Mountain thrush ndi wokonda wamkulu wa phulusa. M'dzinja, mabatani olemera akaphimba mitengo ndikukhomera nthambi zake, amatumphukira m'makulu akulu phulusa laphiri. Mu zaka ngati izi, minda yamtchire siziuluka ndi mitundu ina yakuda nyengo yachisanu, koma kukhalabe kwawo. Kuphatikiza pa phulusa lamapiri, kuponderezedwa kumadyedwa ndi juniper, buliberries, ndi tizilombo nthawi yophukira ndi chilimwe. Mbidzi zamtchire zimakhala m'malo obisalamo komanso m'nkhalango. (Mawu 60)
Malinga ndi G. Skrebitsky
Galamala:
- Lembani mawu ofotokozera kuchokera pa lembalo, asanjeni ndi mawu ake.
- Lembani mawu atatu omwe ali ndi chikwangwani chosasindikiza pamizu ya mawu, sankhani mawu oyesera.
- Sankhani mawu oyimbira awa: chachikulu, cholemera, kumpoto.
Maonekedwe a munda
Kukula kwakanthawi kotalikirapo kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa 25,5 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi kuchokera pa 75 kufika ku 140 g ndi mapiko a 39 - 43 cm. Pamwamba pa thupi lankhondo lojambulidwa utoto utatu: mchira wake umakhala wakuda, kumbuyo ndiko bulauni, ndipo mutu ndi imvi.
Pansi pa mapiko, pamimba komanso mkati mwa mbalameyo ndi zoyera. Pali madontho akuda pakhosi ndi pachifuwa cha mtundu wofiirira. Kuwala kwamatsenga m'munda wamalonda kumafotokozedwa kofooka, mawonekedwe aakazi samasiyana kwenikweni ndi wamwamuna.
Malo okhala Habitat
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaunda yam'munda imakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa Eurasia. Apa, malire akumpoto kwa malowo ndi malire akumpoto kwa zomera zamitengo. Malire akum'mwera kwa malo okhala ndi malire a kumpoto kwa mzere wa steppe. Nthawi yozizira, mbalameyi imawulukira ku South ndi Central Europe, Asia Minor ndi North Africa.
Pakati paudindo wake, mbalame zimatsata m'malo osiyanasiyana. Awa mwina ndi m'mbali mwa nkhalango pafupi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kutuluka kwa nkhalango, kumphepete mwa mitsinje ndi minda yabwino. Minda yam'munda imakhalanso m'madambo pakati pa msipu ndi madambo, mapaki, minda, nyumba zanyengo yachilimwe.
Chakudya Cham'munda
Mbalamezi zidatchedwa ndi dzina chifukwa zimadyera makamaka phulusa lamapiri. Iwo kubudula phulusa la paphiripo, ndikukhala panthambi, ndipo amatola zipatso zakugwa pansi.
Ngakhale zochitika zam'munda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamanyazi komanso zanzeru, anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, m'mapaki ndi mabwalo, amakhulupirira kwambiri.
Panthawi yomwe gawo la zam'munda limadyetsedwa pansi, amatha kuyandikira munthu pafupi ndi iye.
Chakudya chachikulu mu zakudya za m'minda yamphepsa ndi nyongoloka. Kupezeka kwa nyongolotsi zam'madzi nthawi zambiri kumatsimikizira komwe kumakhala mbalamezi.
Mbalamezi zimakhazikika pafupi ndi nthaka yonyowa, chifukwa nkotheka kuti chakudya cha anapiye azitha kukhalamo. Ngati, pazifukwa zina, dothi lonyowa silikwanira, phulusa la paphiri limakololedwa ndi mbozi za gulugufe (scoop ndi mothin), kafadala, mphutsi za dragonfly, mahatchi, maulesi ndi zina. Ndi kubereka mochedwa, malo okhala m'munda nthawi zambiri amadyetsa anapiyewo ndi zipatso za mabulosi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, mabulosi am'madzi ndi sitiroberi.
Kubala kwa zochitika pamunda
Magulu a mbalamezi nthawi zambiri amakhala ambiri. Nthawi zambiri mu koloni imodzi mumakhala zisa 5-6. Osowa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa zisa kumapitirira 12. Oyendetsa pamunda amapereka chisa pa chitsamba kapena mtengo. Nthawi zambiri, chisa chotere chimakhala pakati pa nthambi ziwiri. Chimodzi mwazofunikira kuti amange chisa ndi kupezeka kwa chithandizo chodalirika.
Bowa, bowa, stumps, etc. nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati thandizo.
Chisa chamtunda chimatha kukhala pamalo okwera mamita 0.5 mpaka 20 pamtunda. Pamalo okwera, minda yamaluwa imapanga zisa zawo, makamaka pafupi ndi anthu, m'mapaki ndi mabwalo.
M'malo achilengedwe, kutalika kwa chisa sikamaposa 6 m.
Chisa ndi kapangidwe kooneka ngati chikho chomangidwa kuchokera ku udzu wouma. M'munsi komanso m'mphepete, chisa chimakhazikika ndipo chimasindikizidwa ndi dziko lapansi. Mkati mwa chisa pali zinyalala zofewa za zitsamba ndi bast. Kutalika kwa chisa chotere kuli pafupifupi 9 - 18 cm, ndipo mainchesi 13 - 20 cm.Mkati mwa chisa chomwecho pali thireyi lalitali 6 - 7 cm ndi mainchesi 10 - 12 cm.
Ntchito yomanga chisa imayamba, monga lamulo, kumapeto kwa Epulo, komanso kumayambiriro kwa Meyi.
Magulu ambiri amtunda amamanga chisa ndikuyamba kukwatirana kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira atatu mpaka 7. Chigoba cha mazira amenewa amapaka utoto wonyezimira komanso wokutidwa ndi mawanga ofiira. Ma ntchentche abadwa kale mu zoyambirira za Meyi. Pakutha kwa Meyi, akutuluka kwambiri zisa. M'mwezi wa June, kulumikizana kwachiwiri kumayamba.
Mu clutch yachiwiri nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira ochepa kuposa oyambayo.
Mverani mawu a Munda Wam'munda
Ntchito yomanga chisa imayamba, monga lamulo, kumapeto kwa Epulo, komanso kumayambiriro kwa Meyi.
Magulu ambiri amtunda amamanga chisa ndikuyamba kukwatirana kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira atatu mpaka 7. Chigoba cha mazira amenewa amapaka utoto wonyezimira komanso wokutidwa ndi mawanga ofiira. Ma ntchentche abadwa kale mu zoyambirira za Meyi. Pakutha kwa Meyi, akutuluka kwambiri zisa. M'mwezi wa June, kulumikizana kwachiwiri kumayamba.
