Imodzi mwa zombo zonyamula katundu padoko la Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk idadzadza ndi ma petrel mazana angapo. Mbalamezi zinagwidwa, zimakafika usiku sitimayi Vitus Bering, yomwe inkayenda padoko la Kholmsk.
Malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, usiku ma ngulu amatha kukopa kuwala kwa sitima. Adafika, koma sanathenso kuchoka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo. Ziwombankhanga zimawombera mosavuta, kuwuluka panyanja, kutsika ndi kulowa m'madzi ndikuwuluka kuchokera kumwamba, koma nthawi yomweyo siziyenda pamtunda ndipo sizitha kuyendayenda zokha kuchokera pamenepo. Kuti achite izi, amafunika kukhala pamadzi kapena mtundu wina wa phirili kuti atengeko ngati pakufika chimphepo chamkuntho.
Ogwira ntchito zachilengedwe samaloledwa kulowa mkatimo, koma mbiri yomwe idawoneka m'mawebusayiti yokhudza momwe mamembala am'madzi amapachikira ndikusesa mbalame m'madzi, sizotheka kuyenda pamwambowu kuti asagwire mbalame imodzi. Poyerekeza ndi zomwe mboni zowona ndi maso, mbalame zambiri zidafa pomagwira ntchito.
Mazana a ma phale ali pamavuto ali m'ngalawamo.
- Mazana a mbalame Lolemba adayandama, mwina, kuwalako ndikufika pa sitandade. Ndidadziwa izi, ngati anthu anzanga, kudzera mu kanema yemwe amagawidwa pama social network. Wolemba adalemba momwe iye, akukankhira mmbuyo mbalamezo, ndikuyenda pansi. Ndipo mboni zowona ndi maso zidati ntchito yolongedza katundu ndikuyamba idayamba, osamasula mbalamezo. Ndipo izi sizingaphatikizepo kufa kwa nyama. Njira yotumizira izi ndizosavuta - ingoponyerani m'madzi. M'magwiridwe anga apamadzi, panali milandu yofananayo pomwe anzanga am'magulu adapulumutsa anthu angapo am'madzi am'madzi mwanjira imeneyi, ngakhale zinali choncho nthawiyo. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake, ma gumbwa amatha kutuluka pamadzi ndikupitilira. Sangathe kuchoka pamalowo, "atero a Alexander Ivanov, mkulu wa RIA Novosti ku Green Sakhalin Fund.
Ogwira ntchito zachilengedwe adapempha utsogoleri wa Western Seaport kuti aloledwe kulowa Vitus Bering, koma sanalandire.
Mbale wadzerayu sanalembedwe mu Red Book, motero malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe wanyumba ukakamizidwa kulowererapo, zomwe udindo wawo ndikuwathandiza, makamaka, kudziwitsa oyendetsa sitima zamomwe angachitire munyengo zotere kuti gulu lisafe.
- Mutha kupulumutsa mbalamezi ngati aliyense atengedwera m'madzi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zikanayenera kuchitidwa ndi eni eni ngakhale katundu asanatulutsidwe, "Alexander Ivanov akutsimikiza.
Makhalidwe wamba
Pamodzi ndi ma petrel ena, nthumwi za banja la a Petrel zili ndi mabowo owoneka ngati chibowo kumapeto kwa mulomo. Mwakutsegula kumeneku, mchere wamchere ndi timadziti tam'mimba timatulutsidwa. Mlomo wake ndi wokulirapo ndi wamtali, wokhala ndi malekezero akuthwa ndi m'mphepete. Mbali iyi ya mulomo imalola mbalame kugwirira ntchito mosalala kwambiri, kuphatikizapo nsomba.
Kukula kwa oimira phale amasintha kwambiri. Mtundu wocheperako umaimira petulo yaying'ono, yomwe kutalika kwa thupi lake sikupita mita imodzi ndi mapiko a 50-60 masentimita, ndi kulemera pakati pa 165-170 g.Gawo lofunikira la mitunduyo mulibe kukula kwakakulu kwa thupi.
Kupatulako kumayimiriridwa ndi miyala yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imafanana ndi mawonekedwe aang'ono a albatross. Kukula kwakanthawi kwamunthu wamkulu wa phula yayikulu sikupitilira mita, ndi mapiko ofika mpaka mamitala awiri ndi kulemera kwakakulu makilogalamu 4.9-5.0.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Kwenikweni onse oimira achikulire a agulugufe amawuluka bwino kwambiri, koma osiyanasiyana m'mayendedwe osiyanasiyana.
