Redfoot, kapena ibis yaku Japan (Nipponia nippon) - woyimira yekhayo wa abambo-ofiira opindika. Pulogalamu yake imakhala yotuwa yofiirira, yolimba kwambiri pa nthenga zoyambirira ndi mchira, miyendo imakhala yofiyira, mutu kumutu kuzungulira mulomo ndipo m'maso mulibe nthenga komanso imakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira, mulomo ndi wakuda ndi mutu wapamwamba, mphete yachikaso kuzungulira maso, maso ndi ofiira, ndipo pa nambara ya kutalika kwa nthenga zazitali. Pofika masika, pamene ibis ikayamba nthawi yakukhwima, mankhwalawo amayamba imvi.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira ndi nthumwi yayikulu ya mtundu, kutalika kwa thupi lake imatha kufika masentimita 78,5. Imatha kudziwika ndi maonekedwe oyera oyera ndi miyendo. Nthenga zokha zomwe zili kunsi kwa mchira ndiz pinki pang'ono. Hafu ya mutu wa mbalameyo ndi yofiyira, khungu pano silabereka komanso khinya. Nthenga zazitali zoyera zimatchulidwa bwino pamutu. Mlomowo ndi wautali komanso wowongoka pang'ono.
Kuchuluka ndi kufalitsa
Ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira - mbalame yosowa kwambiri, yokhala pangozi, yolembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndi International Red Book.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira anali mitundu yambiri ndipo amakhala ku Central China ndi Japan, komanso ku Russia Far East. Pambuyo pake, pokhudzana ndi kusaka kwa ibis ngati tizirombo ta minda, komanso nyama, kugwera kwa mitengo yomwe timakhalira ndi kupha mbalame zapoizoni ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda ya mpunga, kudapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha mitundu yonseyo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma ibisi opondera ndi miyendo anali kuwonedwa kuti atsala pang'ono kutha, popeza mbalame 5 zomaliza zinagwidwa ku Japan ndi cholinga chofuna kubereka muukapolo. Mosayembekezereka, mu 1981, mbalame zochepa zidapezeka pakati pa China, zopangidwa ndi mbalame zinayi zachikulire ndi anapiye atatu. Mwamwayi, m'tsogolomu chiwerengerochi chinawonetsa kuchuluka kwamphamvu, ndipo pofika 2002 chinali ndi mbalame 140 zokha. Ali mu ukapolo, ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira inayamba kubereka bwino, ndipo m'malo awiri oswana panali kale a 130. Kuwerengeka kwa mbalame zakuthengo mu 2006 kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwawo kunafika pa 500, mwa ambiri achichepere.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Mu XX century, ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira inali mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhala ku Central China, Japan ndi Far East wa Russia. Kummwera chakum'mwera, ma ibits ankakhala moyo wongokhala, ndipo anthu ochokera kumpoto anasamukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu. Masiku ano, mbalame zosowa izi zatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka m'malo awo okhala zachilengedwe. Zigwa zamtsinje, malo okumbika pansi, minda ya mpunga - awa ndi madera omwe ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira amakonda.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira amakhala m'zigwa za mitsinje, madera otsika ndi nyanja ndi minda ya mpunga. Mbalame zimagona usiku wonse pamitengo yayitali m'nkhalangomo, zimadyetsa m'malo osungirako osaya ndi masentimita 10-15, komwe zimasaka nsomba zing'onozing'ono, nkhanu, ma mollusks ndi ma invertebrates ena am'madzi, zouluka ndi achule.
Kuswana
Ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira imapangika pawiri komanso chisa pamitengo yayitali, makamaka pamipini ndi mitengo italiitali. Kupendekera komwe makolo onse amakumbukira kumakhala ndi mazira 3-4. Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 28. Pakatha masiku 40 ataswa, anapiyewo amayima kuphiko. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi makolo awo mpaka nthawi yakugwa, kenako zimagwirizananso m'mabusa.
Ndizosangalatsa
Ibis ndi mbalame zapadera. Pali nthano komanso miyambo yambiri yolumikizidwa ndi iwo. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, ndi ibis amene adatulutsa Nowa mu chombo chake chigumula. Mbalameyi idatsogolera anthu kuchokera pansi pa Phiri la Ararati kupita Kumtsinje wa Firate, pomwe Nowa adakhala ndi banja lake. Mpaka pano, tchuthi choperekedwa kwa ibis chikusungidwa mumzinda wa Birejik ku Turkey.
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Mbidzi zokhala ndi miyendo yofiira, kapena kuti Japan, ndizo zokha zimayimira, zomwe mwina sizikumananso ndi zisa ku Russia. M'mbuyomu, malo omwe ankaberekera anali ndi madera ambiri kuchokera ku Middle Amur Region mpaka ku Islands Islands. M'zaka za zana la 19, malo ambiri obzala ndi miyendo yofiira ku Russia adakhazikitsidwa mokhazikika.
