Dzina lachi Latin: | Pernis apivorus |
Gulu: | Falconiformes |
Banja: | Hawk |
Chosankha: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Nyamayi ndi yayikulu kukula, yooneka bwino kuposa khwangwala, yofananira ndi khungubwe, chiwombankhanga patali, ndi goshawk. Kutalika kwa thupi 52-60 masentimita, kulemera kwa 500-1000 g, mapiko a 130-150 cm. Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana pang'ono kukula. Poyerekeza ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadya zofanana kukula kwake ndikukula, mutu wa kachilomboka umawoneka wocheperako komanso wopyapyala, ndipo mulomo wake ndiwotalikirapo komanso wopanda mphamvu. Mphuno zamata. Akuluakulu, sera ndi wa imvi, utawaleza ndi chikaso chowoneka bwino, kawirikawiri lalanje-lalanje. Kutsogolo kwadzanja ndi zala zachikasu, kufupikitsidwa pang'ono, misomali ndiyifupi, yosamveka, yopindika pang'ono. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wokulirapo komanso wautali kulingana ndi kukula kwa thupi.
Kufotokozera. Mtundu wa maula ndizosintha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamwamba pamakhala bulawuni wokhala ndi mawanga amdima akuda, pansi pake pamakhala kuwala kozungulira, kooneka ngati maonekedwe kapena kosinthika. Mwa akazi, mtundu wakuda uwu nthawi zambiri umakhala wokulirapo; mitsinje imatha kuphatikizana ndi pulasitiki wofiirira kapena wamtundu wakuda. Kwa amuna, mbali yakumunsi ya thupi imawoneka yowala kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, anthu ena pansipa ndi oyera kwathunthu, ali ndi "mkanda" wokha pachifuwa pawo. Anthu ofiira komanso amdima okhaokha (makamaka akazi) amapezeka nthawi zina. Pamwamba ndi m'mphepete mwa mutu nthawi zonse mumakhala miseru yambiri, nthawi zambiri imvi, makamaka amuna, mwa mtundu wa "hood", wopangidwa kuchokera ku chibwano choyera kapena chamiyendo.
Mbalameyi imatha kudumphira m'maso kumbuyo kwa mutu ngati kanyimbo kakang'ono. Gawo lonse lakumaso limakutidwa ndi zowonderera zowonjezera, zomwe zimalepheretsa mavu kuti asasambe. Maso owala ndi maonekedwe "osadyera" a omwe amadya njuchi amakumbukiridwa bwino, chifukwa amawoneka osazolowereka kwa nyama yolusa chifukwa chosowa mpanda wamaso komanso tcheni chokhala ndi timiyeso tambiri. Mu mbalame youluka, mkombero wakuda wowoneka bwino kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwake, mikwingwirima yamdima 2-3 kudutsa nthenga za nthenga, ndi "kamtambo" kakang'ono m'matambo oyambira am'mapiko akuwonekera kuchokera pansi. Mapiko ndi otuwa pamwamba, ali ndi mikwingwirima yotupa; mwa akazi ena, patsogolo pa tsinde lamapewa, malo oyera oyera amapangika.
Imayamba kuuluka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuwuluka ndikuwuluka pamtunda wotsika kwambiri, kumangokhala ndi mapiko osowekera pang'ono ndi mchira. Umu ndi momwe goshawk nthawi zambiri imawulukira, koma kachilomboka kamasiyanasiyana ndi "slack", kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuthamanga, kayendedwe ka eyebrow, kuwala kwa mapiko ndi thupi lotsika. Mukayang'ana mbalame youluka kuchokera kumbali, mutu wawung'ono utali wowonekera, womwe chikumbu chimagwira molunjika, osati ndi mulomo wake wotsika, monga zilombo zambiri. Mosiyana ndi kambuku, njuchi youluka imasunga mapiko mu ndege yomweyo (khungubwi imanyamula pang'ono), imakhala ndi "zala" zowoneka bwino za nthenga zoyambirira. Minda yakuda kumapeto kwa "zala" imapangidwa bwino bwino ndipo samalumikizana. Mapikowo pawokha amawoneka motalika komansoocheperako kuposa a buzzard, m'mphepete mwake chapambuyo sachepera, makutu a carpal amawonekera bwino. Mchirawo ndiwotalikiranso kuposa wa buzzard, m'mphepete mwa mchira wosafufutidwa bwino umakhala wokuzungulira.
Amasiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chofunda, momwe kachilomboka kamawoneka ngati kansalu, komwe kali ndi "zala" ndi malo oyera m'munsi mwa mapewa, ndi mchira wozungulira, wopanda mchira wowongoka, komanso kupezeka kwa mikwingwirima yosawoneka bwino pamchira ndi mapiko. Utoto ndi ulusi wa chikumbu chotambalala kwambiri chimatha kusokonezedwanso ndi omwe amadya njoka, koma chomaliza ndi chokulirapo, chachikulu, chamutu, popanda mawanga amdima kumapiko. Malo amdima akulu pamakata a carpal pansipa ndi zingwe zitatu zakuda pachimaso kapena chofiirira - mchira wofalikira komanso iwiri yopapatiza pafupi ndi maziko (imodzi imabisidwa ndi nthenga za mchira ndi mchira) zimathandizira kudziwa mbalame zouluka.
Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa kachikumbu kakang'ono ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera ngakhale pafupi kwambiri, popeza sizikhala ndi mitundu yambiri yazidziwitso ya mbalame zazikulu. Utawaleza wawo umakhala wosakhwima, kuyambira woderapo mpaka wachikasu, chikuthengo, ngati mbalame zina, chimakutidwa ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino pomwe khungu limawonekera, sera ndi wachikasu. Monga mwa achikulire, kutulutsa kwamagulu kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumasiyana kuchokera pakuwala kwambiri mpaka kutuwa. Mitengo yam'munsi mwa thupi ndi yamtali (ngati ilipo), "hood" yopanda kanthu siyipangidwe. Mu mbalame zopepuka za morph, mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zowoneka bwino kuposa msana wa bulawuni, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chigoba chakuda kuyambira kumaso mpaka khutu, pamakhala timayera tating'ono kumbuyo ndi nthenga zaphimba, ndipo kumbuyo kwakumbuyo kumakhala malo owala, monga chiwombankhanga chazifupi, nthawi zina kumapitirirabe mbalame zazikulu.
