Asayansi aku Japan alengeza zakupeza komwe kungapulumutse miyoyo yambiri. Masiku ano mankhwala afika pamlingo waukulu kuposa kale, koma odwala amakhalabe ndi ziwalo kapena magazi ofunikira. Potsirizira, mwina posachedwa sipangakhale mavuto: ofufuzawo adatha kupanga magazi opanga oyenera kuthana ndi aliyense.
Mitundu yamagazi a odwala iyenera kutsimikiziridwa asanalandire magazi, chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito zachipatala mwadzidzidzi ndi ogwira ntchito ena azaumoyo saloledwa kuthira magazi kufikira atamveka. Kutuluka kwa magazi a dziko lonse lapansi kudzalola kuti njirayi ichitike ngakhale isanatengere omwe akukhudzidwayo kuchipatala - pamapeto pake izi zidzakulitsa mwayi wopulumuka mavuto akavulala.
Kuyesedwa kwachitika kale pa akalulu, ndipo zotsatira zake, malinga ndi asayansi, zikuwoneka zolimbikitsa kwambiri: nyama zisanu ndi imodzi mwa khumi zomwe zikufunika kuthiridwa magazi zidapulumuka. Palibe zoyipa zomwe zidawonedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, magazi oterowo amatha kusungidwa pamtunda wabwinobwino koposa chaka. Ngati kuyesedwa kowonjezereka kukuloleza kuti izi zidziwike kukhala zamankhwala, izi zidzathandizira ntchito ya madokotala ndikupulumutsa miyoyo yambiri.
Mliriwu udapangitsa asayansi aku Russia kuti akumbukire tsamba lochititsa chidwi mu mbiri ya Russian biophysics. Tikulankhula za mankhwala apadera, omwe nthawi ya Soviet idabisika mwachinsinsi ndipo amakumana ndi zovuta mpaka omwe amadzipha. Chifukwa chiyani ankalankhula za mankhwalawo, omwe ndi magazi othanirana ndi magazi, mogwirizana ndi coronavirus? Kodi zingakhale kuti njira zothandizira odwala, zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, sizowona?
Kuyesaku si kwa munthu kuti akhale ndi chiyembekezo: mbewa yamoyo yokhala ngati muloyi imayikidwa mumadzi momwe ikupitirirabe kupumira. Zachidziwikire, chinsinsi apa sichiri mu nyama, koma kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu madzi awa. Ma perfluorocarb amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwa kuyamwa kenako kupatsa mpweya. Pogwiritsa ntchito nyumbayi, asayansi adapanga emulsion yochita kupanga okosijeni. Perftoran.
Zaka zapitazo ku Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics ku Pushchino, asayansi akhala akupanga zomwe atolankhani amatcha "magazi amtambo". Ichi ndi mankhwala omwe amatha kutenga zina mwa ntchito za magazi ofiira - mwachitsanzo, kukwezedwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa okosijeni. Gulu la otukula motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Beloyartsev apereka mphotho m'boma, koma mwadzidzidzi kafukufukuyu waleka. A KGB amafufuza Felix Beloyartsev. Mu Disembala 1985, osatha kupirira kupanikizika, wasayansiyo anangodzikhomera m'nyumba yakwawo.
Muofesi ya Heinrich Ivanitsky, yemwe anali mkulu wa Pushcha Institute panthawiyo, chithunzi cha Felix Beloyartsev anali pamalo otchuka. Mwachidziwikire, kumwalira kwake kunakhala mankhwala osokoneza bongo otsatsa malonda. Kwa zaka zambiri, maofesi amitundu mitundu adayesa kutsimikizira kuvulala kwake.
Henry Ivanitsky, woyang'anira Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Science: “" Woyimira milandu adamutumiza kuti akafufuze ku Ukraine ngati mwina pali zotupa za khansa mu mbewa kapena ayi. Chabwino, tinatumiza kuchuluka kwa malita aanowa. Ndayitanitsa Romodanov, ndikuti: mwatani? Akuti: mukudziwa, Heinrich, tili ndi zodabwitsa - tili ndi mphamvu zonse ndipo awa ndi omwe adatsanulira. "
Otsutsa chithunzi cha Beloyartsev ndi chithunzi chochokera ku Mphoto ya Boma ya 1998 ya Perftoran. Asayansi adatha kupulumutsa mankhwalawo, kufufuzidwa, kukhazikitsa kupanga, koma adalephera kuupulumutsa.
