Mwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya akamba am'madzi, zozizwitsa zomwe zikupezeka ndizosangalatsa. Nyama zodabwitsazi zimasungabe zinsinsi zambiri ndipo izi sizikukokomeza.
Zowonadi, akamba akhala alipo padziko lathuli pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni mazana awiri, ndipo funso lazomwe adachokera likutsegulidwabe. Ndizovomerezeka kuti makolo a akambukuwa anali ma cocilosaurs, omwe nthiti zake zinali zazitali kwambiri kotero kuti amapanga ngati chishango cham'mbuyo, koma pali malingaliro ena pazomwe adachokera.
Kamba wakale kwambiri, pakati pa odziwika ndi sayansi, ali ndi zaka mazana awiri miliyoni, komabe m'nkhaniyi tikambirana za mlongo wake wocheperako - proganochelis.
Proganochelis, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti triasochelis, ndiyo yachiwiri, ponena za zakale, mwa akamba onse omwe amapezeka asayansi amakono. Kamba wakale kwambiri kuposa momwe aliri Odobtochelys semitestacea wotchulidwa pamwambapa. Othandizira obwerera ku Proganochelydia adatha. Dongosolo ili ndi lakale kwambiri pakati pa onse omwe amadziwika ndi sayansi ndipo pofika pano amwalira. Masiku ano ndikudziwika kuti gawo laling'ono limaphatikizapo mabanja atatu a monotypic.
Proganochelis poyerekeza ndi akamba amakono anali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuti anali ndi mano, komanso zizindikiro zina zingapo zakale. Komabe, ku Odobtochelys semitestacea chishango chamkati cha carapace, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti carapace, sichinapezekepo, ndiye ku proganochelis kusinthaku kwakufunika kwambiri kwamakono.
Maonekedwe a proganochelis ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa ake
Proganochelis anali atapangidwa mokhazikika patatu. Carapace anali masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi anai m'litali ndi masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi atatu m'lifupi.
Chifukwa chake, chigoba cha proganochelis chinali lalikulu mwangwiro. Mkati mwa carapace, ma vertebrae osungidwa ndi nthiti amapezeka. Chotchinga, chikopa chamkati mwa chipolalachi chimakhala chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo chili ndi kutalika kwa masentimita khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri.
M'mbuyo mwake, chishango cha dorsal chinapeza mawonekedwe osalala. Mkati mwamkati, zala ndi nthiti zinalumikizana ndi nyama. Matupi a vertebral sioterera kwambiri. Chishango cham'munsi, cham'mimba cha carapace (pulasitiki) cha proganochelis chophatikizika bwino ndi chishango cha dorsal, koma sichinapitilize ndipo chinali chodula.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa kapangidwe ka chigamba cha nkhono zamakono ndikuti chipolopolo cha proganochelis chinali ndi mizere iwiri yakuwombera, pomwe akamba amakono palibe chilichonse chamtunduwu chomwe chimawonedwa.
Proganochelis anali ndi mulomo komanso chigaza cha mtundu wa zozizwitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, anali ndi zinthu zingapo zakale, monga mano ang'onoang'ono komanso khutu losavuta lomwe limangosungidwa kumwamba.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, mosiyana ndi akamba amakono, ma provochelise sanathe kujambula mawondo awo ndi mutu pansi pa carapace. M'malo mwake, khosi ndi miyendo zinali ndi zolimba, zowongoka zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zidagwira ntchito zoteteza.
Archelon
Archelon, dzina lachilendo chotere lidavalidwa ndi kukongola kwamatoni atatu. Kutalika, nyamazo zimatha kutalika mikono isanu, mutuwo unali gawo limodzi mwa zisanu ndi chiwiri m'litali lonse la thupi. Zimphona izi zinasunthira kumbuyo kwa zipupa zakutsogolo, zofanana ndi mapiko akuluakulu. Chakudya chachikulu chinali jellyfish ndi crustaceans omwe analipo ochulukirapo.
Mozasaurus
Zinali zigawenga zokha ndipo tsopano zatha, zofanana ndi zimphona zazikulu - amamasasa - omwe anali kuwopa anthu oterowo. M'nyengo yobereketsa, akamba amadziikira mazira, kutuluka kupita kumtunda, ndikubwereranso kunyanja.
Akamba - Atlanta
Turtles - Atlanteans olemera pafupifupi matani anayi, mosiyana ndi Archelons, amakhala kwambiri pamtunda ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri kuposa onse okhala ndi chipolopolocho. Ngakhale anali akulu, adasiyanitsidwa ndi manyazi awo, pomwe kuwopseza pang'ono, adakoka mitu yawo pansi pa chigolacho mwachangu chachilendo. Pazakudya amakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera.
Chifwamba cha Seychelles
M'masiku amakono, mwina ndi mtundu wa seychelles okha womwe umatchukitsa kukula kwake. Katunduyu adadziwikanso chifukwa cha malo okhawo - chilumba cha Aldabra, chomwe chili gawo la gulu la Seychelles. Katswiri waku Seychelles ndi amphibian wamkulu, yemwe wafika masentimita zana ndi makumi awiri, ali ndi thupi lam squat ndi mutu wocheperako. Kuchuluka kwawo sikwokwezeka.