Komabe, pazaka 20 zapitazi, kukumana ndi mbalamezi kuthengo kumawerengedwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala. Nthawi yotsiriza ma ibis a miyendo ofiira ku Russia adalembedwa mu June 1990 pamtsinje wa Bolshaya Iska mdera la Amur. Zaka za XX zinali zosintha m'miyoyo ya mbalame, chifukwa mu 1923 ku Japan, mtunduwu udanenedweratu kuti sutha.
Komabe, posachedwa m'malo otetezedwa a Land of the Rising Sun, pachilumba cha Sado ndi Peninsula ya Noto, anthu ambiri okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira atapezeka, anapeza mbalame pafupifupi 100. Ngakhale anayesetsa, kumapeto kwa 1981 anthu asanu ndi awiri okha ndi omwe adapulumuka. Kuti awathandize kupulumuka ndikuchulukana, gulu lapadera lochita ntchito linatenga njira zadzidzidzi - mbalamezo zidachotsedwa kuthengo. Masiku ano, padziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 250. Zina mwazowopsa kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi kuba, kuwononga chilengedwe, kuwononga mitengo yakale yomwe imamanga zisa zawo.
Kufotokozera
Mbalameyi imadziwika ndi maula oyera okhala ndi pinki hue, yomwe imakhala yolimba kwambiri nthenga ndi nthenga za mchira. Mukuuluka ndikuwoneka ngati mbalame yapinki kwathunthu. Miyendo, ndipo dera laling'ono la mutu ndi lofiira. Komanso maula sapezeka m'malo awa.
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Mlomo wautali wakuda umatha ndi nsonga wofiyira. Iris ndi chikaso. Nthenga zazing'ono zazitali zakuthwa zimakhala kumbuyo kwa mutu. M'nyengo yakukhwima, mtundu umayamba kukhala utoto.
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Habitat
Osati kale kwambiri, malingaliro anali ambiri. Imapezeka makamaka ku Asia. Nthawi yomweyo, zisa sizinamangidwe ku Korea. Ku Russian Federation idagawidwa m'chigwa cha Prikhanai. Ku Japan ndi China anali atangokhala. Komabe, adasamukira ku Amur kupita nthawi yachisanu.
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Palibe zambiri zolondola pamalopo. Nthawi zina amadziwika ku Amur Region ndi Primorye. Amapezeka m'magawo a Korea ndi China. Mbalame zotsiriza ku Russian Federation zidapezeka mu 1990 ku Amur Region. Panthawi yosamukira, adawoneka ku Southern Primorye, komwe adakhala nthawi yachisanu.
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Mbalameyi imakonda madambo achisamba mu zigwa za mitsinje. Zimapezekanso m'minda ya mpunga komanso pafupi ndi nyanja. Nthenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthambi za mitengo, kukwera pamwamba. Pakudya, nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi ming'alu.
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Khalidwe la ibis la ku Japan
Mbalamezi zimakhala m'zigwa zamtsinje, m'minda ya mpunga ndi nyanja. Usiku mu mitengo, yayitali pamwamba pa nthaka. Pakupuma komanso mukamadya, ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira nthawi zambiri imasakanikirana ndi ma cranes. Zakudya za ku Japan ibis zimakhala ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zokwawa. Amadyetsa m'madziwe osaya, omwe akuya kwawo sikupita masentimita 15.
Ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira (Nipponia nippon).
Amapanga zisa m'misika yayitali, pamtunda wamamita 15-20 kuchokera pansi, ndipo mpaka m'zaka za zana la 19 adafalikira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Primorye. Paulendo wa pandege, amakumana pafupipafupi ku Southern Primorye, komwe nthawi zina nthawi kwawo kunali kozizira.
Mwina ma ibis achi Japan ndi mbalame zopitilira muyeso. Mu clutch pali mazira 3-4 omwe makolo onse awiri amakundana. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 28. Patsiku la 40 la moyo, anapiye a miyendo ofiira atakhala pa mapiko. Kukula kwachichepere kumakhalabe ndi makolo mpaka kugwa, komanso atatha kuyanjana m'masukulu.
Chiwerengero cha ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira m'mbuyomu
Ngakhale m'zaka zana zapitazi, malo okhala ma Japan ibis anali ochulukirapo, adayambira ku Northeast China mpaka kumadzulo ndi kumwera. Ku Japan, mbalamezi zinali zofala, zinkakhala ku Kyushu mpaka Hokkaido. Ndipo ku Korea, sanakhalepo. Kudera la Russia, malo okhala ma Japan abizin adakhudza gawo laling'ono lakumpoto chakum'mawa, ndiko kuti, Khanka lowland ndi pakati Amur. Anthu achi Japan ndipo, makamaka, achi China adakhala moyo wongokhala, koma mahulewo adathawa ku Amur kukazizira.