Tizilomboto tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi timapiko tambiri kuposa achikulire, koma sitinatchulidwepo, nthenga za nthenga zachiwiri ndizosadetsa kwenikweni kuposa maziko a oyambira, onga a mwezi wowala. Mtambo wakuda m'mphepete chakumapeto kwa mapikowo ndi wosakhazikika kapena kulibe, malo amdima a "zala" ndiwotakata ndipo amaphatikizana, ngati buluzi, koma samasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi gawo lowala la gawo lalikulu la mapiko. Mikwingwirima yopitilira mchira si 3, koma 4 kapena kuposerapo, ngati akuba, ndi ochepa komanso osawoneka. Tawonani kuti nsonga za ntchentche ndi nthenga zachitsulo zili ndi malire owala.
Mawu. Wofuula, woyera, wonyoza pang'ono "piiu. at", Osati" kutsitsa ", ngati khungubwe.
Kugawa, udindo. Zoweta ku Palaearctic kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku Yenisei Siberia, Altai, Elburs. Nthawi yotentha ku Africa. M'nkhalango ya Russia, iyi ndi mtundu wocheperako kapena wamba, wochepa kwambiri kumpoto kwa taiga, wopezeka m'malo otseguka kokha pa ntchentche. Ntchentche mu August kapena Seputembala, kumwera kwa chigawo chitha kupanga magulu osamukasamuka a mazana aanthu.
Moyo. Imakonda nkhalango zowirira komanso zophatikiza ndi mitengo, malo osefukira a m'nkhalango, malo okhala nkhalango zowoneka bwino. Imafika kuyambira nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, pambuyo pakupanga masamba. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya kuswana, yamphongo imakwera ndege zodumphadumpha pamalo okwera kwambiri amtunduwo, ndikupita kukatulutsa mapiko kumbuyo kwake. Maanja alibe magawo osakhazikika, amamanga chisa chaching'ono chaka chilichonse, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala mwa wina. Onetsetsani kuti mwaluka nthambi zatsopano ndi masamba obiriwira kulowa mnyumbayo. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakhala chovala chisoti chachifumu pamtunda wa mamita 8 mpaka 15. Pachisacho, chimachita zobisalira. Mu Clutch 2, osowa mazira atatu a kirimu omwe ali ndi mawanga a bulauni komanso buffy. Mbalame zonsezi zimagwira, zikusintha mosalekeza. Chovala choyambirira cha anapiye ndi choyera, chachiwiri ndi imvi.
Momwe zakudya zimakhalira ndi mphutsi ndi mavuvu amtchire, njuchi ndi njuchi, zisa zomwe mbalame zimayang'anira njira zouluka zazilombo zazikulu zomwe zimatha kukhala kwakanthawi, zimabisala pogona. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono, zipatso.
Chikumbu, wamba, kapena ku Europe, kachilomboka (Pernis apivorus)
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Mbalame ya chikumbuwa banja la chiwombankhanga ndipo ndimakonda kudya masana. Ili ndi subspecies atatu, awiri omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango za dziko lathu. Ndi kachilomboka wamba ndi kachilomboka. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za moyo wa mbalameyi, momwe zimakhalira komanso moyo wake, onani nkhani yathu.
ZONSE ZABWINO
Gawo lalikulu la zakudya la kafadala wa uchi limakhala ndi mphutsi, pupae, ndi hymenoptera wamkulu: njuchi, mavu, bumblebees, ndi ma horne. Nthawi zina kafadala amadya tizilombo tina, monga nyongolotsi ndi akangaude. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimagwira achule, makoswe ndi anapiye a mbalame zina. Chikumbu sichimapewa zipatso ndi zipatso.
Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimadya pansi kapena kukhala panthambi ndikuwona komwe mavu ndi njuchi zimawulukira. Tapeza khomo lolowera chisa chapansi panthaka, kachilomboka kamagwera pansi kuti akumbe mbuto zake ndi milomo yake. Kuphatikiza apo, kachilomboka kamakhalanso ndi tizilombo tosakidwa touluka.
Asanadye tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mbalame imatulutsa mbola. Tizilomboti timawonongeranso zisa zomwe zimamangiririka panthambi kapena m'maenje a mitengo. Amadyetsa anapiye ake ndi mphutsi za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Hymenoptera - uwu ndi gwero lambiri la mapuloteni. Pansi pa chisa cha chikumbu wamba mutha kuwona zisa zambiri zopanda uchi.
Kufotokozera kwa kachilomboka
Mbalame ngati kachilomboka imakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu, mchira wautali wokongola wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, mapiko ochepa. Dera lozungulira maso ndi mbali yakutsogolo ya nthenga zili ndi nthenga zazifupi, zazifupi; mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati mamba. Zimagwira ntchito yoteteza mbalame ikagunda zisa za nyanga. Kachilomboka kamauluka, mapiko ake amafika mita.
Mbalame yakale imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda. Mimba imasintha kuchoka pa mtundu wa bulauni kukhala mtundu wowala, pomwe pali mawonekedwe amtundu wa bulauni kapena pakhoza kukhala mafunde aatali. Mapikowo ndi amtundu wokongola kwambiri, wopindika pansipa, ndi mawanga amdima kumapanga. Pa nthenga za mchira pali mikwingwirima itatu yopingasa, iwiri imakhala pafupi ndi maziko, ndipo imodzi kumapeto.
Poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi, mutu ndi wochepa. Amuna amakhala ndi mtundu wowala komanso mlomo wakuda. Maso okhala ndi chikaso kapena chikasu cha iris.
Ziwombankhanga za hawk ndizovuta. Pali zikhadabo zakuda pamawondo, zakuthwa koma zopindika pang'ono. Chifukwa cha izi, kachilomboka kakuyenda pansi mosavuta. Izi ndizofunikira kwa iye, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amasaka komanso kugwira nyama sizigwidwa pansi. Mbalameyo imatsika m'munsi, nkumayenda nthawi zonse mosavuta.
Chakudya Chabwino
Chifukwa choti kachilombo ka mavu ndikudya pansi, kamakhala pafupifupi nthawi yayitali mlengalenga. Amatha kukhala pamtengo kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyang'anira malo omwe tizilombo timouluka. Pambuyo pakuyang'anitsitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, mbalameyo imazindikira chisa, chimatsikira pansi, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo ndi mlomo zimayamba kuphwanya chisa. Mwanjira imeneyi, kachilomboka kamachotsa mphutsi.
Pali zisa zomwe tizilombo timanga pam mitengo ndi nthambi, koma izi sizilepheretsa munthu kudya nyama, amazipeza ndi kuzimenya. Ndiyenera kunena kuti kambukuyo amadya tizilombo tomwe timatha kuwuluka pafupi nayo. Tizilombo tisanadye, kachilomboka kamafufuma.
Zowonadi! Nyamayi imadyetsa anapiye ake ndi mphutsi, amakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, omwe ndi abwino kwa ana.
Mu tsiku limodzi, mbalame yayikulu imawononga zisa zisanu. Izi ndizofunikira pachakudya chake chonse. Mwana wankhuku amafunika kudya pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi.
Zomwe zimagawidwa ndi kachilomboka
Mutha kukumana ndi nyama yolusa mu kukula kwa Europe ndi West Asia. Pofika nyengo yozizira, kachilomboka kamauluka kum'mwera komanso pakati pa Africa, komwe kumakhala kotentha komanso chakudya chochuluka. Panthawi yosamukira, amakhala ku Italy, komanso kufupi ndi Strait of Messina.
Beetle amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango ya mitengo yolimba ndi mitengo ya payini. Amakhala m'nkhalango zakale za bulugamu, zomwe zimasinthana ndi maluwa. Mutha kukumana m'mphepete mwa nkhalango - choyambirira, ndendende komwe kulibe zinthu zomwe anthu amachita. Nyamayi imakonda malo okhala ndi zofunda zofunda. Ngati igwera m'mapiri, imatha kunyamula mpaka 1800 metres.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachilomboka
Mbalame yomwe imadya sichingakhale kachilomboka wamba, komanso mtundu wa kachikumbu kapena kachikumbu kam'mawa.
Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono timakula kwambiri kuposa chikumbu chakale. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 59-66 cm ndikulemera 0.7-1,5 kg. Kuuluka, mapikowo amafikira masentimita 170. Nape ka chikumbu chakum'mawa, nthenga zazitali zimafanana ndi kaso lakuthwa, motero dzina la wopukusayo.
Mtundu wa kumbuyo ndi wakuda kapena wakuda, khosi la mbalame ndi loyera ndi mtundu wamtambo wakuda. Thupi lonse la kachilomboka wopendekera ndi imvi. Amuna amakhala ndi utawaleza wofiira, ndipo mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda imapezeka pa mchira. Akazi amakhala akuda bii, mutu wawo ndi wodera, utoto wawo ndi wachikaso. Koma mchira wopakidwa mikwingwirima, pakhoza kukhala 4-6. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi achikazi.
Magulu oterewa a anthu omwe amadya njuchi amakhala kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East. Mbalameyi imasankha nkhalango zosakanizika ndi mitengo yabwino, pomwe pali mpata wokwanira. Amadyetsa chimodzimodzi monga mtundu wamba - Tizilombo ta hymenopteran.
Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi kubereka
Tizilomboti timakhala mbalame yodumphadula, ndipo ngati ipeza mkazi, imakhalabe nayo moyo wonse. Mbalamezi zikabwerako nthawi yachisanu, patatha milungu itatu zimayamba nyengo yawo yobereketsa. Mutha kumvetsetsa izi kuchokera kuvina kwawo. Nthawi imeneyi, kachilomboka kamadzuka ndikuyamba kukupiza mapiko ake kumbuyo kwake, ngati kuti amawomba m'manja, kenako ndikubowera pansi mpaka kukaziwa.
Amanga chisa chake Nthawi zambiri imakhala munthambi za mtengo, pafupifupi kuchokera pansi pamtunda wa 10-20 metres. Payenera kukhala malo otseguka pafupi ndi nkhalangoyi. Ntchito yomanga chisa imachitika mochedwa, chifukwa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthambi za mitengo zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono. Mwa maziko, ma pods ndi nthambi zoonda zimatengedwa, ndipo masamba ndi udzu watsopano zimayikidwa mkati mwa chisa. Izi zimathandiza anapiye kubisala pangozi. Tizilombo tating'ono tomwe timakhala ndi mainchesi mpaka 60. Ndikayamba nyengo yatsopano, mbalame sizisintha chisa chawo, imakhala nyumba yawo nyengo zingapo.
Mazira a kachilomboka ndi a bulauni, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi awiri a iwo; amawayikidwa pakatha masiku awiri. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imakhala ndi masiku 34-38. Pa mazira sichimakhala osati chachikazi chokha, komanso chachimuna. Amapaka atawonekera, makolowo amawadyetsa masiku 18.
Kenako anapiyewo amawaona kuti ndi okhazikika, amaphunzira kuthyola zisa za mbewa ndi kudya mphutsi. Zaka zawo zikafika masiku 40, amayesa kale kuwuluka, koma amayi ndi abambo amawadyetsabe. Nthawi yotentha ikatha, moyo wodziyimira umayambira anapiye.
