* Amayeza kuchokera kunsonga ya phokoso mpaka ku anus.

** 2/3 a malo otetezedwa ayenera kukhala pamtunda, 1/3 pamadzi, okwanira kumiza nyama zonse.

*** Amayesedwa kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda kwa mpanda, pomwe kutalika kwa mpandawo kuyenera kufananizana ndi kapangidwe kakekati, kuphatikiza mashelufu, nthambi zazikulu zozikika ndi zida zokwera.

4.4.4 Kudyetsa

Ambiri mwa amphibians ndi nyama zolusa zomwe amakonda kudya ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono (mwachitsanzo, mphutsi, tizilombo ndi mphutsi). Nyama zosungidwa muukapolo ziyenera kudyetsedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga chakudya chake kapena chakudya chomwe chili chifupi kwambiri ndi iwo. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu okhala m'madzi am'madzi omwe adagwidwa amatha kupititsidwa mu ukapolo podyetsa zidutswa za nsomba kapena zidutswa za chiwindi ndi mtima. Kudyetsa pafupipafupi kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa potengera nyengo, monga kutentha ndi kuwalimba. Kudyetsa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa akuluakulu sikofunikira, koma tikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa ziweto mpaka zonse, katatu pa sabata.

4,4,5 madzi abwino

Kwa am'madzi am'madzi komanso am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, mawonekedwe amadzi amayenera kuwunika tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikiza kuphatikizidwa kwa ammonia ndi pH.

4.4.6 Zinyalala, zocheperako komanso zopopera - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 6.8.

4.4.7 Miyezo Yotsuka

Popewa kupezeka kwa matenda, malo ndi malo amiyeso ya mipanda ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi dothi, zimbudzi ndi chakudya.

4.4.8 Kugwira Nyama

Khungu la Amphibian limawonongeka mosavuta. Chisamaliro chapadera chikuyenera kuchitika mukamatenga ma amphibians m'manja ndikuchita izi pang'ono.

4.4.9 Anesthesia ndi euthanasia

Njira zowowerera komanso zowawa ziyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma pinkiller ndi anesthesia. Popeza khungu la amphibians pamlingo waukulu limapereka kusinthana kwachilendo kwa gasi, nyama zomwe zili pansi pa opaleshoni yomwe zimachepetsa kapena kusokoneza, ndikofunikira kupaka khungu, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito minofu yonyowa.

4.4.10 Kusunga maakaunti - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 6.12.

4.4.11 Kuzindikira

Njira zingapo ndizoyenera kudziwa ma amphibians, monga kuphatikiza ma transceivers - ma transponders, zilembo zamkati mwa payekha, poganizira utoto wa khungu kapena kugawa ma warts ku thupi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zazing'ono zamtundu wakuda.

Zolemba zamankhwala siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, popeza zinthu zimatha kulowa mkhungu, zimayambitsa zovuta. Kudula zala kumadziwika kuti ndi njira yopweteka yomwe siyiyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

4.4.12 Mayendedwe

Ma amphibians amayenera kupatsidwa mpweya wokwanira ndi chinyezi pakuyenda. Ngati ndi kotheka, zida zoyenera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga kutentha ndi chinyezi chofunikira.

5 Zosankha zapadera zofunikira zokhala ndi zokwawa

5.1 Mawu oyamba

Malinga ndi morphological systematics, gululi limaphatikizaponso malamulo akuluakulu otsatirawa - Rhynchocephalia (hatteria), squamata (scaly - abuluzi, njoka), Chelonia (nyanja, madzi abwino ndi akamba amtunda) ndi Crocodilia (alligators, ng'ona, caimans ndi hawali). Amasiyana kwambiri m'gawoli ndi magawo azamoyo zosiyanasiyana.

Mosiyana ndi khungu losalala komanso lonyowa komanso lonyowa la ma amphibians, khungu lotetezedwa limatetezedwa ndi mamba wopingasa (njoka, abuluzi), carapace (turtles), kapena ma fupa amkhungu pakhungu (mamba, ma alligators, caimans). Khungu lonyowa ndi chida chotchinjiriza nyama kuti zisataye chinyontho chomwe anthu amphibians zimatha kutaya mosavuta chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa khungu lawo.

Tebulo 7 limatchula magulu awiri omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zakuthengo komanso zitsanzo za mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimakhala mwazomwezo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa komanso sayansi. Kuphatikiza apo, zambiri mwatsatanetsatane pazofunikira zakukonzanso ndi kusamalira mitundu yomwe akukhala m'malo awa zaperekedwa pansipa. Panjira zina, zitha kukhala zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yomwe imakhala m'malo ena, monga yamadzi yamadzi, yamatope kapena yamwala. Ngati vuto la kubereka litabuka kapena chidziwitso china chilichonse chofunikira pazofunikira zamtundu, ndiye kufunsani akatswiri omwe akuthandizira pa mitundu yomwe ikufunsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito yosamalira nyama kuti aperekane mokwanira zosowa zapadera za mitunduyo.

Pomwe zingatheke, zodzikongoletsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa komanso njira zina zasayansi ziyenera kugulidwa kuchokera kwa omwe amapereka otchuka.


Tebulo 7 - Zitsanzo za mitundu yambiri ya nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu awiri okhala

Kugawidwa kwa malo / biotope

Makonda-
Zoyenda bwino, ° С

Trachemys scriptta elegans
(toro yofiyira)

Mtsinje wa Mississippi / Madzi Opezekabe ndi Muddy Pansi

Thamnophis sirtalis (njoka wamba)

Nthambi za North America / Wetwood

5.2 Kuwongolera kwa Habitat

5.2.1 Mpweya wabwino

Zofowoka zodzikongoletsera ziyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira. Pofuna kuti nyama zisathawe, mpweya wokwanira uzikhala ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza.

5.2.2 Kutentha

Zonenepa ndi za nyama yamagazi ozizira. Kuti thupi likhalebe lotentha mwachilengedwe, amasankha mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kutentha kapena kutentha. Chifukwa chake, zotchinga posungira zokwawa ziyenera kukhala ndi malo okhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana (kutentha kwa magawo).

Zofunikira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha zimatha kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza, oimira amodzi omwewo angafunikire kutentha kosiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Ndikofunikira kuwongolera kutentha kwa madzi ndi mpweya m'malo omwe ali mndende. M'mapangidwe ambiri, kutentha komwe kumakhalapo kumapangitsa kugonana kwa ana komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa gonads.

Kuyika nyali yamkati pamwamba pa pulawo yopumuliramo nyama yotsekemera imawathandiza kuwonjezera kutentha kwawo. Kuzimitsa magetsi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotenthetsera. Malo owotchera njoka kapena abuluzi okhala m'malo otentha azikhala ndi chiwiya chimodzi chaching'ono. Zipangizo zotenthetsera ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zamagetsi kuti zisamatenthe kwambiri nyama komanso kuwotcha.

5.2.3 Chinyezi

Pa malamulo a chinyezi ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino. Kusunga chinyezi chaching'ono kuyambira 70% mpaka 90% chitha kupezeka mwa kutulutsa madzi pachidebe chomwe chili pafupi ndi chotenthetsera. Ndikofunika kupatsa nyama mwayi wosankha magawo okhala ndi chinyezi chosiyanasiyana (chinyezi chinyezi).

5.2.4 Kuwala

Ndikofunikira kukhalanso ndi regimen pakusintha usana ndi usiku komwe kuli koyenera kwa mtundu wina wa nyama, gawo lomwe limakula komanso nyengo yake. M'mipanda, repitili iyenera kubisala m'malo amdima. Kuwala kwa nyali kapena kuwala kwa dzuwa sikuyenera kukhala komwe kungotentha. Ndikofunikira kupatsa nyama ma radiation a ultraviolet kuti ipangitse kaphatikizidwe ka vitamini D.

5.2.5 Phokoso

Repitili imakonda kwambiri phokoso lamayimbidwe (kugwedezeka kwamlengalenga) ndi phokoso losuntha (kugwedezeka kwamphamvu), amasokonezedwa ndi kugwedezeka kwatsopano komanso kosayembekezeka, chifukwa chake zoyambitsa zakunja zotere ziyenera kuchepetsedwa.

5.2.6 Ma Alamu machitidwe

Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito alamu yoyenera yomwe imapereka malipoti pakuyenda bwino kwa madzi komanso pakukwaniritsidwa kwake ndi mpweya.

5.3 Zaumoyo

Chisamaliro chikuyenera kutengedwa ndikusunga nyama zamtundu wina, zomwe zimatha kusintha chifukwa cha thanzi.

5.4.2 Kulemeretsa kwa Habitat

Malo okhala zodzikongoletsera ayenera kukonzedwa kotero, muli, mwachitsanzo, nthambi zachilengedwe kapena zokumba, masamba, zidutswa za makungwa ndi miyala. Kupindulitsa koteroko ndikofunikira kubwereza pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, zinthu izi zimalola nyama kubisala kumbuyo kwawo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati malo owoneka ndi malo. Kupatula kuthekera kwa kuthekera kwa nyama pakalasi kowoneka bwino, kapangidwe kake kamene kamapangidwa kakhazikike kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa kukhoma lagalasi lamipanda ya mipanda.

5.4.3 Mpanda: miyeso ndi kapangidwe kake

Mpanda ndi zida zopangidwamo zimayenera kukhala ndi malo osalala komanso ozungulira kuti muchepetse kuvulaza kwa nyama. Mukamapanga mipanda yamtundu wovuta kwambiri, zida za opaque ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

5.4.3.1 Alonda azamadzi am'madzi

Zodzoladzola zam'madzi ziyenera kusungidwa m'madzi okhala ndi madzi osefedwa ndi madzi opangidwa ndi mpweya. Madzi azisintha pafupifupi kawiri pa sabata. Kuti muchepetse kuipitsidwa kwa mabakiteriya, kutentha kwa madzi sikuyenera kupitirira 25 ° C. Madzi azikhala okwanira kumiza zobayira.