Mu clutch yachiwiri nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira ochepa kuposa oyambayo.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Habitat
Phulusa lamapiri limakhala paliponse ku Europe, kuchokera kumayiko akumwera kupita ku Siberia (mpaka kumadzi pakati pa Lena ndi Yenisei) Komanso mbalamezi zili ku Asia, Africa.
Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawulukira kumadera akum'mwera kukazizira, koma ngati kumayiko a Central Europe kuli chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti amatha kudikirira nthawi yozizira pamenepo.
Amakhala m'nkhalangozi komanso m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zowola komanso zophatikizika, nkhalango zachilengedwe. Mafani owuluka kupita ku ziwembu zamunthu - amasangalala ndi zipatso.
Kufotokozera
Mawonekedwe a mbalameyi amadziwika. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 25 cm masentimita, kulemera kwakukulu ndi 105 g, koma kumatha kufika g 130. Mapiko ndiongopyola 40 cm.
Utoto wamtundu wakuthengo umakopanso chidwi: mutu ndi nuft ndi imvi, kumbuyo ndi mapiko amapaka utoto wamtundu wakuda, mchirawo ndi wakuda bii. M'mimba mwayera, chifuwa ndi choponderezedwa, mthunzi wawo ndi wosafunikira, mitsitsi yake imakhala yakuda komanso yofiirira. Mchiuno ndi imvi. Mitundu yakuda yamtunduwu imapezeka mu chilengedwe nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chake imadziwika kwambiri kwa okonda zachilengedwe.
Mitundu ya kugonana imafotokozedwa moperewera, koma zachikazi zimadziwikiridwa ndi mitundu yowala yowonjezereka mu utoto. Kutalika kwa mbalame komwe kumakhala nthawi yachilengedwe kumakhala zaka 12 mpaka 12; m'malo abwino, kumatha kukhala zaka 17, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kukuvutitsani.
Tsamba lakuda la phulusa la kumapiri.
Phulusa la mapiri limachotsa phulusa la mapiri.
Khalidwe
Mbalameyi ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zotere, zomwe zimakonda nkhondo, nthawi zambiri mbalame zamtunduwu zimazunza molimba mtima zilombo, kuteteza zisa. Amamenya "anthu" ndi nyama zodyera mwa njira yoyambirira, kukonzanso "kuwononga zinyalala": kuwuluka otsika ndikuyamba kuwayambitsa ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi. Komanso, "zikwapu" zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulondola kodabwitsa. Kugundana ndi zitosi za mbalame zodya nyama ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa nkumamenya nthenga, chinthu chamadzimadzi chimadziphatikiza, kupangitsa kuti kuuluka kuipe.
Fieldbird - mbalame yolimba mtima, kufikira womaliza kuteteza chisa chake kwa adani, ngakhale yekha. Nthawi zambiri matsenga ndi akhwangwala amakonda kukhala kutali ndi mbalame zonga nkhondo.
Malo okhala ndi mbalame zaphokoso, koma luso lake laphokoso ndi laling'ono, chifukwa chake amuna amafalitsa "chak-chak" chosavuta. Mbalamezi zikakhala mwamantha, zimangoliza kaphokoso kokweza mawu, palibe zolemba zabwino poyimba. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti mbalamezi zimakonda kucheza: atazindikira phulusa lamapiri ndi zipatso zotsekemera, kusangalala kwake ndikulira kwake kumakopa chidwi cha mamembala ake.
Ali ndi kukumbukira komanso kufulumira: ngati mbalamezi zitha kupeza mtengo wa phulusa wam'mapiri womwe zipatso zake zimatha kulawa, ndiye kuti azikumbukirabe ndikudzazionanso.
Moyo. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zoyenda m'munda zimakonda kukhala malo okhala kutaliko, koma nthawi yozizira imawulukira m'mizinda, chifukwa ndizosavuta kudyako. Amamanga zisa pamalo okwera m'malo opezeka mitengo. Mbalame zaphokoso, abambo amaimba nthawi zambiri kasupe, atakhala panthambi.
zachitetezo cham'munda. chithunzi cha mbalame
Oyang'anira m'munda amadya zakudya zam'mera ndi nyama, zakudya zawo zimatengera nyengo ndi nyengo. Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, phulusa la kumapiri limakhala malo ofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa mbalamezi.
Tchire la Rowan, monga zisa, izi zimayang'aniridwa mosamala kuchokera kwa ochita mpikisano. Ngati mbewu ya rowanberry ndi yokwanira, ndiye kuti masamba amtunduwu amakhalabe nthawi yachisanu m'deralo ndipo m'mphepete ofunda samawulukira.
Chithunzi chokhala pamunda ndi chithunzi chomangamanga
Ntchito zamtunda zimakonda kwambiri kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira amasamukira kum'mwera, ndipo mbalame zina zofooka zimafa panthawi ya ndege kuchokera kutopa.
Habitat
Fieldbird - mbalame yofala kwambiri, amakhala gawo la kontinenti ya Eurasian, kumpoto kwake. Mutha kukumana naye pafupifupi ku Europe, mpaka ku Siberia. Komanso, nthawi zina madera ogulitsa amakhala ku Africa ndi Asia. Komabe, nthumwi izi za passerines kulibe ku Spain; ndizosowa ku England ndi France.
Amakonda kupotoza zisa pamitengo yayitali, yomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi alow, msondodzi. Nthawi zina zimawuluka kukadyetsa mitsinje yaiwisi. Malo okondedwa a mbalame - m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pappices, nkhalango zowerengeka zowoneka patali pang'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. M'matchuthi akuda simudzakumana nawo.
Fananizani ndi kusamukira kumayiko ena, nthawi yozizira amakonda kukhala kumwera kwa Europe, Asia Minor, ndi kumpoto kwa Africa. Kupita kukazizira kumayiko otentha, mbalameyo imabwerako molawirira, ndipo mwezi wa Epulo wayamba kuswana. Komabe, ngati m'maiko aku Europe akapeza chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti sangasamuke, amakhalabe nthawi yachisanu kumalo odyera ndipo amakhala moyo wokhazikika.
Adani a Ntchito Zam'munda
Pansi, malo otetezedwa, onga mbalame zina zakuda, amasunthika ndikudumphadumpha, atagwira mutu wake molunjika. Akawona mdaniyo, amawongola kwambiri. Mdani atayandikira, ndiye kuti gulu lonse limasweka molowera kumphepo.
