamba am'madzi ndikuthawa kutentha. M'nyengo yozizira, elk amafunika nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zobiriwira zomwe zimakhala ndi dothi lowonda. Mu gawo la malo omwe chipale chofewa sichidutsa 30-50 masentimita, mooses yokhazikika, momwe imafikira 70 cm, amasintha kumadera opanda chisanu nthawi yozizira. Kusintha kwa malo achisanu kumatenga pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndipo kumatenga kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala mpaka Januwale. Oyamba ndi akazi ndi mphalapakati, omaliza ndi amuna ndi akazi achikulire opanda mbewa. Patsiku, anyani amayenda 10-15 km. Kusunthika kwakumapeto kwa kasupe kumachitika nthawi ya chipale chofewa komanso motsatana: Amphongo akuluakulu ndi oyamba, akazi ndi mphalapala omaliza.
Nyama sizikhala ndi nthawi yodya komanso yopuma. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kumawapangitsa kuti azikhala nyama usiku, masana amawayendetsa mu gombe, pomwe pamawomba mphepo, kulowa m'madziwe ndi madambo, komwe mumatha kubisala mpaka khosi m'madzi, kapena kukula kwamatenda achichepere omwe amateteza pang'ono ku tizilombo. M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya za moose masana, ndipo usiku pafupifupi nthawi yonse amakhala pa benchi. M'malo ozizira kwambiri, nyama zimagona m'chipale chofewa kuti mutu wokha ndi kufota pamwamba pake, womwe umachepetsa kutentha. M'nyengo yozizira, mphalapala zimapondaponda chipale chofewa m'dera lomwe amatchedwa osaka "kampu" yapamwamba, imani. Malo oyimapo amatengera malo odyetserako chakudya. Ku Central Russia awa ndi mitengo yaing'ono ya paini, ku Siberia - msondodzi kapena zitsamba zobiriwira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ku Far East - nkhalango zachilengedwe zodziwika bwino zomwe zimamera mosadukiza. Mphalapala zingapo zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi nthawi imodzi, m'nkhalango za Oka pine mu 50s ya XX m'ma nthawi yozizira m'malo ena mpaka 100 kapena kuposapo maose pa 1000 ha anasonkhanitsidwa.
Mphalapala zimadyedwa pamtchire komanso pamera udzu, komanso mbewa, nyemba ndi bowa. M'chilimwe, amadya masamba, kuwatulutsa chifukwa chakukula kutalika, kudya chakudya cham'madzi ndi madzi oyandikana ndi (kusintha, marigold, zipu za mazira, maluwa a madzi, mahatchi), komanso zitsamba zazitali m'malo otenthedwa ndi malo odulira - otenthedwa moto, sorelo. Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, bowa wama capu (kuphatikizapo ntchentche agarics, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala), timitengo ta mabuliberi ndi lingonberry zokhala ndi zipatso zimafunidwa. Kuyambira Seputembala, mphukira ndi nthambi za mitengo ndi zitsamba zinayamba kuluma, ndipo pofika Novembala pafupifupi zinasinthira kukhala chakudya cha nthambi. Zakudya zazikuluzikulu za moose zimaphatikizira msondodzi, paini (ku North America - fir), aspen, phulusa lamapiri, birch, rasipiberi, mu thaw iwo amatenga khungwa. Mkulu wamkulu amadya tsiku lililonse: nthawi yotentha pafupifupi makilogalamu 35, nthawi yozizira - 12-15 kg, pachaka - pafupifupi matani 7. Ndi mitundu yambiri ya mphalapala, malo ogulitsa nkhalango ndi mitengo yawonongeka. Pafupifupi kulikonse moose amayenderedwa ndi malawi amchere, m'nyengo yozizira amanyambita mchere ngakhale mumisewu yayikulu.
Moose amathamanga kwambiri, mpaka 56 km / h, kusambira bwino. Mukamayang'ana mbewu zam'madzi, zimatha kukhala ndi mitu pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi yopitilira. Kuchokera kwa olusa amatetezedwa ndi kuwombera miyendo yakutsogolo. Ngakhale chimbalangondo chofiirira sichitha kulimbana ndi tsekwe zamphongo pamalo achitetezo. Monga lamulo, chimbalangondo chimayesa kuwukira pamaso pa chitsamba, kotero kuti owongoka satha kuyenda.Mwa zidziwitso za elk, kumva ndi kununkhira kumapangidwa bwino, masomphenya ndi ofooka - samawona munthu woyimirira patali kwamamita angapo.
Moose nthawi zambiri sakhala woyamba kuukira munthu. Nthawi zambiri kuukira kumachitika ndi zinthu zokhumudwitsa kapena kuyandikira kwa mphalapakati.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Amuna ndi akazi okhaokha amakhala mosakwatiwa kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyama 3-4. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yozizira, zazikazi zazikulu zimayenda ndi mphalapala, ndikupanga magulu a mitu 3-4, nthawi zina amuna ndi akazi amodzi amaphatikizana nawo, ndikupanga gulu la mitu 5-8. Chapakatikati, ng'ombe izi zimalekanitsidwa.
