Mitundu yatsopano isanu ndi iwiri ya achule apezeka m'mapiri asanu ndi awiri osiyanasiyana kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil.
"Mitambo" yozizira ya kuderali ili ndi nyengo yapadera, yosiyanitsidwa ndi zigwa zotentha zomwe zimadzipatula pamwamba pa zitunda, ndikuwapangitsa kuwoneka ngati zisumbu. M'malo osangalatsawa pali mitundu 21 ya achule - Brachycephalus chule. Zotsatira zamaphunzirowa, mitundu inanso 7 idawonjezedwa kwa iwo, yomwe mwa zinthu 28 zatsopano. Zonsezi ndizochepera sentimita imodzi, ndipo pafupifupi onse ali ndi mitundu yowala ndi khungu loyipa, zomwe zimawathandiza kupewa tsoka la "chakudya chaching'ono".
Achule atsopano omwe amapezeka ku Brazil.
Mitundu yomwe yapezeka inafotokozedwa m'magazini ya PeerJ. Achule ndi chipatso chodziwika bwino cha ntchito ya gulu la ofufuza omwe akhala akuwaphunzira kwa zaka 5, akuyenda kudera lakuthengo ku Brazil.
Marcio Pai, pulofesa wa pa Yunivesite ya Paraná Federal, adati sanakwerere mapiri m'moyo wake kwambiri. Zinali zopweteka kwambiri. Ngakhale mapiri sanali okwera kwambiri - ambiri a iwo amafikira kutalika pafupifupi 1-1.5 km - chowonadi ndichakuti njira zomwe tinayenda zinali pafupifupi zosawoneka. "
Malo omwe apezedwa mitundu yatsopano akhala Brazil.
Nkhalango zazitali kwambiri pafupi ndi gombe lakum'mwera kwa Atlantic ku Brazil ndizabwino kwambiri pakafukufukuyu, atero Dr. Pai. Kwa nyama monga achule a Bracycephalus, omwe amamvera kwambiri chilengedwe, ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha kumatha kukhala cholepheretsa kuyenda.
Kuti muwatenge, muyenera kusamala ndi kulocha pang'ono masamba, "akutero Dr. Pye.
Zamoyo zazing'onozi ndizoyenera kupatukana, popeza zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera kwa abale awo apachibale. Izi ndizowona makamaka pa anatomy a vertebrates ang'onoang'ono apadziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina yomwe yangopezeka kumene ili ndi zala zitatu kumiyendo yakumbuyo, ndi ziwiri pamphumi, pomwe mitundu yambiri ya achule yomwe tikudziwa kale ili ndi zala 5 ndi 4, motsatana.
Kusiyananso kwinanso pakati pa mitundu yatsopano ya Brachycephalus ndi khungu lawo. Kapangidwe kake kamafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zosemphana zambiri mthupi lonse. Khungu lenilenilo limakhudza kukhudza ndipo limakhala ndi poizoni wowoneka bwino, womwe umadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwake kwa mankhwala ambiri owopsa a tetrodotoxin.
Poyembekezera kubadwa kwa mitundu yatsopano ya achule ang'onoang'ono, kafukufuku wonseyo adakhala ngati masewera a Dr. Pai ndi gulu lake. "Zinali zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, popeza kukwera phiri latsopano, tinali otsimikiza kuti pakhalanso mawonekedwe ena, koma sitinadziwe kuti zidzakhala bwanji," atero Pye.
"Chifukwa cha maulendo athu ocheperawa, tinasewera masewera ngati" kulingalira zamtsogolo. "
Dr. Pye ndi gulu lake atagwira mitundu yambiri yoyesa yomwe idabisidwa pansi pa masamba omwe adagwa, adawapanga mayeso amtundu kuti athe kusiyanitsa mitundu yatsopano iliyonse.
Kupeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono kotereku kunali kuyesa kwenikweni kwa gulu lonse, adotolo adatero.
"Zinkafunika kulimbikira, ndipo nthawi zina tinali kukhumudwa, kugwira ntchito kwa maola ambiri m'mapiri, ndi kubwerera kumeneko tili chimanjamanja."
Mtundu uliwonse watsopano udadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso amtundu.
Nthawi zambiri ofufuza ankangomva achule, koma osawona. Popeza nthawi zambiri nyama zang'onoting'onozo zinali ndi chizolowezi chobisala kwa omwe angadye zizolowezi popanda kuwonetsa maso.