Sergey Vorobyovmu zaka Woyambitsa komanso wamkulu wa NPF "Perftoran" ku Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences: "Tidayesera kuwonjezera izi, koma mwatsoka, mankhwalawo adagulidwa ndi mabungwe ogulitsa. Momwemonso, adapita, ngati kuti, akusambira kwaulere. Pazaka pafupifupi zisanu, mankhwalawa sanapezeke, mwatsoka, samapezeka m'mafakisi. "
Pomwe adafunsidwa za kuyankhulana, mkulu wa kampaniyi adamufunsa kuti asalemberenso, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti tsopano ndi nthawi yoti ayankhule za perfluorane. Mu Epulo, akatswiri ochokera ku China ndi ku Italy amafalitsa maphunziro odziyimira pawokha. Nthawi zambiri, amati cholinga chachikulu cha ma coronavirus si mapapu, koma erythrocyte, yomwe imakhala ndi mpweya m'thupi lonse. Ndipamene mphamvu za hypoxia zimachokera, ndichifukwa chake makina olowera mpweya samathandiza nthawi zonse. Muzovuta kwambiri, mpweya wa okosijeni samapitirira kuposa mapapu - palibe zoyendera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake olemba, monga chithandizo, akuwonetsa kuwunikira, ndiye kuti, kuikidwa magazi. Komano pafupifupi kumverera kumayamba.
Alexander EdigerDokotala Wachipatala: “Ndinakweza zomwe zinali, ndipo mukudziwa, tsitsi langa lonse linayamba kupindika. Mpweya wabwino wam'mapapo ndi ECMO - extracorporeal membrane oxygenation - izi zimaphatikizanso othandizira kupuma, amachepetsa magazi ndi kukhathamiritsa magazi ndi mpweya. Ndipo apa mutha kudzaza magazi ndi mpweya popanda izi zolimbitsa thupi zovuta, zotenga nthawi komanso zowopsa. "
Asayansi ku Pushkin Institute adatha kupulumutsa malo ochepa kuti apange mafuta opanga mafuta - mankhwala omwe sanapangidwebe ndi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi. Popanda ndalama zambiri komanso kupanga mafakitale molingana ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wopangira mankhwala, mankhwala sangabweretsedwe pamsika, koma tsopano ndi ofunikira, osati luso lokha kusuntha okosijeni, omwe akupanga awa ali otsimikiza.
Evgeny Maevsky, Mtsogoleri wa Laboratory of Biological Systems Energy, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science: “Ngati mafuta apamwamba akakhazikitsidwa, ndiye kuti mpweya wonse wamatsenga umatulutsidwa m'mapapu. Ndiye kuti, mapapu amatha kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi ma fluorocarbons, omwe amalimbitsa mawonekedwe a maselo onse am'mapapu. Kodi mungayerekezere Komanso, kulumikizana kumeneku kumathandizanso kuti munthu akhale wopanda magazi! ”
Komabe, kafukufuku pa miyezo yapadziko lonse yamankhwala yokhala ndi perftoran sanachitike. Ndipo uwu ndi mkangano wa wokayikira.
Valery Subbotin, Mutu wa Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MKSC iwo. Loginova: "Zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti coronavirus imalowa m'magazi ofiira ndi lingaliro, lotsimikiziridwa, ndikutsimikizira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto losamvetsetseka kungapangitse zinthu zambiri. ”
Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti mankhwalawa safunika kupimidwa kuti alimbane ndi coronavirus, chifukwa mankhwala ambiri omwe alipo tsopano akufufuza, makamaka popeza ali ndi chidwi ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wotere padziko lonse lapansi.
Magazi otetezeka
Poyamba, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito othandizira posowa wina. Magazi pawokha kuchokera kwa wopereka akhoza kukhala owopsa ambiri. Nthawi zina anthu amakhala onyamula matenda amtundu uliwonse popanda kukayikira. Kuyesedwa mwachangu kumayang'ana magazi a Edzi, hepatitis, syphilis, koma ma virus ena ndi matenda ena sangathe kuzindikira ngati woperekayo sakudziwa za iwo.