Mphalapakati zimathamangira nthawi yomweyo monga chimbalangondo mu Seputembala - Okutobala ndipo zimayenderana ndi kubangula kwa amuna ("kubuma"). Panthawi yachimuna, amuna ndi akazi amakhala osangalala komanso ankhanza, amatha kuukira munthu. Amuna amakangana ndewu, nthawi zina mpaka kufa. Mosiyana ndi agwiritse ntchito ambiri, elk - okhala monogamous, osakwatira ndi akazi opitilira amodzi.
Mimba mu moose ng'ombe kumatenga masiku 225-240, ng'ombe amatambalala kuyambira Epulo mpaka June. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ng'ombe imodzi, zazikazi zazikazi zimatha kubereka ana amapasa. Mtundu wa wobadwa kumene ndi wofiyira, wopanda mawanga oyera ngati mbawala. Moose amatha kudzuka mphindi zochepa atabadwa, patatha masiku atatu amasuntha momasuka. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi 3.5-4, mkaka wowola umakhala ndi mafuta okwanira 8-13%, ndiye kuti, katatu kunenepa kuposa ng'ombe, ndipo umakhala ndi mapuloteni ochulukirapo kasanu (12-16%).
Moose amakhala wokhwima pazaka 2. Pakatha zaka 12, mphalapakati zimayamba kukalamba, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zaka zopitilira 10, osapitilira 3%. Ali mu ukapolo amapulumuka zaka 20 mpaka 22.
Mtengo wachuma
Nyama yamtengo wapatali yamalonda (nyama ndi khungu lolimba lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito povala zikopa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito).
Ku Russia ndi Scandinavia, kuyesayesa kwapangidwa kuti agwire ndikugwiritsa ntchito moose ngati nyama yoyenda ndi mkaka, koma zovuta za zomwe zilimo zimapangitsa izi kukhala zopanda phindu. Ku USSR kunalipo abambo 7 abambo, pakadali pano pali malo awiri a moose ku Pechoro-Ilychsky nkhokwe ku mudzi wa Yaksha ndi Sumarokovskaya moose famu mdera la Kostroma. Kuyesera uku akuwonetsedwa mu kanema wolemba A. Zguridi "The Tale of the Forest Giant". Zonsezi minda. Maulendo owongoleredwa amapezeka pamafamu.
Mkaka waosefa ndi wofanana ndi kukoma kwa ng'ombe, koma mafuta ochulukirapo komanso osakoma. Ntchito mu matenda zakudya. Pofuna kusamala imazizira.
Nyama ya mphalaphala imakhala yotsika kukoma kwa nyama ya agwape ena - samatha mafuta komanso kuuma. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zamzitini ndi zotsekemera zosuta.
Chiwerengero
Imfa yapachaka pakati pa anyani akuluakulu ndi kuyambira 7 mpaka 15%; nyama zazing'ono zimafa mchaka choyamba mpaka 50%. Mphalapakati zimasakidwa ndi mimbulu ndipo zimbalangondo (chimbalangondo chofiirira, chimbalangondo), nyama zazing'ono, zodwala komanso zachikale zimakonda kukhala nyama. Mimbulu ilibe vuto kwa achikulire athanzi. Moose amadziwika ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi nematode Parelaphostrongylus tenuiskukhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, ndi nkhupakupa. Nthawi zambiri amamenyedwa ndi magalimoto, ndipo oyendetsa galimoto nawonso nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi izi. Nyama iyi imaloledwa kusaka pafupifupi Europe, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zolinga kukukula chaka chilichonse.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Ichi ndi herbivore yayikulu kwambiri ya artiodactyl ya zinyama zapadziko lapansi. Kukula kwa mphalaphala pakufota kumatha kupitilira kukula kwaumunthu. Kutalika kwa thupi la akuluakulu kumatha kupitirira 3 m, ndipo pafupifupi kulemera kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi theka la toni.
Nyamazi zimakonda kutchedwa ma rhizomes. Amakhala ndi dzina lotchuka ngati chinthu chokongola kwambiri cha mawonekedwe awo - nyanga zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimawoneka ngati chipangizo cholimira chakale - sokha.
Amphongo okhwima okha ogonana ndi omwe amatha kudzitama pazokongoletsera zotere. Ndipo zazikazi ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zilibe nyanga mwachilengedwe. Kanthu kakang'ono ka mawonekedwe, mtundu wa korona, ndimapangidwe owoneka ngati mafupa ophukira, omwe ambiri amatha pafupifupi 25 kg.
Chaka chilichonse ndikamayamba kuzizira moose antlers kusowa, amangosiyidwa. Koma ikayamba masika, penapake pofika Meyi, “korona” watsopano amamera pamutu pawo.
Otsuka ali pachibale cha agwape, koma mawonekedwe awo amasiyana m'njira zambiri, popeza alibe chisomo kwa iwo. M'malo mwake, ndi owuma, okhala ndi mapewa amphamvu ndi chifuwa. Khosi lokhala ndi chikopa chofiyira pansi pa larynx ndi thunthu la zouma, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi, zimapereka chithunzi chofupikitsa.
Khungu limafota pamwamba pawo, kenako ndikutulutsa mutu waukulu. Chizindikiro chakumapeto chimawoneka chotupa, chaching'ono, chokhala pamilomo yakumbuyo, kumtunda. Miyendo ya nyamayo, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lalitali, osati loonda, lalitali lalifupi.