Mbalame yotchedwa Thrush ndi ya gulu la Passeriformes komanso banja la Thrush. Pazonse, pali mitundu yoposa 62, yomwe ku Russia ndi yofala kwambiri, yofiirira, yovundira, yokhala pamunda komanso chiguduli. Onsewa ndi oseketsa kuyenda pansi ndikudumphadumpha, ngati kuti ukugona nthawi imodzi. Ma Blackbird amakhala ku Europe, America ndi Asia, ndipo adabwera ku New Zealand kuchokera ku Europe.
Mbalame yotchedwa Thrush ndi ya gulu la Passeriformes komanso banja la Thrush
Zonse zakumpoto zimasunthira kum'mwera kwa overwinter, komwe zimasamukira, zimasamukira m'magulu akuluakulu, ndikusintha kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake mlengalenga. Amaponya zenizeni amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri amatisonkhanitsa kuchokera pansi, kudya mphutsi ndi akangaude, komanso mavu ndi zipatso. Mbalame zonse zamtunduwu ndi zaluso kwambiri, zam'manja, zaluso komanso anzeru. Zomvekera, kuyimba, kusangalala, kusunthika ndi chibadwa mwa iwo, komanso, amakonda kwambiri anthu.
Ma Blackbird amakhala ku Europe, America ndi Asia, ndipo adabwera ku Europe kuchokera ku New Zealand
Nyimbo
Anbambo a Nyimbo amakhala odziwika kwambiri chifukwa choimba bwino kwambiri, kutsanzira mbalame zina zomwe zikuimba mozungulira iwo, akumasula nyimbo zawo zonse nyimbo zawo. Ndizodabwitsa maulalo ojambulira usiku, omwe amamveka okoma komanso odekha kuposa mausiku enieni. Ndi nyimbo iyi, amphongo amakopa akazi ndipo amayang'ana malire a madera awo. Chibwenzi champhongo chikuwoneka choseketsa kwambiri: iye amathamangira chachikazi ndi mulomo wotseguka, kenako ndikulunga mchira wake, kenako nkutuluka. Mbalame sizimangokhala m'matchire kapena m'mitengo, komanso zimatha kukhala pachisa m'makoma a nyumba yakale kapena pansi.
Chisa chake chimapangidwa ndi nthambi, mbewa ndi udzu, kumanyowetsa ndi malovu ndikuwumbira ndi dongo, pomwe zimayikidwa ndowe za nyama. Pambuyo pouma, chisa chimakhala chomata chomata, pomwe chachikazi chimayikira mazira atatu mpaka 5 amtundu wonyezimira wowoneka bwino ndi madontho aang'ono amdima, omwe amasiyanitsa mazira amtunduwu kuchokera ku mazira ena onse. Mbalame zokhala ndi thukuta makamaka ngati spruce ndi ma conifers ena ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa adayamba kukhazikika m'mapaki oyambira komwe amakhala. Ku Europe, zovala za nyimbo kwa nthawi yayitali zimadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zamapaki. Amadyanso kwambiri ma invertebrates, ndipo nestlings amadyetsedwa ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono, mbozi ndi tizilombo. Mukugwa, amasinthira zipatso, mbewu ndi zipatso.
Kodi pheasants, kuswana kwawo kunyumba
Mtundu wakuda
Mtundu wakuda umasiyana ndi abale ake onse mtundu ndi mapiko - ali afupikitsa komanso ozungulira kumapeto. Mwa amuna okhwima, mtunduwo ndi wakuda, mulomo ndi lalanje, ndipo m'mphepete mwa matopewa ndi achikaso. Amuna achikulire okhwima amakhala utoto wakuda pamwambapa, ndipo zowonjezera zawo pansipa zimakhala ndi mawanga owala komanso amtambo. Amakhala ku Europe, ku Madeira, Canary Islands komanso ku Western Asia. Pa gombe lakumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian, mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi mbalame chotchuka kwambiri. Ndimakonda malo okhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'malo okhala m'mapiri. Mitambo yakuda kwambiri imakonda kuuluka. Zomwe zimapezeka nthawi ndi nthawi m'dera lathu, zimawuluka pafupifupi theka la dziko lapansi, kusuntha kuchokera Kummaŵa Kumpoto ndi Kamchatka, zimasuntha ngakhale kudutsa Nyanja ya Bering kupita ku Europe, kudutsa Asia onse.
Atsekwe a Kholmogorsk: kufotokozera kwa kuswana, kuswana mu phula
Woyimba wakuda poyimba sakhala wotsika kwenikweni kwa woyimbayo, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osangalatsa ndi nyimbo zina zaphokoso, koma nyimbo yake simalira mosangalatsa monga woimbayo, amadziwika ndi ulemu komanso chisoni. Iye, ngati nthabwala yoseketsa, amatulutsa mawu kuchokera kwa abale ake ena ndikulemeretsa kuyimba kwake ndi nyimbo za anthu ena. Chimakhala chovuta kwambiri pakudya: chimadya mavuvu, mphutsi, mbozi, tizilombo, ndipo zipatso zikaoneka, zimadya elderberry, rasipiberi, currant, blueberry ndi sitiroberi wamtchire, chitumbuwa, mbalame chitumbuwa ngakhale mphesa.
Bluebird
Bluebird ndi mbalame yocheperako kuposa mpheta , kumtunda kwake kuli utoto wotuwa, ndipo mbali yakumwambako ndi yoyera ndi mbali zoyera komanso chifuwa. Mapiko omwe ali kunsi kwa chifuwa ndi chifuwa ndi lalanje owala, pomwe amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, amakhala ndi imvi. M'mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe ake ali ofanana kwambiri ndi nyimbo. Mtundu wa buluu umapangira nyimbo zofananira komanso zaphokoso, ndipo okonda mbalame amakhulupirira kuti mtunduwu ndi wabwino kuposa woyimba. Pama zisa, amasankha nkhalango zowirira ndi malo osefukira am mitsinje, pomwe amadziikira mazira 5 obiriwira okhala ndi mawanga ofiira mu chisa chopangidwa ndi dongo chopangidwa ndi dongo ndi udzu wouma.