Zambiri mwa ma poti onse ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira kapena zakuda, motero mitundu yonse ya banja ili imawoneka yosadabwitsa komanso yosavuta. Monga lamulo, zimatha kukhala zovuta kuti nonspecialist azitha kusiyanitsa mosiyana pakati pa mitundu yofanana.
Mwa zina, zovuta zaku kusiyanasiyana zimachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zizindikiritso zakugonana zomwe zimawoneka mu mbalame. Matako a mbalameyi samapangidwa bwino, motero, kuti akhalebe pamtunda, nyamayo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake ndi chifuwa monga thandizo lina.
Magulu a maphale
Banja la chithaphwi (Prosellariidae) lagawidwa m'mabanja awiri okhala ndi mabanja khumi ndi anayi. Fulmarinae subfamily imayimiriridwa ndi mbalame zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe okonzekera kuthawa. Chakudya chimapezeka m'magawo apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cholandirira mbalameyo imakhala pamadzi. Omwe akuyimira gulu lamtunduwu samasinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa mosakwanira:
- chimphona chachikulu (Macroesthes),
- Opusa (Fulmarus),
- Mbale wa Antarctic (Thalassois),
- Cape Doves (Dartion),
- petrel chipale (ragodroma),
- petrel wabuluu (Nalobaena),
- mbalame zam'madzi (Raschirtila),
- Mphepo yamkuntho ya Kerguelen (Lugensa),
- typhoon (PTerodroma),
- Pseudobulweria,
- Mkuntho wa Mascarene (Pseudobulweria aterrima),
- typhoon boulevards (Wulveria).
Puffininae subfamily amaimiridwa ndi mbalame zomwe zili ndi mtundu wa ndege yochitira kukonzekera.
Pa kuwuluka koteroko, kuwuluka mapiko pafupipafupi ndikutsikira madzi kwinakwake. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kulowa pansi kwambiri kuyambira nthawi yotentha kapena malo okhala:
- petrel wobiriwira wakuda (Prosellaria),
- Westland Petrel (Rocellaria westlindisa),
- mgodi wamtengo wapatali (Kalonestris),
- phula weniweni (Ruffinus).
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ngakhale pali mitundu yayikulu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu iwiri yokha imakhala chisa m'dziko lathu - Fulmarus glacialis) ndi phula wambiri (Salonstris leucomelas).
Banja la a Petrel ndi olemera ochulukirapo mwa mitundu yambiri komanso banja losiyana kwambiri lomwe lili machitidwe a tubopods.
Habitat, malo okhala
Malo omwe amagawikidwako komanso malo okhala agwidi zimatengera mitundu ya mbalame. Mbidzi ndi mbalame zam'madzi am'mphepete zomwe zimagawidwa circumpolarly. Nesting mu Atlantic Ocean imawoneka pazilumba kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North America, Franz Josef Land of Greenland ndi Novaya Zemlya, mpaka ku gawo la Briteni Isles, ndipo ku Pacific Ocean, zisa za mbalame kuyambira ku Chukotka kupita ku zilumba za Aleutian ndi Kuril.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Nkhunda yamtundu wa cape imadziwika kwambiri kwa oyendetsa sitimayi akum'mwera chakum'mawa, omwe nthawi zonse amatsatira zombozo ndikukonzekeretsa zisa zawo pagombe la Antarctica kapena zilumba zoyandikana.
Zomera zodziwika bwino zopezeka kuzilumba za ku Europe ndi ku Africa, komanso kunyanja ya Pacific zikuwoneka m'malo omwe achokera ku Hawaiian Islands mpaka California. Mbale zokhala ndi ziphuphu zowala pang'ono kuzilumba za Bass Strait, komanso mozungulira Tasmania ndi m'mphepete mwa South Australia.
Giant phula ndimodzi mwa anthu okhala m'madzi kum'mwera chakum'mwera. Mbalame zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo a South Shetland ndi Orkney, komanso Zilumba za Malvinas.
Zakudya za Petrel
Zigamba, limodzi ndi miyala, zimadyanso nsomba zazing'ono komanso mitundu yonse ya crustaceans yomwe imasambira pafupi ndi pamwamba. Pakufunika, mbalame zotere zimayenda pansi. Gawo lalikulu la ma puta akuluakulu limangodya kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa squid. Albatrosses, komanso zopusa zazing'ono zopanda nzeru ndi zazikulu zomwe zimadyetsa pamaso pa madzi sizimagona kawirikawiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsamira pamadzi.