Maonekedwe a ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira imadziwika ndi maonekedwe oyera oyera a mthunzi wapinki, wopepuka kwambiri pa nthenga ndi mchira.
Ndipo m'mbuyomu, kuchuluka kwa ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira sikunali okwera kwambiri, chifukwa a Przhevalsky adazindikira kuti ndi anthu 20 okha omwe amapezeka kudera la Nyanja ya Khanka. Koma uku ndikumapeto kwa malangizowo.
M'zaka zamakumi awiri, ndege yaku America idachitika ku China, kutengera kuti ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira amatchedwa mbalame wamba, koma chiwerengero chenicheni cha mbalamezi sichidalengezedwe. Mu 1909, wapaulendo waku Russia yemwe amakhala ku Russia Kozlov anapeza ku Gansu gulu la anthu pafupifupi 10 - chiwerengerochi sichitchedwa kuti chakwera. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, palibe chidziwitso chomwe chidaperekedwa pa chiwerengero cha ma ibisi ofiira ku China, koma ndikudziwika kuti zithunzithunzi zakale zidadulidwa m'chigawo cha Shaanxi mu 1958, chifukwa chomwe ziphunzitso zomwe zidakhala kale kumeneko zidasowa.
Chiyembekezo chosakwaniritsidwa
Ku Japan, mu 1867-1868, kuletsa kusaka kunangokhala pang'ono, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kuthamangitsidwa kwa zifanizo zaku Japan kunayamba. Mbalamezi zinali kudalira kwambiri anthu, ndipo pofika mfuti, zinayamba kutha mofulumira. Mu 1890, ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira ku Japan idasowa. Magulu ochepa a ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yochepa okha ndi omwe adakwanitsa kupulumuka kuzilumba za Honshu, Sado ndi Noto.
Mitundu yocheperako - ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiira - yalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndi International Red Book.
Mu 1893, malo otetezedwa adapangidwa kuchokera kumalo omaliza okhala ndi miyendo yofiirira. Koma kutetezedwa kwa mbalame kudali kakhalidwe kokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ibis zaku Japan kudapitilira kutsika. Kale mu 1923 anali atapita kale.
Koma mu 1931, anthu awiri ku Nigat adapezeka, chifukwa cha zomwe asayansi anali ndi chiyembekezo ndipo kafukufuku watsopano ndi kusaka kwadongosolo. Pakufufuza mu 1932-1934, anthu pafupifupi 100 amaabis achi Japan apezeka nkhalango zakutali kwambiri za Noto ndi Sado. Pakadali pano adachitapo njira zowopsa. Mbidzi zokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira zinkatchedwa mwala wachilengedwe.
Koma njira zotetezera sizidagwire ntchito malo onse okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira, chifukwa chake kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango kudapitilira. Kuphatikiza apo, kunali kuba, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zosowa chonchi kunkatsikabe. Zaka 2 zokha pambuyo poti ma ibis adanenedwa ngati chipilala chachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika kuchoka pa anthu 100 kupita pa 27.
Patatha masiku 40 ataswa, abwana achichepere achi Japan amayimirira mapiko.
Kulimbana kwa ma ibis omaliza okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira kuti apulumuke
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itayamba, matumizidwe opezeka ku Japan sanakhudze aliyense. Koma ibis adatha kupulumuka nkhondo. Mu 1952, ma ibis 24 okhala ndi miyendo 24 adalembedwa pachilumba cha Sado. Mu 1954, malo enieni adapangidwa kuno, dera lomwe panali mahekitala 4376. Kusaka kunali koletsedwa pagawo la nkhokweyi.
Masamba owumba ndi malo okhala ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira adayamba kutetezedwa mwachangu. Koma, mwatsoka, nthawi imeneyo minda ya mpunga idachiritsidwa mokulira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe anali ndi zebury. Kusanthula kwa anthu omwe adafa kunawonetsa kuti mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mbalame anali m'mafuta, m'misempha komanso m'mafupa.
Mu 1962, kudula mitengo kunali koletsedwa posungira. Madera akudya adasowa mtendere, ndipo nthawi yozizira amadyetsa mbalamezo. Koma izi mwina zidatengedwa mochedwa. Mu 1960, ndi abisi 6 ku Japan okha omwe adatsalira, mu 1966 kuchuluka kwawo kudakwera mpaka anthu 10, komano kuchuluka kwawo kudatsikanso. Masiku ano, gulu laling'ono laling'ono kwambiri lachi Japan limeneli limakhala m'mapiri ndipo silidyetsa minda yomwe ili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mbidzi zokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira ndimagona pamitengo yayitali m'nkhalangomo.