Pali mchira mpaka 13 cm, ndi waufupi koma wowonekera kwambiri. Mtundu wa chovala chowala pakathupi chimasiyana kuyambira chofiirira mpaka chakuda, miyendo ya mphalapala imakhala yoyera. M'nyengo yozizira, tsitsi la tsitsi limakhala lopepuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphalapakati zizikhala zosavuta kuzungulira pouma. Zonsezi ndizowonekera bwino. pa chithunzi.
Kuwona kwa nyama izi sikungatchulidwe kwambiri, koma kumva ndi kununkhira kumapangidwa bwino. Amathamanga kwambiri ndikusambira kwambiri. Nyamazo zapeza dzina lalikulu kwambiri ku North Hemisphere.
Pafupifupi theka la mamembala anyama zokhala pachilumbachi ndi anthu okhala ku Russia. Moose ndiofala ku Ukraine, Belarus, mayiko a Baltic, Poland ndi Scandinavia, m'maiko ena aku Europe, komanso ku Asia, mwachitsanzo, ku Mongolia ndi China. Amapezeka ku North America, makamaka ku Canada ndi Alaska.
Moose - ili ndi dzina la mtundu womwe umaimira banja la agwape. Osati kale kwambiri komwe amakhulupirira kuti mumakhala mtundu umodzi wa dzina lomweli. Koma ndi intraspecific taxonomy panali zovuta zazikulu.
Zinali zovuta kudziwa ndikusankha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya zinthu. Ndipo pamwambowu, akatswiri azamanyama adagawanika. Ma genetics amakono anathandiza kuyankha mafunso osokoneza. Malinga ndi zomwe zachokera pagwero ili, mtundu wa mphalapakati suyenera kugawidwa m'modzi, koma mitundu iwiri.
Tiyeni tiwalingalire mwatsatanetsatane.
1. Moose wa kum'mawa. Mtunduwu umagawidwa m'malo awiri: European ndi Caucasian. Oimira awo ndi nyama zazitali kwambiri, nthawi zina zimalemera mpaka 650 kg. Nyanga za mphalapala woterewu zikuwoneka bwino kwambiri mpaka masentimita 135 ndi zina.
Tsitsi lawo limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda. Kumbuyo kumakhala chizindikiro ndi mzere wakuda. Mapeto ake owoneka bwino kwambiri ndi chikhoto kumapazi. Mimba ndi kumbuyo kwa miyendo ya anyaniwa, komanso milomo yake yapamwamba, ili pafupifupi yoyera.
2. Moose akumadzulo. Nthawi zina mitundu iyi imatchedwa mosiyana ndi Amereka, komanso ndikoyenera kuitcha kuti East Siberian, chifukwa nthumwi za maufumu awiriwa, poyang'ana patali, zigawo za dziko lapansi ndizofanana.
Mtunduwu umagawidwa m'mabungwe ang'ono aku Canada komanso Ussuri. Nyama zotere ndi zazing'ono pang'ono kuposa omwe anafotokozedwa kale. Ndipo kukula kwa nyanga zake kuli pafupifupi mita. Zowona, pali zosiyana, chifukwa ku Canada ndi Far East mungapezenso zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe kulemera kwake kumafika 700 kg.
Makatani amitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati iyi. Makosi awo ndi chifuwa chakumtunda nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira kapena cha imvi. Miyendo yomwe ili pamwambapa, komanso mbali zake pansi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda.
Moyo & Habitat
Thupi la zolengedwa izi silikhala lofanana ndendende, ndipo miyendo yake yolimba kwambiri komanso phokoso lolimba limalepheretsa mayendedwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, kuledzera kuchokera padziwe. Elk satha kungopukusa mutu wake. Amayenera kulowa m'madzi, nthawi zina amagwa, ndikugwada.
Mwa njira, iwo, atakhala ndi zibowolezo, amapereka nyama iyi ngati chida chabwino chodzitetezera. Pakulimbana ndi adani, zimbalangondo kapena mimbulu, zolengedwa zotere zimadula miyendo yawo yakutsogolo, kuwomba kwa ziboda zawo nthawi imodzi kungadule chigaza cha mdani.
Elk – chinyama, amene ubweya wake nthawi yozizira samangokhala wowonjezereka, komanso wokulirapo, womwe umatalika pafupifupi masentimita 10. Ndipo pakhosi ndikufota umakula kwambiri komanso umachulukanso kawiri.
Nyanga za zolengedwa izi, zikusintha kukhala mwezi uliwonse wa masika, ndimapangidwe osangalatsa kwambiri. Poyamba, zimakhala zofewa komanso zofewa, zophimbidwa ndi khungu, zimatha kutulutsa magazi zikaonongeka ndikuvutika ndi kulumidwa ndi majeremusi. Pang'onopang'ono amayamba kukhazikika, kukhala amphamvu komanso zokulirapo.
Mkuluyo akamakula, nyanga zake zimakopeka kwambiri. Zodzikongoletsera izi zimawonekera koyamba m'madzi a chaka chimodzi. Ali aang'ono, ndi nyanga zazing'ono chabe. Korona wofanana mwa anthu okalamba amakhala ndi thunthu lathyathyathya, lalikulu, lotchedwa fosholo. Ndondomeko zimaphatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe awa.
