Takulandirani patsamba 404! Muli pano chifukwa mudalowa adilesi ya tsamba lomwe kulibenso kapena komwe kwasunthidwa ku adilesi ina.
Tsamba lomwe mwapempha mwina lisunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ndizothekanso kuti mwapanga typo yaying'ono mukalowa adilesi - izi zimachitika ngakhale nafe, kotero fufuzani mosamala.
Chonde gwiritsani ntchito njira yosakira kapena yosakira kuti mupeze zambiri zomwe mukufuna. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, lembani kwa oyang'anira.
Mfundo zofananira
Nkhaniyi ikunena za mtundu wa mbalame Parus, mbalame zina za banja Paridae, Aegithalidae ndi Paradoxornithidae amatchedwanso titmouse. Woimira mtundu wamba ndi Great Tit (Parus zazikulu), yomwe ili ponseponse ku Russia.
Pempho la Apus lasinthidwira pano, kuti gulu la nyenyezi liwone Mbalame ya Paradiso (gulu la nyenyezi) Swwing, kapena zotuluka wamba (Latin Apus, kuchokera ku ena achi Greek akuti "opanda miyendo") - mtundu wa mbalame zam'banja la asodzi.
Nkhaniyi ndi ya mtundu wina wa Streptopelia, wotchedwanso oyimira mitundu ina ya nkhunda monga Streptopelia. Streptopelia kapena Streptopelia (lat. Streptopelia, wa ku Greek wina.
Mawonekedwe
Banja la a Kingfisher ndi lalikulu laling'ono, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mbalame zokongola komanso zokongola. Chofunikira kwambiri cha mbalame zoterezi chimayimiriridwa ndi mulomo waukulu komanso wolimba, komanso ma fupi aafupi. Mapangidwewo amasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa nyama, anthu omwe amadya nsomba amakhala ndi mulomo wokhazikika komanso wowongoka, ndipo kukabara ndiwotalikirapo osati motalika kwambiri, womwe umasinthidwa kuti ukhale ngati nyama kapena nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono. Mitundu yomwe imakhazikika kuti igwire nyongolotsi ndi okhala padziko lapansi imakhala ndi mulomo wokhala ndi nsonga yooneka ngati mbedza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kukhalapo kwa utoto wowala wa lalanje pamimba chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mitundu yapadera ya carotenoid m'mizimba, ndipo nthenga zina zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera zimawonetsa mawonekedwe ena owoneka, chifukwa chake ali ndi mtundu wamtambo komanso utoto wachitsulo.
Mosasamala kanthu za mtunduwu, nthumwi zonse za banja la Zimorodkov zimadziwika ndi zala zazifupi kwambiri zokhala ndi zala zakumaso zopindika mbali yayikulu kutalika. Kukula kwa mbalame za Alcedinidae kumasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yamtundu wamtambo wa ku Africa wotchedwa kingfisher (Isridina lecontei). Kutalika kwa mbalameyi sikupita masentimita 10 ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa g 10. Pakati pa oimira banja lalikulu ndi Pied pie giant kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima), komanso kuseka kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguinee), mpaka kutalika kwa 38-40 cm ndi kulemera kwa 350-400 g.
Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe
Asodzi akuluakulu a nkhandwe amakhala m'malo awo okhala komwe amakhala. Dera loterolo limaphatikizapo kutalika kwa gombe pafupifupi kilomita imodzi. Mlendo aliyense yemwe akuwoneka pamalo otetezedwa amachotsedwa pakadutsa duel. Ndi nyengo yachisanu ikayamba, asodzi a nsomba amasala minda yawo, akusamukira kumwera mpaka kumapeto.