Mpaka 1974, ibis nthawi zambiri imaberekana, koma kuchuluka kwawo sikunachuluke, chifukwa nyama zazing'ono zimathawa kukadyetsa minda ya mpunga, komwe adamwalira ndi a zebaki ndi ozizira. Palibe wachinyamata aliyense amene anabwerera.
Mu 1975, monga nthawi zonse, kupangira masoni kunapangidwa, koma anapiye sanatchere mazira. Pansi pa mitengoyo, chigamba cha mazira osweka chinapezeka. Izi zidayamba kubwereza masika aliwonse. Chipolopolocho chidasanthulidwa, koma palibe poizoni kapena poizoni wamphepo amene adapezeka. Mokulira, chochititsa chinali kusabereka kapena kuukira kwa adani, mwachitsanzo, nthabwala zomwe zimakhala m'deralo.
Mu 1978, mazira atatu adatengedwa kuchokera ku zisa, adatumizidwa ku Ueno Zoo ku Tokyo kuti akukulitse chofungatira. Mazira onse atatuwa anali osavomerezeka. Zomwe zidachitika sizikudziwika. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 1977, ndi ma ibis 8 achi Japan okha omwe adapulumuka pachilumba cha Saldo.
Pa Peninsula ya Noto mu 1930, panali kagulu kakang'ono ka ma ibisi ofiira, okhala ndi mbalame 5-10, koma mu 1956 anasiya kudya ndipo mu 1966 anazimiririka.
Mbalame zokongola izi zimakhala m'mapiri a mitsinje, malo otsika ndi nyanja ndi minda ya mpunga
Kuyesera kutsitsimutsa anthu okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira
Ku Japan mu 1966 adaganiza zobereketsa mbalame zomwe zatsala kuti zikhale akapolo. Pachifukwa ichi, adamangapo ndege yayikulu, yomwe idayikidwa pakati pa malo osungirako nyama zachi Japan, pachilumba cha Sado.
Kuyambira 1966 mpaka 1967, mbalame zazing'ono 6 zinagwidwa kuchokera ku zachilengedwe, koma onse, kupatula munthu m'modzi, adamwalira ndi matenda. Chiyambire nthawi imeneyo, achi Japan sanayesanso kubereka maubis ali mu ukapolo. Koma mbalame zotsalira zokhala ndi miyendo yofiira zomwe zikadalipobe ndi moyo.
Tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la otsala aanthu achi Japan
Mu 1972, ku China, kumwera kwa Shaanxi, zikopa zingapo za miyendo yofiyira zidapezeka komwe malo omwe adakhazikikapo kale. Pali chiyembekezo chakuti gawo laling'onong'ono lingathe kupulumuka. Komanso ku Zen Tienqing, munthu m'modzi ali moyo.
Mwachiwonekere, mdziko lathu, ma ibib-miyendo ofiira athera lero.
M'dziko lathu, ma ibis aku Japan samapezeka kawirikawiri. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zidapezeka pa Chilumba cha Kaluga mu 1926, mu 1938 pa mtsinje wa Bolshaya Ussurka, mu 1940 pamtsinje wa Bikin, mu 1949 pa mtsinje wa Amur, komanso mu 1963 pa Khasan Lake. Panalinso zidziwitso zakukumana kwa mbalamezi m'zaka zam'tsogolo, koma sizodalirika mokwanira.
Wofufuza zachilengedwe J. Archibald wochokera ku Canada mu 1974 adapeza anthu 4 a ma ib-ofu okhala ndi miyendo m'malire a South Korea ndi DPRK. Koma mu 1978 awiri okha adapezeka pano, ndipo patatha chaka - buku limodzi lokha. Anayesa kumugwira kuti atengedwe, koma sizinatheke.
Njira zotheka kupulumutsira tinthu tokhala ndi miyendo yofiira
Kodi pali chiyembekezo chilichonse cha kupulumuka kwamtunduwu? Ziyenera kunenedwa moona kuti mkhalidwe wa ibis wokhala ndi miyendo yovuta kwambiri. Mwayi wokha wolepheretsa ibis yaku Japan kuti isafe kwathunthu ndikupanga anthu ogwidwa ojambulidwa omwe angathe kubereka.
Imadyera m'malo osaya osaya mpaka ma 10cm.Yimadyera ma invertebrates am'madzi, zotulutsa komanso nsomba zazing'ono.
Pakadali pano, mwayi ukuchitika kuti ugwire anthu onse okhala ku Sado Island, kuti alumikizane wamwamuna wam'magulu, ndipo atumize mbalamezi ku Tokyo, ku Tamo Zoo, komwe adokowe ofiira ndi oyera kale adagawidwa.
