Mathanthwe a Coral m'mphepete mwa Australia ndi malo omwe amakonda osati anthu okhawo omwe amakonda kulumphira m'madzi, komanso kwa anthu ambiri oyenda m'madzi. Izi sizikuphatikiza shaki, warthogs ndi jellyfish, komanso ma cronous a croll. Muyenera kusamala nawo kwambiri. Kuluma kwawo kumatha kupha anthu.

Chiwopsezo cha ma poizoni (Latin Conidae)

Tsopano mdziko lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 500 ya ma mollusks awa. Amakhala munyanja zotentha, koma mitundu ina imatha kukhalapo m'malo otentha kwambiri. Malo omwe amawakonda kwambiri gastropods awa ndi Great Barrier Reef. Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse kumakhala anthu 2-3 omwe amafa chifukwa choluma nyama.

Mollusk adakhala ndi dzina la geometric chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a nkhonoyi.

Zipolopolo zokongola zachilengedwe

Zingwe ndi olusa enieni. Zimasaka mphutsi za polychaete ndi mitundu ina; Kununkhira kopitilira muyeso kumawathandiza kuzindikira nyama, yomwe ili ndi gawo lapadera lomwe limakhala pachiwonetsero cha malaya pansi pa gill - osfradia. Ngakhale atakhala patali ndi ulemu, amatha kumva zosayipidwa pang'ono zamadzi ndi madzi ndikuyenda pa njira iyi.

Nthawi zina amadikirira chakudya chawo, nkumachikonzera mumchenga, ndikuwanyengerera ndi nyambo zakunja zomwe zimakhala pamphepete mwa mutu. Mitundu ina imatha kutukula "mutu" wawo, womwe umakhala ngati mulingo wa m'mimba mwake wotalika masentimita khumi.

Chikhonde chikafika kwa yemwe akumuvulaza motalikirana, amaponyera "harpoon" wake pamenepo, pomwe kumapeto kwake kuli dzino lapoizoni. Mano onse oopsa adzaikidwa pa radula ya mollusk (zida zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupukuta ndi kupera chakudya) ndipo, pomwe zimapezeka, imodzi mwazo zimatulutsidwa pakhosi. Kenako akupita kumayambiriro kwa mapikiselo ndi zikhomo kumapeto kwake. Ndipo, atasunga mtundu wa harpoon wokonzeka, khungulo limawagwedeza ngati nsembe. Zotsatira zake, amalandira mlingo woyenera wa poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri, yemwe ali ndi ziwalo zopuwala. Nyama zam'madzi zimameza nsomba zazing'ono nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zimakoka zazikulu ngati masokisi.

"Harpoon"

Kwa munthu, "kuwombera" koteroko kumatha kukhala koopsa. Chifukwa chachikulu chodziwika "chodziwikiratu" ichi ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa komanso kufunitsa kuti atenge chipolopolo cha mollusk. Izi zimakakamiza chulu kuti adziteteze. Choopsa makamaka kwa anthu ndi cholengedwa cha dziko lapansi (Conus gegraphhus).

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, poizoni wawo - conotoxin - anafufuzidwa ndi wasayansi waku America B. Oliver. Zinapezeka kuti zimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zosavuta zamankhwala okhala ndi michere - ma peptides okhala ndi 10-30 amino acid. Magulu amtundu womwewo amatha kukhala ndi ziphe zosiyanasiyana. Mbali ina ya conotoxin ndi kuthamanga kwake kuchitapo kanthu. Zimalepheretsa kufalikira kwa mauthenga kuchokera ku misempha kupita ku minofu ndipo njira yokhayo yopulumutsira ndikulola magazi pamalo omwe akulumayo.

Zinapezekanso kuti poizoni uyu ali ndi ma peptides a machitidwe osiyanasiyana, ena omwe ndi osagwira, ena osagonetsa, zina. Izi zinapezeka kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri popeza mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, tsopano poyizoni wa conus conus magus amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira osapatsa chibaba.