Ndikofunikira kupatsa nyamayo malo opumulirapo osanja monga mawonekedwe a chishango chomwe nyama zouluka zimatha kubisala kapena kubisala pansi pake. Mapulatifomu ngati amenewa ayenera kukhala opangira zinthu zabwino monga nkhuni, zomwe zimaloleza nyama kumamatira m'manja, mwachitsanzo, kuti ituluke m'madzi. Mapulatifomu amayenera kusinthidwa ngati pakufunika. Mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi epoxy kapena polyurethane zida samakwaniritsa zofunikira pamwambapa, kuwonjezera apo, pamtunda wokwezeka amakhala osafunikira mwachangu.


Tebulo 8 - Akamba am'madzi (Trachemys spp.) Kukula kochepera

Osachepera madzi akuya, cm

* Amayeza pamzere wowongoka kuchokera kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo kumaloko.

5.4.3.2 Alonda azothengo

Zoyala zokwanira ziyenera kusungidwa m'mipanda yomwe ili ndi malo ndi madzi. Dera lamadzi lotetezedwa liyenera kulola nyama kuti zigwe. Ngati njira yogwiritsira ntchito madzi simagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti musinthe madzi osachepera kawiri pa sabata.

Malo ochitirako masewerowa ayenera kukhala owonekera, osoka ma seams ndi mabowo otetezedwa. Iyenera kukhala ndi chivindikiro cholingidwa bwino komanso chokhazikika molimba kapena zitseko zokhala ndi zingwe, zokoleza kapena zolocha. Kuti uthandizire kuyeretsa, ndikofunikira (kupatula mipanda yazopanda poizoni) kuti mupange bwalo lamiyala ndi zitseko - izi zimakuthandizani kuti mutsegule kwathunthu chapambuyo, kumbuyo kapena kumbali ya terariyo. Mwa mitundu ina, makoma onse a terrarium, kupatula kutsogolo (khoma lakutsogolo ndi chivundikiro), ayenera kukhala opaque. Khoma lakutsogolo kwa malo obisalirako, omwe ali ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa komanso owopsa, amatha kukhala ndi zokutira zochotsa opaque. Ndikofunikira kusamalira njira zina zotetezeka ndikusunga njoka zapoizoni.

Kupereka malo okhala pobisalira ndi kudyetsa ndikofunikira kuzitunda zonse. Matumba okhala ngati malata amatengera mataya amdima.

Tebulo 9 - Njoka Zamtunda (Thamnophis spp): Zingwe Zochepera Zotsika

Kutalika kochepa **, cm

* Amayeza kuyambira kunsonga ya phokoso mpaka kumchira.

** Amayesedwa kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda kwa terarium, pomwe kutalika kwa malo ojambulidwa kuyenera kuyenerana ndi kapangidwe kake, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mashelufu ndi nthambi zazikulu zochita kupanga.

5.4.4 Kudyetsa

Akapolo ogwidwa ayenera kudya zakudya zawo zachilengedwe, zakudya, kapena zakudya zamsika pafupi ndi zakudya zawo zachilengedwe. Zoyenera zambiri ndizodya nyama (njoka zonse ndi ng'ona, abuluzi ambiri ndi akambuku ena), koma pali mitundu yamasamba ndi yamitundu ina. Mitundu ina imasankha zakudya. Zoyala, kupatula njoka zina, zimatha kuphunzitsidwa kudya zovalazo. Chifukwa chake, monga lamulo, palibe chifukwa chowadyetsa ndi ma vertebrates amoyo. Mukadyetsa nyama zakufa, ndikofunikira kuchita zowonjezera zake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamunthu zomwe zimaletsa, kuwonjezera, chiwopsezo cha poyizoni wazizilombo. Malangizo odyetserawa akuyenera kufanana ndi mtundu ndi gawo la kutulutsa nyama, komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.

5.4.5 Kuthirira

Zoyenera zonse ziziperekedwa ndi madzi akumwa.

5.4.6 Zinyalala, zokhala ndi malo okhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimamwa

Kutengera ndi zosowa zamtunduwu m'mamalo osiyanasiyana, zofunda zosiyanasiyana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito utuchi wochepa kapena zida zina zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa zimatha kulowa mkamwa mwa zinyama ndikuwononga ziwalo zamkati komanso kutsekeka kwamatumbo, makamaka njoka.

5.4.7 Kuyeretsa mipanda - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 6.9.

5.4.8 Kugwira Nyama

Tengani mosamala zirombo m'manja, chifukwa ndizosavuta kuvulaza. Chifukwa chake, abuluzi ena amatha kugwetsa mchira wawo (autotomy) ngati atatengedwa molakwika, koma oimira mitundu ina amatha kuvulala mosavuta.

5.4.9 Euthanasia - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 6.11.

Njira yovomerezeka ya euthanasia ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo opangira choyenera pachifukwa ichi.

5.4.10 Kusunga maakaunti - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 6.12.

5.4.11 Kuzindikiritsa

Ngati chizindikiritso cha anthu ndichofunikira, njira zingapo zolembera ndizoyenera: kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma transceivers (ma transponders), zolemba za gluing pamiyeso ya munthu payekha, poganizira mawonekedwe amtundu wa khungu (khungu, kuwonongeka kwa khungu, ndi zina), kulemba ndi pensulo, kumafuna kusinthidwa mukatha kusungunuka, kumanga zing'onozing'ono zopanga ulusi wamtundu wazala zala. Kudula zala ndi njira yopweteka ndipo sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polemba chizindikiro.

5.4.12 Mayendedwe

Panthawi ya mayendedwe, repitili iyenera kupatsidwa mpweya wokwanira komanso chinyezi. Ngati ndi kotheka, zida zoyenera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga kutentha ndi chinyezi chofunikira.

6 Zosankha zapadera zofunikira kuti asunge nsomba

6.1 Mawu oyamba

Kuchuluka kwa nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito nyama zoyesedwa, zomwe zikuwoneka m'zaka khumi zapitazi, zikuchitika chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo, zomwe pakati pake pamapita patsogolo kwambiri pakubzala ndi kulima nyama zam'madzi (zam'madzi). Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale maphunziro ambiri okhudzana ndi kuphunzira kwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za zakudya, kakonzedwe ka matenda, physiology ndi genetics, ecotooticology ndi zina za poizoni, komanso maphunziro oyambira pantchito ya genetics ndi immunology, zotsatira zake zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamatenda apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikiza anyama. Pofuna kuyesa, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imasiyana malinga ndi malo awo okhala ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Zotsatira zake, izi zimafunikira magawo osiyanasiyana kuti asunge nsomba.

Nsomba ndi nyama yamagazi ozizira chifukwa chake zimasinthidwa kukhala m'malo amadzi momwe. Kuyankha kwawo kwakanthawi kovutikira kumabweretsa kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumatha kukhala kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo mwachiwonekere kumatha kukhudza thanzi la nsomba zokha komanso zotsatira zoyeserera.

Ofufuzawo ndi ogwira ntchito yosamalira nyama ayenera kudziwa zofunikira za nsomba zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera zisanalandiridwe, kuti athe kukhala ndi malo oyenera komanso njira zofunikira zowasamalirira pasadakhale.

Malangizo apadera a mitundu monga utawaleza wakuthengo (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (sala salar), tilapia (cichpids), danio rerio (Danio rerio), nyanja yaass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Gadus morhua), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), African catfish (Clarias gariepenus), amapezeka papepala lakumbuyo lomwe akatswiri amapanga. Malangizo owonjezeranso zofunikira za izi ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba ayenera kuwapeza kuchokera kwa akatswiri odziwa ntchito komanso ogwira ntchito yosamalira kuti awonetsetse kuti akwanilitsidwa bwino.

Pophunzira za kuweta nsomba ndi kulera, pomwe cholinga cha ntchitoyi chikufunika kuti nsomba zizisungidwa pafupi ndi zomwe zimagulitsidwa, zinthu ngati izi ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa ndi European Convention for the Protection of Farm Animal (ETS N 87).

6.2 Kuwongolera kwa Habitat

6.2.1 Kupezeka kwamadzi

Ndikofunika kuti madzi abwino akhale abwino nthawi zonse. Momwe madzi amayendera pobwezeretsanso kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosefera m'madzi azitha kukhala kokwanira kuchotsa kanthu ndi zinyalala ndikuwonetsetsa momwe madzi amafikira. Njira zoyendetsera madzi ziyenera kukhala m'malo kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti nsomba zimapatsidwa madzi oyenera. Momwe madzi amayendera ayenera kulola nsomba kusambira momasuka komanso zisakhudze momwe zimakhalira. M'mipanda yomwe ili ndi mwachangu, nthawi zambiri ndibwino kupereka madzi, kuwongolera kumadzi oyang'ana mbali.

6.2.2. Ubwino wamadzi

Ubwino wamadzi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti nsomba zikhale zathanzi, kuchepetsa nkhawa ndi matenda. Ubwino wamadzi uyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zowonetsetsa kuti nsomba zikuyenda bwino. Kudziwa kutsatira zofunikira ndizovuta chifukwa chakuti mitundu yambiri mitundu yolondola siyimafotokozeredwa bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira zamtundu wamtundu uliwonse zimatha kukhala zosiyana kutengera gawo la moyo, mwachitsanzo, mphutsi, mwachangu kapena munthu wamkulu, kapena mkhalidwe wamakhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, metamorphoses, kuwaza, kudyetsa, zotsatira za kukhudzana ndi zinthu zovulaza zachilengedwe.

Nsomba zimasiyana pakukhazikika kwawo pakusintha kusintha kwa madzi. Kuphatikiza kungafunike, nthawi yomwe ikuyenera kukhala yolingana ndi zosowa za mtundu wina wa nsomba. Mitundu yambiri ya nsomba siyikhala m'madzi okhala ndi madzi oyimitsidwa kwambiri, choncho kuchuluka kwa tinthu tosiyidwa kuyenera kusungidwa m'malo oyenera. Ngati ndi kotheka, madzi amayenera kupukutidwa bwino kuti azichotsa zinthu zomwe zingavulaze nsomba ndikusunga machitidwe oyipa am'thupi mwa madzi.

6.2.2.1 Mpweya wa okosijeni

Kuchulukitsidwa kwa okosijeni m'madzi kuyenera kufanana ndi zosowa zamtunduwu komanso zikhalidwe zina zakumangidwa. Zofunikira pazowonjezera mpweya wa oxygen zimasiyana kutengera ndi kutentha kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wozungulira momwemo, mchere, kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe mumafunikira. Ngati ndi kotheka, kuwonjezereka kwa okosijeni wamadzi kuyenera kuchitika.