Mbawala imatha kukhala ndi zaka 30. Koma posachedwa, chiwerengero cha anthu ayamba kutsika. Mbalameyi ndi yokongola ndipo gawo lalikulu la abambo m'moyo wake ndikuonetsetsa kuti amatetezedwa, osawonongedwa.
Kuchokera kwa mbalame mumatha kumva mawu ngati: cue-ee kapena ki-ki-ki.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za kachikumbu
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Kachilomboka wamba Ndi chilombo chachikulu kwambiri chokhala ndi mapiko opyapyala ndi mchira wautali. Pa mphumi ndi pafupi ndi maso nthenga zazifupi zazing'ono zofanana ndi masikelo a nsomba. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwamtundu wa bulauni, pamimba pamakhalanso mtundu wa bulauni, nthawi zina umasanduka kuwala.
Thupi la mbalameyo limakongoletsedwa ndi mafunde ataliatali komanso opingasa. Nthenga za nthenga zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri: pafupifupi yakuda pamwamba, kuwala pansi ndi zilembo zakuda kudutsa. Nthenga za mchira zimanyamula mikwingwirima yakuda itatu kudutsa - iwiri pansi ndipo ina kumtunda kwa mchira.
Pali anthu omwe ali ndi monocolor, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala a bulauni. Maso a nyama yolusa yomwe ili ndi chikasu chowoneka ngati chikasu kapena lalanje. Mlomo wakuda ndi zikhadabo zakuda pamiyendo yachikasu. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mutu wowala komanso malo owala kumbuyo.
Mitundu ya Chikumbu
Kuphatikiza pa kachilomboka wamba, kachilomboka (kam'mawa) komwe kamapezekanso kamapezeka m'chilengedwe. Mtunduwu ndi wokulirapo kuposa nyama wamba - Mtundu woderako wakumbuyo kumbuyo, khosi loyera ndi Mzere woonda.
Amuna ali ndi chilembo chofiira komanso mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pamchira wawo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wakuda, wokhala ndi mutu wofiirira komanso chizindikiro chomera. Pa mchira wa ma mela 4-6.Achinyamata onse amafanana ndi akazi, kenako zosiyana zimayamba kulimba. Mitundu yomwe yatenthedwa imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East, kumadzulo kwa Salair ndi Altai. Amadyapo mavu ndi ma cicadas.
Moyo & Habitat
Malo okhala malo okhala ku Sweden kumpoto-kum'mawa kwa Ob ndi Yenisei ku Siberia, kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian m'malire ndi Iran. Beetle ndi mbalame yosamukira, nthawi yachisanu kumadzulo ndi pakati pa Africa. Mu Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala, nyama zodyera zimayenda m'malo otentha. Kubwerera ku nesting, kachilomboka kamauluka mu kasupe.
Mbalame ya kachilomboka imakhala m'malo oteteza nkhalango, imakonda chinyontho komanso chopepuka, nkhalango zowuma zomwe zili pamtunda wa 1 km kumtunda kwa nyanja, momwe mumapezeka zakudya zambiri zofunika. Amakonda maluwa otseguka, marshland ndi zitsamba.
Malo ndi malo okhala ndi ntchito zachitukuko chaulimi nthawi zambiri zimapewedwa ndi anthu omwe amadya njuchi, ngakhale samawopa anthu akamasaka mavu akuthengo. Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, kachikumbu kamapitiliza kukhala pansi ndikutsata nyama yake, osalabadira chidwi ndi munthuyo.
Amuna amakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo amateteza gawo lawo mwachangu, dera lomwe nthawi zambiri limafika 18-23 sq.m. Zachikazi zimakhala mdera lalikulu, 41-45 sq.m., koma ndizoyenera kudziwa alendo. Chuma chawo chikhoza kusamvana ndi mayiko akunja.
Nthawi zambiri pamalo a 100 sq.m. osapitilira awiriawiri chisa. Tizilombo ta pachikatacho ndiwachisangalalo komanso chokongola: mbalameyi imatambasulira mutu ndikukhazikitsa khosi lake kutsogolo. Mapikowo amafanana ndi khola pakuuluka. Mtundu wa mbalamezi umachita zachinsinsi, komanso mochenjera. Sizovuta kuziona, pokhapokha nthawi yamayendedwe apamtunda, maulendo ndi ndege kum'mwera.
Panthawi ya ndege, amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 30, kupumula palimodzi ndikuwuluka kachiwiri. Nthawi zina amawuluka yekha nyengo yachisanu ndipo samadya paulendo, kukhutitsidwa ndi mafuta omwe amapezeka pachilimwe.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Odyera njuchi ndi okhawo ndipo amapanga imodzi yokha - banja lokhalo nthawi yonse yomwe ilipo. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba milungu itatu itafika kuchokera kumadera akumwera. Nthawi yovina ikubwera: yamphongo imawulukira, nkupukutira mapiko ake kumbuyo kwake ndikubwerera pansi. Chikumbu Nthiwatiwa pangani pam mitengo 10-20 m kuchokera pansi.
Ngakhale kuti omwe amadya njuchi amakonda nkhalango, amakonda masamba obisika pafupi. Nesting imachitika m'mwezi wa Meyi, kotero nthambi zazing'ono zokhala ndi masamba ndizomwe zimamangira. Nthambi ndi nthambi zimapanga maziko, ndipo kuchokera mkati mwake chilichonse chimakutidwa ndi masamba ndi udzu, kuti anthu ochepa angabisike pangozi.
Kutalika kwa chisa ndi masentimita 60. Mu chisa chomwecho, kafadala amatha kukhala ndi nyengo zambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zisa zimakhala zolimba kwambiri ndipo zimagwira ntchito zaka zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimakhala ndi mazira awiri a bulauni tsiku lililonse, nthawi yolumikizira ndi masiku 34-38. Onse awiri wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna amabweretsa limodzi limodzi.