Zambiri pa Cone Poison

Ma cones amathandizira kusaka poyizoni, yemwe ali ndi vuto la neurotoxic, dzina lake ndi conotoxin. Poizoniyu ali ndi zovuta kupanga modabwitsa, koma asayansi mosankha bwino amagawa ma conotoxin onse magulu atatu akuluakulu:

1. Otchedwa "mbedza yokhala ndi mzere wasodzi", i.e. Ngati chinthu chimaletsa kufalikira kwazinthu kuchokera ku mitsempha kupita m'matumbo, kotero kupangira poizoni ngakhale nthawi zina kulibe nthawi kuti mumvetse zomwe zidachitika, chifukwa chake sizisuntha,
2. Poiziyi ndi King Kong. Gulu la zipheli limakhudzanso oimira maolloll okha. Iwo, osazindikira zomwe akuchita, akungoluka kuchokera ku zipolopolo zawo, ngati mtundu wina wa zombie, ndipo chulucho akuwayembekeza kale, akutsegula pakamwa pawo,
3. "Nirvana" - poizoni yemwe ali ndi vuto. Zikuwoneka ngati nsomba yapoizoni kuti ali bwinobwino, choncho popanda kukayika amasambira pakamwa pa mlenje.

Kodi zopangidwa ndi ma cones ndizowopsa kwa anthu? Inde! Milandu yambiri yakhala ikufotokozedwa kale komwe anthu osiyanasiyana opanda chidwi kapena osadziwa zambiri, poyesera kukhudza ndikweza chiphaso chokongola kuchokera pansi, adadyetsedwa ... ndikufa. Koma ma sumu okhala ndi poizoni ali ndi zofunikira, zoopsa zake zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi zamankhwala. Inde, mu milingo yaying'ono kwambiri, conotoxin, kapena m'malo mwake, amachokera ku conotoxin, amakhala ndi mphamvu yothandizira komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza anthu omwe ali ndi ululu wokhazikika. Likukhalira kuti ziphe za nyama sizingowononga, komanso kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Mawonekedwe

Zingwe sizimadya usiku zomwe zimabisala mumchenga masana. Khwangwala wa cone ali ndi mano osinthika kuti akhale harpoon - malekezero osakanikirana amakhala ndi ma spikes akuthwa obwerera kutsogolo. Mkati mwa harpoon pamadutsa patsekeke yolumikizidwa ndi chala chakupha. Mano amakhala m'mizere iwiri, dzino limodzi mbali iliyonse ya mbale ya radula. Chingwe, chogwiritsa ntchito chida cha osfradia, chikapezapo kanthu, dzino limodzi la radula limatuluka mu pharynx, mkatikati mwake umadzaza ndi chinsinsi cha kutulutsa poyizoni, thunthu limadutsa ndipo limangika kumapeto kwa thunthu ili. Atayandikira mtunda wokwanira, nkhonoyo imaboweka ndi harpoon, ndipo poizoni wamphamvu ndi wolumala amathira mwa wozunzidwayo. Mitundu ina ya ma cones imakhala ndi kunja, komwe amakola nsomba. Nsomba zazing'ono zimalumala pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ndipo ngakhale zimapitiliza kupindika, kusuntha kwacholinga komwe kumathandizira kuti nsomba izituluka sikuwonekeranso. Kupatula apo, ngati wozunzidwayo amatha kugwedezeka kwambiri kamodzi - amatuluka, ndiye kuti pang'ono pang'onopang'ono sipangapezeke ndikuudya. Amameza nsomba zazing'ono kwathunthu, ndikuvala zodzikongoletsera zazikulu ngati katundu. Kwa munthu, “kuluma” kotereku kungakhalenso koopsa. Chilengedwe chakumalo ndi kowopsa makamaka kwa anthu (Conus gegraphhus) Komanso, malinga ndi katswiri wa ku Australia Rob Bradle, imfa imatha kuchitika patangopita mphindi zochepa. Ku Pacific, anthu awiri amamwalira chaka chilichonse chifukwa cholumidwa, ndipo munthu m'modzi yekha amamwalira ndi shaki. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, m'modzi mwa atatu, kapena awiri, mwanjira yokhala ndi chulu imatha. Nthawi zambiri amakopeka ndi kukongola kwa chigonicho, bambo ankayesetsa kunyamula mawuwo ndikukakamiza chulucho kuti chidziteteze.