6.2.2.2 Ma nitrogen

Amoni ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsitsidwa ndi nsomba. Mapangidwe opangira zinthu monga ammonia ndi phosphates amapangidwa kuchokera ku urea kusungunuka m'madzi, komanso chakudya ndi ndowe. Kuchokera ku ammonia, nitrites ndi nitrate amapangidwanso. Amoni ndi nitrites ndizowopsa kwa nsomba, ndipo kudziunjikira kwake kuyenera kuletsedwa ndikuwonjezera kuthamanga kwa madzi, kusunga nsomba zochepa mu aquarium, kutsitsa kutentha kwa madzi, kapena kudzera pa biofiltration.

Kuchuluka kwa ammonia kumasiyanasiyana mwa nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma nsomba zam'madzi ndi anthu achichepere nthawi zambiri zimagwera. Fomu ya poizoni ndi ammonia yopanda-ionized, kuchuluka kwake komwe sikungotengera kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa ammonia, komanso pH, mchere ndi kutentha kwa madzi.

6.2.2.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO)

Mpweya wa kaboni womwe umatulutsidwa nthawi ya kupuma kwa nsomba imasungunuka m'madzi kuti ipange carbonic acid, yomwe imatsitsa pH. Kukhazikika kwa kaboni dayokisi kumatha kukhala vuto m'mizinda yam'madzi momwe pamakhala nsomba zochulukirapo ngati mpweya woyipa utagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mpweya kuti uzikhala ndi mpweya wabwino m'madzi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon dioxide kwaulere kukhoza kupha nsomba, izi sizikhala vuto nthawi yayitali. Komabe, chisamaliro chikuyenera kuthandizidwa kuti tiwonetsetse kuti mpweya woipa wambiri usalowe m'malo obisalamo, makamaka mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochokera kuzitsime.

6.2.2.4 pH

Mlingo wovomerezeka wa pH umatengera zizindikiro zingapo zamadzi amtundu, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili mu kaboni dayokosi ndi calcium zomwe zili mmenemo. Monga momwe mungathere, pH yokhazikika iyenera kusamalidwa, popeza kusintha kulikonse kwa acidity kumakhudzanso zizindikiro zina zamadzi. Mwambiri, pH yamadzi abwino ikhoza kukhala yotsika kuposa saline. Ngati ndi kotheka, buffer iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kumadzi omwe amaperekedwa ndi nsomba.

6.2.2.5 Kukweza

Zofunikira zamchere zamchere zimasiyanasiyana kutengera kuti ndi amadzi am'madzi kapena am'madzi oyera kapena ochokera kumchere wina. Mitundu ina imatha kulekerera mchere wambiri. Mwa ena, kulolera mchere kumadalira gawo la moyo. Kusintha kwa mchere kumayenera kuchitika pang'onopang'ono.

6.2.3 Kutentha

Ndikofunikira kuti kutentha kwa madzi kuzikhala kwamtundu woyenera wamtundu wa nsomba, ndipo kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kuchitika pang'onopang'ono. Pa kutentha kwambiri, kuphatikiza mpweya wowonjezera wamadzi kungakhale kofunikira.

6.2.4 Kuwala

Nsomba zambiri zimafunikira kuunika kuti zizipatsa thanzi komanso zinthu zina. Momwe zingathekere, nsomba zimayenera kusungidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa mtundu wawo wowunikira tsiku ndi tsiku, chifukwa kuzungulira kwa tsiku / usiku kumakhudza thupi ndi momwe nsomba zimachitikira. Monga lamulo, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba sikuyenera kusungidwa pamalo owala, ngakhale mitundu ina yamalo otentha imakumana ndi kuwala kowala kwambiri mwachilengedwe. Ngati ndi kotheka, molingana ndi zosowa zamtundu wina, kuwala kowunikira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kapena malo okhala m'madzi okutidwa, kapena malo abwino amdima omwe amaperekedwa kwa nsomba. Monga momwe mungathere, kusintha kwadzidzidzi pamiyeso ya kuwala kuyenera kupewedwa.

6.2.5 Phokoso

Nsomba zimatha kukhala tcheru kwambiri ngakhale kumawu ochepa. Ndikofunikira kuti pakhale phokoso locheperako mzipinda zoyesera. Pomwe zingatheke, zida zomwe zimapanga mawu kapena kugwedeza, monga ma jenereta komanso njira zosefera madzi, ziziyikidwa kunja kwa malo okhala ndi nsomba. Nsomba zomwe zimakulitsidwa munthawi zina ndipo zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhalapo.

6.2.6 Ma Alamu machitidwe - malinga ndi GOST 33215-2014, gawo 4.

6.3.1 Zambiri

Chisamaliro makamaka chiyenera kuperekedwa ku ukhondo wa malo oyeserera. Thanzi la nsomba limagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wawo. Matenda ambiri okhudzana ndi kupanikizika amayamba chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro, ndipo kuyesera kulikonse koteteza matenda kuyenera kuyambira ndikuchotsa mavuto m'derali. Mavuto azaumoyo wa nsomba amafunika kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, osati kwa munthu payekhapayekha, chifukwa chake njira zonse zakuwongolera ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenerera.

6.3.2 Kuyeretsa komanso kupha tizilombo

Malo omwe amasungirako nsomba, kuphatikiza mapaipi omwe amaphatikizidwa nawo, ayenera kutsukidwa ndikuthira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati pakufunika. M'makina otsekeka, kuyeretsa ndi kusala magwiridwe antchito kuyenera kuyenderana ndi kukhalabe ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri. Zida, monga maukonde, ziyenera kuyeretsedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito iliyonse. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kusamala kuti asadetsedwe ndi ma aquariamu.

6.3.3 Kugawika

Nsomba zatsopano zomwe zangofika, zolimidwa komanso zakutchire, ziyenera kuyikidwa kwaokha ndikugawidwa kutali kwambiri ndi madera omwe alipo. Pakukhala kwayekha, thanzi la nsomba liyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala, ndipo ngati mavuto abwera, chithandizo chikuyenera kuchitika kapena onse omwe angofika kumene awonongeke. Nsomba zodulidwa ziyenera kugulidwa kwa ogulitsa otchuka ndipo, momwe zingatheke, azikhala ndi thanzi labwino.

6.4.1 Kukhazikitsidwa

Kuchulukana kwa zomwe zili pamwambapa kumatsimikizika ndi zovuta za machitidwe a nsomba, ndikulingalira koyenera kwa kuthekera kwawo ku jamb kapena kutsogola kwawo kuchitidwe chamtunda. Kuchulukana kwa nsomba kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi zosowa zawo zonse pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, thanzi komanso moyo wabwino. Nsomba zizikhala ndi madzi okwanira kusambira kwaulere. Njira zoyenera kutsatiridwa popewa kapena kuchepetsa kukwiya mwanjira inayake, koma nsomba siziperewera. Mlingo wovomerezeka wa mitundu ya nsomba umasiyanasiyana kutengera kutuluka ndi madzi, mtundu wake, kukula kwa nsomba zomwe, msinkhu wawo, mkhalidwe waumoyo ndi njira zodyetsera. M'malo mwake, kuti muchepetse kuvulazidwa ndi cannibalism, magulu ayenera kukhala ndi nsomba zofanana.

6.4.2 Kupititsa patsogolo malo

Pakukhazikitsa makhalidwe amtundu wina wa nsomba, mwachitsanzo, kubereka ndi kuwonetsa ziwonetsero zachilengedwe, kupatsa mphamvu zachilengedwe nthawi yawo ikukonzekera kungafunike. Zitsanzo zolemeretsa chilengedwe kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zoterezi zitha kukhala kupezeka kwa pobisalira pofunda kapena zinthu ngati mchenga kumalo ena. Kupindulitsa kotereku kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kuti isakhudze mtundu wamadzi, koma chisamaliro chisakhale chopitilira muyeso ndikulepheretsa kusintha kwa nsomba.

6.4.3.1 Malo okhala ndi nsomba

Nsomba zimatha kusungidwa m'malo am'madzi omwe ali munyumba kapena mumsewu, kapena m'matumba omwe ali m'madzi otseguka. Ngati kuli koyenera, kulowa kwa malo okhala ndi nsomba kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuwongoleredwa m'njira kuti zisokoneze kwambiri nsombazo ndikusunga malo oyenera.

6.4.3.2 M'mizinda yam'mizinda ya pansi

Zida za Aquarium ziyenera kukhala zopanda poizoni, zolimba komanso zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala amkati kuti tipewe nsomba kukomoka. Kukula kwa aquarium kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zili mmenemo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuthamanga kwamadzi koyenera. Mawonekedwe a aquarium akuyenera kukhala ofanana ndi zosowa za mtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa, mwachitsanzo, nsomba zam'mizinda ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri nsomba zam nsomba. Ma Aquariums apangidwe kuti aletse nsomba kuti zisatuluke. Pakakhala koyenera, malo okhala m'madzi amayenera kukhala akudziyeretsa pokha kuti athandize pochotsa zinyalala ndi chakudya chochuluka.

6.4.3.3 Kutetezedwa m'malo osungika

Nsomba, makamaka zam'madzi, zimatha kusungidwa m'makola akuluakulu. Miyezo yamiyeso yotere, kuphatikiza kuya kwa khola, ziyenera kuloleza nsomba kuti ichite kusambira ndikupanga masukulu. Kukula kwa khungu komwe kakhazikikako kuyenera kupereka malo abwino asinthana ndi madzi, pomwe osaloleza nsomba kutuluka. Mpanda uyenera kupangidwa mwanjira yoti chiopsezo chakuwombera chichepetse, ndipo mkati mwamagetsi palibe chosemphana chomwe chingapangitse kuti nsomba igwere muukonde.

6.4.4 Kudyetsa

Nsomba zimatha kudyetsedwa mwina ndi chakudya chamagulu kapena ndi zakudya zatsopano kapena zachisanu. Zakudya zopangidwa ndi nyama ndizofunikira ngati zingakwaniritse zofunikira za nsomba, ndipo ngati zili zovomerezeka kwa iwo. Komabe, mitundu ina kapena nsomba pamlingo wina wazamoyo sizidya nyama yochita kupanga. Zakudya zopangidwa ndimapangidwe ocheperako zimakhudzanso mtundu wamadzi.