Usiku, mbalame zotere zimakonda kudya squid, zomwe zimakwera kwambiri pamadzi, ndipo masana chakudya chasukulu chimachokera ku nsomba za kusukulu, zinyalala zochokera zombo kapena zonyansa zamitundu yonse. Mbale zazimphona zazikulu mwina ndizomwe zimayimira mphuno zam'mapaipi zomwe zimatha kuukira chisa cha anyani ang'ono kwambiri ndikudya mbalame zazing'ono.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Monga lamulo, agogo akuluakulu amabwerera kumalo oswana bwino, ngakhale atakhala kutali kwambiri.. Mpikisano waukulu kwambiri umapezeka m'malo okhala zisautso m'gulu la mbalame zazikulu komanso zambirimbiri zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba zazing'ono.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa mitengo yonse yolereka, pamakhala zochitika zambiri zovuta, ndipo mbalame zomwezo sizimangomenya nkhondo, komanso zimangolira mofuula. Khalidweli limafanana ndi mbalame zomwe zimayesera kuteteza gawo lawo.
Ziwonetsero zama zisa za mbalame zimakhala ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama. Mwachitsanzo, ma albatross amakonda kuyeretsa pansi, kenako ndikumanga dothi ndikulimapo. Zimbudzi za chimbudzi zimayang'ana molunjika kumphepete, komanso m'nthaka, koma gawo lalikulu la iwo, limodzi ndi miyala yamkuntho, amatha kukumba mabowo apansi panthaka yofewa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ming'alu yachilengedwe yokwanira.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Zisanapere zisa zawo, makolo awiriwo amawuluka kupita kunyanja, komwe nthawi yakudya, mbalame zosungunuka zimachepa kwambiri.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala osamala chisa kwa masiku angapo, pomwe akazi amadya kunyanja kapena kupita kukadyetsanso zakudya. Mbalame zophatikizana sizidyetsana, koma zimasinthanitsa dzira kwa masiku 40-80. Anapiye omwe amabadwa masiku oyambilira amadya zakudya zonenepa komanso zamafuta mwanjira ya zolengedwa zapam'madzi zomwe zimanyamula mbalame zazitali.
Anapiye a Petrel amakula msanga, motero amakhala okhwima pang'ono, ndipo amatha kukhalabe opanda makolo kwa masiku angapo. Mitundu yaying'ono yamtundu wachichepere imayamba kuwuluka pafupifupi mwezi ndi theka pambuyo pobadwa, ndipo mitundu yayikulu imapanga ndege yawo yoyamba pafupifupi masiku 118-120.
Adani achilengedwe
Kuphatikiza pa anthu omwe amayendera zisa za mbalame, ma pirel obayira omwe ali ndi adani ochepa zachilengedwe. Choopsa chachikulu ndi nsomba zotchedwa South Polar skuas, zomwe zimasakaza zisa za mbalame ndipo zimatha kudya anapiye osalimba. Mitundu yambiri yamatumbo yomwe imadziteteza ku chiopsezo imatha kukanda zam'mimba zamafuta kutali.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mbale zanyama wamba ndizobisalira zenizeni, kutchire, zaka za mbalame zotere zimatha kufika theka la zaka kapena kupitirira.
Mu mitundu ina, kuphatikiza fulmar, chizolowezi chotere kapena kuchita mantha, imatha kuyendetsa ndege kwambiri. Kutulutsa kwa jet ya fetid madzi kumachitika pafupifupi mita, molondola kwambiri. Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zazing'ono amaphatikizapo m'busa wamlungu, komanso makoswe ndi amphaka omwe amabweretsedwa pachilumbachi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
M'banja lodziwika bwino, nthumwi zimasiyana osati kukula kwake, komanso kukula kwa chiwerengero. Mwachitsanzo ,okwatiwa ndi mbalame zambiri. Chiwerengero chawo ku Atlantic ndi pafupifupi 3 miliyoni, ndipo ku Pacific Ocean - pafupifupi 3.9-4.0 miliyoni. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe ali mgulu la Antarctic chimasiyana pakati 10 mpaka 10 miliyoni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya matalala padziko lapansi nkokhazikika, mpaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri.
Kuchulukana kwa mbulu wa buluu kuzilumba za Kerguelen sikupitilira 100-200 zikwi ziwiri, ndipo kuzilumba za Crozet ndi Prince Edward pali magulu masauzande ambiri a mitunduyi. Poyamba, nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ku Mediterranean zinali zoletsedwa ku Italiya ndi ku France zokha, koma magulu ena a mbalame amatetezedwa kuzilumba pafupi ndi Corsica.
Panopa mu gulu la mitundu kawirikawiri ndi zayamba banja Procellariiform monga Balearic shearwater (Ruffinus mauretanisus) Rozovonogy shearwater (Ruffinus sreatorus), Trinidad petrel (Rterodroma arminjoniana) White petrel (Rterodroma alba), The Madeira petrel (Rterodroma madeira), Hawaii petrel (Pterodroma sandwichesis) ndi ena ambiri.