Ntchentche yazilombo: imadya chiyani, imakhala kuti? Chikumbu cha Zingwe * Tizilombo

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Gulugufe wamoto ndi tizilombo tomwe timayitanitsa Coleoptera (kapena kafadala), gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana, banja la ozimitsa moto (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).

Zoyimitsa moto zili ndi dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti mazira, mphutsi ndi achikulire amatha kuyatsa. Nkhani yakale kwambiri yofotokoza za moto ndi moto imapezeka mu ndakatulo za ku Japan za kumapeto kwa zaka za VIII.

Firefly - kufotokozera ndi chithunzi. Kodi chimawoneka bwanji?

Zoyimitsa moto ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tating'onoting'ono kuyambira 4 mm mpaka 3 cm. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ndi thupi lotalika lokwera yokutidwa ndi ubweya komanso mawonekedwe a kachilomboka tonse komwe amakhala:

Mapiko anayi, awiri apamwamba omwe adasandulika kukhala elytra, okhala ndi punctures komanso nthawi zina nthiti.

mutu woyenda, wokongoletsedwa ndi maso akulu owoneka ndi maso, wokutidwa kwathunthu ndi chidutswa,

filatera, wokhazikika kapena tinyanga taeta, wokhala ndi zigawo 11,

zida zamkamwa zamtundu wamatumbo (nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa mu mphutsi ndi zazikazi, mwa amuna akuluakulu zimachepa).

Amphongo amitundu yambiri, ofanana ndi kafadala wamba, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi achikazi, amakumbukira kwambiri mphutsi kapena mphutsi zazing'ono ndi miyendo. Oimira oterowo amakhala ndi thupi lofiirira lakumaso lokhala ndi timiyendo titatu tating'ono, maso akuluakulu osavuta, opanda mapiko kapena elytra konse. Mwakutero, sakudziwa kuuluka. Ana awo aang'ono ndi ang'ono, ali ndi zigawo zitatu, ndipo mutu wosavuta kusiyanika ubisika kuseri kwa chitseko cha khosi. Mwana akakhala wocheperako, amakula kwambiri.

Zoyimitsa moto sizikhala ndi utoto wowala: nthumwi za mtundu wa bulauni zimakumana pafupipafupi, koma zofunda zake zingakhale ndi matayidwe akuda ndi a bulauni. Tizilomboti tili ndi mawonekedwe opepuka komanso osinthika, amtundu wa scerotized. Mosiyana ndi kachikumbu kena, ma elytra amoto ndiwowoneka bwino, choncho tizilomboto kale amatchedwa matupi ofewa (lat. Cantharidae), koma kenako nkukhala banja logawanika.

Kodi chifukwa chiyani ziphokoso za moto zikuwala?

Anthu ambiri am'banja lamphaka wamoto amadziwika kuti amatha kutulutsa kuwala kwa phosphorescent, komwe kumaonekera kwambiri mumdima. Mwa mitundu ina, amuna okha ndi omwe amatha kuwala, mwa ena - akazi okha, mwa ena - onse awiri (mwachitsanzo, ozimitsa moto aku Italy). Amuna amatulutsa kuwala kowonekera bwino pakuuluka. Zachikazi sizigwira ntchito ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawala kwambiri panthaka. Palinso zozimitsa moto zomwe zilibe luso lotere, pomwe mitundu yambiri kuwala kumachokera ku mphutsi ndi mazira.

Mwa njira, nyama zochepa zapamtunda zambiri zimakhala ndi chodabwitsa cha bioluminescence (mankhwala luminescence). Mphutsi za udzudzu wa bowa wokhoza kuchita izi, michira ya mwendo (collembole), ntchentche zamoto, akangaude oyimira mahatchi ndi oyimira ka kachilomboka, mwachitsanzo, monga fire nutcrackers (pyrophorus) ochokera ku West Indies, amadziwika. Koma ngati muwerenge okhala m'madzi, ndiye kuti pali mitundu 800 ya nyama zowala Padziko lapansi.

Ziwalo zomwe zimaloleza kuyimitsa moto kuti zizimitsa kuwala ndi ma cellgenic cell (nyali), zolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi mitsempha ndi ma tracheas (ma ducts amlengalenga). Kunja, nyali zimawoneka ngati mawanga achikasu pambali yam'mimba, yokutidwa ndi filimu yowoneka bwino (cuticle). Zitha kupezeka pamagulu omaliza am'mimba kapena wogawika palimodzi pa thupi la tizilombo. Pansi pa maselowa pali ena, odzazidwa ndi makhwala a uric acid ndipo amatha kuwalitsa. Pamodzi, maselowa amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali vuto la mitsempha kuchokera ku ubongo wa tizilombo. Oksijeni trachea amalowa mu cellgenic cell ndipo mothandizidwa ndi enzyme luciferase, yomwe imathandizira pazomwe zimachitika, imatulutsa gulu la luciferin (limatulutsa kuwala kwachilengedwe) ndi ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Chifukwa cha izi, chiwombankhanga chimawala, kutulutsa kuwala kwa buluu, chikasu, kufiyira kapena kubiriwira.