Mu 1993, anthu 16 amafa kuchokera kuluma kwa cone adalembedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mwa awa, 12 anali Conus gegraphhus ndi 2 kupitilira C. zovala. Kuphatikiza apo, zowopsa ziyenera kuganiziridwa Conus aulicus, Conus marmoreus, Conus omaria, Conus striatus ndi Conus tulipa. Nthawi zambiri, oopsa kwambiri ndi omwe amabweretsa nsomba.

Mafupa a poizoni

Ululu wa cone waposachedwa kwambiri kwa asayansi chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo: poizoni uyu ali ndi zinthu zosavuta zamitundu mitundu ya conotoxins - ma peptides omwe ndiosavuta kupangika mu labotale. Nkhono zimafalitsa kwambiri poizoni ndi kapangidwe kake ka poizoni. Nkhono ziwiri zofanana kuchokera pamalo amodzi zimatha kukhala ndi ziphe zosiyana. Nyama zina sizimawonedwa - njoka ziwiri zofanana kapena zinkhanira ziwiri zofanana zili ndi ziphe zomwezo. Mbali ina ya poizoni amene amapanga poizoni wa chulu ndi kuthamanga kwa ntchito. Ngakhale ma conotoxins ndi ma neurotoxins, ali ndi ma peptide osiyanasiyana pamaapangidwe awo - poizoni wina amakhala wopanda mphamvu, winayo amaganiza, zina. Izi zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri pamankhwala. Kuphatikiza apo, ma peptides samayambitsa ziwopsezo mwa anthu.

Palibe mankhwala ochepetsa ululu wamankhwala, ndipo chithandizo chitha kukhala chisonyezo. Anthu okhala komweko kuzilumba za Pacific Ocean ndikuluma kwa chulu nthawi yomweyo adadula malowo ndikumatuluka magazi.

Zina zambiri

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya cone chimayandikira 550 - 600. Ma Shells amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wachilendo wa chipolopolo, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe. Pali ma bulugamu ang'onoang'ono, koma anthu omwe kukula kwake kwa dzanja lamanja la munthu kumabwera. Chofunikira kwambiri cha oimira gulu la genus ndi kukhalapo kwa poizoni. Njira yofunikayi yomwe imathandizira kuti moyo ukhale ndi moyo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, chitetezo kwa adani ndi adani ambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhonoyo imakopa ma intcoisseurs ndipo ikugulitsidwa.

Mawonekedwe

Chingwe cha nkhono chimasiyanitsidwa ndi nkhono zina ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nkhono. Mitundu ya ma cones imasiyana mu mitundu yokongola. Ngakhale mitunduyo imakhala ndi mitundu yofewa, nthawi zambiri imvi, mafunde, yakuda, yofiirira, yamtengo wapatali, yachikasu, yoyera, kapangidwe kake kazitape iliyonse ndi kamodzi payokha ndipo kamakhala kakang'ono kwambiri. Mumnzake, zipolopolo zimaphimbidwa ndi malo obisalapo, ena okhala ndi malo ozungulirazungulira, ena amakhala ndi malingaliro osamveka.

Mitundu ya ma cones ili ndi mawonekedwe okongola autoto.

Chigoba cha nkhono za ndudu za gastropod zimapindika mozungulira, koma kutembenukira kulikonse kumakwanira pamwamba pake, ndiye kuti pamwamba pa chipolopolo chimakhala chosalala kapena pafupifupi. Pakamwa pake pali mbali, ili ndi mawonekedwe ndipo imatenga pafupifupi kutalika konse kwa chigolacho. Chigoba cholimba chimateteza thupi lofewa la mollusk. Pansi pa chovalacho pali siphon yosungiramo madzi kumapeto. Mwendo wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso utoto wosintha umafalikira kubowo. Imakhala yoyenda ndipo imakhala ndi wocheperako. Pogwiritsa ntchito minofu, mbewa zimangouluka bwino komanso pang'onopang'ono pamiyala kapena pamtunda wamadzi am'madzi. Mutu, ngati pakufunika, umayenda modutsa kamtanda kumapeto kwa chigolacho. Kutsogolo, thupi limatulutsa zingapo. Maso awiri amakhala pamizere yofupikitsidwa, ndipo pakati pawo pali phula losaka ngati mawonekedwe a chubu lalitali. Chiwalo cham'mimbachi chimagwira ngati chotsegula pakamwa ndipo chili ndi radula. M'nkhalangomo muli bata, pakamwa sipezeka konse, koma pakasaka nyama yayikulu kwambiri imakokedwa m'chitsotso cha tubular.