Ndi m'badwo, fosholo imakhala yokulirapo komanso yolimba, ndipo kukula kwa njirazo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, motsutsana zimatsika. Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ya nyanga ndizotheka kudziwa zaka za nyama.
Kugwetsa “korona” zakale kumachitika mu Novembala kapena Disembala. Munthawi ya nyengo yozizira, maulu samawafunikira, koma kokha, popeza kuti ndi mapangidwe okhwima, amalepheretsa mayendedwe awo, omwe amakulitsa moyo m'nthawi yovuta.
Kupatula apo, nyengazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amuna osati konse kuti atetezedwe, koma kukopa zazikazi komanso zamaganizidwe amakono pa omenyera, zimagwira ngati chisonyezo cha mphamvu zamphongo ndi ulemu. Panyengo yophukira, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ogonana m'magazi a nyama amachepetsa, chifukwa, maselo omwe amakhala m'munsi mwa mafupa amawonongedwa, ndipo nyanga zimagwa. Kuchepetsa ululu ndi nkhawa sizikhala bowa. Chilichonse chimachitika mwachilengedwe.
Kukongola koteroko kumakhala m'nkhalango, nthawi zina kumakhala mapiri ndi mapiri, ndipo kumagawidwa mokulira kudera la nkhalango. Amakonda madera akuthengo okhala ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje, amakonda kukhazikika m'malo ovuta.
Samakonda kwambiri mayendedwe, chifukwa chake samasuntha kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, pokhapokha akafuna kusankha malo osalala kwambiri posaka chakudya kapena nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yotentha, kukakhala chakudya chochuluka, anyani amakonda kuyendayenda okha, koma nyengo yozizira ikamayamba, amaphatikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi ng'ombe kuti apulumuke.
Kusaka kwanyumba sizoletsedwa ndi lamulo, koma ndizotheka ndi zoletsa zina zokha. Ntchitoyi ndiyodziwika kwambiri, makamaka ponsepa. Ndiyenera kunena, pamafunika luso lalikulu, luso komanso kudekha mtima, koma ngakhale ndichikhalidwe chosangalatsa, cha juga, sichabwino konse.
Nyama yankhumba imakhala ndi kukoma kosazolowereka, ndizachilendo, sikwachilendo, koma pazifukwa zambiri, chifukwa chazizindikiro zina, izi, zomwe zimafaniziridwa bwino ndi mafuta mutton ndi nkhumba, komanso zomwe zimadziwika bwino ndi thupi, nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa ndi madokotala kuti azigwiritsa ntchito matenda ambiri. Zakudya zambiri zosangalatsa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku icho, zakudya zamzitini ndi soseji zosaphika zimapangidwa.
Mphalapala imasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chamtendere komanso chosinthika kwambiri. Mwa njira, kusinthitsa nyama yotero ndikosavuta. Kuti muchite izi, ndikokwanira kudyetsa ng'ombe yamtchire, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukonda munthuyo, yemwe, mwa kupitilizika kwabwino kwa mnzake, atha kukhala moyo.
Moose ndiwothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pantchito ndi mayendedwe pamagetsi komanso pamahatchi, ndipo mutha kupeza mkaka kuchokera ku mphalapala.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Komwe mitundu iyi ya artiodactyls idachokera sichidziwika kwenikweni. Makhalidwe omwe amapezeka mu sahat amapezeka ku Quaternary yoyambirira. Maonekedwe ake amadziwika ndi Upper Pliocene ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu wapafupi - North American Cervalces. Mtundu umodzi wamtundu wa Quaternary umasiyanitsidwa, womwe umafanana ndi gawo lotsika la Pleistocene - moose-nkhope-yayikulu.
Itha kutchedwa kholo la moose, lomwe limapezeka pagawo la Russian Federation. Makolo akale amtunduwu, akuwoneka kuti amagwirizana ndi njira yamakono, anakumana munthawi ya Neolithic kumapeto kwa Ukraine, Lower Volga ndi Transcaucasia, pagombe la Black Sea, ku Ireland ndi England, Western Europe, koma sanadutse ku Balkan ndi Apennines.
Kanema: Elk
Artiodactyls amakhala m'malo akulu kumpoto kwa Europe, Asia, America. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka zana zapitazi, mtunduwo unali wocheperako, koma njira zobwezeretsanso anthu zinapangitsa kuti sahaty iyambenso kupezeka munkhalango za Eurasia kupita ku Vosges komanso pakamwa pa Rhine. Gawo lakumwera limatsika kumapiri a Alps ndi Carpathians, ndipo limatenga gawo lamapeto a Don basin, Western Transcaucasia, kudutsa gawo la nkhalango ya Siberia mpaka ku Ussuri taiga.
Chilombochi chimamva bwino ku Norway, Finland ndi Sweden. Imapezeka paliponse ku Russia kudera la nkhalango, kupatula Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka. Imapezeka kumpoto kwa Mongolia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Pa kontrakitala yaku America - ku Canada. Chiwerengero chobwezeretsedwako chimakhudza nkhalango yonse ya US. Nyamayo ndiyonyansa. Mutuwu ndi wamtunda kwambiri ndikukhala pakhosi lamphamvu. Hertiodactyl yake imasunga pafupifupi gawo la kufinya kwamiseche.
Kukula kodabwitsa kwa nkhope kumalumikizidwa ndi mphuno yayikulu yokhala ndi ma cartilaginous. Amadutsa pamilomo yapamwamba yolimba, yoluma.