Amuna ndi akazi amtundu womwewo nthawi zambiri amatulutsa kunyezimira kwamtundu wofanana, koma pali zosiyana. Utoto wake umatengera kutentha ndi acidity (pH) wa chilengedwe, komanso kapangidwe ka luciferase.

Mimbulu imayang'anira kuyatsa, imatha kuilimbitsa kapena kuipangitsa kuti ikhale yocheperako kapena yopitilira. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi mitundu yakeyake payekhapayekha ya ma radiation a phosphoric. Kutengera cholinga, kuwala kwa chikumbu cha ziphaniphani kumatha kutulutsa, kunyezimira, kukhazikika, kuzimiririka, kuwala kapena kuzimiririka. Yaikazi yamtundu uliwonse imangogwira ma chizindikiro amphongo okha ndi kupindika kwakatundu, kutanthauza mawonekedwe ake. Mwa phokoso lapadera lotulutsa kuwala, nsikidzi sizimangokopa othandizirana, komanso zimawopa adani omwe amadyera komanso kuteteza malire a madera awo. Kusiyanitsa:

Sakani ndi kuyimbira amuna amuna,
Zizindikiro zovomerezeka, kukana komanso kusintha kwa zikalata zazimayi,
Zizindikiro zosonyeza kukwiya, kuchita ziwonetsero ngakhale kutengera kochepera.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti ozimitsa moto amawononga pafupifupi 98% ya mphamvu zawo pazimitsa kuwala, pomwe babu wamba wamba (nyali ya incandescent) amasintha mphamvu 4% yokha kukhala kuwala, mphamvu zotsalazo zimasungunuka ngati mawonekedwe a kutentha.

Zoyimitsa moto, zomwe zimatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zambiri safuna luso lotulutsa, chifukwa sizichokera kwa iwo. Koma omwe akuyimira masana omwe amakhala m'mapanga kapena m'makona amdima amapezekanso "magetsi" awo. Mazira amitundu yamafiyilo amitundu yonse poyamba amatulutsa kuwala, koma posakhalitsa amazimirira. Masanawa, kuwala kwa chiwombankhanga kumatha kuzindikira ngati mutaphimba kachilombo ndi manja awiri kapena kusunthira kumalo amdima.

Mwa njira, ozimitsa moto amaperekanso zizindikilo pogwiritsa ntchito komwe akuwuluka. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi za mtundu umodzi zikuuluka molunjika, nthumwi za mtundu wina zimauluka mzere wosweka.

Mitundu Younikira Moto

Zizindikiro zonse zopepuka za fireflies V.F. Buck wogawika m'mitundu inayi:

Umu ndi momwe kafadala wamkulu wamtundu wa Phengode amawalira, ndi mazira a zowononga zonse, kupatula. Kutentha konsekomwe kapena kuwunikira sikukhudza kuwala kwa mauni amtunduwu wosalamulawu.

Kutengera ndi chilengedwe komanso momwe zilili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, izi zitha kukhala zopanda mphamvu kapena zowala. Itha kuzimiririka kwakanthawi. Kotero mphutsi zambiri zimawala.

Kuwala kwamtunduwu, komwe nthawi zopumira komanso kusowa kwa kuwala kumabwerezedwanso pafupipafupi, ndi mtundu wa genera wotentha Luciola ndi Pteroptix.

Palibe kudalira kwakanthawi pakati pamafayilo am'mimba ndi kusakhalapo kwawo pamtunduwu. Mtundu wamtunduwu wa chizimba ndi chizimba cha ozimitsa moto ambiri, makamaka m'malo otentha. Munthawi imeneyi, kuthekera kwa tizilombo kutulutsa kuwala kumadalira kwambiri chilengedwe.

H.A. Lloyd adanenanso mtundu wachisanu:

Chizindikiro cha mtundu uwu chimayimira kuwunika kwakanthawi (pafupipafupi kuyambira pa 5 mpaka 30 Hz), kuwonekera mwachindunji. Imapezeka m'mabanja onse ocheperako, ndipo kupezeka kwake sikudalira malo ndi malo.

Makina Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zaufulu

Mu lampirid, mitundu iwiri ya njira zoyankhulirana ndizosiyanitsidwa.

Mu kachitidwe koyamba, munthu wamkazi kapena wamkazi (yemwe nthawi zambiri ndi wamkazi) amatulutsa mawu osonyeza kukopa komanso kukopa nthumwi ya munthu yemwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuyankhulana kwamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi ma fireflies amtundu wa Phengodera, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
Mu dongosolo la mtundu wachiwiri, amuna omwe ali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (amuna omwe nthawi zambiri amauluka) amalankhula mosalekeza komwe akazi opanda ndege amapereka mayankho okhudzana ndi kugonana. Njira yolankhulirana iyi imadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri kuchokera ku mabanja achichepere a Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) ndi Photurinae, wokhala ku America.