Masabata oyambilira atakomoka, abambo amakhalabe wowaza mkate, ndipo wamkazi amawotcha chisa popanda kupuma. Kuyambira sabata lachitatu, makolo onse awiri amapeza chakudya mkati mwa 1000 m kuchokera pachisa. Nthochi zimapatsidwa mphutsi ndi pupae. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye akhanda kwa masiku 18.
Kenako anawo amaphunzira kudziyimira pawokha: iwonso amaphwanya uchi ndi kudya mphutsi. Pambuyo masiku 40, amayamba kuyimirira mapiko, koma achikulire amawadyetsabe. Pofika mwezi wa Ogasiti, anapiye amakula ndikukula. Ntchentche imawuluka nthawi zambiri, koma kuthawa kwawo ndibwino, ndikuthanso. Zonsezi, kachikumbu kamakhala ndi zaka 30.
Kugawa
Malire akum'mwera kugawidwa kwa kachilombo ka uchi kufalikira kudera la Volga: ku Bank Bank Yoyenera - kudutsa kumpoto kwa Dera la Volgograd, ku Banki Yakumanzere - kudutsa Chigwa cha Yeruslan ndi nkhalango ya Dyakovsky. Chifukwa chake, lero malo osungiramo ziweto amakwirira madera onse a Saratov Right Bank (kuphatikiza Rtishchevsky), komwe kachikumbu kamakhazikika ngakhale munkhalango zazing'ono za zigwa zazing'ono za Volga ndi Don, ndi zigawo zingapo zakumanzere.
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe
Kumpoto, Banki Yoyenera imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala m'nkhalango za paini zokhala ndi masamba akuluakulu. Kumpoto chakumwera chakumwera, kumakhala chisa m'nkhalango za mitengo yayitali, kuphatikizapo bayrach. M'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Medveditsa, amasankha nkhalango zazing'ono zazitali limodzi ndi anthu achikulire, kutali ndi njira, pamalire ndi malo otseguka. Kumadzulo kwa Banki Yoyenera komanso m'chigawo cha Volga, amakonda nkhalango za mitengo yayitali ya mitengo yotentha, malo osakira, nkhalango zachilengedwe, ndi nkhalango zakuda.
Kumalo osungira nyama kumpoto kwa dera la Saratov kumawonekera m'ma Meyi, kum'mwera kwa Bank Bank Yoyenera ndi m'chigawo cha Volga - kale koyambirira kwa Juni. Pamalo osungira, mbalame zimawoneka, monga lamulo, kale awiriawiri. Anthu owuluka nthawi zambiri amasungidwa okha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Masewera achikwati ndiwogwira ntchito kwambiri kumalo osungira zisa. Zimapitilira nthawi zina mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni. Munthawi imeneyi, kafadala amawonekera kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amawuluka pamwamba pa nkhalango. Pambuyo pake, amabisalira mobisa ndipo nthawi zambiri sachita nawo chidwi.
Kutalika kwa malo amodzi payekha ndi masiku 120-130. Kugwa kolongosoledwa bwino kumayamba m'zaka khumi zachitatu za Ogasiti. nsonga zake zimawonedwa theka loyamba - pakati pa Seputembala.
Zochepetsa ndi mawonekedwe
Mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la dera la Saratov. Mkhalidwe wotetezedwa: 3 - mitundu yaying'ono yokhala ndi mtundu wokhazikika komanso kuchuluka kocheperako. Kwambiri, ku gawo la ku Europe la Russia, mu 1990-2000, kuchuluka kwa nyamazo kukuyerekezedwa ndi awiriawiri 60-80,000, omwe, mwina, awiriawiri ndi 250-500 okha ndiwo a Saratov. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, pafupifupi chisa 200-250 chisa m'derali. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, chizolowezi chavumbulidwa pakuchepa kwina kwa chiwerengero cha kachilomboka m'derali. Pazinthu zochepa, zazikulu ndiz kuwonongeka kwa malo mwa kudula mitengo ndi kuwononga phula.
Malingaliro adalembedwa mu Zakumapeto 2 za CITES, Zowonjezera 2 za Msonkhano wa Bonn.
Kodi kachilomboka kamaoneka bwanji?
Tizilomboti timakhala pafupi ndi wachibale, goshawk, koma wopepuka. Monga nkhumba zambiri, zazikazi zazikumbu ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Kukula kwa mbalame yachikulire ndikuyambira masentimita 45 mpaka 60, kulemera kwake kumafikira 600-1100 g. Chifukwa cha mapiko ataliatali kutalika kwake pafupifupi 1.2 m ndi mchira wautali, nyama yomwe imayang'anitsitsa imawoneka yayikulu kuposa momwe ilili.
Mosiyana ndi njuchi zina, kachilomboka kamakhala ndi mutu wocheperako pang'ono pambuyo pake. Alibe mawonekedwe a "nsidze", kotero maonekedwe a kachilomboka ndiwopangiratu, koma osokonezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwoneka ngati cockoo.
Matumba a nyama yolusa ndi yachikaso, yayitali komanso yamphamvu. Zala zazifupi zimatha ndi zowomba zakuda, koma zopindika pang'ono. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kabwino kukumba zisa za nyanga. Pa chithunzi cha kachilomboka, zikopa zazing'onoting'ono ndizowoneka bwino, zophimba tarsus ndikutchingira miyendo kuti isalumphe tizilombo.
Mlomo wa mbalame ndi wamtali komanso wofowoka, osapangidwa kuti ungang'ambe chakudya choyipa. Izi zimatha kubowola nthenga zazitali kumbuyo kwa mutu, chifukwa chomwe amodzi mwa nyamazo amadziwika kuti kachilomboka. Maso a mbalame ndi zazikulu komanso zozungulira, zachikaso kapena lalanje, osati zowala ngati mbawala zina. Nthenga zazifupi, zoyipa zimamera mozungulira maso ndi pamphumi, kuteteza ziwalo kuti zisawonekere.
