Asayansi akhala akukangana kwazaka zambiri zokhudzana ndi chisinthiko chomwe chikuwoneka ngati mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera pakhungu la mbidzi. Pakadali pano, ali ndi malingaliro atatu onena za kapangidwe ka nyama zachilendo - zitha kufunikira kutetezedwa kwa tizilombo ndi zilombo, kuzindikirika kosavuta kwa abale komanso kusunthira kutentha koyenera m'malo otentha aku Africa. Lingaliro lomalizirali likuwoneka kuti ndi loyenera, ndipo kutentha kwamikwingwirima kwatsimikiziridwa posachedwapa ndi akatswiri awiri azachilengedwe.
Phunziroli lidachitidwa ndi okwatirana a Stephen ndi Alisson Cobb - adakhala zaka zonse ku Africa, ndikuchita maphunziro osiyanasiyana a zachilengedwe. Pakusonkhanitsa zidziwitso za nyama zingapo ku Kenya, adachita kafukufuku woyamba kuzindikira momwe magwiridwe amoto amathandizirana ndi mikwingwirima ya zebra ali m'malo awo achilengedwe. Maphunziro am'mbuyomu, monga lamulo, adachitika mu zolembera zapadera.
Mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera ndikofunika kuti isinthidwe kutentha.
Ndikufufuza mbidzi ziwiri, khola ndi mtengo, ofufuzawo adazindikira kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa mikwaso yakuda ndi yoyera - chinthu chomwechi chimawonedwa ndi asayansi ena. Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zachilengedwe, kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha kumathandizira kuti kutentha kwa nyama kuzikhala pamlingo woyenera, ndikupangitsa mpweya kuyenda. Komabe, banjali la Cobb lidatulukiranso.
Poyesa kutentha kwa thupi la mbidzi yakufa, adapeza kuti pamaso pa chivundikiro chomwecho chamtambo, chimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri - ichi ndichizindikiro chodziwikiratu kuti njira zina zimakhudzana ndi thermoregulation. Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, mawonekedwe a kutentha amangogwira ntchito pa mbidzi zamoyo, chifukwa ali ndi luso lodabwitsa pakukweza tsitsi pamizere yakuda, kusiya mikwingirizo yoyera ngakhale. Akutsimikiza kuti izi ndi zomwe zimawathandiza kuti athetse moto wambiri pawokha.
Alison Cobb ku Nairobi, 1991
Komanso, njira yotulutsira thukuta imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kutulutsira khungu - chinyezi chonse pakhungu chimasunthidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa tsitsi mumayendedwe amatsitsi onyansa, omwe amasuluka mofulumira kwambiri kuposa madontho wamba achinyontho.
Kapangidwe ka kutentha kwa thupi la mbidzi ndi njira yovuta komanso yosangalatsa kuposa momwe tingaganizire. Kuti timvetsetse bwino momwe mikwingwirima imathandizira kutentha kwa mbidzi, tili ndi ntchito yambiri yofunika kuchita kuti tipeze umboni, "atero Alison Cobb.
Wakuda wokhala ndi mikwaso yoyera?
Zebras, ngati abulu, ndi amtundu wa kavalo (mtundu wa Equus) wa banja lachivalo. Pakati pawo, mitundu itatu ya mbidzi kudya msipu wam'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Africa ndi nyama zokhazokha zomwe zili ndi mikwaso yoyera, yopanda ubweya pakhungu lakuda.
Kutengera kwa magulu ndi kutalika kwake kumadalira mitundu ndi malo okhala. Nthawi zambiri timayesetsa kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la mikwingwirima ya zebra potengera mtundu uwu ndi zovuta zomwe mbidzi zimakumana nazo kuthengo.
Zomwe zimayambira ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito akadali nkhani zotsutsana za sayansi. Koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wayang'ana kwambiri pazifukwa zitatu zokha: kuteteza tizirombo, kutakasuka, komanso kuteteza zilombo.
Tizilombo timene timaluma ndipo timamwa magazi ndi vuto lalikulu kwa nyama ku Africa. Kuphatikiza apo, mahatchi ndi ntchentche zomwe zimakhala ndi matenda monga kugona tulo (lethargic encephalitis), mliri wamahatchi aku Africa, ndi chimfine choopsa chofanana ndi chimfine.
Chovala chofupika komanso chaifupi chotetezera sichiteteza bwino kuluma kwa tizilombo. Koma nazi zomwe nzodabwitsa: tsetse akuwunikira osapeza magazi a zebra m'matupi awo.
Kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi, umboni wapakamwa ndi kuyesera kwa mitundu yopanda zinthu zawonetsa mobwerezabwereza: ntchentche, monga lamulo, sizingokhala pamizere.