"Mungamve mawu awo, akhoza kukhala mazana a iwo, koma simungawapeze! Chifukwa mukangofika pafupi, achule amayamba kukhazikika kwa mphindi 20-30, akumva kugwedeza kwapadziko lapansi. Kenako muziyang'ana mosamala ndi masamba omwe agwa, "atero Dr. Pye. Chifukwa chake, sanapeze mitundu yoposa imodzi pamalo aliwonse.
Gulu la Dr. Pai likukonzekera kufufuza kwina.
A Doc Pye ndi ogwira nawo ntchito amati kuti asunge mitundu yamtunduwu wa achule, amafunika kufalikira nthawi zonse, ndikuyesetsa kuteteza malo awo kuzomera zachilengedwe ndi mitundu ya nyama, kulembetsa ndi kuwopseza ena.
Tsopano gulu likukonzekera kufufuza kwina. Afotokoza kale mitundu inayi yatsopano ya achule.
"Tikudziwa malo ena ochepa omwe ali ndi kutentha kofananako. Mwina titha kupeza mitundu yatsopano ina kumeneko, "atero Dr. Pye. "A Amphibians akukumana ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yawo. Mwina ambiri aiwo anamwalira asanafotokozedwe ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi sayansi. Chifukwa chake kufotokozera za mitundu yatsopano ya achule athandiza mtsogolo kuti apitirize kukhalapo. ”
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Delhi (India) paulendo wawo wopita ku Western Ghats (mapiri kumadzulo kwa Hindustan) adapeza mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya achule. Zinayi za izo ndizochepa. Imanenedwa ndi ABC News.
A Amphibians ndi amtundu wa Nyctibatrachus. Monga lamulo, achule a mtunduwu ndiwosangalatsa. Izi, makamaka, zikuwonetsedwa ndi mtundu wawo wakuda ndi malo awo okhala.
Tikugogomezeredwa kuti kukula kwa achule ang'onoang'ono omwe apezeka sikupitilira mamilimita 16.
Ofufuzawo, amakhulupirira kuti tsogolo la mitunduyi lili pachiwopsezo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti oimira ake ambiri amakhala m'magawo osatetezedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti malo omwe amakhala amakhala atha kusintha ndikuwonongeka.
Ndipo tikukukumbutsani kuti m'chipatala cha Centre Chowona Zanyama, chiweto chanu chimakhala chisamaliro chamankhwala, ngakhale zitakhala kuti ndi ndani!
Chura mu Screensaver yatsopano ya kampani yapa TV ya VID
Kampani yapa TV ya VID, ikukondwerera tsiku lake lobadwa makumi atatu, yalemba pulogalamu yatsopano pa Instagram yake.
Mu mtundu wosinthidwa, nkhope ya wafilosofi wach Taoist Guo Xiang amawonekera bwino ndipo mutha kuwona chule pamutu pake. Momwe amakwerera momwemo akuwonetsedwa pafupi, koma mawu omwe amadziwika kulengeza dzina la kampani samveka. Pamapeto pa cutscene, wafilosofi amamwetulira pang'ono.
Omvera, omwe ali ndi zaka za m'ma 1990, amakumbukira zowonera zakale monga "zowonera ndi Yeltsin." Zinawoneka kuti zambiri zikufanana ndi Purezidenti wa Russia Boris Yeltsin. M'malo mwake, chigoba cha wafilosofi wachi Taoist Guo Xiang wokhala ndi chovala chamiyendo chamutu m'mutu mwake chinagwidwa pamenepo. Chophimba chija chidawoneka chakuda, pomwe mawu adanena "VID ikuyimira".
Asayansi atulukira chifukwa chake achule sadzipha
Posachedwa asayansi apeza kuti achule a ku South America samadzipha okha ndi poizoni chifukwa cha "typo" m'modzi mwa agologolo omwe amakhudza "zida zawo zowononga".
"Khungu la chule wamba Phyllobates terribilis ili ndi milligram ya poizoni uyu, yomwe ingakhale yokwanira kupha mbewa 20,000. Pankhaniyi, achule omwe samwalira ndi izi ndipo samachitapo kanthu, ndipo njira yoteteza ku poizoni idadziwikabe kwa ife, "atero a Sho-Ya Wang a ku Yunivesite ya New York ku Albany (USA) .