Chikumbu kuthambo.
Mtundu wa kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka
Ngati goshawk ndi sparrowhawk zimadziwika mosavuta ndi zambiri zomwe zimachitika pamotilo ya kutsogolo kwa thupi, ndiye kuti kachilomboka kali ndi mitundu yayitali yamitundu.
Msana wa mbalame nthawi zambiri imakhala yotuwa, nthawi zina imakhala ndi mawanga amdima akuda. Mbali yam'mimba ndi yofiirira kapena pafupifupi yoyera. Poyerekeza ndi maziko a anthu ena, kusunthika kosinthika kumamvekedwa bwino, kwa ena, m'malo mwake, kumalire amdima. Njira yokhala pachifuwa ndi m'mimba mwa akazi imakhala yowala kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina ma Ripples amaphatikizika mu chishango chamdima chopitirira. Pansi pa mchira, mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda ndiyowonekera bwino, imodzi ili pafupi kumapeto.
Pakati pa kachilomboka, anthu otuwa amtundu wanthawi zonse amabwera, awa ndi achikazi; Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi "hood" pamlingo wina kapena wina - korona wakuda ndi mbali zammaso, mosiyana ndi khosi lowoneka bwino.
Mbalame zazing'ono nazonso ndizosiyana kwambiri, pali anthu a bulauni akuda omwe ali ndi mitu yowala kapena mtundu wonse wathunthu. Alibe "zovala" zokhala amuna achikulire, ndipo mitu yawo imakhala yozungulira. Maso a mbalame zazing'ono ndizosalala, imvi kapena chikasu.
Chikumbu pansi.
Momwe mungasiyanizire kachikumbu ndi njuchi zina
Izi zimakonda kutseguka, koma pamwamba pa nthaka kachilomboka kowuluka kamatha kusokonezeka ndi goshawk. Mosiyana ndi izi, kachilomboka kali ndi mapiko ake autali sathamanga kwambiri komanso kosavuta kuyendetsa, ndipo kuwuluka kwake kumawoneka pang'ono.
Pali lingaliro loti kachilomboka kakuyerekeza pansi pazinthu zambiri, monga njira yotchinjirizira ku goshawk. Mwina goshawk imatsogozedwa ndi "chinyengo" chachilengedwe chotere, koma munthu amatha kusiyanitsa kachilomboka kowuluka ndi kachikumbu ndi mapiko osakweza, koma kumayendetsedwa mu ndege yomweyo komanso mchira wautali komanso wozungulira kumapeto.
Mtundu wina woyimira kambewu ofanana ndi kachilomboka ndi kachizungu - chiwombankhanga chocheperako, koma chosiyana ndi mchira wozungulira, koma wosalala. Kuphatikiza apo, kachilomboka kakuuluka ndipo kali ndi "zala" zakuda nthenga zoyambirira.
Zocheperako, kafadala kachilomboka kamafanana ndi omwe amadya njoka, koma omalizira ndi akulu ndipo ali ndi mitu yayikulu.
Mtundu wa kachilomboka sukutengera malo. Ponseponse, anthu achikuda osiyanasiyana amapezeka.
Chikumbu kuthambo.
Kodi kachilomboka kamakhala kuti?
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zodyera zimadutsa ku Europe komanso madera akumadzulo a Asia. Kwa nkhalango za ku Russia, izi ndi mitundu yofala, yomwe imasowa pafupi ndi zigawo za kumpoto kwa taiga.
Mosiyana ndi achifwamba ambiri omwe amakhala, kachilomboka ndi mbalame yosamuka mosasamala kanthu kuti ndiyotani. Madera achikoko ndi nyengo yachisanu amakhala ndi danga lolimba: mbalame zimasamuka ku Eurasia kupita ku Africa yotentha, kumwera kwa Sahara.
Mbuluzi zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango, zowoneka bwino kapena zolamulidwa ndi mitengo ya payini, yolowetsedwa ndi masamba otseguka, pomwe pali malo othawirako. Mbuluzi zimadumphira pansi, zikusintha pakati pa mapiko komanso kufupika kwamapiko, zomwe zimafanana ndi khwangwala.
Mipando yokhala ndi ma forba opambana sakonda kafadala, imapewanso kuyandikana ndi anthu. M'mapiriwa amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 1800. Mbalame izi zilibe malo otetezedwa. Pakachitika ngozi, kachilomboka kamafuula mokuwa kwambiri, misozi, kukuwawa ngati "piiuu" kapena kulira kwachangu kwa "ki-kiki".
Monga onse omwe amadyera masana nthawi zambiri, nthawi zambiri, osagona, kafadala amakhala akuthamangitsa nyama.
Beetle kunyamuka.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Potanthauzira mbalame ya kachilomboka, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yokhala ndi mchira wautali ndi mapiko opapatiza, omwe amafika mita yayikulu. Mtundu kachilomboka zodzaza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa chake, thupi lam'mwambalo limakhala laimvi pakuda, ndipo wamkazi ndi woderapo, m'munsi mumakhala kuwala kapena bulawuni wokhala ndi timabowo totuwa (Komanso, wamkazi amakhala wowala), miyendo yake ndi yachikasu, ndipo pakhosi ndi wopepuka.
Mtundu wa mapiko umakhalanso wokongola kwambiri, umakhala ndi mamba pansi ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mawanga amdima kumapanga. Nthenga za mchira zimakhala ndi milozo 3 yopingasa, iwiri yomwe ili kumunsi ndipo imodzi kumapeto.
Mutu umakhala wocheperako komanso wopapatiza, wowoneka bwino mwaimuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, umakhala wopepuka ndipo uli ndi mulomo wakuda. Iris ndi yachikaso kapena golide. Popeza chakudya chachikulu cha mbalameyi chikuluma tizilombo, kachilomboka kali ndi maula amphamvu kwambiri, makamaka kutsogolo. Miyendo ya kambuku imakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuda, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwongola kwake, koma ndizowongoka pang'ono.