Umboni wotsimikizika wa izi udapezeka mchaka cha 2014 mu kafukufuku yemwe Karo ndi mnzake adachita. Anasonkhanitsa deta ya nyengo, kukhalapo kwa mikango ndi kukula kwa gulu la mbidzi ndipo anayerekezera izi ndi gulu la mbidzi zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake.
Malinga ndi Caro, gulu la bandewu linkadziwika komwe kunali gulu lalikulu la kavalo.
Caro akuti: "Phunziroli lidawonetsa kuti tili ndi zofunika kwambiri. "Ndipo tili m'njira, sitinapeze umboni wazokambirana zina."
Kafukufuku wa Horse Studios, komwe adachita koyambirira kwa chaka cha 2019, adawunikira zatsopano za Caro ndi anzawo.
Anaonanso mahatchi owoneka ngati akavalo ndi mbidzi. Akavalo ena anali atavala bulangeti lakuda, loyera komanso lamamba. Pa mbidzi ndi mahatchi ovala zovala, ntchentche zamahatchi zochepa zimakhala.
Tizilombo timayesa kukhala pamtunda, koma sanathetsetsetse kaye asanatenge - anangogwera pansi ndikugundika.
Caro akuti: "Zinkawoneka ngati sakudziwa mtunda ngati ikubwera," akutero Caro.
Malinga ndi iye, iye ndi anzako akugwirira ntchito makanema ambiri osasindikizidwa, pomwe amadziwika momwe tizilombo timayang'ana padziko lapansi. Asayansi akuyesera kuti amvetsetse momwe timizeremizere timakhudzira mtundu wa kubzala kwa tizilombo.
Pakadali pano, ku yunivesite ya Princeton, wasayansi ya kusintha kwa zinthu zamoyo Daniel Rubenstein ndi anzawo akufufuza zenizeni zomwe tizilombo tikuwona.
Njira yozizira
Komabe, ofufuza ena a zebra, kuphatikiza waku Britain Alison Cobb ndi Stephen Cobb, sakhutira ndikufotokozeraku. Amakhulupirira kuti mikwingwirima imafunidwa ndi mbidzi makamaka kuti ipangidwe.
Ngakhale Alison Cobb amakonda chidwi chakufufuza kwa Caro, amakhulupirira kuti kuluma komwe kuluma sikunathandize kwambiri kukula kwa mikwingwirima ya zebra.
“Mbidzi iliyonse imayenera kupewa kuthana ndi kutentha kwambiri, ndipo kuluma tizilomboto nthawi zina pachaka komanso m'malo ena, koma sikuwopseza ngati kutenthetsa,” akutero Cobb.
Lingaliro ndiloti mikwingwirima yakuda ya zebra imatenga kutentha m'mawa, imawotha nyamayo, ndipo mikwingwirizo yoyera imawalitsa bwino dzuwa ndikuthandizira mbidzi kuti zisatenthe kwambiri pamene zikudya msana.
Malingaliro ooneka ngati osavuta awa, komabe, samatsimikizira aliyense.
Karo ndi mnzake adangopeza zomwe zimafanana pakati pa zomwe mitundu ya mbidzi imachita komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, kafukufuku woyesa wa nthomba za savannah (zofala kwambiri kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Africa) adatsogolera a Brenda Larison aku University of California, Los Angeles kupanga: njira zowoneka bwino za mikwingwirima zikuwoneka kuti ndizambiri za mbidzi zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha kapena madera okhala ndi dzuwa lowala.
Komabe, pomwe kuyesa sikunafotokoze kwathunthu izi. Kafukufuku wa 2018 adatsimikiza kuti madzi m'mipope yokutidwa ndi mikwingwirima samazizira kuposa omwe ali odula olimba.
Koma izi sizinatsimikizire Rubenstein. Amakhulupirira kuti poyesa pamenepo panali zitsanzo zochepa kwambiri komanso zambiri zotsutsana.
Malinga ndi a Rubenstein, iye ndi anzawo akuchita kafukufuku yemwe amatenga mabotolo ambiri amadzi, ndipo kuyesa kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuti mikwingwirima imathandizira kuziziritsa zomwe zinali m'matumba.
Izi sizinasindikizidwebe, koma akuti anzawo adayang'anitsitsa kutentha kwa nyamazo m'matanthwe osakanikirana ndipo anapeza kuti mu mbidzi zowutidwa matenthedwe kutentha kunachepera madigiri angapo kuposa nyama zowongoka.