Makutu akuluakulu ndi othandizira kwambiri ndipo amalozera pamwamba. Mchira ndi theka kutalika kwa khutu. Amamaliza chotsekeracho ndipo amakhala osawoneka. Khosi limapachika thumba looneka ngati ndolo. Imakula kwambiri mwaimuna ndipo imatha kutalika masentimita 40, koma nthawi zambiri osapitirira 25. Khutu limakula mpaka zaka zinayi, kenako limafupika ndikukula.
Kodi elika amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Big Elk
Mtundu wamtunduwu wa artiodactyl umakonda maudzu akuluakulu, umadya zola (makamaka zamtchire), umadyera bowa, kuphatikiza poizoni, wowoneka ngati wowoneka. Zipatso: nkhanu, buliberries, kunyamula lingonberry ndikudya pamodzi ndi nthambi. M'chilimwe, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, amatenga nthambi ndi milomo yake yamphamvu ndikudula masamba awo.
Sukhaty amakonda kudya masamba ndi nthambi:
Mwa zitsamba zobiriwira, wokondedwa kwambiri ndimadziwotche, omwe amakula mowonekera bwino - malo omwe amakonda kwambiri a artiodactyl. Pafupifupi m'madziwe ndi m'madzi, amadyera wotchi, maluwa amadzi, makapiso a mazira, marigold, sore, udzu, udzu, zovuta, mahatchi ndi mbewu zina zomwe zimamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'dzinja, chakudya chake chimasintha, nyamayi imadya mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo ndi tchire, imadya makungwa a mitengo.
Ndikusowa kwa chakudya, imatha kudulira nthambi za paini tating'ono ndi masamba ena owoneka bwino, makamaka theka lanyengo yachisanu, koma nthawi zambiri kuluma msondodzi, spen, rasipiberi, birch, phulusa lamapiri, nthambi zanthete mpaka 1 cm. mbali yomwe imawotcha ndi nthenga.
Pazonse, pali:
- mpaka 149 mtundu wa angiosperms,
- Mitundu 6 ya masewera olimbitsa thupi, monga paini, mlombwa, yew,
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma fern (ma genera 5),
- lichens (4 genera),
- bowa (11 genera),
- algae, mwachitsanzo, kelp.
Atoki amatcha izi zodya mitengo yazotsekera - - "moot", kapena ivedo - "shektates", chifukwa zimadya nthambi zamitengo. Dzina lake wamba ndi "mafunde", osaka zamatsenga ankawopa kugwiritsa ntchito.
M'chaka, zolengedwa zimadya pafupifupi matani asanu ndi awiri a zakudya, zomwe:
- makungwa - 700 kg
- mphukira ndi nthambi - 4000 kg,
- masamba - 1500 kg
- herbaceous zomera - 700 makilogalamu.
M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku chimatha kuchoka pa 16 kg mpaka 35 kg, ndipo nthawi yozizira chimakhala pafupifupi 10 kg. M'nyengo yozizira, mphalapala imamwa pang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri samadya chipale chofewa, kupewa kutentha, koma nthawi yotentha imatha kutunga m'madzi kapena kutsika kwa madzi kuyambira mphindi 15 mpaka ola limodzi, pafupifupi popanda kusokonezedwa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Moose chilimwe
Sukhaty sanali wanzeru kwambiri, wamantha, nthawi zonse amapita patsogolo. M'moyo wamba, amakonda kumenyedwa. Zimphona za m'nkhalango zimasiyana ndi malo omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala chakuya masentimita 70, ndipo chimasonkhana m'malo otsetsereka, pomwe mbali zake zimakhala zowala. Katunduyu ndi wolemera kwambiri ndipo artiodactyl imalephera, ngakhale miyendo yayitali imathandizira kuthana ndi madambo oundana.Ng'ombe zazing'ono zazikazi zimatsata njira ya munthu wamkuluyu.
Mukamadyetsa, nyamayo imayimirira, kudya chakudya kuchokera padziko lapansi, kuyesera kufalitsa miyendo yake, kugwada pansi, mphalapala zazing'ono zoyenda nthawi zambiri. Zili pachiwopsezo, chilombocho chimadalira kwambiri pakumva ndi chibadwa chake, chimawona bwino kwambiri ndipo sichikuwona munthu wosuntha. Nyama sizimenyedwa ndi anthu, pokhapokha pokhapokha akavulala kapena kuteteza ana.
Pakakhala chizolowezi, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. M'nyengo yozizira, amapuma mpaka kasanu patsiku, koma ndi chipale chofewa kapena kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka katatu. Kutentha kochepa, kumizidwa mu chisanu, kuchokera pomwe mutu wokha umawonekera, ndipo umagona kwa nthawi yayitali. Pamafunde amphepo yamphamvu, zimphona za m'nkhalango zimabisala m'nkhalango. Ali ndi zaka 30, elk adaleredwa m'mafamu apadera kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazankhondo, ndipo ngakhale mfuti zamakina paminyanga zimalimbikitsidwa. Anawaphunzitsa kusiyanitsa kumva Chifinishi kuchokera ku Russia ndikupereka chikwangwani. Nyama zinagwira mawu a munthu kutali kwambiri ndi kilomita.