Udindo wawo umapereka mwayi woyenda pansi, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kachilomboka kamasaka pansi. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina za banja la khungubwi, kachilomboka kakuuluka kwambiri, komabe, kuuluka kwake ndikosavuta komanso kosavuta kuyendetsa. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa kachilomboka kakufa mu nkhalango za ku Europe ndi kumadzulo kwa Asia, makamaka kum'mwera kwa taiga.
Tizilombo touluka
Kodi kachilomboka chimadya chiyani?
Njira yodziwika yosakira kachilomboka ndi kubisalira masamba obiriwira a mitengo, komwe imayang'anitsitsa bwino njira yothamangira ku hymenoptera. Atazindikira chisa cha nyanga, mbalameyo imatsikira pansi ndikuyamba kukumba ndi miyendo yolimba, kenako nkumadya mphutsi ndi pupae. Nthenga zosasunthika kuzungulira maso ndi mphuno zokhala ngati zoterera zimateteza kachilomboka ku kulumwa, dothi ndi sera.
Chikumbu sichimadana ndi tizilombo tina, mwachitsanzo, nsikidzi ndi dzombe - mwamanyazi, ndimakonda kudya mbozi zazikulu. Chifukwa chosowa tizilombo titha kugwira chule, buluzi kapena njoka. M'dzinja, zipatso zamtchire zimapezeka pakudya kwa kafadala. Chapakatikati, pofika kunyumba, nyama zodya zimadya mazira a mbalame zoyamba kusaka, kugwira mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe ndikukonzekera nyengo yakukhwima.
Chikumbu kuthambo.
LIFESTYLE
Tizilombo tofala timene timakhala m'nkhalangozi. Nthawi zambiri, amasankha nkhalango zonyowa komanso zowala kuti zisagwe, zomwe zili pamalo okwera osaposa 1000 m pamwamba pa nyanja, komwe amapeza chakudya chokwanira. Amakhala mofunitsitsa m'malo otseguka, momwe muli malo odyera, zitsamba ndi dambo. Mimbulu imayesetsa kupewa malo okhala ndi malo azaulimi.
Chikumbu ndi mbalame zosamukira. Ku Europe, amangokhala chilimwe. Kwa nthawi yozizira, kachilomboka kamauluka kumadzulo komanso ku Central Africa. Pamapeto pa nthawi yodyerayo, mbalame zazing'ono zikagonjera, mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala, mbalame zimasonkhana pagulu lalikulu ndikukonzekera ulendo wautali kupita kumalo otentha. Pakati pa Epulo - Meyi, kafadala adabwereranso ku malo awo okhalamo. Kuuluka, mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amlengalenga, koma imapewa kapena kuuluka m'malo akuluakulu amalo m'malo ochepa kwambiri - monga Gibraltar.
Mimbulu imakhala nthawi yochepa mumlengalenga kuposa mbalame zina zodya nyama, chifukwa zimadya pansi. Beetle nthawi zambiri imakhala pamitengo ya mitengo yabwino ndikuyang'ana tizilombo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Koko iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi bata lake, chidwi komanso kudekha mtima pakutsata zisa za mavu. Chifukwa chake, pakusaka, kachilomboka kamaika obisalira, pomwe amatha kuwuma osavutikira, mwachitsanzo, ndikutambasulira mutu kapena mbali yake, phiko lomwe lakwezedwa, kwa nthawi yayitali ya mphindi 10 kapena kupitirira.
Nthawi yomweyo, kambuku amayang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira kuti awone mavu owuluka. Pakakhala chandamale, kachilomboka ndpo kamatha kuzindikira mosavuta chifukwa cha phokoso lopanda kanthu kapena lolemedwa ndi chakudya, chifukwa chake, nkosavuta kupeza zisa za mavu.
Mbawala yamtunduwu ndi mbalame yosamukira, ndipo kuchokera kumalo achisanu (Africa ndi South Asia) imabwereranso mochedwa kuposa onse omwe amadyera mwapang'onopang'ono theka loyamba la Meyi. Izi ndichifukwa cha nthawi yambiri ya mabanja ogwidwa ndi mavu, omwe ndi chakudya chachikulu cha akambuku awa. Komabe, kunyamuka kupita kumalo okazizira kumachitika mochedwa mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Tizilomboti timawuluka posonkhana m'mitengo ya mitu 20 mpaka 40.
Kufalitsa
Pobwerera ku Africa, zinyalala zimamera ndipo zimayamba kupanga zisa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala awiriawiri moyo. Masabata 2-3 atabwerako kuchokera kumwera, mbalame zimachita kuvina. Yaimuna imanyamuka ndikuthambo ndikugumula mapiko ake katatu konseko kumbuyo kwake, ngati kuti ikuwomba m'manja, kenako ndikubwerera pansi.
Tizilomboti timamanga chisa cha nthambi zamitengo. Popeza mbalamezi zimakhala pachaka patatha mwezi umodzi kuposa adani ena omwe amakhala m'mitunda yamtunduwu, zimamanga zisa kuchokera munthambi zatsopano zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono. Kuchokera pa mfundo zopyapyala ndi nthambi, amamanga maziko, kenako nkuloza chisa ndi masamba atsopano ndi magawo obiriwira azinthu, kuti anapiye atha kukhala pakati pawo pangozi. Pakangotha masiku awiri, mkaziyo amaikira mazira awiri a bulauni, omwe amatenga masiku 34-38. Makolo amadyetsa anapiyewo kwa masiku 18.
Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, anapiye amatha kutsegulira uchi wawo ndi kumeza mphutsizo.Masiku 40 pambuyo pobadwa, anapiyewo amakhala ndi mapiko, koma kwakanthawi akupitabe kubwerera ku chisa kuti akapeze chakudya. Nthochi zimayamba kudzipatula kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
DZIWANI IZI:
- Malo osungira nthawi yachisanu kafadala amakumbukiranso malo awo okhala ku Europe chifukwa cha mpumulo wawo.