Chule achule ochokera ku mtundu Ma phyllobates ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zoyipa kwambiri Padziko lapansi. Khungu lawo limakhala ndi batrachotoxin wambiri - poizoni wamitsempha wowopsa. Amwenye aku Colombia, omwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ululu wa achule kwazaka zambiri kuti mafuta awo akhale mivi, awona kale kuti achule a dart a poizoni sakhala ndi poizoni - kudula mwangozi komanso kuvulaza komwe kumapangitsa kuti matrachotoxin atulutsidwe matupi awo sikukhudza zochita zake pafupifupi chilichonse. Asayansi akhala akuchita chidwi ndi zakalezi momwe zimagwirira ntchito, ndipo akuyesera kupeza masinthidwe amtundu womwe umapwetekedwa ndi poizoni.
Wang ndi anzake adavumbulutsa chinsinsi ichi pophunzira ndikufanizira kapangidwe ka mapuloteni omwe amawongolera zomwe zimatchedwa "sodium channels" mumitsempha yama minyewa komanso minyewa ya achule okha ndi mitundu ina ya nyama. Mapuloteni awa, omwe amaphatikizidwa kupukutira sodium ion mu cell, amathandizira kwambiri pakufalitsa zamphamvu zamagetsi m'mitsempha yamanjenje ndi minofu ya nyama, ndipo kutsika kwawo kumapangitsa kuti ziwindi zisamayambike.
Poyerekeza DNA ya mitundu iwiri ya achule, mbewa ndi makoswe, asayansi adatha kuzindikira masinthidwe asanu omwe amasiyanitsa bwino anthu am'madzi oopsa kwambiri kuchokera kwa achibale awo osavulaza ndi zinyama. Poyesa kumvetsetsa kuti ndi ndani mwa masinthidwe omwe anachititsa kuti achule “awonongeke” ku chiphe chawo, asayansi adawaika mu DNA ya maselo am'mimba mumiyendo ndikuwona momwe amachitira ndi mamolekyulu a batrachotoxin. Monga momwe zidasinthira, masinthidwe amodzi okha, otchedwa N1584T, anali okwanira kupanga maselo otentheka kuti asakhale ndi vuto la chule. Masinthidwe anayi otsalawa adangolimbitsa mphamvu zake ndipo sanadziteteze okha pakatikati pa ziwalo.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowopsa kwambiri za achule a mitengo, tsamba lokhala ndi miyala la golide (Phyllobates aurotaenia), silikhala ndi masinthidwewo, ngakhale kuti khungu la amphibians limakhala ndi ma kilogalamu 50 a poizoni. Malinga ndi asayansi, DNA yawo ikhoza kukhala ndi masinthidwe ena omwe amateteza achule amenewa ku milingo yayikulu ya poizoni.
Malinga ndi Van, kuwulula kwa makina a ntchito ya batrachotoxin ndi momwe achule amadzitetezera kuchokera kwa iwo kungathandizire akatswiri odziwa zamankhwala ndi akatswiri opanga mankhwala kuti azigwirizana ndi izi ndikupeza mawonekedwe ake omwe amalepheretsa ntchito zamayendedwe a sodium osati kwamuyaya, koma kwakanthawi. Zinthu zoterezi, malinga ndi asayansi, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachipatala.
Mu 2003, banja la achule achilendo, Nasikabatrachidae, adafotokozedwa mtundu ndi mtundu umodzi, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Onani nkhani yathu yakuti “Anthu Omwe Amakhala Bwino Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi.” Posachedwa, asayansi aku India apunthwa pa nthumwi yachiwiri ya banja losazolowereka, lipoti la Daily Mail.
Ofufuzawo adatchulanso mtundu watsopano wa Bhupati (Nasikabatrachus bhupathi) Malinga ndi zomwe wapezeka, mitundu iyi ya achule imakhala ndi thupi lambiri lophimbidwa ndi khungu lofiirira, komanso imakhala ndi maso obiriwira ndi mphuno yokhala ngati nkhumba.
Asayansi akuwonjezera kuti chule limakhala pafupifupi moyo wake wonse pansi, kudya nyerere ndi chiswe. Komabe, amphibians amabwerabe pamnyengo yakukhwima. Zimadziwika kuti ma tadpoles a achule wofiirira nawonso amakhala osawoneka bwino kwambiri.