Komanso anthu ochulukitsa amatha kupanga ku England, ku Jersey Trust. Zigulu zingapo za nesting ibis zimakhala ku Jersey Zoo, zikuwoneka kuti mbalame zosabereka koma zathanzi zochokera ku mafupa a Sado zimayambanso kubereka malo ano. Koma pali zovuta zina, popeza boma la Japan silinakonzekere kusankha zoti mbalame zizigwidwa, chomwe ndi chipilala chamtundu wa dzikolo ndikutumiza kunja. Koma kuchedwa kotereku kumatha kukhala koopsa kwa anthu.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mapaundi
Ibisi ali ndi maula amtundu umodzi. Pali mitundu yomwe ili yoyera kwathunthu. Pali ma buluzi okhala ndi nthenga zakuda, imvi, emarodi, nthenga zofiirira.Omwe akuimira banja la ibis ndi ma ibis ofiira. Thupi, khosi, mutu, mchira ndi miyendo ya mbalameyi zimapakidwa utoto wofiyira.
Ibis amayenda kunyanja
Mtundu wina wa ibis, utoto waukulu umakwaniritsidwa ndi mthunzi wosiyanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamabowo akakhala ndi nkhope yakuda, torso ndi utoto wachikaso ndi khosi lowoneka ngati chikaso chowoneka bwino, mawonekedwe oyera a thupi la ibis yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe owala ofiira, ibis yakuda yopaka utoto yoyera, pomwe mchira ndi khosi ndi imvi. Ibis yaing'ono imadziwika ndi cholembera chowoneka bwino. Ndi mult uliwonse, mtundu wa nthenga umazimiririka.
Pafupifupi ibis chithunzi
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya ibis ndi mulomo. Ndi yayitali, yopyapyala, yopindika kumapeto. Gawo ili la thupi ndi chida chosaka, chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, mulomo wa mbalame ndi wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu. M'mitundu ina ya ibis, nsonga ya mulomo imakulitsidwa pang'ono, yomwe imalola mbalame kusaka nyama zam'madzi moyenera.
Mbalamezo zimabzala mlomo wautali pansi pamatope, ndikuzikumba, kuyang'ana ndikugwira nyama. Mothandizidwa ndi mulomo wautali, amapeza chakudya m'miyala yamiyala ndi m'maenje akuya. Lilime silimaphatikizidwa pakudya, chifukwa limachitika chifukwa cha chisinthiko.
Dera
Gulu la ibis pafupi ndi dziwe
Banja lalikulu la ibis limagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto. Awa ndi mbalame zam'madzi zotentha zomwe zimasankha malo otentha komanso malo otentha amoyo, osasintha mosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha matendawa chimakhala cha kugombe lakummawa kwa Africa, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Latin America, Australia. Kupatula kosowa, ibis amakhazikika ku Europe ndi Russia.
Habitat
Ibis pafupi ndi madzi
Ibis ndi gulu la mbalame zam'madzi zapafupi. Mbalame zimakonda kuyala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, chifukwa zimadyetsa makamaka nyama zapamadzi. Kwa mbalame zokhala nesting zimasankha malo otseguka - m'mbali mwa nkhalango, zigwa za mitsinje. Mitundu ina ya ma ibis, monga ma warty ibis, samamangiriridwa ndi matupi amadzi ndikuwapatsa nyumba zawo m'malo owuma. Amadyera makamaka ma vertebrates ang'ono ndi zakudya zamasamba. Ma Ibis amapezeka kumapiri ndi kumapeto kwa matanthwe, m'matanthwe.
Ibis: mbalame yosamukira kapena ayi
Ibis adakutumula mapiko ake
Mitundu yambiri ya ibis ndiyosamukira. Nthenga zomwe zimakhala ku North America zimawulukira ku Colombia, Ecuador, ndi Venezuela nyengo yozizira. Mbalame za ku Europe zimasamukira ku Africa ndi Asia chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zachi Japan zimawuluka nthawi yonse yotentha kupita ku Australia. Mitundu ina ya "Kummwera" imakhala moyo wosakhalitsa, komabe, ikafunafuna chakudya yomwe imadutsa pamtunda, imayenda mtunda wautali makilomita kutali ndi malo odyeramo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Chithunzi cha ibis m'chipululu
Zakudya za ibis zimakhala ndi tizilombo komanso tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Mbalame zimasaka anyani, crustaceans, mphutsi. Anthu achikulire nthawi zina amadzisungitsa nyama zazikulu - nsomba, mazira a mbalame zazing'ono, achule. Mbidzi zamtundu uliwonse zimagwira abuluzi, mbewa ndi nyongolotsi. Ngati kuli kotheka, amadya nsikidzi, nkhono, ulesi, akangaude ndi dzombe.