Kumayambiriro kwa Juni, ma sats amagwira ntchito masana. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka komanso kutuluka kwa gulu lalikulu la mahatchi ndi mahatchi, ma artiodactyls amayamba kuzizira, komwe kumakhala kamphepo komanso tizilombo tambiri. Amatha kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo otetezeka, osaya, m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi. M'madzi osaya, nyama zimagona m'madzi, m'malo ozama zimalowera m'khosi. Kumene kulibe malo osungirako, zimphona zimagwera pamalo achinyezi, koma zikangoyamba kuwuka, zimadzuka ndikuyang'ana yatsopano.
Osangokhala nthambo yokha imawapangitsa kugona, kutentha sikumalekeredwa bwino ndi ma artiodactyls awa, kotero mu chilimwe amakonda kupuma masana.
Adani achilengedwe a tsekwe
Chithunzi: Elk ndi nyanga
Mwa adani akuluakulu a mphalapala amatchedwa zimbalangondo. Nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi artiodactyls akadzuka ku hibernation. Nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa akazi oyembekezera kapena kuukira moose. Amayi amateteza ana. Zowopsa ndizomwe zimakhudza kutsogolo. Mwanjira imeneyi, munthu wosakhulupirira amatha kupha chimbalangondo, kapena mdani aliyense
Mimbulu imachita mantha kuukira akuluakulu, ipangireni paketi komanso kumbuyo kokha. Nthawi zambiri ana obadwa ndi imvi amamwalira. M'nyengo yozizira, mimbulu simalankhula ndi anzeru, ngakhale ang'ono. M'nthawi yamvula yamkuntho, yowuma kapena nthawi yamvula ikabweza, gulu limatha kuyendetsa ng'ombe kapena munthu wamkulu wopanda vuto. Ma artiodactyl akuluakulu sangathe kukana lynx kapena wolverine, amene amateteza nyama yomwe yabisalira pamtengo. Kuthamanga kuchokera pamwamba, nyama zolusa zimagwira m'khosi, ndikuluma mitsempha.
Ziphokoso zokhumudwitsa za agulugufe, mahatchi ndi agwape zimakwiyitsa kwambiri. Mphutsi zawo zimatha kukhazikika mu nasopharynx. Ndi ambiri aiwo, kuvutika kupuma kumawonekera, mamina amatha mphamvu, chifukwa zimamuvuta kuti adye chakudya, ndipo nthawi zina amamwalira. Kuchokera kulumidwa ndi mahatchi pamiyendo ya nyama kumawoneka zilonda zam'mimba zomwe sizikutuluka.
Malinga ndi anthu omwe adaziwona, panali zaka zomwe nyama, zomwe zimazunzidwa ndi bedi, zimapita kunyumba osakhudzana ndi agalu kapena anthu. Anthu okhala m'midzi adathira madzi pamadzi olumidwa, akuwuka ndi utsi, koma sanathe kupulumutsa aliyense kuimfa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Animal Elk
Chifukwa chakuwedza mosawerengeka, anthu okhazikika m'nkhalango zazikulu kwambiri osadukanso adayamba kuchepa kuyambira m'ma 1800. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka zana lomaliza, nyamayo idawonongedwa, kapena pafupifupi kutha, kumadera ambiri komwe idapezedwa kale, ku Europe ndi ku North America. Kuletsa kwakanthawi kochepa kusaka, njira zotetezera kunabwezeretsa pang'onopang'ono malo omwe kale anali. Kuchokera pakhungu la elk, camilales ndi mathalauza okwera, omwe amatchedwa "leggings," adasokedwa kale.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za 20s kumadera ambiri a Russia kunali kovuta kuwerengetsa anthu osaposa khumi ndi angapo. Malamulo oletsa usodzi (kupatula Siberia) anatsogolera kuti kuwonjezeka kwa masheya kunayamba kumapeto kwa 30s. Komanso nyama zidasamukira kumadera akumwera komwe, komwe nkhalango zazing'ono zimawonekera m'malo oyipitsidwa ndi kudula mitengo.
Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Patriotic, kuchuluka kwa ma artiodactyl ku Europe ku Russia kunacheperanso kwambiri. Mu 1945, kuletsa kusaka kunayambika, ndipo kulimbana koopsa ndi mimbulu kunayamba. Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya nkhandwe, gulu la malo osamalira nyama, kubweretsa nsomba zovomerezeka ndizinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuchuluka kwa ziweto.
Chiwerengero cha osatha kutchire cha RSFSR chinali:
- mu 1950 - 230,000,
- mu 1960 - 500,000
- mu 1980 - 730 zikwi
- Podzafika 1992 - 904,000
Kenako kutsika kunayamba ndipo pofika 2000 chiwerengerocho chinali 630,000. Ndi mtundu wocheperako, nthawi yomweyo Kumpoto. Pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi imakhala ku America, 150,000 ku Norway, 100,000 ku Finland, ndi 300,000 ku Sweden. Ndipo izi zili m'maiko omwe chilombochi chinali chitawonongedwapo kale. Malo osungirako nyama padziko lonse lapansi amatchedwa "osasamala kanthu".