Kapangidwe ka nkhono

Zida za nkhono zimakhala ndi thupi lofewa, lopanda zigawo lomwe lili m'gobolomo ndipo limasiyana mu mawonekedwe:

• kukula kwa chipolopolo kuli mkati mwa 6-20 masentimita, koma anthu akuluakulu amabwera.
• chigobacho chimakhala chachikulu, chofanana ndi mawonekedwe, chimakulitsidwa kumapeto.
• Chophimbacho chimapangidwa ndi chinthu chokhala ngati nyanga, ndipo gawo lamkati limapangidwa ndi mbale zowonda kwambiri.
• Peak imawonetsedwa, kaphiko kamakhala ngati kapu.
• khomo lanyimbo lakhotakhota ndi laling'ono komanso yopapatiza.
• utoto umasiyanasiyana kuyambira oyera mpaka achikaso, achikasu.
• malo owoneka amawonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mtundu wakuda.
• mawanga akuda amakonzedwa mzere wofanana.

Kumene nkhonoyi imakhala

Konkoleti ya nkhono imakhala m'madzi otentha, imapezeka munyanja ndi madzi ofunda pang'ono - munyanja ya Mediterranean. Amakonda miyala yamiyala yopanda pansi. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ku Indian, Pacific, Japan, Caribbean ndi Red Sea. Mitundu ina yazolowera kukhala malo okhala kwambiri.

Habitat

Ma mollus ooneka ngati mafoni amakhala m'madzi otentha komanso otentha kwambiri. Awa ndi madera a Indian ndi Pacific Oceans, madzi kuchokera ku Nyanja Yofiyira mpaka ku Japan. Mitundu ina imapezeka ngakhale m'malo otentha kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, mutha kuwona nthumwi za ma gastropod awa mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pomwe alendo adzikoli nthawi zambiri amapuma. Zipolopolo zamchenga ndi miyala yaying'ono yamadzi a Australia ndi Islands Islands.

Zowopsa kwa anthu ndizolowera m'madzi osaya. Milandu yambiri yakhala ikufotokozedwa pomwe ma cones adalowetsa poyizoni m'munsi mwa phazi lomwe limayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Osiyana omwe akuyenda mozungulira amadwalanso. Kukongola kodabwitsa kwa mapu kumakusangalatsani kuti mufike pompopompo ndipo mumakumbukira kuti muzikumbukira. Gollropod mollusk imangowoneka ngati nkhono yosateteza, chifukwa ndiwotsogola komanso waluso, wopha munthu wolemera makilogalamu 70 ndi kuluma kamodzi.

Momwe mungasakira ma cones

Zonona za nkhono ndi gastropods zolusa. Masana, amabisala mumchenga wamchenga, ndipo madzulo atayamba kusaka. Nyongolotsi za polychaete ndi ma mollusks zimakonda kukhala nyama; Pali ma sumu opha nsomba, omwe poizoni wake amatha mwachangu kwambiri, mphindi imodzi yokha chifukacho chimalowa, wolakwiridwayo samumeza thupi lonse ndikumwaswa.

Nkhono cones - nyama zodya

Radula ("grater") mu ma sumu owopsa amakhala ndi mano osinthika okhala ndi malangizo owoneka ngati mawonekedwe a harpoon ndipo amakhala ndi masana kumbuyo. Mkati mwa "harpoon" ndiwopanda pake, ndipo chimbudzi chija chimalumikizidwa ndi chiphe. Mano amapanga mizere m'mbale ya radula. Kuti muwone nyama ili ndi thupi lapadera - osfradiy. Ili mgulu la malaya pafupi ndi gill. Dzino la poizoni la radula limatuluka pachitseko cha pharyngeal, patimalo timadzaza ndi poizoni yemwe amatuluka mumtengo ndipo amadziunjikira kumapeto kwa kutuluka. Pambuyo poizoniyo kuti atulutse, dzino lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito limatayidwa, ndikugayidwa mosapangika.