Kanema kuchokera ku bhupati titha kuwona pano
Chikondwerero chowonjezera cha ana a Frog Princess: zenizeni zachilengedwe
Nyanja kufupi ndi Moscow idadziwidwanso.
Chapakatikati, ndidakambirana za momwe anthu ammudzi omwe amakhala kufupi ndi thupi lamadzi amadziwira nsomba zomwe zidawunjikidwa pafupi ndi bowo la ayezi, lomwe lidasungika ndi dzenje la ayezi (adaligwira ndi ukonde, kumenya ndi ndodo). Tsopano ndawona kaonedwe ka achule. M'malo mwake, achule. Ndiponso ndinalingaliranso za chilengedwe chodabwitsa, chosamveka cha munthu komanso tanthauzo la kukhalapo kwa anthu padziko lapansi.
Chilimwe ichi chidakhala chonde kwa zotupa zomwe zidayamba kuwinduka kuchokera kuzinyalala zochulukirapo: kuzizira ndi mvula sizinalole kusambira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti panali mabotolo amowa ochepa omwe ankayandama pamtunda, zotsalira komanso matumba apulasitiki sanali atagona m'mphepete. Ndidawonanso timiyendo tiwiri tosongoka tosambira tomwe timangokhala m'madzi oyera okha, ndipo ndimaganiza kuti zonyansa izi zidasowa kwina konse ku Near Moscow.
Zikuwoneka kuti, chifukwa cha nkhawa ya anthu okhala munyanjamo, ma tadpoo ambiri anali atapachikika pafupi ndi mabango ndi omasulira. Pakati pa chilimwe, amasintha mwachilengedwe kukhala achule ang'onoang'ono. Kuitanidwa kwachizolowezi kunawalimbikitsa kuchoka pachinthu chosambira kupita kumtunda. Mazana, ngati si masauzande a timing'alu tating'onoting'ono, timatsanulira, kukwawa, kulowa m'minda yoyandikana nayo. Koma ali panjira yopita ku malo otetezedwa, opusa amayenera kuthana ndi njira yakuwala yomwe yazungulira nyanjayo ikulira. Chepera chokwanira kwa anthu amiyendo iwiri omwe amayendamo, koma chachikulu kwambiri komanso chowopsa kwa ang'onoang'ono mamilimita awiri.
Amapemphapempha: ayenera kusiya kuyenda pa nthiti iyi, yokhala ndi kachilomboka kosavulaza kwa Colorado, osati ndi mbozi za silkworm, osati ndi mphutsi za kachilomboka komwe kamawononga nkhalango zakomweko, koma ndi zolengedwa zofunikira kwambiri. Wokongola, wokhudza mtima. Zachidziwikire, ndizovuta kuzifanizira ndi zonenepa zowoneka bwino za sturgeon - sindikutanthauza zokondweretsa za zakudya za ku France ndi Russia, koma lingaliro la Peter I pokana kuletsa kulira kwa belu pophulika, kuti ndisavulaze nsomba ndikasesa ana, ndikulankhula zothandiza kwa manda amalo ndi chilengedwe . Malingaliro ndi malingaliro oterowo amayenera kuti asakanikirane ndikuganiza zaumoyo wanu komanso chizolowezi chochokera pa njira yachikhalidwe.