Mitundu ya Kingfishers
Malinga ndi malingaliro a olemba osiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama imapatsidwa mtundu wa Alsedo, koma malinga ndi International Union of Ornithologists, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa:
- Wamba, kapena Blue Kingfisher (lat. Alcedo atthis- - mbalame yaying'ono yomwe ndi yayikulu pang'ono kukula kuposa mpheta wamba. Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi maula owala, owoneka bwino komanso obiriwira obiriwira, okhala ndi timapiko tating'ono pamapiko ndi pamutu. Mbalameyi imaponya phokoso lokhalitsa ngati "Tiip-Tiip-Tiip." Masabusikowa akuphatikizapo masamba asanu ndi limodzi - okhala pokhapokha komanso osamuka,
- Kingfisher (lat. Alcedo eurozone- - mbalame zaku Asia zokhala ndi khosi loyera, mutu wamtambo wakuda komanso mbali yakumtunda yamapiko, zoyera zoyera kapena zamawalanje, m'mimba ndi mbali yotsika yamapiko. Magulu awiri apatsidwa mitunduyi,
- Zoyambira zazikulu za buluu (lat. Alcedo Hercules- - Mbalame zaku Asia, zomwe ndizoyimira wamkulu kwambiri pamtunduwu. Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wakuda, mutu wabuluu, mbali yakuda yam'mapiko, khosi loyera, chifuwa chofiirira, m'mimba ndi mbali yam'munsi yamapiko,
- Kingfisher wopanda nsapato (lat. Kuwongolera kwa Alcedo- - Mbalame zaku Asia, zofanana ndi mtundu wamba wowoneka bwino. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumayimiriridwa ndi zowonjezera zamtambo m'thupi lakumtunda ndi nthenga zowala za lalanje pamunsi pamunsi. Mtunduwu ukuphatikiza ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi,
- Turquoise Kingfisher (lat. Alcedo quadribrashys- - mbalame ya ku Africa yokhala ndi mlomo wakuda, mutu wabuluu, mbali yakumaso yamtambo, khosi loyera, mtundu wofiyira pachifuwa, pamimba komanso pansi pa mapiko. Mapulogalamu awiri amapatsidwa mitunduyi.
Komanso akatswiri a International Union of Ornithologists ndi amtundu wa Alsedo Small Blue Kingfisher (Alsedo sorulessesens) ndi Cobalt, kapena semi-cervical kingfisher (Alsedo semitoroquata).
Asayansi adzabweletsa mamam ku Siberia zaka 30-50
Chiyembekezo chofuna kupha nyama yayikulu kwambiri ndi kuukitsa anthu ambiri kukhala ndi moyo chikuyandikira. Malinga ndi a Hendrik Poynar, pulofesa wa kusintha kwa majini ku University of Canada ku McMaster, izi ndi zaka 30-50.
Habitat, malo okhala
Masamba a nsomba wamba amapezeka ku Eurasia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku New Zealand ndi Indonesia, komanso ku New Guinea ndi Solomon Islands. Zoyala zokhala ndi mivi zokhala ndi mikwingwirima ndizofala m'nkhalango zotentha ku Southeast Asia.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi onse oimira mtundu wa Kingfisher ndiofala kwambiri ndipo amakhala kudera la Africa, madera akumwera kwa Europe ndi Asia, Australia ndi New Guinea, komanso Solomon Islands. Pa gawo la dziko lathu pali mitundu isanu yoyimiriridwa ndi mitundu ingapo.
Mbedza zazikuluzikulu za buluu zimakhala m'mitsinje komanso m'nkhalango yowirira ku Southeast Asia. Mitundu yamtunduwu imachokera ku Himalayan Sikkim kupita pachilumba cha China cha Hainan. Oimira mitundu yonse ya nsomba zamtambo wa Blue-eared omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi malo okhala, amakonda nkhalango zowirira nthawi zonse. Asodzi a nsomba ku Turquoise amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha ku Central ndi West Africa.
Kingfisher
Kingfishers (Latin: Alcedo) ndi mtundu wa mbalame zomwe zimachokera ku banja la a kingfisher, Rakseobraznye ndi genf Kingfisher. Malinga ndi nthano yosangalatsa kwambiri, komwe dzinalo limachokera chifukwa cha dzina losokonekera la mbalame yomwe imakhala ndikusaka anapiyewo m'makola a pansi - mbala.
Chithunzicho - wamba, kapena buluu kingfisher (lat. Alcedo atthis) - mbalame yaying'ono. Ili ndi nthenga zowala, zonyezimira pamwamba, zobiriwira bwino, zobiriwira, zokhala ndi mapiko owoneka pang'ono pamapiko ndi pamutu.
Mbalameyi imaponya pang'ono pokha mtundu wa "triip-triip".
Sizikudziwika ngati akukhala pano, kapena osamukira.
Zakudya za Kingfisher
Gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha kingfisher limayimiridwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo barbel, grey, sculpin, char ndi minnow. Mbalame zimadyera nyama ngati imeneyo kubisalira. Ngati ndi kotheka, zilembo zazingwe zimakonda kugwira ma crustaceans ang'ono, tizilombo, achule ndi ma tadpoles. Mbawala imakhala yosasunthika pamtengo kapena pamipanda ya udzu yomwe ili pamadzi, kapena imagwiritsa ntchito miyala ndi zopangira m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo ngati chobisalira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wogwidwa amagwidwa ndi nkhuni zingapo kuwombera kunthambi, pambuyo pake mbalameyi ikaigwira ndi mlomo wake ndi kumeza mutu wake kutsogolo. Mafupa a nsomba ndi mamba amagulungika ndi kingfisher pakapita nthawi.