Ndikofunika kuti muzikhala ndi ndandanda yoyenera kudya, kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba, zomwe zimatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwa madzi, kukula ndi kukhwima kwa nsomba zomwe. Popeza kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba, kuchuluka kwa kudyetsanso kuyenera kuchulukitsidwa. Sikuti nthawi zonse kudyetsa nsomba tsiku lililonse. Kuonetsetsa kuti pali zakudya zoyenera, njira yodyetsanso ndiyofunikanso. Kuyang'anira ayenera kulipira kuchuluka kwa amadyetsa patsiku, zaka za nsomba, kutentha kwa madzi ndi kukula kwa pellet pazomwe zimafunsidwa. Mitundu yazakudya, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, komanso njira yodyetsera ziyenera kuonetsetsa kuti nsomba zonse zimalandira chakudya chokwanira. Chisamaliro chofunikira chikuyenera kuperekedwa ku zakudya zam'mapapo azisamba, makamaka mukamasintha ku chakudya chosakhalitsa.

6.4.5 Kuyeretsa mipanda

Mpanda uliwonse uyenera kutsukidwa ndi zinthu zonyansa zam'madzi ndi zotsalira za chakudya, chifukwa zikaunjikika, madzi amadziwo, chifukwa chake, thanzi la nsomba limasokonezeka. Mpanda uyenera kufufuzidwa nthawi zonse ndikutsukidwa kuti asakumane ndi zipolopolo ndi algae ndi kusinthana kwa madzi sikuchepetsedwa. Ndikofunikira kupatula chiopsezo chobwereranso m'madzi akuda ndi zovuta zina, zomwe zimakulitsa chiopsezo cha matenda. Ngati olondera sakudziyeretsa, zinyalala ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndi siphon pakufunika ndipo, ngati lamulo, mukangotha ​​kudya. Mpanda ndi pansi pa mipanda ziyenera kutsukidwa pafupipafupi kuti musadzaunjike algae ndi zophuka zina. Kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti muchepetse nkhawa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba.

6.4.6 Kugwira Nyama

Nsomba zimatha kukhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri zikagwidwa, kotero kuyendetsa pamafunika kuchepetsedwa nthawi zonse ngati kungatheke. Nsomba zimayenera kugwidwa ndi ukonde ndikuyika mu chidebe chaching'ono cha anesthesia musanachite njira. Nsomba ziyenera kusungidwa kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri, ndikuchira, ziyenera kuyikidwa m'madzi oyera, okhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochititsa chidwi moyenera kuyenera kuchitika pakanthawi.

Pakusodza, maukonde okhala ndi mawonekedwe oyenera ndi kukula kwa mauna ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde oluka muyenera kupewa. Musanagwiritse ntchito maukonde muyenera kutetezedwa ndi kusamba m'madzi oyera.

Nsomba zochotsedwa m'madzi zimatha kukhudzidwa ndimanja chonyowa kapena chovala chonyowa chimatha kuvala izi zisanachitike, ndipo zimatha kuyikidwa kokha pamalo onyowa kuti zisawononge miyeso ndi kutayika kwa ntchofu. Mchitidwe woperekera nsomba woterewu uyenera kuperekedwa mwachidwi kuti tipewe kusowa kwamadzi, kuperewera ndi ngozi zina.

6.4.7 Euthanasia

Nsomba zambiri ziyenera kulembedwa motere:

mankhwala osokoneza bongo ogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yoyendetsera ndi kukonzekera koyenera kwa mtundu ndi kukula kwa nsomba. Vuto la euthanasia pakamiza mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo, nsomba zimayenera kusungidwa mkati kwa mphindi pafupifupi zisanu kuchokera pamene mabulawo atha kusuntha komanso / kapena vestibulo-ocular Refx itatha, kapena

kukokoloka kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumutu.

Kuti mukhale ndi chidaliro chonse kuti kumayambiriro kwaimfa, ndikofunikira kuwononga ubongo kapena kutulutsa magazi.

6.4.8 Maakaunti

Ndikofunikira kujambula zofunikira zamagetsi amadzi.

6.4.9 Kuzindikiritsa

Sikuti nthawi zonse pamakhala kusowa kapena kuthekera kwa kulembapo kwa nsomba zonse zomwe zimapezeka mu labotore. Ngati kuli kofunikira kulembera nsomba kuti muzizindikiritse, ndiye kuti njira yovutikirapo kwambiri ndi kupukutira kwa utoto.Kusamalidwa makamaka kuyenera kumwedwa kuti musankhe njira zowawa kwambiri, monga kudula ndalama kapena kuyika ma transceivers (ma transponders). Zolemba zamagetsi zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati njira zina sizili zoyenera.

Monga lamulo, zilembo ziyenera kuchitika pansi pa opaleshoni wamba kuti muchepetse kulembanso bwino komanso kuchepetsa kuvulala, chiwopsezo cha matenda ndi kupsinjika kwa nsomba.

6.4.10 Mayendedwe

Asananyamule nsomba ayenera kuzimitsa chakudya kwa nthawi yokwanira kuyeretsa matumbo kuti achepetse kuipitsidwa kwamadzi ndi ndowe panthawi ya mayendedwe. Kugwira, kuwongolera, kunyamula ndi kutsitsa nsomba zikuyenera kuchitika mosamala kuti pasakhale kuvulala kwa nsomba ndi kupsinjika kwawo. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha, kusowa kwa nsomba kwa mpweya, ndi kuwonongeka kulikonse mu madzi chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwake ndi zinyalala kuyenera kupewedwa.

Re: Zophatikiza zomwe zili ndi amphibians ndi zapamtunda

Uthenga En_ekorn Ogasiti 27, 2017 10:59 p.m.

Masana abwino
Simukuvina kuchokera pamenepo osati kumeneko. Mutuwo umatchedwa "zophatikizika za zokwawa ndi za m'mapiri," ndipo zolembedwazo zikufunika kudzaza dziko lapansi komanso chidwi chodzaza ndi ma eublefars. Uwu ndi mtundu wina wolakwika: mwina tikukambirana mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zili m'mapikisili ndi zodzikongoletsera, kapena tikuganiza momwe tingadzazire (osanenapo voliyumu!) Jar, kapena tikuganiza pamodzi ngati nsapato yanu ndiyabwino kwa eublephars (iwo, panjira, nawonso ndi osiyana, kuphatikiza kukula).

Tichepetse kufufuzako, koma tsopano ndi "Ndikufuna china chake, sindikudziwa chiyani", ndipo sindofanana ndi chidziwitso ndi udindo

Repitali (repitles)

Mawu oti "reptile" amachokera ku Latin "repere", kutanthauza "kukwawa", "kukwawa" potanthauzira. Chifukwa chake mayendedwe a nyama zomwe zili mkalasi ili. Ngakhale, tikuwona, sizokwawa zonse zokwawa: pali iwo omwe amathamanga bwino, kulumpha, kusambira ngakhale pafupifupi kuwuluka, akukonzekera ngati agologolo owuluka.

Zobwezeretsa zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi ndizochulukirapo (zolembedwa) zamakalasi olemera kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana m'mbuyomu, zomwe zidafika pachimake mu nthawi ya Mesozoic (zaka mamiliyoni 230 BC - zaka 67 miliyoni BC).

Zoyala zakale zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yambiri. Ena mwa iwo amakhala pamtunda, pakati pawo panali ochita kupha nyama zotchedwa herbivorous brontosaurs komanso nyama zazikulu zodya nyama. Ena, monga ichthyosaurs, amakhala m'malo am'madzi. Enanso anawuluka ngati mbalame.

Ku Scotland, mu 1988, zotsalira zinapezeka, zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri, zinali zaka 340 miliyoni. Zotsatira zake, zinali zanyama zakale kwambiri zodziwika bwino zamtunduwu mpaka pano. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama izi ndi ... 20,3 cm.

Zotulutsa zakale zimachokera kwa akatswiri akale. Gawo ili linali lotsatira posinthira mitundu yokhala ndi moyo padziko lapansi.

Zoyenera kuchita masiku ano zikuphatikiza:

Sem. mamba:
Lialis Barton

1. Mamba ndi nyama zazikulu zokhala ndi thupi longa buluzi. Mokwanira pali mitundu 23, kuphatikizapo mamba enieni, ma gavials, caimans ndi alligators.

2. Khalani wopanda mutu. Amayimiridwa ndi 1 mtundu wa hatteria - Sphenodon punctatus. M'mawonekedwe, hatteria imafanana ndi buluzi wamkulu (mpaka 75 cm) wokhala ndi thupi lalikulu, mutu waukulu ndi miyendo yopindika isanu.

3. Scaly - gulu lalikulu kwambiri pazvinkhanira, kuphatikizapo mitundu 7600. Izi zikuphatikiza:

a) Ziphuphu - gulu lalikulu kwambiri pazodzikongoletsera zamakono. Izi zikuphatikiza: iguanas, kuwongolera abuluzi, geckos, agamas, skinks, masikelo (Pygopodidae), komanso chameleon - gulu lapadera la nyama zomwe zimatsogolera, monga lamulo, moyo wamtengo.

b) Njoka ndizodzala zopanda miyendo.

c) Amphisbenids (Amphisbaenidae) - zolengedwa izi zimakhala ndi thupi looneka ngati nyongolotsi komanso mchira wamfupi kwambiri womwe umawoneka ngati mutu. Amazolowera kukhala moyo wong'ambika ndipo samawonekera pamtunda, amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi pa moyo wawo kapena pansi pa zisa za nyerere ndi chiswe, zomwe amadya nazo. Ambiri aiwo alibe miyendo. Oyimira mabatani amtunduwo ali ndi miyendo yakutsogolo. Amatha kusuntha m'mbali mwa dothi ndi mchira wawo kutsogolo, motero ku Russia amatchedwanso oyenda awiri. Dzinalo lachi Greek "amphisbens" limamasuliranso kuti "kusunthira mbali zonse ziwiri."

4. Akamba - matupi awo amazunguliridwa ndi zipolopolo zochokera pamwamba, kuchokera kumbali ndi pansi. Carapace imakhala ndi zikopa za dorsal (carapace) ndi zam'mimba (plastiki) zolumikizidwa ndi tendon ligament kapena jumper fupa. Akamba - mitundu 300.