Ayi konse! Palibe (mwa omwe ndimawaganizira masiku atatu - Julayi 12, 13, 14) adasiya kuyenda. Okwatirana achikondi, akuyenda mozungulira ndikuphwanya, adayenda pamsewu "wamoyo", ndikuphwanya ana ndi maso amaso akulu (ndipo mwina akukonzekera kupeza ana awo). Mnyamata wapakatikati wowoneka-wanzeru - iye ndi mkaziyo - anayenda kukumbatirana mitembo ndikumangoyimba mtima pakunyamula kunyumba. Sizingakhale kuti iwo sanawone chisokonezo! Koma ndizosavuta - osayang'ana pansi pa phazi lanu, osazindikira. Ugogo wolimba, wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu wokhala ndi mitengo yozungulira Wothamanga wachinyamata, wozungulira wazungulira, adathamanga mozungulira, kusindikiza ndi zilembo zodziwika bwino zomwe sizimadziwa kuti ayenera kumugonjera, odya udzudzu wam'tsogolo ndi ma midges ena. Gulu la azimayi akale omwe adapuma pantchito omwe ali mu nsapato zosiyanasiyana anali akunjenjemera, akuponda moyo wamtsogolo osamusiira mwayi woti adziwonetsere. Oyendetsa njinga ndi ma scooter adakwera, atayika mabala am'mimba. Msodzi yemwe amakhala mu nsapato anali paulendo wopita kunyanja. Mwamuna wina wamkulu wa govnodavi adaponda misonzi yovuta ndi masitepe a King Kong. Mayi wachichepere yemwe ali ndi stroller (mwa mwana wake) mosangalala anati: "Ali ngati agulu!" - ndikuwoneka ndi matayala, ndipo mwana adayimilira osagwirizana ndi nsapato. Sindikuyankhula pagulu la achinyamata omwe adakondwera ndi mpweya wabwino: atsikana adakuwa: "Ha, ndi amanyazi bwanji!" Ndipo anyamatawo, posonyeza kulimba mtima ndi amuna, anamwazikana, osazaza zinyalala zanthete ndi lumo lawo lonyoza la bulldozer. Chofufumitsa, mikate yowotchera, yosalala, idasala kulikonse. Ngati makolo achule ataona izi, mitima yawo ikasweka. Kapena, ndikufuna, kutsatira chule choyendayenda cha Garshinsky, kuuluka kupita kumayiko ena, olekerera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kupro, malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja adatsekedwa, pomwe akamba amayikira mazira, ndipo palibe aliyense wa tchuthi amayandikira mafuta awa. Zingakhale bwino kumawamenya mbama ndi mafunde kapena kumenyera mpira!
Zindichitira chiyani? Kukhamukira kuteteza fuko la achule, kuyamba kulimbikitsa? Zomveka zoseketsa - zamkati, zamisala, zachikale?
Oponderezawo - izi ndizodziwikiratu - alibe malingaliro oyambira ndipo sangafanane ndi nkhanza zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ndende zozunzirako komanso tsogolo lakudzikoli, lopanda chilichonse chamoyo. Palibe chikondi choyambira, kumvera chisoni anthu oyandikana nawo. Ndipo sichinakhalepo?
Kodi chiyembekezero chani kuti anthu owomba m'manja akhale ndi malingaliro oterowo kwa chitetezo chamiyendo chamiyendo inayi? Tikutenga kusalingalira nyengo - chifukwa, osayembekezera zabwino zachilengedwe, adatenga zonse kwa iye. Koma tikupitiliza kukulitsa chiyembekezo chathu.
Momwe zinthu ziliri ndi achule ku Germany ndi UK zimatha kupezeka muzomwe talemba kale.
Phwando la achule onenepa adamangidwa pamiyambo ya Ussuriysk
Monga momwe oimira bungweli adanenera, kutumiza achulewo ndi zotuluka zake kumangololedwa ndi zilolezo ndipo zimayendetsedwa molingana ndi Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora ndi Fauna. Zochita za wolakwira apa zikufotokozedwa ndikuti mafuta achule amadziwika kwambiri ku China, komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamankhwala ndi cosmetology. Pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku chule limodzi ndi 3-4 g. Kuti apeze makilogalamu 6.2 a mafuta, achule pafupifupi 2000 adaphedwa.
Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mpaka pano kulemera kwa opanga amoyo wamkulu kwambiri opanda moyo padziko lapansi - toad-agi (Bufo marinus kapena Rhinella marina) Ndi achule a goliath (Conraua goliath) - sizinapitirire ma kilogalamu anayi (pafupifupi. - bufodo) Pachifukwa ichi, tikulimbikitsa kuti tiwerenge zolemba za 2015. Cholembera chachinyengo cha 7-kilogalamu ku Sadovo chinasokeretsa anthu a Kherson.
Momwe achule amathandizidwira ku Germany akhoza kupezeka mu notsi yathu ya 2016 "Momwe achule amathandizidwira ku Germany kuyenda."
Munthu wokhala ku Alabama adayika chithunzi ndi mphatso za bwenzi latsopano ku Imgur, yomwe idakondweretsa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Positi yokhala ndi mfuti zingapo za zipewa zingapo zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kopitilira kowonera miliyoni, ndipo kanema kanthawi kochepa pomwe chikhazikitso chidayikidwa pamutu wamalonda - zowonera zoposa 60,000.