Kuti muwone nyama ili ndi thupi lapadera - osfradiy

Chulu - asodzi nthawi zambiri amabisala mumchenga wapansi, ndikuwonetsa siphon yopumira ndi phenoscis ya nyambo.

Nyamayo imayandikira pang'onopang'ono nyama yomwe ikufunayo ndi kusesa "harpoon". Poizoni amathira mu nyama yamphamvu kwambiri, chakudyacho chimagwira, ndipo chakudyacho sichikana. Mitundu ina ya mavu omwe ali ndi poizoni amakopa nsomba zomwe zimatuluka ngati nyongolotsi kenako zimayambitsa poizoni. Nsomba zazing'ono zimalephera kuyenda nthawi yomweyo poizoni ulowa m'thupi, ndipo ndimisempha yina yokha ya kumbuyo ndi mchira yomwe imapitilira kusuntha. Wovutitsidwayo sangathe kuyendayenda mwadzidzidzi, pang'onopang'ono amawuma ndipo amakhala wogwirira chigonjetso cha nkhono yoopsa.

Mitundu ina ya poizoni wapoizoni amakopa nsomba zomwe zimatuluka mwapadera.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timamezedwa ndi nyama yodyera yonse, ndipo khosalo limakokedwa ndi nsomba zazikulu ngati kusungitsa. Mtundu umodzi wamankhwala, wotchedwa Conus ge Phothus), watambasulira mutu kuti ukhale chubu chopindika. Nsomba zazing'ono zimagwera mumsampha uwu.

Kapangidwe ka gastropods

Dzinalo la mapolopolo lidayamba chifukwa cha chipolopolo chake. Kunja, ndimtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, womwe umathandizira kuti chisawonekere pakati pa mbewu zamkwatibwi. Kapangidwe kamkati kali ndi madipatimenti atatu. Uyu ndiye mutu, torso ndi mwendo. Thupi la cholumikizira cha mollusk kumbali zonse lili ndi chovala chokhala ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsidwa. Amakhala ndi zinthu zina zosamalitsa zomwe zimakhala maziko a chigamba chomwe chinsinsi chake chimabisidwa. Ili ndi zigawo ziwiri - laimu woonda komanso wolimba, wofanana ndi porcelain pakuwoneka.

Pamutu pali mahema, maso, khomo lotseguka ndi radula yosunthika, mkati mwake muli mano. Pa cones, idasinthika kukhala mtundu wa harpoon, mkati mwake ndimkati mwake momwe sumu yomwe imachokera mu gland imalowa mwa wogwiridwayo. Potseguka pakamwa, mitundu yambiri ya ma cone ili ndi zotuluka ngati nyongolotsi. Ichi ndiye nyambo yayikulu kwa nsomba zomwe nkhono zimasaka.Nsomba, ikalowa mkamwa, imakokedwa kwathunthu mu tsekwe, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi dongosolo la chimbudzi. Pambuyo pokonza chakudya, zotsalira zimatuluka m'matumbo a ectodermal. Mollusk imayenda pang'onopang'ono, ikukwawa pansi pa nyanja pamiyendo yosunthika.

Predator

Ma cone ang'onoang'ono ambiri amakhala ndi nyongolotsi kapena ma mollusks ena, koma pali mitundu yomwe imadyera nsomba zazing'ono. Konkreti yolumikizana ndi malo omwe ilinso yamgulu lotere. Izi ndizoyimira zoopsa za gastropods, zomwe ndizosavuta kuwerengera pakati pa maubongo ena mawonekedwe. Kuyama kwake kunakumbutsa omwe anapeza za mapu amalo.

Zoonadi, mawonekedwe abuluu pamwamba pa chigobacho amafanana ndi ma kontrakitala okhala ndi mbali zosasiyasiyana zomwe zimabalalika pa "nyanja" yayikulu ya mthunzi wopepuka. Chithunzi pamwambapa chowonongekachi chitha kuonedwa pamwambapa. Chimakhazikika pamiyendo yake pamiyala yam'matanthwe, mtundu wa cone umalumikizana bwino ndi mawonekedwe a chilengedwe. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira, chifukwa chake amaonedwa kuti ndi msaki wopambana. Amameza tinsomba tating'onoting'ono tambiri, ndipo chowotchacho chimangoloza nyama yayikuluyo, ndikuyandikira kukula kwake, ndikugaya chakudyacho mwakachetechete. Kusiyanitsa kwapadera pakati pa cholumikizira kwina ndi kuthekera ndi kuthekera kukopa nsomba pakukweza pakamwa pake ngati mawonekedwe amkati mwa mulingo wotalika masentimita 10. nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zimatha kungosambira momwemo, monga phanga.