Nyama imatha kuyilidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako mbalameyo imalowa m'madzi ndikuyamba kulowa pansi. Nyama ikakodwa ndi mulomo, mbalameyi imabweleranso kukamwa kwake kapena ku positi. Chifukwa cha kufinya kwamphamvu kwa mapiko olimba komanso mwachidule, mbalameyo imatha kuuluka mlengalenga mwachangu.
Kutha kwa ma dinosaurs ogwirizana ndi kugwa kwamasamba
Kugwa kwa comet, komwe tiyenera kufunsa kuti ma dinosaurs atha, kunali ndi zotsatiranso zina zowopsa - nkhalango zotentha. Mapeto ake adakwaniritsidwa ndi paleontologists omwe adasanthula kusintha kwamapangidwe.
Adani achilengedwe
Oimira banja la a Kingfisher, mtundu wa Rakshoobrazny ndi mtundu wa Kingfisher alibe adani, koma mbalame zazing'ono komanso zosakhwima kwathunthu zimatha kukhala zosavuta kugwirira ntchito kwa falcon komanso hawk. Kusaka nyama m'maiko ena nthawi zambiri kumasaka asodzi ndipo amapanga nyama zokutira kuzitape zawo. Ngakhale kuti nsomba zazikuluzikulu za mbalamezi zilibe adani achilengedwe, chiwerengero chonse cha mbalamezi chikuchepa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ndi madamu.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Abambo onse amaofesi amtundu wa mbalame zodziwika bwino, koma mwa amuna nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu omwe amabereka mabanja angapo nthawi imodzi. Kuti awiriwo apange, mwamunayo amaperekedwa kwa mkaziyo ndi chinsomba chogwidwa. Ngati mphatso yotere imalandiridwa, ndiye kuti banja limapangidwa. Awiri awiriwa amapangidwira nyengo yotentha yokha, ndipo nyengo yozizira ikamayamba, mbalamezi zimadzipatula ndipo zimawulukira nthawi yozizira. Komabe, kasupe, mbalame zotere zimabwereranso ku chisa chawo chakale, ndipo awiriwo amakumananso.
Kingfisher amakumba chisa chake m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi ndi malo osungirako. Dzenje kapena khomo lolowera chisa libisika ndi nthambi za mitengo kapena zitsamba, komanso mizu ya mbewu. Mtunda wokhazikika pakati pa zisa zamtundu wosiyanasiyana ndi, monga lamulo, 0,3-1.0 km kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Okonzeka kusuntha chisa mpaka mita kutalika ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. "Bowo lanyumba" lotere limatha ndikutalikirana kwapadera - chipinda chochezera, koma popanda zinyalala.
Clutch imatha kukhala ndi mazira oyera ndi oyera a 4-11, koma nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo sikupitirira zidutswa 5-8. Mazira amasinthanitsidwa ndi makolo awiri kwa milungu itatu, pambuyo pake anapiye amtambo amtundu wakhungu ndi osachita kunyamula ambiri amabadwa. Mbalame zimakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo zimayamba kulemera, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndikuwonjezera zakudya mu mawonekedwe a mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuchokera pakubadwa, atapeza mphamvu ndikupeza mphamvu, anapiye amtambo otchedwa kingfisher akuyamba kuwuluka kutuluka kubowo. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nthenga zowala zochepa ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa akulu.
Kwa masiku angapo, kakulidwe kameneka kamkauluka ndi makolo ake, omwe panthawiyi akupitiliza kudyetsa ana. Mikhalidwe yabwino yokwanira imalola asodzi kugwira ntchito yachiwiri ndikukweza wina wa ana awo, okonzekera kuuluka mokha kuyambira pakati pa mwezi watha wa chilimwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Kingfisher wamba ali ndi mawonekedwe osasokoneza. Pafupifupi anthu mazana atatu mazana atatu amakhala ku Europe kokha, ndipo chiwerengero chonse m'maiko ambiri ndi chokhazikika. Komabe, zolemba zamtunduwu zalembedwa mu Red Book of Buryatia, ndipo zomwe zikuchepetsa anthu sizikudziwika masiku ano.