Ku Russia, malinga ndi akatswiri, ngakhale mutaganizira zokonda nkhalango, ndizotheka kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa moose mpaka 3 miliyoni, tsopano chiwerengero chawo chili pafupifupi 700-800 chikwi. Ngakhale nyamayi siziwopsezedwa ndikuwonongeka, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kudera nkhawa zakusungidwa kwake ndikuwonjezereka kwa chiweto. Elk amatha kukhala mu ukapolo chifukwa cha zakudya zamafuta, khungu, nyanga ndi mkaka.
Mtundu
Tsitsi la elk limakhala lakuda kapena lofiirira pamtambo wakumpoto. Imasandulika bwino kukhala mtundu wa bulauni pansi. Miyendo yakumunsi ndiyopanda zodetsa. M'chilimwe, mtundu wa mphalapala umakhala wakuda.
Mwinanso aliyense amene amawerenga mafotokozedwe a mphalapala m'mabuku ofotokozedwawa amadziwa kuti sax ndiomwe imapeza zazikulu kwambiri mwa zolengedwa zonse. Mitundu yawo imafika masentimita a 180 ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi 20 kg. Nyangayo imakhala ndi thunthu lalikulu komanso lalifupi ndi fosholo, yopindika pang'ono, yozunguliridwa ndi njira khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Mu nyama za mibadwo yosiyana, kutalika kwa njira, kutalika kwake, ndi kukula kwake kwagawo ndizosiyana. Moose akamakula, nyanga zake zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri, fosholo ndi zambiri, ndipo njira zake ndi zazifupi.
Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pobadwa, nyanga zazing'onoting'ono zimamera m'magulu a ng'ombe zazikazi. Poyamba amakhala ofewa kwambiri, ophimbidwa ndi khungu losalala komanso tsitsi loterera. Nyangazo zimabayidwa ndimitsempha yamagazi, motero zimapweteka nyama yaying'ono yolumidwa ndi tizirombo ndi kutaya magazi ikavulazidwa. Miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake, nyanga zimawuma, ndipo magazi amaleka. Pakupita zaka zisanu, zilonda za elk (antler) zimakula ndikulemera: masamba amakula ndipo njira zimafupikirako.
Kodi zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira?
Takupatsani kufotokozerako mwachidule za mphalapakati. Buku Lofiyira, mwamwayi, silinafotokozedwebe ndi nyama iyi. Koma popeza kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera, nyama izi ziyenera kutetezedwa kwa asodzi. Komabe, sokhaty imaphatikizidwa m'mabuku a Red Red a zigawo zina ndi ma republic, pomwe chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo chiwerengero chake ndicotsika. Mwachitsanzo, elk imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Omsk dera.
M'chilimwe
M'chilimwe, nyama zomwe zimakonda kugawana zimakhala ndi zinthu monga izi:
- Masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba: aspen, phulusa, phulusa lamapiri, mapulo, chitumbuwa cha mbalame.
- Umbrella udzu wamtali womwe ukukula pamoto woyaka ndi moto: tiyi wamoto, tiyi wa ivan, meadowsweet meadowsweet, nettle.
- Zomera zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi madzi kapena dambo: wotchi yamasamba atatu, maluwa a madzi, mahatchi, ma sedge (kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe).
- Bowa.
- Nthambi ndi zipatso za lingonberry, mabulosi abulu.
M'chilimwe mumakhala chakudya chochuluka, koma izi sizokwanira kuti chinyama chizigwira bwino ntchito. Maziko azakudya amakhalabe nthambi, popanda zomwe chimbudzi chimasokoneza nyama. Chifukwa chosowa nthambi mu malo osungira nyama, herbivorous moose anali kufa, ngakhale ma feed ena anali ambiri - udzu, umakhazikika.
M'nyengo yozizira
Mu theka loyamba la nthawi yozizira, nyama zimadya mitengo yabwino ndi zitsamba: raspberries, msondodzi, paini, phulusa laphiri. Ndiwothandiza pang'onopang'ono. Mu theka lachiwiri la dzinja, amadya conifers. Kusintha kwa chakudya chotere sikubwera chifukwa chakusowa kwa mitundu yoyenera ya chakudya, koma chifukwa chakusowa kwa thupi. Zakudya zomwe zimakakamizidwa nthawi yachisanu zimaphatikizapo mphukira za birch zomwe zimakhala ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya.
Kuchulukitsa popanda zovulaza, nyama zimadya udzu. Amadya mpaka 1 makilogalamu a hay patsiku. Kusanthula chakudya chomwe mphalapala zimasankha nthawi yozizira, asayansi anazindikira kuti hay si chakudya chokakamizidwa. Sokhats amakonda nsipu, ngakhale ndi chakudya chochuluka komanso chopatsa thanzi.
Madera akumwera, nyama zimadyera makungwa a mitengo ndi lichens. Kumpoto, khungubwi limazizira, ndipo osabereka satha kudya, ndipo nderezo zimabisidwa pansi pa chipale chofewa. Pansi pa chisanu pali zakudya zina: ma sedge ndi mabulosi tchire. Popewa kutentha, amamwa madzi pang'ono ndipo samadya chisanu.
Habitat
Mphalapala zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Kugawidwa ku Russia (kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku steppes kumwera), ku Europe (Finland, Norway, kumpoto kwa Ukraine, Hungary, Poland, kumayiko a Baltic). Komanso amakhala kumayiko aku Asia: Far East, Northern Mongolia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Nyamayo imapezeka m'dera louma la Siberia, mpaka ku nkhalango-tundra. Amakhala ku USA: kumpoto chakum'mawa, ku Alaska ndi Canada.