Zowopsa kwa anthu

Kutengera mtundu wa ma cones, momwe thupi la munthu limagwirira jakisoni wa mollusk limasiyananso. Mbira imatha kubweretsa ululu wokwanira ndi zizindikiro za kutupira kwa kufunika kwanuko. Padzakhala redness komanso kufupika pang'ono pamalo akumwa. Ma cell a sumu ndi oopsa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma conotoxins, omwe amapezeka koyamba ndi wofufuza waku America B. Oliver. Imagwira pakumatha kwa mitsempha ndipo imatha kuyambitsa ziwalo zamkati yopuma, yomwe imatsogolera kuimfa.

Mphamvu ya poizoni wotereyu ndi wofanana ndi cobra. Zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa chizindikiritso kuchokera ku ulusi wamanjenje kupita ku minofu ya thupi. Zotsatira zake, ziwalo zonse zimayamba kuzimiririka ndipo mtima umaleka. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi asayansi pakuwoneka momwe poizoni adapangidwira komanso momwe amathandizira pazinthu zamoyo zikuwonetsa kuti ma conotoxins amatha kupangitsa ma mollus kutuluka kuchokera ku zipolopolo zotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Kuwona mbewa zomwe zili ndi jekeseni la poizoni kudabwitsa asayansi. Zovala zinayamba kulumpha mwachisawawa ndikukwera pamakoma a khola.

Thandizo loyamba kwa ovulala

Mwa milandu yonse yodziwika yakulumwa kuchokera kuzisumbu izi, oposa 70% mwa omwe adachitidwapo ngozi adakumana ndi cholowa. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amafa akamwalira. Pangozi pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zipolopolo zokongola.

Osakonda odziwa zachilendo amagwira manja awo pakukamira gawo locheperako. Uku ndikulakwitsa kwakukulu, chifukwa kudera lino kuli pakamwa pomwe pali choko choopsa cha mollusk. Ngati mwasankha kale kutenga nyama yowopsa ili m'manja mwanu, ndiye kuti izi zimachitika kumbali yaku kuzungulira kwa kumira. Ndikofunika kuti musamakumane ndi chiphe chakupha chakumbuyo, koma ngati chakumwa, ndiye kuti muyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, popeza ziwalo zimachitika pakapita nthawi yochepa.

Chifukwa chakuti poizoniyo ali ndi mitundu yambiri ya poizoni, palibe mankhwala. Njira yokhayo yoyenera ndikakhetsa magazi. Chilondacho chimatsukidwa ndi madzi atsopano ndipo kusokonekera kumachitika mokakamizidwa. Ndikosatheka kutentha ndikulunga malowo kuluma, apo ayi poizoniyo amafalikira mwachangu kudzera m'magazi. Palibe chifukwa chodikirira kuti munthu adwale ziwalo, ndikofunika kupita naye kuchipatala chapafupi. Mphamvu yotsekemera ingafunike panjira.

Poizoni am'madzi amtunduwu samayambitsa ziwopsezo, chifukwa chake, okhala m'deralo amapulumutsidwa kuti asalumwitsidwe ndi ma conse podula bala ndi mpeni ndikufinya magazi ambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni mankhwala

Ma poizoni a Shellfish amakhala ndi michere yambiri ya biochemical yomwe imakhudza mosiyanasiyana dongosolo lamanjenje laumunthu. Ena mwa iwo ali ndi matenda opuwala, pomwe ena amakometsa malowa. Komanso, zimachitika nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimakhala ndi chidwi ndi asayansi azachipatala.