Munthawi yanjala, nyama zankhondo sizinyoza kudya zovalazo kapena zotsalazo za chakudya cha nyama zomwe zimadya.
Holy ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus)
Chithunzi cha zinthu zopatulika
Jenda: ibis yakumaso
Mawonekedwe: Mbalameyi ndi yayitali masentimita 75 ndipo imalemera mpaka 2,5 kilogalamu. Mapaipiwo ndi oyera, malekezero a nthenga, komanso miyendo ndi mulomo ndi zakuda ndi utoto wofiirira. Mwa okalamba, khosi ndi mutu sizabala.
Kugawa: zisa zopatulika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa, ku Australia ndi Iraq. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, pamtundu wa nomad, anawulukira kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia (Kalmykia, dera la Astrakhan). Magulu 900 a ibis amakhala ku Europe.
Zinthu: ku Egypt wakale, ma ibis opatulidwa ngati munthu komanso nzeru. Ibis ankapembedzedwa, kusaka iye kunali koletsedwa.
Mbidzi za mutu wakuda kapena ibis waku India (Threskiornis melanocephalus)
Chithunzi cha ibis chamutu wakuda
Jenda: ibis yakumaso
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yomwe kutalika kwake sikuposa masentimita 90, ndipo imalemera kilogalamu 1.3-1,5. Thupi lilipakidwa-loyera. Kutsogolo kwa khosi ndi kumutu kulibe kanthu, khungu limakhala lakuda.
Kugawa: abisi okhala ndi mutu wakuda amakhala kumwera kwa Asia - ku India, Thailand, Burma, Pakistan.
Zinthu: Achibale apafupi kwambiri ama ibis omwe ali ndi mutu wakuda ndi malembo opatulika ndi a Moluccan. Mitundu yonse itatu ndiyosamukira.
Warty ibis (Pseudibis papillosa)
Chithunzi cha ibis yokhala ndi ndevu
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi maula akuda. Mapiko ndi mchira wake utoto wakuda ndi mawanga bulauni, thupi ndi lofiirira. Pamutu wakuda pali "chipewa" chofiyira. Mtundu wa iris ndi lalanje, mulomo ndi wobiriwira. Masamba oyera pa elytra.
Kugawa: Zomera za Warty ku Hindustan.
Zinthu: mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya ibis, nyongoyi siikhala yofanana ndi matupi amadzi, chifukwa amadya nyama zapadziko lapansi. Kufunafuna chakudya kumadera ouma.
Giant ibis (Thaumatibis giganteа)
Chithunzi cha ibis wamkulu
Mawonekedwe: kutalika kwa mbalame - masentimita 100, kutalika - masentimita 102-106, kulemera - 3,8-4.2 kilogalamu. Thupi ndi mchira wake ndi zofiirira zakuda ndi tint yoyera yobiriwira. Miyendo ndi yofiyira, mulomo ndi imvi. Khungu pamutu ndi khosi limachita imvi. Maso ali ofiira.
Kugawa: malo okhala zimphona zazikulu ndi malire a Cambodia ndi Laos.
Zinthu: chimphona cha ibis ndi chizindikiro cha dziko la Cambodia. Mitunduyo ili pafupi kutha, yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko lonse.
Nkhalango ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Chithunzi cha Forest ibis
Jenda: khonde
Mawonekedwe: Zambiri zamitengo ya nkhalango ndizakuda, zofiirira, zamtambo ndi zobiriwira zili pomwe pamapiko. Miyendo ndi mlomo pinki. Pamutu pali kutulutsa kwa ulusi wamtali wautali.
Kugawa: m'mbuyomu nyamazo zinkakhala ku Mediterranean ndi ku Europe. Tsopano kuthengo m'magawo awa sikupezeka. Ibis wamtchire adapulumuka ku Moroko, Turkey ndi Syria.
Zinthu: Mitundu ya nkhalango ndi malo okhala zofananira. Mitundu imasiyanitsidwa ndi crest pamutu, yomwe khonde lilibe. Ngakhale nkhalango za nkhalango sizigawidwe m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, anthu okhala ku Moromalia ndi osiyana ndi a ku Turkey omwe amakhala ndi mlomo wautali, wopindika.
Ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira kapena ibis ya ku Japan (Nipponia nippon)
Chithunzi chokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira
Jenda: ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiyira
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yoyera yotuwa yapinki ndi imvi. Nkhope ndi miyendo yake ndi ofiira owoneka bwino, mulomo ndi imvi yakuda, yofiira pamutu. Iris ndi chikaso. Chikhulupiriro pa nape wa nthenga zazitali ndi yoyera. M'nyengo yakukhwima, maula amakhala amvi. Mbalame zachikulire zimalemera ma kilogalamu 1.5, kutalika - 80-90 masentimita.