Ngakhale njira zodzitetezera, ma virus angapo amasinthidwa limodzi ndi magazi. Mwachitsanzo, herpes, cytomegalovirus, papillomavirus. Hepatitis imaperekedwanso nthawi zina, chifukwa kuyezetsa kumatha kudziwa kukhalapo kwa hepatitis miyezi yochepa atalowa m'magazi.
Magazi atsopano amatha kusungidwa kwa masiku 42 (pafupifupi) ndi maola ochepa osazizirira. Ziwerengero zaku US zikunena kuti anthu pafupifupi 46 amwalira tsiku limodzi chifukwa cha magazi - ichi ndi chifukwa china chomwe asayansi (osati ku United States okha) agwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri kupeza wolowa m'malo magazi.
Magazi opanga amatha kupulumutsa mavuto onse. Magazi opanga amatha kukhala bwino kuposa zenizeni. Ingoganizirani kuti ndi yoyenera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi gulu lirilonse, limasungidwa nthawi yayitali kuposa magazi wamba komanso m'malo modekha, limapangidwa mwachangu komanso mwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wamagazi ochita kupanga ungapangidwe wotsika kuposa mtengo wamagazi kuchokera kwa opereka.
Mavuto a hemoglobin
Kuyesera kuti apange magazi ofukula kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka pafupifupi 60. Ndipo ngati titenga ngati maziko kuyesera kwa dokotala wa opaleshoni waku Soviet Vladimir Shamov pakuika magazi kwa cadaveric, koyamba koyamba mu 1928, zikukwaniritsidwa kuti njira yopita ku magazi osachokera kwa opereka wamba ili pafupifupi zaka 90.
Magazi a Cadaveric samavala chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mapuloteni a fibrinogen mmenemo, safunikira kuwonjezera kwa okhazikika kuti asungidwe, ndipo amatha kuthandizira wodwala wokhala ndi gulu lililonse la magazi. Mutha kupeza zambiri - mtembo m'modzi amakulolani kukonzekera malita 2.9 a magazi.
Mu 1930, dokotala wa opareshoni ku Soviet komanso wasayansi Sergey Yudin kwa nthawi yoyamba adagwiritsa ntchito magazi mu chipatala cha anthu omwe amwalira mwadzidzidzi. Pambuyo pake, zokumana nazo zomwe adazipeza zidagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pazaka za Nkhondo Yadziko II, pomwe magazi omwe adalandira kuchokera kwa akufa nthawi zambiri amakhala mwayi wokha wopulumuka wa asitikali ovulala.
Kuyesera koyamba, kopambana kwa magazi opanga kunayamba mu 80s ya zaka zapitazi, pamene asayansi adayesa kuthana ndi vuto la kaperekedwe ka oxygen ku ziwalo. Maselo opanga anali opangidwa kuchokera ku hemoglobin ya munthu yoyeretsedwa yomwe imanyamula oxygen. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti hemoglobin kunja kwa cell imalumikizana bwino ndi ziwalo, imawononga minofu ndikuwongolera vasoconstriction. Panthawi yamayesero oyeserera a magazi oyamba, odwala ena adadwala stroko. Kuyesaku sikunathere pompo, m'magazi amalo mozungulira ma cell mamolekyu a hemoglobin adalandira utoto wa polima yapadera yapangidwe.
Mwazi. Ingowonjezerani madzi
Mamolekyu otetezedwa ndi ufa omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse pothira madzi. Maselo opanga amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magazi amtundu uliwonse ndikusungidwa nthawi yayitali firiji. Komabe, sizithandiza pakuwonongeka kwambiri kwa magazi ndikuthandizira wodwalayo pokhapokha kuwayika magazi enieni kuchokera kwa woperekayo kuchitidwa.
Pakafukufuku wina, mafuta a perfluorocarbons adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa hemoglobin. Awa ndi ma hydrocarbon omwe maatomu onse a hydrogen amasinthidwa ndi ma atomu a fluorine. Amatha kusungunula mitundu yambiri yamagesi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo okosijeni.
Mabotolowa amakhala ndi Oxycyte, magazi oyera opakidwa ndi mafuta angapo opanga mafuta
Hemoglobin ya Fluosol-DA-20 ya hemoglobin idapangidwa ku Japan ndipo idamuyesa koyamba ku United States mu Novembala 1979. Oyamba kulandira iwo anali odwala omwe akukana kuikidwa magazi pazifukwa zachipembedzo. Kuyambira 1989 mpaka 1992, anthu opitilira 40,000 adagwiritsa ntchito Fluosol. Chifukwa cha zovuta pakusunga mankhwalawo komanso mtengo wake wokwera, kutchuka kwake kunatsika ndikupanga kutseka. Mu 2014, Oxecyte perfluorocarbon adawonekera, koma mayeso adachepetsedwa pazifukwa zosadziwika.