Pambuyo pa maphunziro angapo, chidwi chosangalatsa chidawululidwa. Ma poizoni am'nyanja amalimbikitsa anthu odwala kwambiri, pomwe, mosiyana ndi morphine, samayambitsa vuto kapena kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya asayansi, muntundu wina wotchedwa "Ziconotide", womwe umadziwika kuti ndi wabwino kwambiri.

Ntchito ikuchitika kuti muphunzire zotsatira za matenda a conotoxin pa anthu pochiza matenda a Parkinson ndi Alzheimer's, komanso khunyu.

Momwe mungapangire poyizoni

M'mabotolo apadera, amaika nsomba yaying'ono patsogolo pa mollusk ndikuseka mpaka iyo ikonzekere kuukira. Nyambo isanaponyedwe, nsomba zimasinthidwa mwachangu ndi mtundu wa silicone.

Dzino lakuthwa limaboola khoma la wogwiriziralo ndikulowetsa poyizoni wamkati. Chifukwa cha izi, osonkhanitsa othokoza amapereka mphotho ndi nsomba. Onse akukhuta.

Chidwi kwa osonkhetsa

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya zipolopolo za "porcelain" iyi imakopa chidwi cha osonkhanitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Mafashoni owonetsera zotere sanawonekere m'nthawi yathu ino. Chikalata cha 1796 chinapezeka chokhudza malonda pa intaneti. Inapereka maere atatu. Loyamba ndi penti lojambulidwa ndi Franz Hals, lomwe linaperekedwa chifukwa cha ndalama nthawi imeneyo, lachiwiri ndi penti yotchuka ya "Woman in Blue Read a Letter" yolembedwa ndi Vermeer (wogulitsidwa kwa guilders 43). Pakadali pano, chinsalu chili mu Royal Museum ya Amsterdam. Maere achitatu anali chigoba cha 5 cm, chomwe chimagulitsidwa 273 guilders.

M'mayiko akum'mawa, zipolopolo zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tchipisi cha kugulitsa. Chekwa chotchedwa "Ulemerero wa Nyanja" chimawonedwabe ngati malo okongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale munthawi yathu ino, nkhono zam'madzi zokhala ndi chipolopolo chosowa zimadziwika madola angapo.

Tsopano mukudziwa zambiri zosangalatsa kuchokera pamoyo wa zolengedwa zam'nyanja zapaderazi.

Ntchito zamankhwala

Poizoni Conus magus Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo (analgesic). Mwachitsanzo, kukonzekera kwa Ziconotid ndi mtundu wopanga wa analgesic wopanda-opioid - imodzi mwa ma cone peptides, omwe machitidwe awo amaposa mankhwala onse omwe amadziwika ndi mankhwala. Poizoni amayenera kuloweza m'malo ena osokoneza bongo.

Poizoni

Konotoxin anaphunziridwa ndi wasayansi waku America a B. Oliver. Ululu wa nkhono umakhala ngati ululu wa mamba, ndipo umayambitsa kupindika kwa mitsempha yopita kumisempha.

Poizoni m'magazi amatsimikizika ndi zomwe zimayambitsa:

• kukopa kwa pakhungu
• kusintha kwa khungu kukhala kwamtambo
• kutsatiridwa ndi dzanzi
• kuyabwa kumawoneka mozungulira bala
• ululu wakuthwa umawonekera, kenako kutentha kwamphamvu kumakulirakulira
• Zizindikiro za poyizoni zimafalikira mthupi lonse ndipo zimatchulidwa kuzungulira pakamwa
• ziwalo zimachitika
• chikumbumtima chimachoka
• insulin ya poizoni imatsika magazi, imayambitsa kuperewera kwa magazi
• mtima kumangidwa.

Wasayansi B. Halstead akuwonetsa kuti ndi zizindikiro za poizoni wa conotoxin, mavuto a kupuma nthawi zambiri sakhala wamba. Akatswiri ena: V.N. Orlova ndi D. B. Gelashvili amalingalira za momwe anthu atatha kulumikizana ndi poizoni wam'mimba amwalira osati pambuyo pomangidwa ndi mtima, koma chifukwa cha kupuma kwamisempha yam'mimba kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, milingo yaying'ono ya conotoxin imayambitsa kugona, kuchepetsa kukokana, kukhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana - zimapangitsa minyewa yolimbitsa.