Kugawa: Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo ma ibis okhala ndi miyendo yofiira amapezeka ku Central China, Japan ndi Far East wa Russia, komabe, chifukwa chofunafuna kubis ndi kudula mitengo, anthu obwera m'maderawa anali atasowa. Masiku ano, mabanja ochepa a ibis amapezeka ku Amur ndi Primorye, Korea, ndi China.
Zinthu: malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a zamankhwala, mabisiketi 6 ofiira a 620 amakhalabe padziko lapansi. Mtunduwu ndi wosowa kwambiri.
White-neached ibis (Theristicus caudatus)
Chithunzi cha ibis yoyera-yoyera
Jenda: ibis yoyera-yoyera
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yomwe kutalika kwake imafikira masentimita 76, ndi kulemera kwamtunda wa kilogalamu 1.5-2. Nthenga zazifupi pakhosi ndi pamutu ndi zofiirira-zachikaso, chofiyira chomwe chili pachikacho ndi chofiirira. Thupi limatha, nthenga m'malire ndi zoyera. Bill ndi imvi yakuda, miyendo ndi yofiyira. Nthenga zakuda kuzungulira maso.
Kugawa: zisa zokhala ndi mbewa yoyera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Latin America. Mitundu yodziwika bwino kuVenezuela, Colombia ndi Guiana. Ibis imapezeka m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za Brazil ndi Northern Argentina.
Zinthu: kuchuluka kwa mitundu kukuyerekeza pakati pa mbalame 25,000 ndi 1 miliyoni.
Red ibis (Eudocimus ruber)
Chithunzi cha ibis yofiira
Mawonekedwe: ma ibis ofiira amapaka utoto wofiirira. Mbalameyi imakula mpaka masentimita 70 kutalika kwake ndipo imalemera ma kilogalamu 1.5. Kugonana kwa dimorphism kulibe.
Kugawa: red ibis ndizofala kumpoto kwa South America bara, komanso pachilumba cha Trinidad.
Zinthu: ma red ibis amakhala m'makoloni. Imakhala m'matupi amadzi. Monogamen.
Loaf (Plegadis falcinellus)
Chithunzi cha mkate
Mawonekedwe: ukulu wapakatikati. Kutalika kwa thupi sikupitirira masentimita 65, kulemera kwa thupi - 500-900 magalamu. Mbalame yakale imakhala ya bulauni yakuda ndi makaso akuda. Nthenga padzuwa zimaponyedwa mkuwa ndi ubweya wonyezimira. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mzere woyera pakhosi lawo, zomwe zimazimiririka ndi ukalamba.
Kugawa: buledi wambiri umapezeka ku Eurasia, Africa, Australia, ndi North America. Ku Russia, mikate imakhala m'mitsinje, makamaka, chisa m'mphepete mwa Kuban, Volga, ndi Terek. Pakusala nyengo yozizira, buledi umauluka ku Africa ndi South Asia.
Zinthu: Malo omwe buledi amasankha marshy shrub. Sungani m'matumba a awiriawiri- 50-70.
Spiky ibis (Lophotibis cristata)
Chithunzi cha Chubat Ibis
Jenda: spiked ibis
Mawonekedwe: kukula kwa nkhuku 50-60 masentimita, kulemera - 480-980 magalamu. Pamapulamu pali mitundu ya bulauni, yakuda komanso yoyera. Mutu wakuda wokhala ndi tint yobiriwira, nkhope yophimbidwa ndi utoto wofiira. Nthenga zokulira zakuda zosakanizika ndi zoyera. Mlomo ndi wa imvi.
Kugawa: Chubaty ibis amakhala ku Madagascar.
Zinthu: Chubat ibis amakhala moyo wokhalitsa. Amakhala m'matumba pafupi ndi dziwe. Nthawi yoswana imagwera mvula yamvula - kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Januware.
Adani achilengedwe a ibis
Fisi - mdani wa ibis
Akuluakulu abambo sakhala ndi adani ambiri monga abale ang'ono. Ngati zisa zili pansi, ndiye nkhandwe, nkhumba zakuthengo, ziphuphu ndi ma fodya amasokoneza mazira ndi anapiye. Makoswe ndi zonyansa zimadyera pa ana osachedwa kumene. Zowona, izi sizichitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa abakha akuluakulu amateteza ana awo mwachangu, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, abweza adani awo. Mbidzi zazing'ono zimasakidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Ziwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga ndi nkhanga siziyika pachiwopsezo kukumana ndi abambo akuluakulu, kulipira chidwi chawo kwa mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zikungophunzira kuwuluka ndipo sizikudziwa momwe angadzitetezere.