Kugawikaku sikuli kokwanira, chifukwa pali mitundu yokhala ndi njira yapakati yolumikizirana komanso njira yotsogola yapamwamba kwambiri ya luminescence (mitundu ya ku Europe Luciola italica ndi Luciola mingrelica).

Firefly Sync Flash

M'malo otentha, mitundu yambiri ya nsikidzi yochokera ku banja la Lampyridae imawoneka ngati kuwala limodzi. Amayatsa "nyali" zawo nthawi yomweyo ndikuzimitsa. Asayansi amati izi ndizowombera kwamoto. Njira yotchingira makina owombera moto sizinaphunziridwebe, ndipo pali mitundu ingapo yokhudza momwe tizilombo timayendera nthawi imodzi. Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa iwo, pali mtsogoleri m'gulu la kachilomboka kamtundu womwewo, ndipo amatitsogolera ngati "kwayala" iyi. Ndipo popeza oimira onse amadziwa pafupipafupi (nthawi yopuma ndi nthawi yowala), amatha kuchita izi mwaubwenzi. Amayenda mozungulira, makamaka amuna a nyali za nyali. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza onse amakonda kutengera momwe masanjidwe amtundu wamoto amalumikizirana ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwa tizilombo. Mwa kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, amakhala ndi mwayi wopeza mnzake wokwatirana naye. Asayansi awonanso kuti kulumikizana kwa kuwala kwa tizilombo kungathe kuthyoledwa mukapachika nyale pafupi nawo. Koma pakutha kwa ntchito yake, njirayi imayambiranso.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa izi kudachitika 1680 - uku ndikulongosola kopangidwa ndi E. Kempfer atapita ku Bangkok. Pambuyo pake, zonena zambiri zidanenedwa pakuwona izi ku Texas (USA), Japan, Thailand, Malaysia ndi zigawo zamapiri ku New Guinea. Makamaka ambiri amtundu wa ziphaniphani zamoto amakhala ku Malaysia: kumeneko amatchedwa "kelip-kelip". Ku USA, alendo obwera ku Elkomont National Park (Mapiri a Great Smoky) amawona kuwala kwa oimira mitundu ya Photinus carolinus.

Kugawa

Zoyimitsa moto zili ponseponse ku North America, Asia ndi Europe. Amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zam'malo otentha, m'madambo, m'matanthwe ndi m'mawondo. Ichi ndikuyimira banja lalikulu kuchokera ku kafadala, omwe amatha kutulutsa kuwala kowala kwambiri.

Zouluka - kachilombo komwe kali m'gulu la fireflies (Lampyridae), dongosolo la kafadala. Banja ili ndi mitundu yopitilira 2000. Imayimiriridwa makamaka m'malo omwe amakhala ndi madera otentha komanso otentha, komanso m'malo ochepa kutentha. M'mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nyama komanso mitundu pafupifupi 20 imakhala. Ndipo mdziko lathuli, anthu ambiri amadziwa momwe chimunthu cha moto chimawonekera. Ku Russia, mitundu 15 yalembedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, mbozi za usiku za Ivanovo zomwe zimakhala tsiku lonse masamba atagwa ndi udzu wandiweyani, ndipo kutuluka kumayamba kusaka. Zoyimitsa motozi zimakhala m'nkhalangomo, pomwe zimasaka akangaude ang'onoang'ono, tizilombo tating'ono ndi nkhono. Zachikazi sizimawuluka. Ili ndi utoto kwathunthu ngati utoto wonyezimira, kumunsi kwam'mimba kokha ndiko magawo atatu oyera. Chifukwa chake zimatulutsa kuwala kowala.

Zoyimitsa moto zomwe zimakhala ku Caucasus zimawala. Spark amavina mumdima wandiweyani ndikupatsa usiku wakum'mwera chithumwa chapadera.

Kodi zozimitsa moto zimakhala kuti?

Zoyimitsa moto ndizofala kwambiri, zoteteza kutentha zomwe zimakhala kumadera onse padziko lapansi:

ku America
ku Africa
ku Australia ndi New Zealand,
ku Europe (kuphatikiza UK),
ku Asia (Malaysia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia ndi Philippines).

Zoyimitsa moto zambiri zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Ambiri aiwo amakhala kumayiko otentha, ndiye kuti, kumadera otentha ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lathuli. Mitundu ina imapezeka m'malo otentha. Ku Russia, mitundu 20 ya ziphokoso zamoto zimakhala, zomwe zimapezeka kudera lonselo kupatula kumpoto: ku Far East, gawo la ku Europe ndi ku Siberia. Amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zowuma, m'mapiri, m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Ozimitsa moto sakonda kukhala m'magulu, amakhala achilala, koma nthawi zambiri amapanga masango osakhalitsa. Zoyimitsa moto zambiri ndizinyama zamadzulo, koma pali zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito masana. Masana, tizilombo timapuma pa udzu, kubisala pansi pa khungwa, miyala kapena silika, ndipo usiku omwe amatha kuwuluka amachita bwino komanso mwachangu. M'malo ozizira, nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka padziko lapansi.