Kuyesera kunapangidwanso kuti apange cholowa m'malo mwa magazi motengera bovine hemoglobin. Chonyamulira cha oxygen cha Hemopure chinali chokhazikika kwa miyezi 36 kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo chikugwirizana ndi magulu onse amwazi. Hemopure adavomereza kugulitsa malonda ku South Africa mu Epulo 2001. Mu 2009, wopanga Hemopure adapita banki popanda chilolezo kuti ayese mankhwala kwa anthu ku United States.
Njira zamatsenga
Kugwiritsira ntchito poling polymer ku mamolekyulamu a hemoglobin ndi njira yopweteka kwambiri yomwe sinachepetse mtengo wamwazi. Kuphatikiza apo, hemoglobin ndi gawo limodzi la mavuto. Gawo lililonse la maselo (maselo ofiira a magazi, maselo othandiza magazi ndi maselo oyera) lili ndi tanthauzo lake kwa thupi. Zomwe zimachitika m'magawo olowa m'malo amwazi zimapangidwa makamaka kuti apange gawo limodzi la magazi: kupereka minyewa ndi mpweya. Mwanjira ina, dera lokhala kunja kwa okosijeni lomwe limayendetsa maselo ofiira a m'magazi ndi chiopsezo chosagonjetseka kwa asayansi.
Monga a biophysicist Mikhail Panteleev adanenanso m'nkhani yokhudza mavuto a magazi owumbidwa, m'zaka zaposachedwa adatha kupita patsogolo kwambiri pantchito yokutsatira mapulateleti, omwe amathandiza kukonza kuvulala ndi magazi ochepa. Asayansi amatenga liposome kapena nanocapsule mazana a nanometers kukula kwake ndikuyika mapuloteni ofunika mkati mwake. Mapulogalamu opanga amalola kuti muthe kutsata tsamba lamapulogalamu ochepa amenewo omwe munthu amakhalabe ndi magazi owopsa. Koma pamene thupi lilibe mapulatelero ake enieni, olimbikira silithandiza.
Ngakhale kuti mapulateleti othandizira alibe ntchito zonse za maselo amoyo enieni, amatha kuyimitsa magazi bwinobwino pangozi zadzidzidzi.
Chimawoneka ngati magazi ochokera kwa mphutsi za mnyanja
Ndi mapuloteni oyenera mutha kuchita zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Asayansi aku Romania ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Babesh-Boyai adapanga malo opaka magazi m'malo mwake pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni okhala ndi chitsulo, omwe mitundu ina ya nyongolotsi zam'madzi imagwiritsa ntchito kunyamula mpweya. Gulu la akatswiri azamankhwala pa Rice University lidapita mwakuya ndikuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni ochokera ku minofu ya whale. Zinapezeka kuti anamgumi amapezeka ndi myoglobin, yomwe imapeza mpweya m'mitsempha, yofanana ndi hemoglobin kuchokera m'magazi a anthu. Nyama zam'nyanja zikuluzikulu, zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri m'mitsempha, sizitha kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutengera kuphunzira mapuloteni a whale, zitha kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka hemoglobin m'maselo ofiira amwazi.
Zinthu zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri ndi maselo oyera, omwe ndi gawo limodzi lachitetezo cha chitetezo chathupi. Maselo ofiira amomwewo, zonyamula mpweya, amatha kusinthidwa ndi ma analogues opanga - mwachitsanzo, mafuta opangira mafuta ku Russia. Kwa leukocytes, palibe chabwino kuposa maselo a stem omwe adapangidwa, koma m'njira momwemo panali zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuzunza kwa maselo motsutsana ndi omwe adalandira.
Nanoblood
Robert Freitas, wolemba koyamba kuphunzira zaukadaulo wamankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa nanotobotechnology, adapanga projekiti yopanga mwatsatanetsatane magazi omwe adawatcha "respirocyte".