- Chaka chilichonse, kachilombo ka uchi 100,000 kumawulukira ku Gibraltar ndipo pafupifupi 25,000 amauluka ku Bosphorous popita ku Africa. Pakukwaniritsa cholinga choyendera, magulu akulu amadzipatula.
- Tizilomboti timakhala kuti timasaka. Nthawi ina olondera mbalame adawona mbalame yomwe idasuntha kwa maola awiri ndi mphindi 47.
- Ku Africa, njuchi imakhala ndi moyo wachinsinsi, kotero, momwe mbalameyi nthawi yozizira imamvekera bwino.
- Ming'oma ya kachilomboka yomwe ikulira imatulutsa mphukira kuchokera ku zisa za uchi zomwe makolo awo amabweretsa, ndikuwonetsa changu kotero kuti zimawononga kwambiri chisa.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA
Mutu: phulusa la phulusa, lotetezedwa kuti lisasunthe tizilombo ndi nthenga zazing'onoting'ono. Mphuno zimakhala ngati ma alkali, kotero pakukoka nthaka sizikhala zotsekera.
Ndege: Tizilombo touluka titha kuzindikirika ndi mutu wake wocheperako komanso mchira wamtali wautali.
Kubala: Nthawi zambiri mu chisa cha kachilomboka mumakhala mazira awiri a bulauni, ophimbidwa ndi mawanga ofiira kapena opanda dzimbiri.
Mapaipi: nthawi zambiri woderako amakhala ndi malire oyera pamthenga. Thupi lotsika ndilopepuka komanso lowala.
Miyendo: chachikulu, champhamvu, ndi zibwano zakuthwa. Mothandizidwa ndi zopondera, kachilomboka kamatuluka pachisa cha mavu.
- Malo okongoletsa
- Kukazizira
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Zisa za beetle pagawo kuyambira Northeast Sweden kupita ku Ob ndi Yenisei ku Siberia komanso kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian kumalire ndi Iran. Nyengo ku West ndi Central Africa.
KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA
Ozoyedy akutetezedwa. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chatsika kwambiri pazaka 50 zapitazi. Mbalame zambiri panthawi yakumwera kumwera kwa Europe zimakhala nyama za asaka.
Zambiri Zofalitsa
Tizilomboti tating'ono timapezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. Mabanja abwerera kunyumba kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi woyamba. Zoyang'anira zokhala ndi malo osakhazikika nthawi zonse ndipo chaka chilichonse zimayang'ana malo atsopano oti zimange chisa, koma zimatha kukhala zopanda munthu wina.
Kubwezeretsedweratu kumayambitsidwa ndi ma pirouette amphongo amphongo, pomwe akuwuluka msanga, atapachika pamalo pa chisa cham'tsogolo ndikukupiza mapiko ake. Mu chithunzichi, kachilomboka - chachimuna chovina mating chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri.
Chidacho chili pamtunda wa mamita 8 mpaka 15 pamwamba pa nthaka, chikuwoneka chaching'ono, chimamangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi zowuma, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhala ndi masamba. Mphukira zazing'onoting'ono za masamba omwe ali ndi masamba atsopano amaphatikizidwa m'mbale. Pafupi ndi chisa, kafadala amachita makamaka mwakachetechete komanso mobisa.
Dzira limagona kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Pali 1-2 mu thireyi, kawirikawiri mpaka 4 mazira ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mawanga oyera. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 35, amuna ndi akazi amadzisintha mosinthasintha.
Masiku oyamba kubadwa kwa mwana, wamphongo amabweretsa chakudya, anapiyewo akamakula, mkaziyo amamuthandiza. Choyamba, amadyetsedwa ndi mphutsi za Hymenoptera ndi tizilombo ta akulu, kenako amabweretsa achule ang'onoang'ono kwa anapiye.
Ngakhale kuti nthenga zake sizikulira, anapiyewo amatuluka chisa kupita kunthambi, koma ngakhale ataphunzira kuuluka, zisa zimagwira ndikudyetsa makolo awo. Pakatha masiku 55, kafadala amayamba kudziimira pawokha. Mbalame zimachoka kukagonera nyengo yachisanu kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, ndikuuluka kumadera akum'mwera kwa October.
Wotsitsidwa. Kanema (00:03:03)
09/15/2012 kachilomboka wamba kadalandilidwa, komwe kudagwa kuchokera kumwamba kulowa mdera lamapampu opopera madzi a Heating Networks. Mbalameyo yatha kwambiri; palibenso zizindikiro zina zodwala kapena zovulala zomwe zidapezeka pakufufuzidwa koyambirira. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono m'njira zonse zotheka timakana zakudya zonse zomwe zimapatsidwa kwa iye monga nkhuku zamasiku onse ndi tchizi chokoleti ndi uchi. Tsiku lotsatira ndidadya uchi wokhazikika kuchokera ku nkhuku zosankhidwa. Tikupempha kuti athandizire pa uchi pachilumbachi. (tsatanetsatane waperekedwa m'gululi http://vk.com/club10042840) Mbalameyi yalembedwa mu Red Book la Ulyanovsk Region.
Kachilomboka wamba. Mbalame za Brateevograd. Kanema (00:00:56)
Ku Maryino ndi Brateevo, kachilomboka kanawoneka pakugwa komanso kumapeto kwa ndege, malinga ndi chidziwitso chodalirika, akuti amapezeka m'chilimwe ali pamadenga a nyumba komanso m'malo owotcha madzi osefukira a Brateevskaya. Zomwe adachita kumeneko sizikudziwika.
Chapakatikati, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, kachilomboka nthawi zambiri amawawonera pamtunda wa Chaginsky ndipo kumapeto kwa Myachkovsky boulevard, pomwe kachilomboka kanayamba kutentha.