Moyo

Zoyimitsa moto sizikhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, koma kuphatikiza izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala timagulu tambiri. Owerenga athu ambiri sadziwa momwe owombera moto amawonekera, chifukwa ndizovuta kuwaona masana: amapumula, atakhala pampando wazomera kapena pansi, ndipo amakhala moyo wokangalika usiku.

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziphaniphani zamoto zimasiyana. Tizilombo tosavulaza timene timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu. Anthu ochita zanyumba amadana ndi akangaude, nyerere, nkhono ndi mbewa. Pali mitundu yomwe akuluakulu ake samadya nkomwe; ilibe pakamwa.

Kodi chifukwa chiyani ziphokoso za moto zikuwala?

Mwinanso, ambiri achitika ali ana, kupumula ndi agogo awo kapena mumsasa womwe uli mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, kuti awone momwe madzulo, pakakhala usiku, ozimitsa moto amawombera. Ana amakonda kuphatikiza tizilombo tosiyanasiyana mumitsuko, ndipo amasilira momwe zimayaka zimayaka. Chiwalo chakuwunikira kwa tizilombo timeneti ndi Photophore. Ili pamunsi pamimba ndipo ili ndi zigawo zitatu. Otsika kwambiri aiwo amawunikidwa. Imatha kuwalitsa. Mmodzi wapamwamba ndi cuticle yowonekera. Chapakati ndi maselo a photosgenic omwe amatulutsa kuwala. Monga mungaganizire, kapangidwe kake kamafanana ndi nyali.

Asayansi amati mtunduwu wa luminescence bioluminescence chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa khungu la oxygen ndi calcium, mtundu wa luciferin, molekyulu ya ATP, ndi puloteni ya luciferase.

Kodi ntchentche zimadya chiyani?

Mphutsi ndi akulu onse nthawi zambiri amadyera, ngakhale kuli zozimitsa moto zomwe zimadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu, komanso mbewu zowola. Tizilombo tina touluka timadyera tizirombo tina, tinthu tina ta mphalaphala, ma bulugosi, milili, kachilomboka, ngakhalenso abale awo. Akazi ena omwe amakhala m'malo otentha (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku genur Photuris), atatha kukhwima, atsanzire mawonekedwe a kunyezimira kwa amuna amtundu wina kuti awadye ndikupeza michere yakukula kwa ana awo.

Akazi akamakula amadya kwambiri kuposa amuna. Amuna ambiri samadya nkomwe ndipo amwalira atachira kangapo, ngakhale pali umboni wina kuti akulu onse amadya chakudya.

Mphutsi yamoto imakhala ndi burashi yomwe ikhoza kutulutsidwa pamgawo womaliza wamimba. Amafunikira kuti ayeretse nkhonya zotsala pamutu wake wochepa atatha kudya ndikumwa. Mphutsi zonse zamoto zimadya nyama zolusa. Kwenikweni, amadya chipolopolo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mazira awo.

Kodi nthenga zamoto zimatuluka?

Mosiyana ndi nyali zamagetsi, komwe mphamvu zambiri zimayendera moto wosagwira ntchito, pomwe mphamvu zake sizoposa 10%, ozimitsa moto amatanthauzira mpaka 98% mphamvu kukhala ma radiation. Ndiye kuti, kwazizira. Kuwala kwa nsikidzi kumapangidwa ndi gawo lowoneka wachikasu wobiriwira wofanana ndi ma wavelength mpaka 600 nm.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mitundu ina yamoto imatha kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu yakuwala. Ndipo zimapatsanso kunyezimira kwapang'onopang'ono. Momwe mantha amchiwonetserawa amaperekera chizindikiro choti "chitseguke", mpweya wabwino umalowera m'thumba, ndipo umaleka kudyetsa, kuwala "kuzimitsidwa".

Komabe, kodi nchifukwa ninji ziphaniphani za moto zikuwala? Kupatula apo, osati pofuna kusangalatsa anthu? M'malo mwake, bioluminescence kwa zozimitsa moto ndi njira yolankhulirana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikukutanthauza kupezeka kwawo, komanso kusiyanitsa wokondedwa wawo pafupipafupi. Mitundu yaku North America ndi malo otentha nthawi zambiri zimapanga ma chily seds kwa okondedwa wawo, ndikuthwanima ndikufa nthawi yomweyo ndi gulu lonse. Gulu la anyamata kapena atsikana limayankhanso ndi chizindikiro chomwecho.