Komabe, migolo ndi mabotolo sizingafanane ndi kuzizira kwa mbidzi. Njira zamaphunziro zoterezi ndizosavuta kufotokozera tanthauzo la mikwingwirima ya zebra.
Monga mahatchi ndi anthu, mbidzi zimadzipesa thukuta. Kutuluka thukuta kumachotsa kutentha kwambiri, koma kutuluka kwamunthu kuyenera kuchitika mwachangu kuti thukuta lisadziunjike ndipo silipanga mtundu wa sauna ya nyama.
Chamoyo cha equine chimakhala ndi laterin (mapuloteni, gawo lama protein thukuta, lomwe lili ndi zinthu zachilendo zama hydrophobic: zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma hydrophobic pamalo, zimapangitsa kuti zisamanyowe. - Zindikirani womasulira).
M'mwezi wa June, Alison ndi Stephen Cobbs adalemba mu Journal of Natural History kuti m'miyezi yotentha, magulu amdima pa thupi la zebra adatentha madigiri 12-16 Celsius kuposa yoyera.
Ma Cobbs amati kusiyanitsa kotentha koteroko kumatha kuyambitsa kuyenda pang'ono kwa mpweya.
Adapezanso kuti ubweya womwe umakhala m'miyala yakuda umadzuka m'mawa kwambiri masana komanso masana. Mwanjira imeneyi, limatentha m'mawa wozizira ndipo limathandizira thukuta kutuluka masana.
Samabisala, amathawa
Ponena za lingaliro lina - kuti mikwingwirima imathandiza mbidzi kuziteteza kwa adani - ndiye Caro amakayikira.
Mu chithunzithunzi cha Zebra Stripes cha 2016, a Karo alemba maumboni ambiri omwe amatsutsa mfundo yoti mbidzi zimati zimagwiritsa ntchito mikwingwirima yawo kuthawitsa nyama zomwe zimadya kapena kuzisokoneza.
Zebras amatha nthawi yawo yambiri m'malo otetemera a savannah, pomwe mikwingwirima yawo imakhudza, ndipo nthawi yochepa kwambiri amakhala kuthengo, komwe mikwingwirizo imatha kusewera.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyama izi zimakonda kuthawa zilombo, osazibisalira. Ndipo mikango, mwachiwonekere, ilibe vuto kuti ilume nyama zamiyendo.
Rubenstein, komabe akugwirabe izi, podziwa kuti atatuwa, ndizovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira.
Akutsimikiza kuti m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu adayang'ana ngati zingwe zingasokeretse munthu, osati mkango.
"Tikakumana ndi vuto lililonse la mbidzi, sitikudziwa kuti latheka bwanji.” Iye ndi amzake pano akuphunzira momwe mikango imamenyera mikwingwirima komanso yopanda zingwe.
Monga mukuwonera, funso loti bwanji zebra lidayenda limakhala lovuta kwambiri, komanso loopsa - Stephen Cobb adalumidwa kale ndi nkono, ndipo adagonekedwa kuchipatala kawiri.
Ngakhale kutsata komanso kulimbikira kwaphunziro kwaposachedwa, yankho silikhala lotsimikiza konse. Ndizotheka kuti zingwezi zasintha kuti zithetse mavuto angapo nthawi imodzi.
Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti amateteza nyama ku tizilombo. Ndikothekanso kuti zitha kutsimikizira motsimikiza kuti ndi chida chofunikira polimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi la zebra.
Chovuta ndichakuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala tizilombo tosakhazikika komwe kumatentha komanso chinyezi.
“Kodi mumasiyanitsa bwanji zinthu ziwiri izi? Ili ndiye gawo lovuta kwambiri la kafukufuku, akugogomezera Rubenstein. "Sindingadandaule akandiuza kuti amagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi."
Chifukwa chiyani mbidzi zakuda ndi zoyera? Malingaliro ena
Ndi zonsezi, musaiwale za malo ena omwe angakhalepo oti mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera pa mbidzi, chifukwa amatha kukhala ndi ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, amangoopseza ntchentche za nyama ndi tizilombo tina - izi zidatsimikizika pakuyesera komwe adavala kavalo wamba mu suti yamalaya.
Mikwaso itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chobisira kuteteza nyama kwa adani. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi maphunziro omwe zotsatira zake zidasindikizidwa mu magazini ya zasayansi PLoS One mu 2011 ndi 2013. Mutha kuwerengera zamaganizidwe onse asayansi pazinthu zathu.
Ndi iti mwa malingaliro atatu awa omwe amawoneka kuti ndiowona kwambiri? Mutha kugawana malingaliro anu m'mawu, kapena macheza athu a Telegraph.