Pali mtundu winawake wam'madzi ku Far East taiga ndi nkhalango zakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Mbalameyo ndi yokongola kwambiri, yokongola komanso ikuimba modekha kwambiri kotero kuti imatchedwa ngale ya taiga. Ambiri okonda mbalame amalota kumugoneka kunyumba kwawo kuti azimusirira komanso kumvetsera nyimbo zake. Amayimba mokweza kwambiri m'chilimwe, amasangalatsa mbuye wake ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso zoimbira usiku. Woimbayo yemwe ali ndi tsitsi amadya phulusa la kumapiri ndi elderberry, komanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, komabe, kunyumba, kukonzekera kwapadera ndi chakudya cha nyama ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya chake, makamaka panthawi yosungunuka. Nthenga zakale zimafunikira kudulidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
Kodi thrush amadya chiyani?
Mbalame yam'munda imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kudya, kudya mosangalala zonse zanyama ndi nyama. Amakonda maswiti kwambiri, choncho nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira amasangalala ndi zipatso zatsopano. Chisangalalocho adadzipangira dzina chifukwa chokonda zipatso zopitilira muyeso, makamaka zabwino. Zinaonedwa kuti ngati kututa kwa zipatsozi ndi zochuluka mchaka chimodzi, mbalamezo sizisamuka, zikudya zipatso zomwe zimakonda kwambiri nthawi yozizira. Zakudya za mbalame zimadalira nthawi ya chaka komanso nyengo.
Nthawi zambiri kugwa kumawulukira m'minda ndi zipatso kuti akasangalale ndi zipatso zam'munda: buliberries, irga, sitiroberi zamtchire, viburnum, yamatcheri, currants. Chifukwa cha izi sakonda eni malo okhala.
M'chilimwe, pali mitundu yambiri ya chakudya chanyama:
- Zivomezi
- Molluscs
- Mamilioni
- Woodlice,
- Gulugufe
- Chikumbu
- Amphaka.
Kukonda mbalame kwa nyongolotsi zam'madzi nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kufa kwa madera athunthu: nyongolotsi zimayambitsa masisitere, zomwe zimayambitsa vuto logaya mbalame, zomwe zimayambitsa imfa.
Kuyendetsa minda kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ngati zidasanduka chaka chopendekera, mbalamezo zimasamukira nthawi yozizira, pomwe anthu ambiri amafa chifukwa chotopa munjira.
Nesting ndi kuswana
Akazi amagwira nawo ntchito yomanga chisa kuchokera ku nthambi ndi mbewa, ntchito yaimuna nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo gulu loteteza. "Nyumba" yamtambo imapezeka ngati kapu yayikulu kwambiri, yokutidwa ndi udzu watsopano mkati. Matope ndi matope amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa. Zimatenga masiku 4 mpaka 7 kumanga chisa cha mbalame; nthawi yocheza ndi kuyambira pa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi.
Mphekesera imodzi imakhala ndi mazira 4-7 okongoletsera okongola obiriwira ndi madontho a bulauni; munyengo yachilimwe mitundu iwiri ikhoza kuwonekera, nthawi zonse pamakhala mazira ochepa. Zachikazi zimasamala thukuta kwa masiku 12, nthawi yomweyo champhongo chimateteza chisa, koma osadyetsa "bwenzi" lake, amayenera kupeza yekha chakudya.
Makolo onse awiri amagawana chakudya posamalira mwana; Nthawi zambiri nkhupakupa zimangokhala palokha ndikusiya chisa cha makolo.
Mbidzi zakutchire zokhala ndi anapiye okhala ndi kachilomboka mu Meyi.
Adani a Fieldbird
Mwachilengedwe, phirili limapezekanso ndi adani angapo, omwe akuphatikizira oimira ena okhala ndi dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amawononga zisa za m'munda, chifukwa chake amawonedwa ngati adani akuluakulu. Amuna amenyera nkhondo mbalame zakuda ndi zigawo zonse, kuwakakamiza kuti asayende. Adani amaphatikiza nthabwala, mbendera zamatabwa, agologolo, agogo, ndi kadzidzi.
Zachidziwikire, mwamuna ndi chiopsezo kumunda.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, chidwi chofuna kuthandiza ena sichachilendo ku mbalamezi, mwachitsanzo, zachimuna zimathamangitsa molimba mtima agologolo omwe amawononga zisa zaudindo kapena zotchingira ntchentche. Chifukwa chake, pafupi ndi dera la kolimba mbalame zazing'ono zimakonda kukhazikika: greenfinchs, wand.
Fieldbird pamulu wa phulusa la mapiri.
Mawonekedwe a mbalame
Onani zina mwa zosangalatsa:
- Amakonda kupanga zisa zazitali kwambiri, pafupifupi, pamtunda wa mamita 3-5 pamwamba pa nthaka, pomwe mbalamezo zimakhala m'mapaki amtawuni, momwe zimakonda kulumikizana ndi anthu, zimakonda kukwera kwambiri.
- Nthawi zonse pamakhala zachabechabe komanso phokoso m'magulu a akuda, mbalame zimakhala zochezeka kwambiri ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, ndizokonzeka kuteteza zisa pamodzi.
- Mbalame zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito phulusa la kumapiri, chifukwa, kudutsa matumbo amaso, mbewu sizitaya kumera.
- Kusindikiza kwa phazi - kutalika kwa 5 cm - kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kwakukulukulu pakati pa zovala zakuda zaku Europe.
- Amasiyana pakukonda kwawo. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri azachilengedwe adziwa kuti zimakonda kuseketsa chisangalalo, nyanja zofiira, zipatso zakuda, koma zipatso za hawthorn zimakopa iwo pang'ono.
Awa ndi phulusa la mapiri osangalatsa, oyimira modabwitsa padziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi utoto, mbalame yokhala ndi mawonekedwe komanso zokonda zake, wokhalanso wolimba mtima wam'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi m'mapaki amzindawu.
Drozd-p_skun (koyambirira - Rabіnnіk, Tsі Drozd-rabіnnіk)
Gawo lonse la Belarus
Drozdovye wa Banja - Turdidae.
Ku Belarus - T. p. pilaris.
Mitundu yodziwika, yosamukasamuka, yodutsa komanso yosakhalitsa.