Kuswana

Nthawi yakukhwima ikayamba, mbewa yamphongo imakhala ikufufuza chizindikiro chodzaza ndi theka, yakonzekera kubereka.Mukam'peza, amapita kwa osankhidwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziphaniphani zamoto zimayatsa kuwala mosiyanasiyana, ndipo izi, zimatsimikizira kuti oimira amtundu umodzi amathandizana.

Kusankha kwa anzanu

Matriarchy amalamulira pakati pa zozimitsa moto - wamkazi amasankha mnzake. Imatsimikiza ndi kukula kwa kuwala. Kuwala, kuwonjeza pafupipafupi kwa kuthwanima kwake, kwamphongo kumakondweretsa wamkazi. M'madambo a mvula, m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, mitengo yokhala ndi makosi oterewa imawala bwino kuposa mawindo ogulitsira omwe ali mu megalopolises.

Pakalembapo zochitika zamasewera ophatikiza ndi zotsatira zakupha. Zachikazi, pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chopepuka, chimakopa amuna amtundu wina. Pakupezeka feteleza wosazindikira, wonyengayo amawadyera.

Pambuyo umuna, mphutsi zimawonekera kuchokera mazira omwe amayikidwa ndi mkazi. Kodi mphutsi za firefire zimawoneka bwanji? Mphutsi zazikulu, zowala, zopaka utoto zakuda bwino. Mokondweretsa, amawala, monga akulu. Pafupifupi nthawi yophukira, amabisala pakhungwa la mitengo, momwe nthawi yozizira imakhalako.

Mphutsi zimamera pang'onopang'ono: m'mitundu yomwe imakhala mumsewu wapakati, nthawi yozizira, ndipo m'mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imamera milungu ingapo. Sewu la ana limatenga milungu iwiri. Chotsatira cham'mawa, mphutsi zamtopola ndi achikulire atsopano amapanga kwa iwo.

Ndawala ngati moto womwe umatentha kwambiri ku America. Imafika kutalika masentimita asanu. Ndipo chifuwa chake, kupatula pamimba, chimawalanso. Kuwala kwakeko kuli kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa wachibale waku Europe.
Asayansi adatha kudzipatula kumtundu womwe umakhudza kuwala. Zinayambitsidwa bwino mmera, chifukwa zinali zotheka kubzala minda usiku.
Anthu okhala m'malo otentha adagwiritsa ntchito nsikidzi ngati nyali zoyambilira. Ziphuphu zinaikidwa mum'zinthu zazing'ono ndipo magetsi owunikira amenewo amawunikira nyumbazo.
Chaka chilichonse, kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, chikondwerero cha chimphona chimachitika ku Japan. Openyerera amabwera m'mundamo pafupi ndi kacisi nthawi yamadzulo ndikuwonetsetsa mwachidwi kuthamanga kwodabwitsa kwaziphuphu zazambiri.
Ku Europe, mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi gulugufe wamoto, wotchedwa Ivanovo nyongolotsi. Bubu lidalandira dzina lachilendo ichi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti limawala usiku wa Ivan Kupala.

Tikukhulupirira kuti mwalandira mayankho ku mafunso amomwe chiwombankhanga chimawoneka, komwe akukhala ndi moyo womwe iye amakhala. Tizilombo tosangalatsa iti nthawi zonse tachititsa chidwi chachikulu kwa anthu ndipo, monga mukuwona, ndizoyenera.

Usiku kotentha kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi, ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, mutha kuwona magetsi owoneka obiriwira mu udzu, ngati kuti wina wayatsa ma LED ang'onoang'ono obiriwira. Usiku wa chilimwe ndi waufupi, mutha kuwonera chiwonetserochi kwa maola angapo chabe. Koma mutayang'ana udzu ndi kuyatsa nyali pamalo pomwe pali nyali, mutha kuwona tizilombo tating'ono tokhala ngati mbewa, komwe kumapeto kwamimbayo kumawala. Chimawoneka ngati chachikazi chimphona wamba (Lampyris noctiluca ) Anthu amamutcha Ivanov nyongolotsi , Ivanovo nyongolotsi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti nthawi yoyamba pachaka imawonekera usiku wa Ivan Kupala. Akazi okha omwe akuyembekezera amuna pansi kapena zomera zomwe zimapanga kuwala kowoneka, pomwe amuna sizimayatsa. Imodzi yamphaka wamoto imawoneka ngati kachirombo wamba wabwinobwino wokhala ndi elytra wolimba, pomwe wachikazi akamakula amakhala ngati mphutsi, ndipo alibe mapiko konse. Kuwala kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa amuna. Chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimatulutsa kunyezimira chimakhala pazigawo zomaliza zam'mimba ndipo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri pakupanga: pali ma cell ochepa. yokhala ndi makristali ambiri a urea, ndikuchita ngati galasi wowunikira. Gawo lodziyimira lokha limalumikizidwa ndi ma tracheas (kuti athe kupeza okosijeni) ndi mitsempha. Kuwala kumapangidwa panthawi yomwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni apadera - luciferin, pogwiritsa ntchito ATP. Kwa ozimitsa moto, iyi ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri, yochitika ndi pafupifupi 100% mphamvu, mphamvu zonse zimalowa m'kuwala, pafupifupi popanda kutentha. Ndipo tsopano mwatsatanetsatane pang'ono za zonsezi.