Zouluka - pamodzi ndi mbalame ndi zinyama - zimaphatikizidwa pagulu la nyama zapamwamba.

Habitat

Zochulukirapo zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, zimakonda malo otentha otentha ndi dzuwa, kuphatikizapo masamba opanda madzi komanso masamba osasiyidwa. Koma mamba onse ndi akambuku ambiri amakhala m'madzi, mitsinje kapena dambo. Akamba ena ndi njoka zina nthawi zonse zimakhala munyanja.

Zingwe zambiri ndizofala m'maiko onse otentha; amakhala m'mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi omwe amakhala ndi madzi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Amapita m'madzi osaya m'mphepete m'mawa komanso kumapeto kwa tsiku kuti alowe padzuwa. Mitundu yocheperako ndiyomwe imalekerera madzi amchere. Ng'ona yolimba (Crocodylus porosus) imasambira kwambiri kumtunda wotseguka - mpaka 600 km kuchokera pagombe loyandikira.

Hatteriae (Sphenodon punctatus) adangokhala pazilumba zamiyala pafupi ndi New Zealand, pomwe adawakonzera malo apadera.

Anderson arab mutu

Giant Sea Krayt kapena Flattail

Ziphuphu zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula malo ozizira. Mitundu yamtundu umodzi imakwera m'mapiri kupita kumalire a chipale chamuyaya, mwachitsanzo, mpaka kutalika kwa 5500 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja ku Himalaya. Mabulu ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi. Koma ena amakwera pa tchire kapena mitengo, mwachitsanzo, yozungulira (Phrynocephalus). Ena amakhala mpaka mitengo osatha ndipo amatha kukonza ndege. Ma jini ndi agama omwe amakhala m'matanthwe amatha kuyenda pamwamba. Buluzi wina amakhala m'nthaka, maso awo nthawi zambiri amakhala osapezeka, matupi awo amakhala atali. Buluzi wapanyanja (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) amakhala pafupi ndi surf line. Amasambira bwino kwambiri ndipo amakhala nthawi yambiri m'madzi, akudya zam'nyanja.

Njoka ndizofala kulikonse, kupatula zigawo za polar, New Zealand ndi zilumba zina zam'nyanja. Njoka zonse zimasambira bwino, koma pali mitundu ina yomwe imakhala yonse kapena pafupifupi nthawi yake yonse m'madzi. Awa ndi njoka zam'nyanja (Hydrophidae). Michira yawo imapanikizidwa mowonjeza pambuyo pake.

Mwa njoka zina - mothandizidwa ndi kusintha kwa moyo wongopukutira - maso adachepera ndikusowa pansi pazikopa, michira idafupikitsidwa. Awa ndi makoswe (typhlopidae) ndi njoka zopapatiza (Leptotyphlopidae).

Akamba am'madzi ndi madzi oyera amapezeka kumayiko onse (kupatula Antarctica) komanso kuzilumba zambiri. Kamba za akamba ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - zipululu zotentha, nkhalango zotentha, nyanja, mitsinje, nyanja ndi ma nyanja ambiri. Akamba am'nyanja (Cheloniidae) amakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi ndikupita kumtunda kokha kukaikira mazira.

Zosiyanasiyana

Njoka zamakono zazikulu kwambiri ndi ma pythons omwe ali ndi reticured (Python reticulatus) ndi anacondas (Eunectes murinus). Amafika kutalika kwa 10 metres. Mtundu wapadera komanso waukulu kwambiri woyerekeza wa anaconda (Eunectes murinus - Eng: Gaint anakonda) waku East Colombia wafika 11 m 43 cm. Njoka yaying'ono kwambiri ndi ya Brahmin blind mole (Typhlops braminus), yomwe imatsogolera kwambiri moyo wapansi, kutalika kwa thupi lake kupitirira 12 cm .

Pakati pa ng'ona zazikulu kwambiri, zazikulu kwambiri ndi ng'ona ya Nile (Crocodylia niloticus) ndi ng'ona yolimba (Crocodylus porosus). Amafika kutalika kwa mamita 7. Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi la nyama zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri, caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) kuchokera kumpoto kwa South America, ndi 1.5m kwa amuna ndi 1.2 m kwa akazi.

Bulu wazaka 25 wa ku El Salvador

Mwa akamba amakono, wamkulu kwambiri ndi kamba wa zikopa zachikopa (Dermochelys coriacea). Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira mamita 2. Mu 1988, mtembo wakufa wa chikopa chaimuna wapezeka pagombe ku Great Britain, lomwe linali lalitali 2.91 mita ndi 2.77 m.Chaching'ono kwambiri cha akamba ndi musk tortoise (Sternotherus odoratus), kutalika chojambula chake (kumtunda kwa chigamba) ndi pafupifupi masentimita 7.6.

Ching'ono kwambiri pakati pa abuluzi ndi Virginian yozungulira-toed gecko (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion ndi Sphaerodactylus ariasiae), yomwe imangopezeka mu 1965 ndi 2001, motsatana. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi mamilimita 16 okha, kupatula mchira. Buluzi wamkulu kwambiri ndi, popanda kukayikira, buluzi wa Komodo (Varanus comodoensis), yemwe kutalika kwa thupi lake limafikira 3 mamita. Ndipo buluzi wocheperako wa El Salvador wa ku Papua New Guinea (Varanus salvadorii), wotchedwanso cabaret, amatalika pafupifupi 4.75 m, koma nthawi yomweyo pafupifupi 70% kutalika kwake kumagwera mchira.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikulu padziko lapansi zomwe anakhalapo kalekale mwina anali nyama zakale, zomwe zotsalira zake zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa Amazon mu miyala, yomwe inali zaka 8 miliyoni. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera komwe kunapangidwa pamtunda wa chigaza chake cha 1.5 m, momwe mano amasentimita 10 adasungidwira, kutalika konse kwa thupi la nyama yolusa imeneyi kunali pafupifupi 12 m.

Njoka yayitali kwambiri prehistoric inali njoka yayikulu kwambiri ku Africa (Giagantophis garstini). Magawo ang'onoang'ono a njokayo adapezeka patsamba la Egypt masiku ano ku Africa. Njoka iyi idakhala padziko lapansi 55 miliyoni ndipo kutalika kwake kunali 11.8 m.

Nthiwe zambiri zakale zimadziwika, pomwe chachikulu kwambiri chinali myolania wokhala ndi kutalika kwamamita 5.

Zojambula

Khungu la zokwawa ndimakutidwa ndi mamba kapena zikopa zosatetemera zomwe zimateteza thupi kuti lisawume ndi kuwonongeka, kupatula mitundu ina yokha yam'madzi, mafupa ake omwe zipolopolo zake zimakutidwa ndi khungu.

Kwa ena oimira zapamtunda (mwachitsanzo, njoka ndi geckos) kusungunula ndi chikhalidwe - kuponya kwapachikuto kwa lipenga.

Repitili amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa nthiti, koma kuchuluka kwawo ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi osiyanasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Akamba ambiri, zigamba za mabatani amazikoloweka nthiti ndi msana. M'mabulu ena, nthiti zazitali zimathandizira mawonekedwe owoneka ngati fan, kuwalola kupanga mlengalenga.

Mosiyana ndi amphibians, zokwawa zimapumira kokha. Mapapu amtunduwu amakhalanso ndi thumba lofanana, koma mawonekedwe ake amkati amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa ma amphibians. Mpanda wamkati wamatumba am'mapapu uli ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe ofanana ndi uchi, womwe umakulitsa kwambiri kupuma.

Zodzikongoletsera, mosiyana ndi ma amphibians, sizimawombera mpweya pakamwa, koma ambiri aiwo amadziwika ndi kupuma kwamtundu wa kuyamwa. Amatulutsa mpweya ndi kutulutsa mpweya m'mphuno mwa kukulitsa ndi kufupikitsa chifuwa. Kuchita kupuma kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito minyewa yakumimba ndi yam'mimba.

Koma akamba - chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa chipolopolo - nthiti sizimayenda, chifukwa chake adapanga njira yina yopatsirira mpweya kuposa zotsala zina zonse. Amayendetsa mpweya m'mapapu pomumeza kapena kupompa miyendo yakutsogolo.

Ziberekazi zimaswanirana pamtunda, ndipo chitukuko chawo, mosiyana ndi amphibians, ndicholunjika, i.e. popanda gawo lazous. Zambiri zouluka zimayikira mazira akuluakulu, olemera kwambiri okhala ndi zipolopolo ndi ma membroni apadera (amniotic) omwe amateteza mazira kuti asawonongeke ndi madzi komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina, komanso kupereka zakudya ndi kusinthana kwa mafuta. Pofika nthawi ya nkhonya, nyama zanyama zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zimakhala kale wamkulu.

Dzira lamchere ndi njira zina zokhudzana ndi chitukuko ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyama zapambuyo ndi zam'mlengalenga. Dzira lamtunduwu limadziwika bwino kwa ife: linadutsa kuchokera ku zokwawa kupita ku mbalame zomwe zimatsika kuchokera kwa iwo.

Zodzikongoletsera, monga ma amphibians, sizitentha thupi nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, ntchito zawo zofunika zimadalira kutentha kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yotentha ndi youma, amakhala otakataka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakopa. Ndipo nyengo yozizira komanso yovuta, m'malo mwake, amakhala otopa, osakhala m'malo othawirako. Kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi zero, kumayamba kugwa. Ichi ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha owerengeka omwe ali m'malo a taiga. Apa pali mitundu isanu yokha.

Ziweto zimatha kuwongolera kutentha kwa thupi pokhapokha ngati zimavundikira chifukwa cha kuzizira kapena hypothermia. Mwachitsanzo, hibernation imawalola kupewa kuzizira, ndi ntchito zausiku - kutentha kwa tsiku.

Zodzala - mwa njira yonyamula mazira - amagawika m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: oviparous and ovoviviparous.

Woyamba amapanga mazira.

Ndipo mwa akazi a gulu lachiwiri, mazira amachedwa m'mimba, pomwe magawo onse a mluza umadutsa. Poterepa, ana amabisala nthawi yomweyo atayika mazira.

Mabuluzi odabwitsa

Mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana bwanji! Zina mwazo zimawoneka ngati ma pululu, koma pali zina zomwe sizili zosiyana ... ndi mphutsi wamba.

Mikango ndi gulu lochulukirapo komanso lofala kwambiri la zovala zamakono. Amawonetsera kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa dziko lapansi, mitengo, pansi pamtunda, ndi malo okhala pamadzi.

Mtundu wa abuluzi nawonso umasiyana kwambiri ndipo, monga lamulo, umagwirizana bwino ndi chilengedwe. Mitundu yam'chipululu imayang'aniridwa ndi matani amchenga owala. Ndipo omwe amakhala pamiyala yakuda nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda. Ziphuphu zokhala pamitengo ya mitengo ndi nthambi zimakhala ndi zofiirira komanso zofiirira zofanana ndi makungwa ndi mbewa. Ndipo mitundu yambiri yamitengo imakhala utoto wa masamba obiriwira.

Agamas

Ku Southeast Asia, buluzi wodabwitsa amakhala - chinjoka chouluka (Draco blanfordii).

Ngakhale kukhala mwakachetechete, buluzi uyu amapanga chithunzi chodabwitsa: chaching'ono (mpaka 40 cm), chocheperako, chachingwe ndi mchira wotalika, wokhala ndi chikwama chachikulu chowoneka bwino pakhosi komanso chowongoka chofananira ndi chotuluka m'khosi. Koma kenako adachita mantha ndi china chake kapena atatopa kungokhala chete - ndipo adathamangira kumtengowo, nogwiritsitsa pakhunguyo ndi zikhadabo zazitali zoloza zala zazitali zazitali. Adathamanga kupita pamwamba, adaimilira - mwadzidzidzi. pang'onopang'ono moyandama mlengalenga, ngati gulugufe wowala modabwitsa. Adawuluka pafupifupi mamilimita 30, ndikugwera pachitsamba chamtengo - ndikusinthanso buluzi. Ndipo kachiwiri amakhalanso pansi kapena kuthamanga kuzungulira thunthu, kugwira tizilombo. Ndipo akufuna ku - kuuluka kachiwiri. Kuti muchite izi, amangofunika kukankha mafupa a nthiti yayitali ...

Chinjoka chikakhala kapena chimathamanga, chimakanikizira nthiti - ndipo chokhala ndi zikopa zazikulu mbali zakepi lake chimagwa. Koma amafuna kuwuluka - anang'amba nthiti, khola lachikopa linatambasulidwa ndikukhala "mapiko" ambiri.

Buluzi sikuti amangokhala ndi mapulani, akuuluka mpaka mamita 30, koma iwo, ukugwira ngati lingwe ndi mchira wake, amathanso kuwongolera komwe akuwuluka.

Buluzi wakale wotchedwa ma Kaloti amakhala ku India, Afghanistan, Nepal, ndi Indonesia. Zonsezi ndi zazikulu. Ma calot wamba (Ma calotes calotes) amafika masentimita 65. Koma, mwambiri, simudzawona aliyense wokhala ndi kukula koteroko - pambuyo pake, pali abuluzi ndipo ndi okulirapo. Koma amadziwa kusintha mtundu pang'ono kuposa chameleon.

Kusintha kwamtundu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kowoneka ngati ofiira owala, malalanje kapena achikasu osakanikirana ndi malo akuda omwe amakula thupi lonse kapena ziwalo zake. Zotsatira zake, buluzi yemweyo nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana amawoneka ofiira kwathunthu ndi mawanga akuda kumbuyo kwake, kapena wamutu wachikasu wokhala ndi msana wowala kumbuyo ndi mbali, ndiye kwathunthu wachikaso, bulauni kapena kubiriwira. Makamaka kusintha kwamtundu wachangu kumawonedwa munthawi yakubereketsa ya amuna omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano, omwe nthawi zonse amasintha achikasu kapena blush, ndipo wolotayo nthawi zonse amakhala wofiyira kumapeto, pomwe wopambanayo amakhalabe wobiriwira ...

Mwa ambiri oimira banja la agam, chodziwika bwino ndi a steppe agama (Trapelus sanguinolentus), omwe amakhala kumapiri ndi zipululu za Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan.

Ngakhale kuli kotentha komanso kusowa kwamadzi m'chipululu, malo omwe ali pachilimwe omwe ali ndi mchenga sitingathe kulingalira popanda abuluzi odabwitsa awa. Wotchena komanso wopanda mawonekedwe m'malo abwinobwino, amatha kusangalala ndi kusintha mtundu kukhala wowala kwambiri: Amuna amakhala amtambo wakuda, michira yawo imasanduka yowala lalanje, ndipo matupi a akazi amakhala amtambo wamtambo wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira wachikasu wokhala ndi mawalo a lalanje pamisana yawo .

Munthu akabwera, agama iyi samathawa nthawi yomweyo. Kuchokera kutali ndi mamita 10-15, amayamba "kupatsa moni" woyenda kuchokera pamwamba pa chitsamba, kukweza ndi kutsitsa mutu wake, ngati kuti kuwerama. Atalola kuti munthu ayandikire kwambiri, agama modzidzimutsa, ndikukweza mchira wake m'mwamba, kuthamangira mita angapo osayang'ana m'mbuyo. Koma ndikofunikira kusiya buluzi yekha, chifukwa ikukwereranso kuthengo. Pa nthambi, abuluziwa amathawa kuti asamasefukire mumchenga wotentha. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amuna a agama, okhala m'malo okwezeka, amawonetsa anansi awo kuti malowa ndi okhalamo. Atazindikira wotsutsa, amathamangira komweko ndi kuthamangitsa wolakwayo. Wamphongo wokwiya pamaso pake amasintha mitundu. Khosi ndi chifuwa zimasanduka mabuluu, mawonekedwe amtambo amawoneka kumbuyo, ndipo mchira umatembenuka lalanje.

Chinanso chachilendo komanso chokongola kwambiri ndi agama a colonists (Agama agama), omwe amakhala ku West ndi North-East Africa. Matupi ndi miyendo ya amuna achikulire nthawi zambiri imakhala yamtambo wamtambo wakuda, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi mzere woyera ukuyenda kumbuyo. Mutu wake ndi wofiyira, wachikaso chowala kapena loyera kwathunthu ndi madontho achikasu. Mchira mulinso utoto wowala: buluu wakuda kumunsi ndi kumapeto ndi wofiira kwamoto pakati. Zolengedwa izi zasankha zokhalamo anthu ngati mpheta zawo. Amatha kuwoneka paliponse pazinyumba zadongo, padenga laudzu, pazingwe zoyera kuzungulira nyumbazi.

Long-eared Round-headed (Phrynocephalus siriaceus) ndiodziwika bwino chifukwa chowopsa. Ndi chisangalalo chachikulu, amatenga malo owopsa. Ndi miyendo yakumbuyo m'lifupi, buluziyo limakweza kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikutsegula pakamwa pake mpaka malire. Nthawi yomweyo, nembanemba yamkamwa ndi makola amkati ndi makulidwe amkamwa ndimakona amkamwa, kuwonongeka, kudzaza ndi magazi, redd. Lingaliro lokhala ndi kamwa yayikulu yosasangalatsa yolimbana ndi mdani idapangidwa. Nthawi yomweyo buluzi amatenganso mawu, kuwombera, ndikukhota, ndikutembenuzira mchira wake, nthawi zina kumadumphira komwe kuli ngozi.

Posakhutira ndi chiwopsezo, buluzi akhoza kuluma, koma sizichitika kawirikawiri. Nthawi zambiri, amakonda kuthawa (amathamangira miyendo yotambasuka, atagwira thupi lake pamwamba pamchenga) kapena kuthira mumchenga. Pothika, amagona, amadzikakamiza kumchenga ndikuyamba kukankhira mchenga pansi pamimba. Ndikung'ambika m'mphepete mwa thupi, mchenga wowuma bwino komanso wophimba mutu wozungulira, womwe umapinda mumchenga pamaso pathu, ndipo mutu umatsiriza.

Buluzi sasiya mchenga nthawi yomweyo. Poyamba amakweza mutu wake pang'ono, kotero kuti zopindika za thupi lake zimakhala zochepa kapena zochepa, koma mchenga umamuphimba kwathunthu. Mphepo zamlengalenga, zotulutsidwa ndi mchenga, kuwulula mphuno zomwe zili kumtunda kwambiri ndikuyang'ana kutsogolo. Ma eyoni amatsegula maso awo, ndikufalitsa mchenga ndi zotuluka zawo m'mphepete. Tsopano buluzi amatha kupuma ndi kuona, atabisala mumchenga. Posapeza chowopsa, amakweza mutu wake m'mwamba, ndikuwutulutsa, ndikuyang'ana mozungulira, kenako ndikusiya mchenga kwathunthu.

Pamalo omwe buluzi wamkaka umakhala, m'modzi wamakhalidwe ocheperako omwe amakhala - wamchenga wozungulira (Phrynocephalus interscapularis). Amadziwika kuti amapatsa zingwe mchira wake. Zojambula pamtunda wa mchenga, buluziyu, ngakhale pafupi naye, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa. Ndipo, kuti alengeze kapena kudziwuza za abale ake, amakweza mchira wake ndikuwonetsa aliyense “mkati” mwake. Ndipo "mbali yolakwika" imapakidwa kwambiri - mu mitundu yoyera ndi yakuda, ngati mzati wamtambo kapena kilomita. Chizindikiro ngati ichi chikuwoneka kutali.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi buluzi wokhala ndi mano (Chlamydosaurus kingi), yemwe amakhala ku Australia.

Amadziwika ndi dzina lake kuti ndi khola lalitali, (kapena chofunda) m'khosi mwake, lopindika kwambiri pakhosi. Akakhala, sachita chidwi chapadera. Koma apa, china chake chimateteza buluzi. Adadzikweza - ndipo pomwepo mozungulira mutu wake kolala yozungulira yozungulira yotalika mainchesi 15 kupangika. Ndipo pakati pa kolala - lotseguka pakamwa la toothy. Ngakhale agalu amazengereza kugwira chinyama choterechi!

Ngozi idadutsa, buluziyo adatsitsa pansi - ndipo kolala idasowa. Tsopano amagwera kumbuyo kwake mokhala ngati chovala.

Komabe, buluziyu samangotchuka chifukwa cha kolala iyi kapena chovala. Amathamanga bwino, koma, mosiyana ndi abuluzi ena, amathamanga osati miyendo inayi, koma miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo, atagwira thupi lake pafupifupi. Pankhaniyi, matako akutsogolo amatsamira pansi momasuka, ndipo mchirawo umakwezedwa ndikugwira ntchito ngati chowongolera. Chabwino, kumanja - kangaroo mini! Pokhapokha popanda thumba.

Bulu wina wodabwitsanso amakhala ku Australia (Amphibolurus barbatus), dzina lake loti ndevu chifukwa chokhala ndi zazitali zazitali zokhala ngati ndevu pakhosi pake komanso m'mbali mwake.

Buluzi wapanyanja (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) amakhala pachilumba cha Southeast Asia. Izi zikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi bwato - lalikulu, mpaka 10 masentimita okwera, achikopa, omwe amathandizidwa ndi njira zazitali za caudal vertebrae. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaoneka ngati bwato. Ndipo thupi lomwe adasunthidwa kuchokera mbali zimafanana ndi chotumphukira chotengera.

Ndizosangalatsanso kutchula za tenon (Uromastyx aegyptius) okhala m'mapululu a ku Africa. Zili ndi michira yamphamvu yokutidwa ndi ma spikes akuluakulu komanso lakuthwa. Pangozi, abuluzi amatetezedwa moyenera ndi michira. Poganizira kuti ena mwa iwo amafika masentimita 75, ndikosavuta kulingalira mphamvu za kuwamenya kwawo.

Koma mphonje za mchira wa spinetail sizili kanthu poyerekeza ndi milonga ya moloch (Moloch horridus), wokhala m'chipululu cha Australia.

Thupi lonse la nyamayi imakutidwa ndi mitundu yambiri lakuthwa, yosiyanasiyana kukula kwake. Zilala zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi khosi komanso m'mbali mwa mutu. Nyanga yayikulu imakweza pamwamba pa diso lililonse, ndipo ili ndi korona wakuthwa. Ngati tingaganizire kuti ma moloch ali ndi mutu wocheperako komanso thupi lonse, miyendo yamphamvu komanso mchira wosalala kwambiri, ndiye kuti mutha kumvetsetsa anthu omwe adapatsa buluzi uyu dzina la mulungu wanthano wamagazi yemwe Agiriki anali kumuopa.

Komabe, buluzi wa moloch ndi cholengedwa chopanda vuto chilichonse chomwe chimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Ndipo maula omwe amaphimba thupi la buluzi ndiyo njira yokhayo yodzitetezera: wosokonezekayo agwada mutu wake mwamphamvu, ndikuwonetsa mbali yakumaso kwa mphukira yolimba kumbuyo kwa mutu ndikuwongolera kutsogolo.

Monga abuluzi onse am'chipululu, moloch amatha kukhala wopanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Komano ikafika kumadzi, imamwa, kotero kuti pasanathe mphindi zisanu imakhala yolemera kwambiri. Ndipo "amamwa" ... ndi khungu lomwe limatenga chinyezi ngati chinkhupule. (Amankhwala ambiri opanda amwe amamwa chimodzimodzi.) Ndipo pali chinthu chinanso, chomwe chiri chodabwitsa kwambiri: madzi akudutsa pakhungu samalowa nthawi yomweyo m'magazi ndipo amalowa m'thupi lonse. Koma likupezeka kuti pakhungu lakufa la buluzi mumakhala timabowo tating'ono kwambiri, pomwe madzi amayenda kumutu ndikulowa mkamwa. Ndi mtundu wam'madzi wapansi pakhungu.

Iguanas

Banja ili ndilokulirapo komanso losiyana. Pali zimphona pafupifupi mamitala awiri, ndi zinyenyesisitere khumi. Ena aiwo "amavala" zovala zakuda, ndipo nthawi zina masikelo amakhala odabwitsa, nthawi zina amakhala ndi timinyewa. Ndipo ena amakhalanso ndi crest yomwe imadutsa kumbuyo konse ndi mchira.

Utoto wa iguanas umasiyana kwambiri. Mitundu yamatanda yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali pakati pa masamba nthawi zambiri imapakidwa utoto wobiriwira, ndipo mawonekedwe ake nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi mitsempha ya masamba. Chipululu ndi ma iguanas okhala m'miyala amakongoleredwanso ndi utoto woyandikana nawo, utoto uwu umasinthika kwambiri ngakhale mwa anthu amtundu womwewo ndipo zimatengera mtundu wa dothi lomwe abuluzi amakhala. Mitundu yambiri imatha kusintha mwachangu mtundu kutengera kutentha kapena kuwala kwa kuwala. Makamaka luso lotere limapangidwira m'miyala ina yamatumbo ya Anolis, yomwe polumikizana ndi izi idapatsidwa dzina la American chameleon.

Ma Iguanas ambiri ndi amodzi mwa abuluzi oyenda kwambiri. Mitundu yamatabwa - chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yayitali ndi zala zazikulu zaluso - imathamanga mwachangu pakati pa mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zamitengo ndikulumpha mwachangu kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Iguanas zomwe zimapezeka ku Antilles zimakhala ndi michira khumi yomwe imawathandiza kuti azikhala panthambi. Mitundu yonse yapadziko lapansi ndiyothamanga bwino, ndipo ena amatha kuthamanga mtunda wautali ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu miyendo yawo yakumbuyo.

Maganizo olakwika oopsa oti nyama izi sizidwala!

Chovuta chimakhala chakuti zidziwitso za matendawa zimayamba kuchepa, matendawa amapita mosadziwika mpaka atha kuvuta kupirira, ngati zingatheke. Ndipo timakakamizidwa kuwachitira "pambuyo", zomwe sizimakhala zopambana nthawi zonse.

Zofunika kuchita kuti ndidziwe vuto la chiweto changa?

Mfungulo yathanzi la magazi owazizira (monga nyama zina) ndikuwunikiridwa kuchipatala pafupipafupi. Mutha kuyenera kubweretsa nyama yomwe mudangogula nthawi yokhayo, kuunika ngati muli ndi matenda ndikupeza upangiri pazabwino.

Izi zikuthandizira kupewa zinthu zomwe zingasinthe, pomwe chikhalidwe chazomwe chimakhala ndi zomwe zimayambitsa matenda: "Chifukwa chiyani ali wofooka komanso wochepa thupi, akudya kricket kamodzi pa sabata. Tinam'konzekeretsa KWAMBIRI! ”

Inde, zimachitikanso, choncho, ndikosavuta kupita kwa hertipologist ndikudziwa zonse. Ngati chiweto ndi "famu" - sizitanthauza kuti "wopanda ma parasite" (nthawi zambiri akazi oyembekezera amatengedwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe, dikirani mozungulira ndikuyambitsa). Ndipo ndikukutsimikizirani, adzalandira gawo la magawo a makolo. Ndipo zilizonse zomwe zili zapamwamba, mtsogolomo muyembekezere "kudabwitsidwa" ngati mawonekedwe a majeremusi.

Kodi kunyamula zokwawa kapena magazi ena ozizira?

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kutentha kwa thupi kumadalira mwachindunji kutentha kwakunja. Pangani mtundu woyenera kwambiri wamtundu wamtundu wina paulendo. Kuphwanya malamulo kumatha kubweretsa mavuto. Kamodzi mkazi adabweretsa njoka ya chimanga, yomwe ikanapulumutsidwa ikanapanda madigiri 35 kunja kwake, koma njoka pulasitiki ili m'manja!

M'nyengo yozizira, njoka ndi akambuku ang'ono, abuluzi ndizosavuta kunyamula mchikwama cha thonje pamakolo kuti azikhomerera m'khosi. ndikubisala pansi pa jekete: madigiri 36.6 anu ndi okwanira kuti asafe.

Kodi ndizotheka kuyimbira veterinarian-herpetologist kunyumba?

Kuzindikira kunyumba ndizochepa kwambiri, komanso ndizovuta kudziwa mulingo wazidziwitso za wowona veterin omwe akubwera. Monga zamankhwala amisala, katswiri wodziwa zambiri wodziwa zambiri, mwachitsanzo, wazachipatala kapena wazomera, sangabwere kunyumba. Chithandizo cha nyama zam'mimba komanso magazi ena ozizira ndizotsimikizika.

Monga lamulo, iwo amabwera mnyumbamo pomwe nyamayo imalephera kuchiritsa: amapaka jekeseni wa Gamavit, amaika ndikupaka retinol acetate, amagwiritsa ntchito Mlingo wowopsa wa maantibayotiki omwe ndi osayenera kubwerezabwereza. Mutha kupitiliza kwamuyaya.

Zimakhala zowawa mukamayang'ana nyamayo pambuyo pa nyumba ya "herpatologist" ndipo simungathe kusintha kuchuluka kwa vitamini A, mwachitsanzo, komwe kumayambitsa hepatitis yoopsa m'thupi pakatha mwezi umodzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri pamafunika microscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, endoscopy. Ngakhale katswiri sangathe nthawi zonse kudzipangitsa kuti adziwike bwino pamaziko a mayeso ndi mbiri yakale yakuchipatala. Ndipo atayimbira foni kuti abwerere kunyumba, kudzabwereranso kuchipatala chamankhwala pamafunika kuti mudziwe matenda ena.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndibwino kulumikizana ndi a chipatala chamankhwala ndi herpetologist, pomwe pafupifupi chilichonse chimatha kuchitidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndiye kuti mudzabweranso kachiwiri kuti mudzayang'anire ndi nyama yosangalala komanso yathanzi!

Kodi ndizotheka kutola amphibian?

Amphibians ndi nyama zofatsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri simungathe kuzinyamula. Amakhala ndi khungu lowonda kwambiri, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamwa madzi ndi kupuma, ndipo mafuta pazala za anthu amateteza izi. Kuphatikiza apo, zonona, sopo, mafuta odzola, omwe amatha kuyambitsa mavuto azaumoyo apamwamba, nthawi zambiri amakhalabe pamanja.

Ngakhale mtundu wina wamkati udawonongeka mu amphibian, newt imatha kuibwezeretsa m'malo mwake mothandizidwa ndi kubwezeretsa kwatsopano kwa maselo.

Ndipo zowonadi, kwa mitundu yambiri ya amphibians zomwe zimatengedwa ndizosautsa. Amawona m'malo omwe akukalandira osati abwenzi konse, koma owopsa.

Kodi mphutsi za ufa ndizoyenera ma amphibians komanso zodzikongoletsa ngati chakudya?

Mitundu yambiri ya ma amphibians ndi repitili, mphutsi za ufa ndi chakudya chabwino. Koma sayenera kupanga zakudya zambiri, polka exoskeleton yawo ndiyovuta kugaya. Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi za ufa ndizopatsa mafuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri.

Mu malo osungira nyama, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi chivindikiro cholimba, chifukwa newts amatha kusiya padziwe mosavuta.

Kodi Amphibians amafunikira chakudya chamoyo?

Anthu ambiri okhala ndi chakudya cham'madzi ambiri amafunikira chakudya chamoyo, chifukwa kuti athe kukhala ndi chakudya, ayenera kuwona kayendedwe. Koma mitundu ina, monga slingshots, imatenga chakudya kuchokera kwa ma pulosesa, ngakhale kuwuma. Mitundu ina yambiri imatha kumwa zakumwa za nsomba. Koma, komabe, ambiri mwa anthu amphibi amadya zakudya zokhazokha, ndikukana wina.

Axolotl amatha kusungidwa limodzi ndi salamanders kapena mphutsi zawo, koma osati ndi nsomba.

Kodi kubisalira ndikofunikira kwa nyama zapambuyo ndi zam'madzi?

Mitundu yambiri sikufuna kusungidwa ndikusungidwa. Mitundu yomwe imakhala m'malo otentha imabisala, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kungochepetsa zakudya, kuchepetsa chinyezi ndi kutentha. Hibernation imathandiza poyesa kubereka zolengedwa ndi ma amphibians, m'malo mwake ikulimbikitsidwa.

Mukutanthauzira kwenikweni kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Aztec, axolotl (axolotl) - "galu wamadzi (chilombo)."

Mudziwa bwanji pansi pa chule?

Sizovuta kumvetsetsa pansi chule, zimatengera mitundu. Monga lamulo, amuna zopanda pake, zazikazi sizimapanga mawu. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi ndizokulirapo, zimakhala ndi matupi ozunguliridwa, ndipo amuna amakhala owonekera komanso ang'ono kukula.

Achule, omwe akutsogolera moyo wamadzi, adatenga nthawi yayitali malo achitetezo cham'madzi okonda.

Pa nthawi yakukula, achule ambiri amphongo amapanga chimanga pazala zawo komanso mkati mwa matako awo. Amawoneka ngati khungu loyipa, amatha kukhala lakuda kapena loyera. Koma sikuti amuna onse ndi akazi zopanda pake, ndipo nthawi zina achule achimuna ndi okulirapo kuposa achikazi, choncho pali zosiyana. Kuti musalakwitse, muyenera kudziwa mtundu wa chule, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zotheka kudziwa mtundu wake.

Zoyenera kuchita ngati chiweto sichikudya?

Nyama izi zimatha kukana chakudya pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana: chakudya chosayenera, malo osakwanira, chinyezi chosayenera kapena kutentha, ndikukhala limodzi ndi wokondedwa wamkulu.

Pakadali pano malo okhala ma aquariamu ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya achule: chule wosalala - xenopus, ndi chule wamtali - hymenohirus.

Ndikofunikira kupatula zinthu zonsezi, ndiye kuti chiweto chimayamba kudya bwino. Ngati ili ndi chiweto chatsopano, musachite mantha, chifukwa zimatha kutenga masiku angapo kuti zizolowere. Pakadali pano, chonde kapena champhongo sichingatengeredwe kuti chitha kupatula vuto lina lowonjezera.

Zoyenera kuchita ngati chule kapena salamander ndikutupa?

Chule ikatupa, nthawi zambiri thupi lake limakhala lodzaza ndi madzi kapena olimba.Anthu ambiri amphibi angathe kumeza mwangozi mzere (miyala, khungwa, ndi zina), ndichifukwa chake amamva kuphulika. Kutseka m'mimba kapena matumbo kumatha kuchitika mwa anthu amphibians, omwe ali ndi chitin chambiri pakudya kwawo. Nthawi zina zoyambitsa blockage zimatha kutuluka, koma, monga lamulo, thandizo la opaleshoni limafunikira.

Ngati amphibian yatupa chifukwa cha madzimadzi, izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha madzi osavomerezeka. Khungu la Amphibian limakonda kudziwa madzi, ndipo madzi ampopi amakhala ndi ma chloramine ndi ma chloride, omwe amatha kupweteketsa khungu, komanso kupangitsa impso. Ndi chifukwa cha matenda a impso kuti amphibians amadzaza chifukwa madzi samatha kuchotsedwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, zokwawa komanso ma amphibians amatha kutupa chifukwa cha matenda. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kulumikizana ndi veterinarian.

Kodi ndizabwinobwino kuti chule limatuluka?

Nthawi zambiri, zikawoneka kuti chiweto chikuyamwa, pamenepo achule amachotsa khungu lakale. Chifukwa chake, mkhalidwe wotere wa achule ndi chinthu wamba.

Ma Hymenochiruses amakhala odekha, opanda phokoso, osachepera komanso osakhwima kuposa owonjezera.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tofiirira timene timakhala mu terrarium, kodi ndi zovulaza kwa okhalamo? Nsikidzi zotere ndi misomali. Zilibe vuto kwa okhala m'magawo. Misomali imadyetsa nkhungu ndi zakudya zowola. Koma kupezeka kwawo kukuwonetsa kuti mu terariamu ndikofunikira kusintha gawo lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, ozizira amadzimadzi amakhala ndi zakudya zambiri zowola ndi ndowe.

Momwe mungachotsere Drosophila ntchentche mu terarium?

Drosophila nthawi zambiri amayamba m'maderamo okhala ndi mitundu yotentha ya amphibians, pomwe pali masamba ambiri owola kapena gawo lonyowa kwambiri. Kuti muchotse Drosophila, mukungofunika kusintha gawo lapansi kapena kuchotsa mbewu zowola. Ntchentche zikagundika, tikulimbikitsidwa kusintha mtundu wa gawo.

Malinga ndi kunena koyenera kwa wokondedwa m'modzi, achule ocheperako amafanana ndi "kusinkhasinkha mitundu ya ma scuba."

Ndi mavitamini ati omwe amapatsa reptiles ndi amphibians?

Mukamasunga zodzikongoletsera ndi ma amphibians, ndikofunikira kuti chakudyacho chimadzazidwa ndi mavitamini ndi michere, chifukwa tizilombo sizipereka chakudya choyenera.

Kwenikweni, zowonjezera izi zimamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a ufa. Finyirani chakudyacho ndi ufa musanapereke kwa pet. Kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera zimatengera mtundu ndi zaka zazinkhokwe.

Achule a Spur ndi otakataka, olimba komanso opanda manyazi.

Mavitamini ndi michere yamagetsi iyenera kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri. Rep-cal Herptivite yokhazikitsidwa bwino, Rep-cal calcium yokhala ndi D3 ndi Miner-all. Musasankhe zowonjezera ndi kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kuti calcium pamwamba 1 mpaka 2. Ngati chakudya chachikulu ndi crickets, ndiye kuti gwiritsani ntchito zowonjezera popanda phosphorous.

Kodi kudyetsa zinthu ndi chiyani?

Izi zikutanthauza kuti tizilomboti timadyetsa chakudya chabwino tisanapatsidwe zokwawa kapena zokwawa. Ndiye kuti, mavitamini omwe amalowa ndi tizilombo kenako amalowa mu nyama zomwe zimadya.

Chifukwa chake, asanapatse nyama ma cickets, amadyetsa mafuta, maapulo, kaloti, kabichi, letesi, turnips ndi zina.

Ngati achule a aquarium ndi oyera kapena ofiira, ali ndi maso ofiira, ndiye osatengera kukula kwake.

Kodi ulusi wa coconut ndi uti?

CHIKWANGWANI chamakokonati ndi gawo labwino kwambiri kwa zolengedwa zam'madzi ndi zapamadzi. Gawo ili ndilotetezeka kwathunthu ngati mumizidwa. CHIKWANGWANI cha coconut chimasunga chinyontho bwino ndipo ziweto zimangokumbamo. CHIKWANGWANI cha coconut chogulitsidwa muma briquette m'malo osiyanasiyana ogulitsa pet. Briquette imayikidwa mu ndowa yamadzi ofunda, ndipo imatupa.

Kukula kwa hymenochirus wamkulu, monga lamulo, sikupitirira 4 cm, pomwe chule cholimba chimakula mpaka 10-12 cm

Chifukwa chiyani achule a mitengo amasintha mtundu?

Achule ambiri amasintha mitundu kuti igwirizane ndi chilengedwe chawo. Mukayika chule pacinthu chamdima, ndiye kuti thupi lake limachita khungu. Komanso achule amatha kusintha mitundu chifukwa cha kupsinjika. Mu achule osasangalatsa, mtundu wosinthika umangokhalapo kwanthawi yayitali. Ngati mulingo woyatsa, chinyezi ndi kutentha sizolondola, chule ili pamalo opsinjika, chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe ake amasintha.

Momwe mungasamalire nyama zapambuyo kapena zam'madzi?

Nthawi zambiri anthu amapeza zalaula, akamba ndi kuyesera kupita nawo kwawo. Koma tikulimbikitsidwa kuti anthu amtchire asiyidwe mwachilengedwe, popeza sazolowera kukhala mu ukapolo. Mutha kubweretsa nyama zapamtunda kapena zam'madzi kuchokera mumsewu pokhapokha malo achitetezo atakonzeka ndipo muli ndi luso lotha kusunga nyama izi.

Ngati mwayambitsa chinyama chamtchire kapena cham'mera, ndiye kuti muyenera kudziwa mtundu wake. Mitundu iliyonse ya misozi, achule, akamba, mikhalidwe yokhala mndende ndikofunikira: chinyezi chapadera, kutentha, zakudya. Mutha kudziwa mtundu wa ziweto pogwiritsa ntchito google.com. Mutha kupezanso masamba omwe ali ndi malangizo apa. Koma muyenera kufananitsa malangizowo.

Achule okhudza, omwe agulitsidwa pafupifupi m'malo onse ogulitsa ziweto, amachititsa kuti anthu azilakalaka kugula.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.