Hawk ndi mdani wa ibis
Mdani wamkulu wa ibis ndi munthu. Ntchito zaulimi, kukhetsa kwa matupi amadzi, kudula mitengo mwachisaka, kusaka - zinthuzi zadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero. Mitundu yambiri ya banjali ili pafupi kutha. Pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo, mitundu ya mbalame yosawuluka Xenicibis xympithecus inazimiririka kumaso kwa dziko lapansi chifukwa chakusaka kwa anthu kosalamulirika.
Ibis pachikhalidwe cha Egypt
Ibis - mbalame yopatulika ya egypt
Aigupto akale anali kulemekeza ibis. Anthu okhala ku Egypt mosalekeza adaimira Mulungu wa nzeru ndi chilungamo Jehuti (Thoth) ndi mutu wa ibis. Kale, milungu inkakhala ku Egypt. Pachaka, zigwa za Mtsinje wa Nailo zidasankhidwa kukhala malo osinthika. Ma Ibise amakhala m'mizinda, ndikuyenda misewu momasuka komanso osawopa anthu. Mbalame zakufa zidakonzera mtembo, ena adaikidwa m'manda ndi eni ake. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zotsalazo za ibis mu kachisi wa Thoth, komanso zithunzi zambiri za mbalame pamakoma.
Ndiye mulungu wodziwa ku Egypt
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti Aiguputo amalambira omwe amatchedwa "ibis opatulika" (otchedwa mitundu), koma pali lingaliro kuti m'mbuyomu mitundu ina ya mbalame yokhala ku Egypt - nkhalango ibis, yomwe inali chizindikiro cha dzikolo. Pambuyo pake, mbalame za nkhalango zidasinthidwa ndi mbalame zokhala ndi zoyera komanso mutu wakuda, zomwe adazitcha dzina "loyera". Masiku ano ku Egypt, maebus ndi osowa kwambiri, koma kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), kuchuluka kwa ma ibis ndi zochulukirapo.
Zosangalatsa
Anabera pa nthambi
- Mu nthano ya chombo cha Nowa, mbalame ya ibis ikutchulidwa, yomwe, pambuyo pa chigumula, idatsogolera Nowa kupita kumtunda wa Firate, komwe Nowa adakhala ndi banja lake.
- Ibis wakale kwambiri ali ndi zaka 60 miliyoni.
- Mtundu wofiyira wa zuluzikulu m'madzi ofiira amafotokozeredwa ndi chojambula china chakuti nsomba zazinkhanira zomwe zadyedwa ndi mbalame zimakhala ndi utoto wa utoto.
- Mtundu wofiirira wamiyendo kapena ku Japan ndiye mbalame zosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mbalame za 8-11.
Kodi amakhala bwanji?
Mbalamezi zimakonda kukhala m'madambo ndi minda ya mpunga. Pazaka zonse sankhani mitengo yayitali. Kutali ndi olusa pamtunda. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka m'madzi osaya, akuya masentimita 15. Kumeneko adapeza zofunika pamoyo wawo, zomwe ndi, tinsomba tating'ono ndi zina zopanda kanthu.
Pakakhala zisa, ibis zokhala ndi miyendo Yofiira zimasankhanso kutalika. Zisa zawo zimapezeka pamtunda wamamita 20.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Ankakhala m'chigawo chapakati cha China komanso kuzilumba za Japan: Kyushu, Hokkaido. Pa gawo la Russia adawonedwa ku Far East.
Palibe amene angatchule kuchuluka kwake. Amawonedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mpaka zolinga 10.
Chifukwa chiyani atsala pang'ono kupita
Mu 1930, ma ibis pafupifupi 100 okhala ndi miyendo yapadera anapezeka, ngakhale kuti mpaka nthawi imeneyo amadziwika kuti anali atatsala pang'ono kufa. Ngakhale kuti anali osungidwa. Pambuyo pazaka zingapo, ziwerengero zawo zidatsikira mpaka 26. Zomwe zidachitika izi zinali zachiwawa komanso kuwononga mitengo.
Minda yampunga, yomwe ma be-miyendo yofiyira yomwe adagula chakudya, adathandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zina mwa zebelo, zomwe zimapezeka m'misempha yonse ya mbalame zakufa.
Kulimbana kuteteza zolengedwa
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, zozizwitsa zidapezeka, zomwe zidatha kupulumuka pachilumba cha Sado. Gawoli lidayamba kusamalidwa bwino, kusaka kunali koletsedwa. Kuyesaku sikunathandize.
Mu 1967, mbalame 6 zinagwidwa kuchokera ku zachilengedwe, zomwe zimakonzekera kutumizidwa kumalo osungira zachilengedwe, komwe palibe chomwe chimawopseza. Onse kupatula mbalame imodzi yokha adafa ndi matenda opatsirana. Izi zotsalira zokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira mpaka pano.