Phiri wamba (Lampyris noctiluca ) ndi nthumwi ya banja lamoto wamoto (Lampyridae ) dongosolo la kafadala (Coleoptera). Amuna a kachilomboka ali ndi thupi looneka ngati ndudu, mpaka 15 mm kutalika, komanso mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso akuluakulu. Zimawuluka bwino. Akazi ndi maonekedwe awo amafanana ndi mphutsi, amakhala ndi thupi lopanda mphutsi mpaka 18mm kutalika, komanso lopanda mapiko. Svetlyakov imatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, madambo otentha, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje.

Zofunikira kwambiri m'mawu onse ndi ziwalo zowunikira. M'mayikidwe amoto ambiri, amakhala kumbuyo kwam'mimba, akufanana ndi tochi yayikulu. Matupi awa adakonzedwa pamaziko a nyumba yopepuka. Ali ndi mtundu wa “nyali” - gulu la maselo okhala ndi mafoto omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma tracheas ndi mitsempha. Selo iliyonse imadzazidwa ndi "mafuta", momwe gawo lawo ndi luciferin. Tambala wamoto utapuma, mpweya umadutsa mu trachea kulowa m'ziwalo zowunikira, pomwe luciferin imaphatikizidwa ndi mpweya. Mphamvu ya mankhwala imatulutsa mphamvu mu kuwala. Nyumba yowala yeniyeni imakhala yowunikira njira yoyenera - kulowera kunyanja. Zoyimitsa moto pankhaniyi sizotsalira kwenikweni. Zojambula zawo amazunguliridwa ndi maselo odzazidwa ndi makhwala a uric acid. Amagwira ntchito ya chiwonetsero chazithunzi (chiwonetsero cha galasi) ndipo amakulolani kuti musagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zopanda pake pachabe. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingade nkhawa ndi kupulumutsa, chifukwa momwe ziwalo zawo zowunikira zimakhudzidwira ndi katswiri aliyense. Zoyimitsa moto zimachita bwino kwambiri 98%! Izi zikutanthauza kuti 2% yokha mphamvu imangowonongeka, ndipo munthawi ya manja a anthu (magalimoto, zida zamagetsi), kuchoka pa 60 mpaka 96% ya mphamvu imangowonongeka.

Mankhwala angapo akuphatikizidwa kuti achite. Mmodzi wa iwo amalimbana ndi kutentha ndipo amapezeka pang'ono - luciferin. Chinthu chinanso ndi ma enzyme luciferase. Komanso adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) amafunikiranso pakuwala. Luciferase ndi puloteni wolemera m'magulu a sulfhydryl.

Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni a luciferin. Popanda luciferase, kuchuluka kwa pakati pa luciferin ndi okosijeni kumakhala kotsika kwambiri; ATP imafunika ngati cofactor.

Kuwala kumachitika pakusintha kwa oxyluciferin kuchoka pamalo osangalatsa kupita pansi. Mwanjira iyi, oxyluciferin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi molekyulu ya enzyme ndipo, kutengera mphamvu ya hydenthogicin yotulutsa oksijeni, kuwala kozimitsidwa kumasiyana mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamoto wamoto kuchokera ku chikasu chobiriwira (chokhala ndi hydrophobic microen mazingira) mpaka kufiyira (ndi hydrophobic yocheperako). Chowonadi ndichakuti ndi polar microenvelo yambiri, gawo lamphamvu limatha. Ma Luciferases ochokera kuma fireflies osiyanasiyana amatulutsa bioluminescence ndi maxima kuchokera pa 548 mpaka 620 nm. Mwambiri, mphamvu zamagetsi pazomwe zimachitika ndizambiri: pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zomwe zimachitika zimasinthidwa kukhala kuwala popanda kutulutsa kutentha.

Tizilomboti tonse timakhala ndi luciferin. Ma Lusifara, mosiyana, ndi osiyana mitundu. Zotsatira zake kuti kusintha kwa utoto kumatengera kutengera kwa ma enzyme. Kafukufuku awonetsa kuti kutentha ndi pH ya sing'anga imakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa kuwala. Pa microscopic level, luminescence imangokhala ndi cytoplasm ya maselo, pomwe ma nyukiliya amakhala amdima. Kuwala kumapangidwa ndi zida za Photogenic zomwe zili mu cytoplasm. Mukafufuza magawo atsopano a maselo a photosgenic mumayendedwe a ultraviolet, zopangirazi zimatha kupezeka ndi malo awo ena, fluorescence, zomwe zimatengera kupezeka kwa luciferin.

Zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa izi ndizokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zakale za luminescence, zomwe zikuyandikira umodzi. Mwanjira ina, mu molekyulu iliyonse ya luciferin yomwe ikutenga nawo mbali pazomwe zimachitika, muyeso umodzi umayatsidwa.

Zoyimitsa moto ndizizilombo zomwe zimadyera tizilombo komanso ma mollusks. Mphutsi za ziphaniphani zimakhala ndi moyo wosokera, zofanana ndi mphutsi za pansi. Mphutsi zimadyanso tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, touluka, touluka tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambiri, totola touluka, timabisala tomwe timadzibisa.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono sitidyetsa, ndipo tikangoyamba kukhwima ndi kuyikira mazira timafa. Wamkazi amayikira mazira pamasamba kapena pansi. Posakhalitsa, mphutsi zakuda zamtundu wachikasu zimatuluka kuchokera kwa iwo. Amadya kwambiri ndipo amakula msanga, ndipo panjira, nawonso amawala. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, kudakali kotentha, amakwera pansi pa khungwa la mitengo, komwe amakhala nthawi yonse yozizira. Pakumalizira, amatuluka kwawo, kunenepa kwa masiku angapo, kenako kukasaka. Patatha milungu iwiri, amfuti zazing'ono zimawonekera.

Kuyang'ana kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa ozimitsa moto, kuyambira nthawi zakale, anthu akhala akudabwa kuti bwanji osazigwiritsa ntchito pazothandiza. Amwenye adawakhomera kwa moccasins kuti awonetse njira ndikuwawopsa njoka. Anthu oyamba kukhazikika ku South America adagwiritsa ntchito nsikidzi ngati nyali pamiyendo yawo. M'madera ena, mwambowu udakalipobe mpaka pano.

Usiku wa chilimwe, ozimitsa moto amayang'ana modabwitsa komanso modabwitsa, pamene, ngati nthano, magetsi owala amakhala ngati nyenyezi zazing'ono mumdima.

Kuwala kwawo ndi kofiira-chikasu komanso kubiriwira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kowala. Tizilombo touluka amatanthauza dongosolo la kafadala, banja lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3,000, yogawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.

Oimira owoneka bwino a tizilombo amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. M'dziko lathu, muli mitundu 20 ya nyama. Chingwe m'Chilatini amatchedwa: Lampyridae.

Nthawi zina zozimitsa moto zimatulutsa kuwala kotalikirapo, ngati nyenyezi zowombera, kuwuluka ndikuwunika ngati usiku kum'mwera. Pali zinthu zosangalatsa kudziwa za anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zozimitsa moto pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Mwachitsanzo, mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa kuti oyamba oyera oyamba, omwe amayenda kupita ku Brazil, pati nawonso ozimitsa moto amakhala , amayatsa nyumba zawo ndi kuwala kwawo kwachilengedwe.

Ndipo amwenye, akupita kokasaka, anamangirira nyali zachilengedwe izi ku zala zawo. Ndipo tizilombo toyang'ana zowala sizinangothandiza kuwona mumdima, komanso kuwopa njoka zapoizoni. Monga zozimitsa moto nthawi zina ndimakonda kuyerekezera katundu ndi nyali ya fluorescent.

Komabe, kuwala kwa chilengedwe kumeneku ndikosavuta, chifukwa pozimitsa nyali zawo, tizilombo sizitenthetsa ndipo sizichulukitsa kutentha kwa thupi. Zachidziwikire, chilengedwe chimasamalira izi, apo ayi zitha kubweretsa imfa yamoto.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zoyimitsa moto zimakhala mu udzu, tchire, moss, kapena pansi pa masamba. Ndipo usiku iwo akusaka. Zoyimitsa moto zimadya , zazing'ono, mphutsi za tizilombo tina, nyama zazing'ono, nkhono ndi mbewu zowola.

Mitundu ya akulu akulu amoto samadyetsa, koma imangokhala pakubereka, ikamwalira mutatulutsa mazira ndikuyamba kuyikira mazira. Tsoka ilo, masewera a matchingawa a tizilombo nthawi zina amafika pamatsenga.

Ndani angaganize kuti zazikazi zazilombo zochititsa chidwi izi, zomwe zimakongoletsa usiku wamalimwe waumulungu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi machitidwe obisika.

Akazi amtundu wa Photuris, omwe amapereka zonyenga zachimuna zamtundu wina, amangokopa, ngati kuti akupeza umuna, ndipo m'malo mwa kugonana komwe mukufuna, adye. Khalidwe lotere limatchedwa ndi asayansi ankhanza kwambiri.

Koma zozimitsa moto ndizothandizanso kwambiri, makamaka kwa anthu, pakudya ndikuchotsa tizirombo zowopsa mumasamba a mitengo ndi m'minda yamasamba. Zoyimitsa moto m'munda - Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino kwa wolima dimba.