Tsopano, kuchuluka kwa elk sikuwopsezedwa kuti atha, koma m'zaka za zana la 19 nyama zomwe zidakhala ku Europe zidafafaniziratu. Kuyambira 1920, machitidwe ochitapo kanthu ayamba kuteteza mapinawo ndikubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwawo ku Europe.
Dera
Ku Russia, malo okhala ndi mitengo ya elk imakhala pafupifupi malo onse a nkhalango ndi nkhalango-tundra. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimakhala m'nkhalango zazing'ono za mitengo yopanda zipatso, ndikusankha zigwa zotetezedwa ndi mapiri. Kupezeka komwe nyama zimapezeka ndi zochuluka kwambiri:
- M'chilimwe amatha kuwonekera pamtunda wamtunda wamtunda wamakilomita mazana ochepa kuchokera kudera lamapiri,
- Nthawi zina, nyama zimafika m'mphepete mwa nyanja zakumpoto,
- M'nyengo yozizira iwo amayenda kumwera kupita ku nkhalango-tundra.
Mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro zofala, buluzi si nyama yamtondo. Lingaliroli linapangidwa pa nthawi yomwe nyamazi zinali zitangotsala pang'ono kufalikira kumayiko aku Europe.
Magawo omwe amakhalamo akhoza kukhala osiyanitsidwa:
- Forest-steppe - nkhalango zowirira kapena zosakanizika momwe mumakhala madambo, mitsinje yaying'ono, mitsinje. Kutchire, mphalapala zimakonda kukhazikika pomwe achinyamata amakula ndikuwotcherera moto - chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri cha mphalapakati. Nyama izi sizikhala m'nkhalango popanda udzu, komanso mitengo yayitali. Mphalapala zimakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, m'nkhokwe za msondodzi ndi m'mphepete mwa matope.
- Lesotundra. Mphalapala imasankha nkhalango za birch ndi mitengo ya bophelong.
- Mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Akuyang'ana m'mphepete mwa zitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri, anyani amasankha dambo lophimbidwa ndi shrub birch, paini, msondodzi. Nyama zimadya zomera zam'madzi.
- Mountain taiga. Sukhoi amapezeka m'malo omwe ali ndi mpumulo wofatsa - zigwa zambiri, malo otsetsereka kapena odzaza ndi akasupe amadzi. Moose amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 1800-2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi ku Altai mu char ndi madambo - mpaka 2200-2400 m.
Kusankha malo abwino okhala, kelamani amathawira kwa anthu oyipa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa nyama. M'malo momwe anthu ndi adani ena amatha kuzizindikira, nyama zimabisala masana m'nkhalango zowirira kapena zotumphuka. Ndi zovuta kuwona moose pamenepo.
Moose amakhala m'dera lomwelo kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi ndichifukwa chakukhazikika kwa nyama ndi chifukwa choti amatha kuyenda mtunda waung'ono kukafunafuna chakudya. M'chilimwe, mtunda woyenda wa sushi ndi wokulirapo kuposa nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, amayenda kumadera opanda chipale chofunda kuchokera kumadera omwe chipale chofewa chimafika masentimita 70. Izi zimawonedwa ku Siberia, Urals ndi Far East. Chapakatikati, nyama zimabwereranso kwawo. M'nyengo yozizira, mphalapala zimakhala m'malo oterera, chifukwa mumtambo chipale chofewa chimakhala chofewa.
Adani
Mu nyama zamtchire, lopuwala pamakhala adani ochepa achilengedwe. Kukula kwake ndi mphamvu zake zimawopseza owononga ochepa. Zimbalangondo zokha (zazikulu kapena zofiirira) ndi mimbulu zomwe zimatha kuzilimbana nazo.
Zimbalangondo zimakonda kusaka kumpoto komwe kuli matalala ambiri. Amasiya khomalo ndikusunga moza, kapena kuyesa kulowetsa wogwirayo m'nkhokwe zowirira zomwe zimalepheretsa moosetsowo kulimbana ndi ziboda zake. Zimbalangondo zimasaka dala, nthawi zina zimathamangitsa achifwamba pakuwazizira matalala kwa makilomita ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chimbalangondo chimakonda kumeza khansa yapakati kapena mwana wamkazi. Akazi oteteza ana aamuna amakhala moopsa. Khola lomwe likulimbana ndi chimbalangondo limatha kuvulaza kapena kupha ndi nkhonya.
Mimbulu imakonda njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira. Amasankha madera omwe kuli chipale chofewa chambiri, chifukwa ngakhale anyaniwa aang'ono sangathe kugwira chisanu chambiri. Ndizovuta kuti nkhandwe izigwira munthu wamkulu, chifukwa imatha kuthana ndi ziboda zake. Yekhayo, mmbulu umagunda kawirikawiri. Mimbulu imayang'aniridwa ndi gulu, kubwera kuchokera kumbuyo.
Zinyama zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono zimagwirira nyama yovulala ndi yowuma kapena zazing'ono zazikazi. Mdani wamkulu wa mphalapakati ndiye munthu. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akusaka nyama yosungirako nyama ndi khungu.