Mwanjira yocheperako ma jackdaw, koma ochulukirapo. Pofanana kukula kofanana ndi mkanda wakuda. Mutu, kumtunda kwa khosi ndi naduhvay imvi, mchirawo ndi woderapo, wosiyana kwambiri ndi mafotokozedwe ena onse. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, komwe kumawonekerako kumbuyo kwa utoto wa mbali yakumaso. Pachifuwa, pakhosi, komanso m'mimba pamimba dzimbiri-lokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima, owoneka bwino. Mimba yotsalayi ndiyoyera ndi mitsempha ya bulauni. Makungu a bulauni pachifuwa ali ndi mbali V. Mukayang'ana mbalame yowuluka kuchokera pansi, mawonekedwe oyera mapiko amadziwika. Bill ndi wachikasu wakuda wokhala ndi mutu wakuda, miyendo ndi yofiirira. Zambiri mwa mbalame zazing'ono zimafooka, thupi lakumtunda limakhala lofiirira. Kulemera kwa yamphongo ndi 70-140 g, wamkazi ndi 68-109 g. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 24-27 masentimita, mapiko ndi masentimita 40-44,5.Ulitali wamphongo wa amuna ndi 13 cm, mchira ndi 10-12 cm, mulomo ndiwo 3-4 cm, mulomo 1.5-2.5 masentimita. Kutalika kwa mapiko a akazi ndi 12,5-14,5 cm, mchira 9-11.5 cm, tarsus 2.5-4 cm, mlomo 2 cm.
Poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zakuda, mbalame yowoneka kwambiri, yobisalira. Panthawi yosamukira komanso nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'matumba. M'malo okhala nesting imaperekanso kukhalapo kwake ndikusweka kwakukulu. Chizindikiro chakuyitanitsa "tchscheckchcchk", pomwe ngozi idayamba "trrrrrr. sabata. " Nyimbo ya kutchire, m'malo mwake, ndi chete - twitter chete, yophatikizidwa ndi creak.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kukonzekera kufika kwa kasupe, popeza minda yambiri imakhala mozizira ndi ife, nthawi zina mbalamezi zimawonekera m'malo osungira chisa kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, komanso kumwera kwa Belarus kumapeto kwa Marichi. Masiku omwe mbalame zimafika komanso kuthawa zimasiyanasiyana pachaka.
Wosazindikira kwambiri posankha kuswana malo. Mumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo yosankhika, yosakanikirana komanso yopanda mchere. Itha kupezeka mu mitengo ya birch yokhala ndi spruce undergrowth, ndi mitengo yayitali yamapaini, komanso m'nkhalango zakale za oak. Mbalameyi imakonda malo owonda, osalala a nkhalangoyi, omwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi glade ndi glade, clearings ndi m'mbali.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapiri a mitsinje, m'malo ovuta, pafupi ndi madzi. Makamaka zifuniro zodzifunira pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu (m'nkhalango kunja kwa midzi, pafupi ndi nyumba zanyengo), komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana obiriwira azikhalidwe zamtchire (m'malo osungirako nyama m'nkhalango, malo okhalamo mapaki, m'manda a m'manda). Ndiofala makamaka m'nyumba zanyengo ndi m'mizinda, midzi yakumidzi nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus kumakhala nkhalango zamitundumitundu, m'malo mwa mitengo yamitengo (15,6%), kuchotseredwa (10.0%), nkhalango zamatondo (20.8%), minda yaying'ono yaminda (12,7%), msewu mikwingwirima (8.0%), minda ndi mapaki (12.4%).
Kudera la Brest, malo olimapo malo amayamba kusankha malo okhala malo okhala ndi kumanga chisa m'zaka za 2 - 3 zaka za Epulo, pazaka zabwino masiku 5 - 10 m'mbuyomu, zaka zosavomerezeka - pafupifupi masiku omwewo.
Zisa nthawi zina m'modziawiri, koma nthawi zambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (10-30 awiriawiri), nthawi zambiri zazikulu kwambiri (m'malo ena, kumpoto, zimaphatikizapo awiriawiri).
Zingwe zimapezeka pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamipini, ma alders achinyamata, mitengo, mitengo yayitali kutalika kwa 1-6 m, pamawonekedwe achikhalidwe - komanso pamipala, mapu, msondodzi, phulusa, larch, pomwe kutalika kwa nesting nthawi zambiri kumakhala kutalika kwambiri - 6-12 m ndi zina zambiri. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus, zisa nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamalo okwera 2-5 m (40%) ndi 4-6 m (35%), nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 6-8 m (10%) kapena kutalika kuposa 8 m (6.8%) . Chidacho chimakhala pa foloko ya thunthu, pakati pa thunthu ndi nthambi yayikulu, pamiyendo ya thunthu, pafupi ndi thunthu (mfundo zitatu zomwe zikupezeka pafupi zimathandizidwa) kapena patali kwambiri kuchokera pamenepo (pam nthambi zodutsa).
Chisa ndi chopangidwa chachikulu ngati chikho kuyambira masamba a chaka chatha ndi mapesi a chimanga ndi mapesi a mbewu zina zamtundu wa herbaceous, nthawi zina ndimapangidwe ophatikizika ndi masamba apamwamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono yopyapyala. Izi zimalumikizidwa mkati ndi dothi lonyowa, dongo, silika. Kenako imayalidwa ndi zinthu zina zowonongeka - makamaka zopyapyala zowuma za udzu, nthawi zina zosakanikirana ndi ulusi wopota. Kutalika kwa chisa ndi 8-15 masentimita, mainchesi ndi 12-23 cm, kuya kwa thireyi ndi 6-7.5 cm, mainchesi ndi 9.5-11.5 cm. Mbalame zomwe zinayamba kumanga chisa zitha kuzisiya chifukwa cha kuzizira, kenako nkubwerera ndikumaliza kumanga. Muzochitika izi, kumanga chisa kumatenga masiku 10.
Clutch imakhala ndi 5-6, nthawi zina 3-4, kawirikawiri mazira 7. Kumbuyo kwake kwa chigobacho ndi mtundu wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira. Malo owoneka ndi bulauni kapena bulawawisi. ”Nthawi zina amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa corolla, amakhala omwazikana pang'ono m'mphepete mwake. Kukula kwa dzira 6.7 g, kutalika 25-32 mm, mainchesi 19-23 mm.
Pamunda wam'munda, magawo awiri obala amakhala atatchulidwa. Nthawi zoberekera mbalame zimakulitsidwa ndi miyezi pafupifupi 3.5. Kutalika kwa nthawi yodyetserako komanso kuphatikizika kwazokoka kwa anapiye munthawi ya kubereka kukufotokozedwa ndi kusakanikirana kwakanthawi imodzi kumunda wamkati mozungulira kubereka komanso kukhalanso kwamtendere.