Mu 2002, Freitas m'buku lake Roboblood (magazi a robotic) adalemba lingaliro la magazi opanga, mmalo mwa maselo achilengedwe padzakhala ma nanorobots 500 thiriliyoni. Freitas imayimira magazi amtsogolo machitidwe osokoneza bongo opanga njira zingapo zamankhwala otsogola omwe amatha kusinthana ndi mpweya, glucose, mahomoni, kuchotsa zigawo zikuluzikulu za cell, kugwira ntchito yogawa cytoplasm, etc.
Panthawi yomwe lingaliro lidapangidwa, ntchitoyi idawoneka yosangalatsa, koma patatha zaka 15, ndiye kuti, mu 2017, asayansi aku Japan adalengeza kulengedwa kwa biomolecular microrobot yoyendetsedwa ndi DNA. Ofufuzira ku Japan athetsa vuto limodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri la nanotechnology - adapereka njira yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizochi pogwiritsa ntchito DNA yopangidwa ndi mphamvu imodzi.
Mu 2016, asayansi aku Swiss adasindikiza kafukufuku mu magazini yotchedwa Nature Communication yokhudza kupangidwa kwa nanorobot wokhoza kuchititsa ntchito mkati mwa munthu. Palibe injini kapena zolumikizana zolimba pamapangidwewo, ndipo thupi palokha limapangidwa ndi hydrogel yolumikizana ndi minofu yamoyo. Kuyenda mu nkhaniyi kumachitika chifukwa cha maginito nanoparticles komanso gawo lamagetsi.
Freitas, motsogozedwa ndi maphunziro awa, akuyembekezerabe: ali ndi chidaliro kuti m'zaka 20-30 zidzatha kusintha magazi a anthu ndi nanorobots, oyendetsedwa ndi shuga ndi mpweya. Asayansi aku Japan aphunzira kale momwe amapangira magetsi kuchokera ku glucose m'thupi.
Magazi am'mimba
Ma cell a hememopoicic omwe amachokera m'mafupa amapanga mitundu yonse ya maselo amwazi
Mu 2008, zinali zotheka kukhazikitsa maselo am'magazi kuchokera kuma cell stem a pluripotent (omwe amatha kupeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana) zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku ziwalo zamunthu. Maselo a stem atsimikizira kukhala gwero labwino kwambiri la maselo ofiira amwazi.
Mu 2011, ofufuza ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Pierre ndi Marie Curie (France) adathira gawo laling'ono loyambirira kwa odzipereka a maselo ofiira a m'magazi akuluakulu. Maselo amenewa amakhala ngati maselo ofiira abwinobwino, pafupifupi 50% yaiwo ikamazungulira magazi masiku 26 atangoikidwa magazi. Poyesererapo, maselo opanga mabiliyoni 10 anathiridwa mwa odzipereka, omwe ndi ofanana ndi mamililita awiri a magazi.
Kuyesaku kunali kopambana, koma vuto linanso linayambika - khungu limodzi la hematopoietic stem linatha kupanga maselo ofiira okwanira 50,000, kenako nkufa. Kupeza maselo atsopano a simenti si njira yotsika mtengo, motero mtengo wa lita imodzi yamagazi owumbidwa unakwera kwambiri.
Mu 2017, asayansi ochokera ku NHS Blood and Transplant, pamodzi ndi anzawo aku University of Bristol, adayesa maselo a hematopoietic stem. Zinapezeka kuti choyambirira cha khungu, chomwe chimakulirakulira, motero, ndi khungu limodzi lokha, maselo onse opanga magazi mu mbewa amatha kubwezeretsedwanso. Asayansi anakwanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito maselo a stem kuti apange magazi okumbidwa poyambira kumene, zomwe pamapeto pake zinapangitsa kuti atulutse magaziwo mopanda malire.
Maselo ofiira omwe apangidwa motere adzayesedwa mwa anthu kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2017. Mbadwo wopitilira maselo ofiira am'magazi kuchokera m'maselo oyenera amachepetsa mtengo wa magazi owonetsa, koma tsogolo lake limatengera kudutsa kwa mayeso azachipatala.
Ndipo ngakhale atayesedwa bwino kuchipatala, palibe amene angalowe m'malo mwa opereka wamba. Magazi opanga m'zaka zoyambirira za mawonekedwe ake adzathandiza anthu omwe ali ndi magazi osowa, m'malo otentha komanso mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi.