Ajeremani, kapena nyerere za velvet (lat. Mutillidae) - mavu otentheka kuchokera ku tizilombo ta Hymenoptera. Pafupifupi mitundu 8000 ndi ma genera 230 amadziwika padziko lapansi. Oimira mafupa a nyerere za velvet adapezeka ku amberan yaku Dominican, wazaka 25 mpaka 40 miliyoni.
Tizilombo tambiri tofanizirayi sitigwirizana ndi nyerere koma dzina. Anatchedwa nyerere za velvet chifukwa cha mtambo wakuda, womwe umadziwika ndi mitundu yowala, kuphatikiza yoyera, yabuluu, golide, yakuda, siliva, yofiyira.
Mtundu wowala bwino umakhala chenjezo kwa nyama zina kuti mavu awa sangakhale ochezeka kwathunthu kwa adani awo. Achijeremani amadziwika ndikuluma kwawo kowawa kwambiri, amanenera nthabwala kuti ndi wamphamvu kupha ng'ombe. Pothandizira izi, titha kukumbukiranso, dzina lina losadziwika la tizilombo, lomwe limadziwika kuti "akupha ng'ombe". Inde, ng'ombe sizimafa ndi kulumwa kwa mavu awa, koma zowawa ndizotsimikizika.
Monga hymenoptera, wamkazi yekha ndi amene amatha kuyiluma, popeza mbola imakhala chida chosinthidwa (ovipositor).
Nyerere zazikulu za velvet zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 5 mpaka 30 mm. Mitundu ina, yamphongo ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa zazimayi mwakuti imakwanitsa kukweza mkazi popanda mapiko. Amuna amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda: wakuda kapena bulawuni wokhala ndi timatamba tofiirira pachifuwa, pomwe akazi amapaka utoto wowala - nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira kapena ofiira. Pamimba ali ndi mawonekedwe osavuta.
Koma izi sizosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi: Amuna amakhala ndi maso, koma mwa akazi amachepetsedwa, amuna amuna pamimba amakhala magawo asanu ndi awiri, ndipo mwa akazi - mwa asanu ndi mmodzi.
Monga mavu ambiri omera, nyerere za velvet sizimanga zisa zawo, koma zimakonda kukhala osakudziwa. Mmenemo amayikira mazira pamiyala ya wolumikizira chisa ichi, chomwe chimadzakhala chakudya pamipapo ya mavu. Apa, kukopa kwake kumachitikanso. Akuluakulu velvet nyerere zimadyera timadzi tokoma.
Kwa munthu, jakisoni wa mavu onenepa awa amapweteka kwambiri. Zowawa zimatha patangopita maola ochepa.
Kuti muzitsatira kwathunthu kapena pang'ono pang'ono, kulumikizidwa kovomerezeka kwa tsamba la UkhtaZoo ndikofunikira.
Mavu aku Germany kapena ma fluffy mavu
Kukula kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 30 mm. Mavu aku Germany amakhala osangalatsa chifukwa cha chidwi chawo pakugonana. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana ndi thupi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Akazi nthawi zambiri alibe mapiko. Amuna amakhala ndi tinyanga ta 13 tating'ono, ndipo zazikazi zimakhala ndi tinyanga tating'ono 12 tokhala. Maso amakula amuna, ndipo nthawi zambiri amachepetsedwa mwa akazi. Mimba yaimuna imakhala ndi ma tergites 7 owoneka ndi ma sternites asanu ndi atatu, mwa akazi - m'magawo 6, mbali za gawo lachiwiri la pamimba ndi ma pubescent grooves, nthawi zambiri popanda iwo. Mkazi wamkazi pa 6th tergite pamimba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi munda wa pirial. Hypopygium (mpambo wa ziwalo zoberekera zamphongo) ndizosavuta, sizachilendo kwenikweni ndi machitidwe amotsatira. Pakatikati ndi kumbuyo kwake kulumikizana. Pachifuwa cha amuna okhala ndi ma suture opangidwa bwino, mwa akazi omwe ali ndi mafinya ophatikizika. Chida chazida (chomwe ma mavu amapanga mawu kuti amuna apezeke akazi) sichikupakidwa, chiri pakati pa 2nd ndi 3 tergites. Amuna amakhala akuda kapena abulauni, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotuwa zofiira pachifuwa, zachikazi zimakhala zowala bwino, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawere ofiira. Thupi limakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda ndi lopepuka, lomwe pa tergite pamimba nthawi zambiri limapanga mawonekedwe, makamaka mwa akazi.
Mitundu yopanda mapiko imafanana ndi nyerere, komwe kumachokera dzina lodziwika bwino la "velvet nyerere".
Biology
Mavu aku Germany samapanga zisa zawo ndikufalitsa zisa mu njuchi, ma spheroid ndi ma mapiko apamapiko, tambiri touluka Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea) Mkazi wamtchire wa ku Germany amalowetsera chisa chachilendo ndikudziikira mazira pamiyayi, yomwe imadyera mphutsi zawo. Pokhala ndi mbola yayitali, Ajeremani adadziteteza mosavomerezeka ku mavu ndi njuchi ndipo amatha kuluma munthu kwambiri (ululuwo umatha patangopita maola ochepa).
Kugawa
Kuchuluka kwa zipululu komanso malo ouma. Mitundu yoposa 500 yochokera m'mabanja 9 apfuko ndi ma genera 54 imapezeka mu Palearctic (Lelei, 2002). Pali mitundu pafupifupi 170 ndi ma genera 27 mu ziphuphu za USSR wakale (Lelei, 1985). Kugawidwa ndi maiko ena: Italy - mitundu 60 (Invrea, 1964), Spain - 37 mitundu (Giner, 1944), Japan - mitundu 17 (Tsuneki, 1972), China - mitundu ya 109 (Chen, 1957), Mongolia - 26 mitundu ( Lelei, 1977), Afghanistan - mitundu 31 (Lelei, Kabakov, 1980).
Phylogeny
Monga gawo la banja, A. S. Lelei ndi P. G. Nemkov (1997) adazindikira ma mutillides otsika (Myrmosinae, Kudakrumiinae, Pseudophotopsidinae, Ma ndege) ndi ma mutillides apamwamba okhala ndi nthambi ziwiri [(Myrmillinae + Mutillinae) + (Rhopalomutillinae + Dasylabrinae + Ephutinae + Sphaeropthalminae)].
Cladogram pansipa ikuwonetsa ubale wa phylogenetic wa mabanja apansi m'gululi omwe amaluma ma hymenopterans.
Maonekedwe a akazi achi Germany
Ma mavu awa ndiwofewa ndipo ali ndi mtundu wowala. Ma nyerere sakhala ndi chochita ndi nyerere, amangokhala ndi dzina lofanana. Adawatcha mayina chifukwa chamtambo wautali. Mitundu ya akazi achijeremani ikhoza kukhala yosiyaniratu: golide, buluu, choyera, chakuda, chofiyira ndi siliva.
Mavu aku Germany (Mutillidae).
Maonekedwe okongola a maudzu okongola awa amachenjeza ochita zolusa kuti ndi oopsa.
Kutalika kwa nyerere za velvet wamkulu kumasiyana kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 30 mamilimita. M'mitundu ina, zazikazi zimakhala zopanda mapiko, ndipo zazimuna ndizokulirapo kuposa izo, mwakuti ikamakula zimatha kukwezera ana ake osawuluka mlengalenga.
Mavu aku Germany ndi tizilombo zachilendo.
Mwa amuna, mavu a velvet fluffy amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda: bulauni wokhala ndi zofukizira zofiyira pachifuwa kapena zakuda. Mwa akazi, mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka bwino - nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira kapena ofiira. Ndipo pamimba yaikazi pali chosavuta.
Mavu aku Germany amatchedwanso mavu a velvet.
Koma izi ndizosiyana pakati pa akazi ndi amuna. Amuna, monga mavu onse, ali ndi maso, ndipo akazi amachepetsa. M'mimba mwa akazi muli magawo 6, ndipo mwa amuna - mwa 7.
Khalidwe lachiwerewere ku Germany
Monga mavu ambiri oyimitsa, mavu aku Germany samamanga zisa zawo. Amakhala m'malo zokhala anthu ena. Akazi amayikira mazira mu mphutsi za tizirombo tomwe timadzakhala chakudya. Mu chisa cha mbuye wake, mphutsi za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Mavu a Velvet ndi majeremusi.
Ajeremani achikulire achikulire amadya timadzi tokoma.
Kuluma kwa ma Germany ndikupweteka kwambiri. Maula awa amadzitchulanso kuti "opha ng'ombe," chifukwa kuluma kwawo ndikumva kuwawa kotero akuti akuyenera kupha ng'ombe. Zachidziwikire, ng'ombe sizitha kufa ndi kulumwa kwa mavu owuma, koma zowawa ndizotsimikizika.
Kuluma kungapezeke kokha kuchokera ku mavu aku Germany aku Germany.
M'mamagetsi amenewa ndi akazi okha omwe amaluma. Popeza mbola imakhala yosinthira ovipositor. Kwa anthu, kuluma kumeneku kumakhalanso kowawa kwambiri - ululu pambuyo pa kuluma kwa nyerere ya velvet imatha pambuyo maola ochepa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
MALO A VELVET ANTS
Ma dimorphism ogonana (kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi) ku Germany ndi okulirapo, oimira akazi kapena amuna osiyanasiyana ndiosavuta kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amasiyanitsidwa osati ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mapiko, komanso kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kukula kwake. Anthu aku Germany amakhala ndi amuna akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda kapena abulauni, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawanga ofiira pazifuwa zawo. Amakhala ndi tinyanga yayitali - magawo 13, osati 12, ngati akazi. Akazi ndi owala: chifuwa ndi chofiyira, ndipo pamimba pamakhala mawonekedwe a tsitsi lakuda ndi loyera, lokhala ndi mawonekedwe owala. Atasiyidwa ndi mapiko awo, azimayiwo adatha kupanga mawu kuti ma bulu ake otha kuwuluka apeze dona wa mtima mu maliseche a chisa cha wina (ngakhale, malinga ndi kwina, kutulutsa kumachitika kunja kwa chisa). Phokoso limachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusokonekera - kukangana kwa zida zapadera motsutsana ndi chinzake (monga, mwachitsanzo, mu dzombe ndi akangaude ena). Chiwalo chosasinthika chomwe chili pamalo apamwamba pamimba, pakati pamagawo achiwiri ndi achitatu.
Akazi osafunikira a osmos achikazi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu khumi ndi awiri, pamimba amakhala owongoka kuposa abambo, ndipo maso amachepetsa.
Akazi opanda ndege amafanana ndi nyerere, pomwe Ajeremani amatchedwanso "nyerere za velvet" (lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku dzina lachi English la velvet nyerere). Kufanana kwa nyerere sizodabwitsa, chifukwa njuchi zonse, nyerere, ndi maudzu amakono zimachokera kwa kholo lakale longa mabulosi. Komabe, katswiriyo azindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka nyerere: Nyerere, nyerere zotchedwa kuti cranked antennas zimazungunulidwa pakati pakona kovuta, ndipo ku Germany zimakhala zowongoka, ngakhale zili ndi kupindika.
Osati PARASIS, KOMA Wotsogolera
Anthu a ku Germany amadzala zisa za njuchi zingapo zokha. (Mwachitsanzo, njuchi zadothi), mavu okhaokha (mavu omwe amakumba, kapena ma sphycids, ndi ma mapaipi amsewu, komanso ma pompilides), komanso mavu omwe anali ndi mapiko. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, mutilides amathanso kufalikira m'mabanja a njuchi zanjuchi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njuchi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi za mankhwala ena a tizilombo timanenedwa. Uwu ndi magulu osiyanasiyana amitundu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Ajeremani alibe chidwi ndi zomwe amasunga mwini wake, koma ana awo, omwe mphutsi zomwe zimadya. Kunena zowona, azimayi achijeremani amatchedwa molakwika kuti majeremusi, popeza ndiamene amadyera omwe amapha omwe anawapeza. Akazi amafufuza chisa cha mwiniyo ndikulowera mkatikati mwa khomo lakelo kapena kudodometsa kulumikizana kwinaku ndikulowetsa cell ndi zakudya ndi ana. Yaikazi imakhala ndi mbola yamphamvu, yomwe imakhulupirira kuti imayambitsa ikakumana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mmakola osindikizidwa a njuchi imodzi ndi mavu, pali mphutsi ndi pupae zokha, zomwe sizingawonetse kukana kulikonse kwa wakuba, komanso zisa za tizilombo ta gulu, komwe kuli antchito ambiri okhala ngati nkhondo, ngakhale kulimba kwamphamvu sikungathandize polimbana ndi magulu ankhondo apamwamba. Mkazi waku Germany akutenga chisa mu chinyumbacho, ndipo ngati zichitika ndikungosokonekera, kakhanda kakang'ono kamatuluka munthaka.
MITUNDU YAPANSI
Amuna amatuluka pachimbudzi choyamba ndikuzungulira mozungulira pofunafuna abwenzi. Amadyetsa timadzi tokongola ta maluwa ndipo timatulutsa tiziwitsi tambiri tosiyanasiyana tamadzi. Zazikazi zimapezekanso pazomera, koma nthawi zambiri. Mkazi wamkulu waku Germany ali ndi zida zokwanira zamkati zomwe zimasungidwa pakumakula kwa masabata awiri. Amanenanso kuti zazikazi zimayamwa mitembo ya tizilomboto ndikuyamwa gawo lazinthu zomwe zimapatsazo kuchokera ku timadzi tokoma ndi mungu womwe timasungira njuchi.
DZIWANI IZI:
Parasitism ndiyofala kwambiri pakati pa tizilombo ta hymenopteran omwe amamanga zisa ndikusungira chakudya mkati mwake. Nyumba yokhala ndi masheya mkati mwake ndipo pokhapokha imakopa akuba ndi achifwamba - zingakhale zabwino, koma pali osaka pamenepo. Pali majeremusi pakati pa mavu komanso pakati pa njuchi. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 3000, njuchi zoyendayenda, kapena ma nomadin, - mitundu 1200 padziko lapansi ya zinyalala zokongola kwambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa zisa za mitundu yambiri ya mavu amodzi ndi njuchi. Oyimira mitundu yamtundu wosagwirizana nawonso amayamba kuba. Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa chilimwe - koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, zikafa zochepa maluwa, mabanja olimba omwe amayandikana nawo amatha kulanda banja lofooka la njuchi muming'oma ndikakoka uchi wonsewo. Oimira mtundu wamasamba ndi njuchi nthawi zambiri amajambula utoto, owala kwambiri kuposa mitundu yomwe imadyetsa, yomwe imadyetsa majeremusi.
CHISONI CHABWINO
- Gulu: tizilombo.
- Dongosolo: Hymenoptera.
- Banja: Ajeremani.
- Dzina lachi Latin: Mutillidae.
- Kukula: kuyambira 5 mpaka 30 mm.
- Colour: abambo ndi a bulauni kapena akuda okhala ndi mawanga ofiira pachifuwa, achikazi okhala ndi mawere ofiira komanso mawonekedwe akuda ndi oyera pamimba.