Mbalameyi imayamba kuswana mu theka lachiwiri la Epulo. Komabe, maanja ambiri amayikira mazira nthawi kuchokera zaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo mpaka zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi. Zomera zimakhala kawiri pachaka. Mikwingwirima yachiwiri imapezeka mu theka lachiwiri la Juni. Yaikazi imagwiruka kwa masiku 13 mpaka 14, makulitsidwe amayamba mkazi atayika dzira lotsiriza. Wamphongo panthawiyi amateteza chisa ndipo mdani akaiyandikira ndi mkokomo, amamuukira, nthawi zambiri amataya chimbudzi. Kubadwa kwa anapiye kumachitika m'ma 2 mpaka 3 Meyi. Pakadutsa masiku awiri kuchokera pamene ankhandwe amakwatirana, chachikazi sichinachotsepo chisa. Pakadali pano, wamwamuna amamuyang'anira, yemwe mphindi iliyonse ya 10-15. amabweretsa chakudya - nyongolotsi zingapo. Ana amphaka ali ndi chisa kwa masiku 12 mpaka 13, pomwe makolo onsewa amawadyetsa.
Olima m'munda amadyetsa ana aang'ono ndi ma invertebrates, makamaka ma nyansi. Pezani chakudya pansi m'malo okhala ndi udzu wochepa, makamaka pakati masamba. Izi zikufotokozera kuti malo okhala nesting ali pafupi ndi malo okhala ndi dothi lonyowa. M'malo oterowo, samangolekeredwa pakubala kwa nyama zazing'ono, komanso masiku oyambira atafika. Mu theka lachiwiri la Juni - Julayi, makolo amabweretsa mabulosi, sitiroberi, ndi zina zotero.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa malo osaka nyama m'minda yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu panthawi yakudyetsa anapiye kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus anali 1526 miliyoni m².
Panthawi yodyetsa anapiye, makolo amabweretsa chakudya chisa mu nthawi 110-160 masana. Nthawi zambiri zomwe makolo amadyetsa anapiye zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwawo, zaka zawo, komanso nthawi yatsiku. Mphamvu yakudyetsa (nthawi 12-15 pa ola limodzi) ndi kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa chakudya patsiku kupita ku chisa ndi 6 anapiye amafikira masiku 8-9 amoyo wawo. Potsika pang'ono, zizindikirozi zimalembedwa chisa momwe panali anapiye anayi. Kumayambiriro kokadyetsa anapiye m'masiku atatu a moyo wawo, kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zam'mimba sizimaposa nthawi 6-7. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imatenga nawo gawo ntchito yodyetsa anapiye, pomwe wamkazi amakhala mpaka 40-60% masana masana pachisa, akutenthetsa anapiye.
Anapiye oyamba kubereka azikhala m'zaka zitatu za Meyi - khumi zoyambirira za June. Ma hatchlings okhala pamunda amasiya zisa zakukonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha, osatha kuwuluka, ali ndi mapiko osagwa ndi mchira, ndipo akuluakulu amawadyetsa ndikuwaphunzitsa kwa masiku 10-12. Amayamba moyo wodziyimira kwathunthu pazaka pafupifupi mwezi.
Mikwingwirima yachiwiri imachitika mchaka cha 2 mpaka 3 cha Juni, anapiye amasiya zisa mchaka cha 1 ndi 2 cha Julayi.
Mu Julayi, mbalame zimasamukira ku chilimwe, pomwe akuluakulu, anapiye a ana oyamba ndi achiwiri amatenga nawo mbali. Mu khumi lachitatu la Julayi - theka loyamba la Ogasiti, mbalame zimayamba kusonkhana pagulu zomwe zimasamukira kumalo owetera.
Kusunthidwa kwazinyumba kwamabwalo akumunda kupita kumalo ozizira kumawonedwa mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Kusunthika kwakukulu kwa nyengo yaminda yam'munda kumachitika mu 2nd - 3rd ya Okutobala - theka loyamba la Novembala.
MaBlackbird amatha kupirira chisanu mpaka -30 ° С, chomwe chimawalola kukhalabe nthawi yachisanu mukakhala chakudya ngakhale kumalire a kumpoto kwa masambawo. Kwazaka 40 zapitazi, phulusa la mapiri lakhala likupezeka pafupipafupi m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yozizira, komanso zaka 20 zapitazi - m'magawo azinyumba zamalimwe. Nthawi zina magulu oyendayenda a anthu 100 kapena kupitilira. Makamaka magulu ambiri a mbalame zosamukasoka adalembedwa zaka zakukolola kwakukulu phulusa laphiri - mbalame yayikulu idye. Minda yam'munda imakhala m'malo opatsa zakudya mpaka atadya zipatso zonse. Nthawi zotere zimabwerezedwa pafupipafupi zaka zitatu zilizonse.
Chakudya cham'munda chimasiyanasiyana kwambiri mu nyengo za chaka. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, izi zimakonda kudya chakudya cha nyama - nyansi, tizilombo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono - kutola nyama pansi. Pakati pa chilimwe, mabulosi abuluu, yamatcheri, rasipiberi ndi mabulosi akuda ayamba kudya. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi phulusa lamapiri, viburnum, zipatso za mistletoe, ma concerto a juniper, nthangala za maapulo achisanu omwe adatsala pamitengo.
Pakadutsa zaka phulusa lamapiri, kumayendayenda m'minda ndikuyenda m'madzi kukafuna chakudya. Pazaka zachuma phulusa lamapiri ndi zipatso zina, zimapumira pamtunda wa Brest pafupifupi nyengo yonse yachisanu. Mbalame zimachoka m'derali pambuyo poti phulusa la kumapiri litatha. Magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena anthu wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka; posakhalitsa zipatso, mbalamezi zimamatirira m'mphepete mwa mizere yopanda ayezi kapena m'mapaki m'mizinda.
Chiwerengero cha malo omwe amakhala ku Belarus ndi chokhazikika, akuyerekeza magulu 300-500 ochulukitsa. Panalibe kusinthasintha kowerengeka kwa mbalame m'zaka zapitazo ndipo zimasiyana mosachulukitsa katatu kakulidwe.
Achikulire pazaka 18 zolembedwa ku Europe ndi mwezi umodzi.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Ufumu wa nyama ku Belarus. Vertebrates: zolembalemba. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399 p.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yotesky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Mbalame za ku Belarus: Buku Lotsogolera la Nied ndi Mazira" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.
3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I V. "Zachilengedwe zam'madzi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.
4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Mbalame za ku Belarus". Minsk, 1967. -521s.
5. Abramova IV, Gaiduk V. Ye. "Kubzala kwa thrush (Turdus, Turdidae, Passeriformes) kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus" / Mavuto enieni a sayansi ya zoology ku Belarus: Kutolere kwa zolemba XI Zool. Int. zasayansi komanso zothandiza. Conf., Yoperekedwa pachaka cha 10 kukhazikitsidwa kwa Sayansi ndi Production Association "Sayansi ndi Yothandiza Center for Biologicalource of the National Academy of Science of Belarus", Belarus, Minsk. T. 1, 2017.S. 6-17
6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) Mndandanda wazaka zazitali za mbalame zaku Europe.