Proganochelis
Proganochelis | |||
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Kukonzanso | |||
Gulu la asayansi | |||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Jenda: | † Proganochelis |
Proganohelis (lat. Proganochelys) - mtundu wa zanyama zachilengedwe zomwe zidasowa kuchokera ku gulu la testudinates, m'modzi mwa oyimira akale kwambiri a gulu lomwe limadziwika kuti sayansi - zotsalira zawo zidalembedwa ndi Upper Triassic (zaka 227–201.3 zapitazo). Genus m'zaka za XX inaphatikizidwa mu banja la monotypic chimpaman (Proganochelidae) wa chigawo Proganochelydia.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za akamba
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chiphunzitso cha kusinthika kwa akamba, sichinapangidwebe ndi asayansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti mpaka pano sizinatheke kupeza zotsalira za mitunduyi, ngakhale zili zofunikira kudziwa kuti sizinapezeke zotsalira zakale zamtundu wakale. Pali lingaliro chabe kuti akamba amtundu wawo amachokera ku zolengedwa zoyambirira kwambiri za machylosaurs.
Pamodzi ndi kuchepa kwamitundu yayikulu, oyimira amakono a akamba amasowa mano amtundu uliwonse. Kuyerekeza izi ndi mbali zakuthwa za nsagwada zawo zamphamvu, chifukwa chomwe zimaluma ndikudya, kulakwitsa kwambiri. Mukamadya zakudya zolimba komanso zotupa ngati nyama, akambuku amakonda kusankha kuthyola nyama yawo mzidutswa yaying'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zibwano zamiyendo yakutsogolo. Anthu ena amapatsidwa mphamvu yakufinya chakudya mothandizidwa ndi zitunda zam'kamwa pakamwa.
Akamba amasintha momveka bwino m'nthaka, momwe amasinthira makutu awo. Amatha kujambula mawu okhawo ochezeka kwambiri pamtunda wa hertz chikwi chimodzi ndi theka. Dziwani kuti kutulutsa mawu kumangoyenera pakukonzekera msambo, pamene amuna azikopa wamkazi ndi mkokomo waukulu. Amawona bwino kwambiri. Oimira pamtunda amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu yonse ya maluwa ndikusankha chomera chamtundu wokongola kwambiri. Izi zimakwaniritsidwa ndi malingaliro abwino okoma a kununkhira komanso malingaliro a mayendedwe.
Ngati tilingalira za mtundu wa aquarium wa amphibian wa gululi, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ndizofulumira kuzolowera mwini wakeyo, kuthekera kuzindikira cholowetsa ndikumupatsa zikwangwani zosiyanasiyana zovomerezeka. Ngakhale zonse zitha kukhala zosavuta komanso chiweto chikungodikira chithandizo china.
Sayansi yamakono yaphunzira pafupifupi akamba, koma izi ndizotalikira zonse. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 200 ya akamba padziko lapansi, ndipo 350 ali ndi subspecies. Mpaka pano, asayansi nthawi zambiri amakangana kuti mtunduwu kapena mtunduwu ungapezeke bwanji, komanso za mayina amtunduwu ndi mitundu. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza kusagwirizana pamndandanda ndi mitundu ya akamba.
Akamba amakhala paliponse: m'chipululu chopanda dzuwa, m'mitsinje, m'nkhalango, m'mapiri, m'nyanja, kumtunda ndi kunyanja. Komabe, chikhalidwe chofunikira kwa iwo ndi kukhalapo kwa kutentha. Popeza amafunika madzi ofunda kuti apitirize mtunduwo. Mitundu yambiri ya akambuku ali pafupi kutha, popeza amaulutsidwa chifukwa chophika bwino komanso zosowa zamankhwala achikhalidwe. Malingana ndi deta, imodzi mwa akamba atatu amwalira mwaukadaulo. Chifukwa chake, tsopano kuposa nthawi zonse thandizo ndi chitetezo chamunthu chofunikira.
Kufotokozera
Mapangidwe ake anali ndi chithunzi chapangidwe chazithunzi. Carapace ndiyowonekera kwambiri, kumbuyo kwake kudakhala kosangalatsa. Mkati mwa nthitizo ndi vertebrae anasakaniza ndi chipolopolo. Matupi a vertebral ndi ochepa thupi. Plastron adaphatikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi carapace, koma anali odula ndipo sanali kupitilizabe. Akambawa anali ndi mizere iwiri yoyaka, yomwe sikupezeka mu akamba amakono.
Patsogolo pawo panali chigaza ndi mulomo wamtambo wamtambo. Komabe, ali ndi zinthu zakale: khutu losavuta, mano ang'ono, omwe amasungidwa pakamwa pokha. Kuphatikiza apo, akambuku awa, mosiyana ndi akamba amakono, samatha kujambula mitu ndi miyendo pansi pa chigobacho. Miyendo ndi khosi zimatetezedwa ndi mamba olimba, osalunjika.
Chimodzi mwazitsanzo Proganochelys quenstedtii Magawo otsatirawa a chigombacho anayeza: kutalika ndi 64 cm, m'lifupi - 63 cm, kutalika kwakukulu - 17 cm.
Oimira amtunduwu anali ochulukitsa.
Gulu ndi malo
Malinga ndi tsamba la Paleobiology Database, kuyambira pa Ogasiti 2019, mitundu itatu yotsalira yaphatikizidwa ndi mtundu:
- Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur, 1887 [syn. Proganochelys quenstedti, orth. var., Psammochelys keuperina Quenstedt, 1889, Stegochelys dux Jaekel, 1914, Triassochelys dux (Jaekel, 1914)] - nori - ratGermany
- Proganochelys ruchae de Broin, 1984 - Nori wa Thailand
- Proganochelys tenertesta (Joyce et al., 2009) [syn. Chinlechelys tenertesta Joyce et al. , 2009] - nori wa ku USA