Mawonekedwe Kutupa kwakukulu, kumtunda kwa mutu ndi kupukutira ndi imvi, imvi ndi mapiko pansi ndi zoyera, msana ndi bulawuni, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda, chifuwa ndi mbali ndizoyenda ndi zakuda.
Wofinya "tra-ra-ra-ra. "Ndi mawonekedwe oyaka. Kuyimba kwanyimbo sikuti kuyimba, kumakhala kofanana ndi kakhalidwe ka munthu wobvala woyera, koma mokweza kwambiri, mwinanso mwachangu kwambiri. Shambazi alibe zolemba mluzu.
Zizolowezi. Amakhala nkhalango zowala komanso mapaki.
Chakudya. Amadyetsa nyongolotsi za pansi, ma bumbu, tizilombo, zomwe zimasonkhanitsa pansi, zikugundana ndi zinyalala.
Malo okongoletsa. Posankha malo okhala malo okhala, zovuta pamunda sizabwino kwambiri. Imakhala mu nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zowuma, koma makamaka m'malo owoneka bwino, m'mphepete, m'mphepete, m'mipata, ndi m'malo ambiri - ngakhale m'minda ndi m'mapaki.
Komwe kuli chisa. Zovuta za m'munda zimayimba kamodzi, nthawi zina m'malire. Dera limodzi la zisa zingapo, zopendekeka limodzi, lingapezeke pakati pa mitengo ing'onoing'ono ya Khrisimasi yomwe imamera munkhalango yowola. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakhala pakati pa nthambi ziwiri zoyandikira pafupi ndi mtengo waukulu, nthawi zina pamapangidwe munthambi, osakhala pamtunda wa mamita 5-6, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mita 2-3 kuchokera pansi.
Zomangira zakutchire. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi udzu wawo wowuma. M'mbali mwake ndi m'munsi mwake muli simenti yokhazikika pansi. Zinyalala zamkati ndizofewa, zopangidwa ndi ulusi wamitengo ya macerated ndi zimayambira.
Maonekedwe ndi miyeso ya zitsulo. Chisa chopangidwa ndi Cup. Kapangidwe kake ndi kakulupo kuposa kaimbidwe kanyimbo komanso koyera, koma kakang'ono pang'ono kuposa thumba. Kutalika kwa zitsulo ndi 130-200 mm, kutalika kwa thonje ndi 90-120 mm, kuya kwa thayala ndi 100-120 mm, kuya kwa thayala ndi 60-70 mm, khoma lamtunda ndi 20-30 mm, ndipo makulidwe pansi ndi 2040 mm.
Zomwe zimapangidwa. Clutch ya 5-6, nthawi zina mazira 7 obiriwira okhala ndi timawonekedwe tating'ono. Makulidwe a Dzira: (26-32) x (19-24) mm.
Madeti achikondwerero. Kufika kumayamba koyambirira, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. M'mwezi wa Epulo, mbalame zimamanga zisa, ndipo theka lachiwiri la mwezi uno zimayamba kulowerera mazira. Mu theka loyambirira la Meyi, anapiye amayamba kuoneka, ndipo kumapeto kwa Meyi komanso kumayambiliro a Juni, kunyamuka kwawo kuzinthu zambiri kumachitika. Mu Juni, minda yam'munda imayambira lachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira komwe sikuli kokwanira kupitirira 4.Amawuluka mochedwa, mu Novembala, ndipo nthawi yokolola mosadukiza, magulu amtundu umodzi amakhala mkati mwa msewu mpaka Disembala ngakhale Januware.
Kugawa. Imagawidwa kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo a Russia kum'mawa kupita kumtsinje wa Aldan ndi Vitim, komanso ku Sakhalin kudera lonse la nkhalango ndi nkhalango zam'mapiri, ndipo m'malo ena amalowa kum'mwera kwa tundra.
Zisanu. M'nyengo yozizira, imayenda mozizira kumwera kwa dzikolo, m'zaka zaposachedwa magulu akulu azaminda nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira amapezeka m'mapaki ndi mabwalo amizinda ku Europe ku Russia.
Kufotokozera kwa Buturlin. Zoyenda pamunda ndizabwino chosiyana kuchokera kumitundu ina yokongoletsedwa ndi mtundu wa bulauni wa bulauni ndi mtundu waimvi wamutu, khosi (kumbuyo) ndi chovala. Kumunsi kwake kumapangidwanso, koma zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhazikika kwambiri pachifuwa chadzimbiri ndi m'mbali mwake. Pa kuuluka kwa mbalameyo mutha kuwona mbali zakuda kwambiri (zakuda kuchokera kumbali zakumaso) ndi mapiko oyera oyera. Kukula kwa malo achitetezo kumakhala kwakukulu kukhala-ofiira ndi khwawa kufika kutalika kwa 25-25 sentimita. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto wofanana, pomwe achichepere amakhala ndi mikwingwirima kumbuyo kwawo.
Kugawa phulusa la mapiri limayenderana ndi malo obzala ofiira, makamaka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa dziko lathu. Koma izi zimasunthira kum'mwera, mpaka kukafika ku Ukraine, Lower Volga ndi Orenburg. Ku Asia, kumalowera kumwera ku Altai, Sayan Range ndi Lake Baikal. Panyengo yophukira, magulu ambiri a phulusa la mapiri amasamukira kum'mwera kwa malo osungira ndikuwonekera kumwera kwa Europe, Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus ndi Kazakhstan. Masamba ambiri ozizira kuno, koma nthawi zambiri amasamukira kumwera ku North Africa ndi Asia Minor.
Yophukira akuyenda Mitengo yayikuluyi ikukhudzana kwambiri ndi kukolola zipatso zamtchire m'malo osiyanasiyana adzikolo. Atamaliza kupanga nesting, phulusa la paphiripo limasonkhana m'matumba ndikuyamba kusinthanitsa ndi chakudya chambiri. Choyamba iwo kudyetsa sitiroberi zamtchire ndi ma buluu, ndiye - cranberries, cranberries (kumpoto), ndipo pakucha kwa phulusa lamapiri amakonda zipatso zonse, kulungamitsa dzina lawo labwino.
Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, ana akhanda am'madzi amatha kuwoneka m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwachangu ndi m'matumbo, pomwe mbalame zimadumphira ndi kusambira kapena udzu. Kuphatikiza pa zipatso, amapeza pano nkhono, mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Zomwe zimasokonekera zimakweza mitu yawo pamwamba pa udzu, kuyang'ana mozungulira ndikuwerama mopanda chidwi, ndikukoka mchira wawo ndikupanga phokoso losalala. Pakadali pano, mutha kukhala ndi nthawi yoganizira mtundu wawo ndikupeza omwe mukuchita nawo.
Zisangalalozi zimakonda kupangika zipatso zosakanizika, ndipo nthawi yokolola, mitengo ina ikapachikidwa m'dzinja ndi zipatso zazikulu za zipatso zowala, magulu akulu a phulusa la m'mapiri amatuluka kuyambira m'mawa mpaka m'minda yamzinda. Mbalame zimasamala kwambiri ndipo zikafika, poyamba sizimangokhala chete. Kuonetsetsa kuti ali otetezeka, amayamba kutsina zipatso pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwununkha, ndikukoka burashi ndikuwameza yonse. Gulu losokonezekalo limasochera kwina ndi mokweza mawu “tra-ra-ra-ra. "" "" "Chowoneka ngati chamtambo chimachoka. Koma patapita mphindi zochepa kumakhala chofufumitsa pamtengowo (mwina kuchokera pagulu lina), ndipo pambuyo pake nthawi zina zimawuluka kuchokera ku mbalame makumi asanu zamtunduwu. Zipatsozi zikugwa pamaso pathu, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa dzinja, mitengo yambiri ili kale yopanda zipatso. Chifukwa chake, pang'onopang'ono kudya nkhalango zoperekedwa izi, magulu a phulusa la kumapiri amasamukira kumwera. Mbalame siziopa nyengo yozizira ndipo nthawi zina zimapezeka munjira yapakatikati nyengo yachisanu isanayambe komanso ngakhale mawonekedwe a chipale chofewa. Kuchokera ku zipatso zina, minda yamtunda imadya zipatso zokhala ndi zipatso, ma bulugamu, roseberry, hawthorn, bilberry, crowberry, ndi zipatso za juniper, ndi ma azitona, mafuta apamwamba, ndi zipatso za mitengo ya mastic kumwera.
Bwerera pa zisa m'munda wam'munda zimayambira molawirira. Makamu owuluka oyamba amapezeka mumsewu wapakati kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi, nthawi zina madzi, mitsinje isanatseguke. Kutalika kokwanira kumakhala mu Epulo. Gulu lalikulu la mbalame 100-150, ndikuyimba mokweza, nthawi zina limawuluka kwambiri ndikuima kudyera kumapeto kwa nkhalango ndi tchire komwe kwateteza zipatso, m'mphepete zoyambirira komanso ngakhale m'minda. Pakadali pano, amayenera kukhala ndi njala, koma mbalame sizimasamala kwambiri chakudya ndipo sizitaya mtima. Gulu lotsala la nkhosa limaphatikizidwa ndi phulusa la polyphonic, lodziwika kutali.
Zoyenda pamunda chisa nthawi zonse madera, zisa zingapo pafupi wina ndi mnzake, ndipo osasankha bwino posankha malo okhalamo. Sangokhala m'nkhalango zowirira zokha. Mwachitsanzo, kumpoto kwa Far North ku Murmansk, phulusa la mapiri limakhala m'malire a nthambi ya birch. Mokulira kwa nkhalango zakumpoto zopitilira (taiga), tchire limakhala pafupi ndi m'mphepete, m'mapiri, matanda ndi zigwa zamtsinje, komanso m'malo ambiri - ngakhale m'minda ndi m'mapaki.
Jacks phulusa laphiri ndilokulira poyerekeza ndi lothimbirira ndi nyimbo, yokhala ndi mbali zomata zolimba ndi maziko komanso yolumikizira zofewa zamkati ndi mapesi. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zapamwamba kuposa zisa za zomwe zimafotokozedwa zing'onozing'ono (mamita awiri ndi atatu kuchokera pansi), nthawi zambiri pakati pa nthambi ziwiri zamtundu, zomwe zimayambira kwambiri thunthu. Vutoli limafanana kwambiri ndi phulusa lamapiri m'mapiri otumphukira.
Mazira Zofanana kwambiri ndi mazira ofiira, komanso obiriwira, okhala ndi timawonekedwe tofiyira, koma okulirapo (kutalika mpaka mamilimita 32). Kuchuluka kwa iwo mu clutch ndi 5-6, koma nthawi zina pamakhala 7. Pakati pa msewu, bwalo lam'munda limaswedwa kawiri nthawi yachilimwe, koma chachiwiri - June clutch pali kawirikawiri mazira oposa 4. Nthawi yakukula kwa mazira ndi anapiye ndi ofanana ndi zina, kapena zochulukirapo. Makolo onsewa amakhala ndi mphamvu yoteteza chisa ndi anapiye kwa mdulidwe mwanjira yapadera, yolimba: ndi mawu olankhula “ra-ra-ra. "Kutupa kumadziponyera pafupi ndi nkhope ndikuwaza madontho amadzi. Pambuyo pa kuukiridwa koteroko, mwadzidzidzi amakakamizidwa kuti athawe, galu nthawi zina amathawa, mchira mchira.
Mafotokozedwe amtundu otengedwa kuchokera Chinsinsi cha mbalame ndi mbalame zisa za pakati Russia (Bogolyubov A.S., Zhdanova O.V., Kravchenko M.V. Moscow, Ecosystem, 2006).
Zida zathu zaukadaulo wazogwiritsira pa ornithology ndi mbalame zaku Russia:
Zathu pamtengo wosagulitsa (pa mtengo wopanga)
zitha kutero kupeza kutsatira zida zophunzitsira pa ornithology ndi mbalame zaku Russia:
Kompyuta (yodziwika ndi PC-Windows) yokhala ndi mafotokozedwe ndi zithunzi za mitundu 206 ya mbalame (zojambula za mbalame, ma silhouette, zisa, mazira ndi mawu), komanso pulogalamu yamakompyuta yodziwira mbalame zomwe zimakumana ndi chilengedwe.
kugwiritsa ntchito ma foni mafoni a Android ndi mapiritsi anu (mutha kuwugula mgulu la Google Play),
Ntchito za iPhone ndi iPad:, (zonsezo zitha kutsitsidwa kuchokera ku AppStore),
chizindikiritso chamunda wamthumba,
matebulo ozindikiritsa,
kuzindikiritsa mabuku a mndandanda wa "Encyclopedia of Nature of Russia":,
Ma discs a MP3 omwe ali ndi mawu a mbalame (nyimbo, kukuwa, kuyimba):