Mmenemo, komwe kuli mitundu yachilendo kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa ya tizilombo timene timakhala, ozimitsa moto amalambira m'minda ya mpunga, momwe amadyako, akuwononga zochulukirapo, nkhono zamadzi oyera, kukonza malo obisika a midzi yosusuka yosafunikira, kubweretsa phindu lalikulu.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Masiku ano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 2,000 ya mitundu yowuluka. Maonekedwe awo osawoneka bwino masana sakukhudzana konse ndi kukongola komwe kumatsitsidwa ndi zozimitsa usiku.

Selo lililonse limakhala ndi chake, lomwe limatchedwa mafuta luciferin. Makinawa amapanga thukuta lonse kupuma. Ikapakidwa mpweya, imayenda mumlengalenga.

Pamenepo, makutidwe ophatikiza a luciferin amachitika, omwe amatulutsa mphamvu ndikupereka kuwala. Ma phytocides okhala ndi tizilombo timaganizira kwambiri komanso osakhwima kotero kuti samatha mphamvu. Ngakhale sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi izi chifukwa dongosololi limagwira ntchito ndi zovuta komanso kukhudzidwa.

QCD yazilombozi ndi ofanana 98%. Izi zikutanthauza kuti 2% yokha ndi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pachabe. Poyerekeza, zopangira zamtundu wa anthu zimakhala ndi QCD kuyambira 60 mpaka 90%.

Opambana pamdima. Uku sikuchita kwawo komaliza komanso kofunikira. Amatha kuwongolera "magetsi" awo popanda zovuta zambiri. Ndi ena okha aiwo omwe samapatsidwa mwayi wowongolera kuwunika.

Ena onse amatha kusintha kusintha kwa kuwala, kenako kuyatsa, kenako kuzimitsa "ma bulb" awo. Umenewu siwongosewera chabe. Mothandizidwa ndi machitidwe oterewa amasiyanitsa awo ndi alendo. Zoyimitsa moto zomwe zimakhala ku Malaysia ndizabwino kwambiri pankhaniyi.

Amanyalanyaza komanso kunyezimira kumachitika nthawi imodzi. M'nkhalango yausiku, kulumikizana kotereku ndikusocheretsa. Zikuwoneka kuti wina wapachika zokongoletsera zokongola.

Dziwani kuti kuthekera kodabwitsa koteroko usiku sikunaberekeke kwina konse. Ena mwa iwo ndi omwe amakonda kukhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Siziwala konse, kapena kuti kuunika kwawo kowala kumawonekera kuthengo lakuthengo ndi m'mapanga.

Zoyimitsa moto zili ponseponse kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Dera la North America ndi Europe ndi malo awo omwe amakonda. Amakhala otetezeka m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino, ma dambo ndi madambo.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timaphatikizira mumasamba ambiri. Masana, kugona kwawo paudzu kumawonedwa. Kufika kwamadzulo kumapangitsa ntchentche zamoto kuti zisunthire ndikuuluka.

Zimawuluka bwino, moyenera komanso mwachangu nthawi yomweyo. Simungathe kuyitcha mphutsi zamoto zoyimitsa moto. Amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wosokera. Amakhala otakasuka osati pansi, komanso madzi.

Zoyimitsa moto zimakonda kutentha. Nyengo yachisanu, tizilombo timabisala pansi pa khungwa la mtengo. Ndipo pobwera masika ndikatha kudya zakudya zabwino, amasangalala. Ndizosangalatsa kuti akazi ena, kuphatikiza pazabwino zonsezi, ali ndi chinyengo.

Amadziwa momwe mtundu wina wa kuwala ungawalire. Yambani kuyambiranso. Mwacibadwa, wamphongo wamtunduwu amawona kuwala komwe amayambira ndikuyamba njira yake.

Koma mlendo wamwamuna amene waona kuti wagwira sakupatsidwanso mwayi wobisala. Yaikazi imamudya, ndikulandila zokwanira zofunikira pamoyo wake ndikukula kwa mphutsi. Pakadali pano, zozimitsa moto sizimamveka bwino. Pali zinthu zambiri zasayansi zomwe zatulukiridwa patsogolo pa izi.

Mawonekedwe

Kunja, gulugufe wamtunduwu amawoneka wochepetsetsa kwambiri, ngakhale wosawoneka bwino. Thupi limakhala lokwera komanso lopapatiza, mutu ndi wocheperako, tinyanga taafupi. Kukula kwa chiwombankhanga cha kachilombo ndi kakang'ono - pafupifupi 1 mpaka 2 sentimita. Mtundu wakuda ndi wodera, wamtundu wakuda kapena wakuda.

Mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka yatchulapo kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zoyimitsa moto zazimuna pakuwoneka ngati mphemvu, zimatha kuuluka, koma sizowala.

Yaikazi imawoneka yofanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi kapena nyongolotsi, ilibe mapiko, chifukwa chake imakhala moyo wongokhala. Koma wamkazi amadziwa kuunikira, komwe kumakopa oimira akazi kapena amuna.

Chifukwa chiyani kukuwala

Zoyala zowoneka bwino pamtambo wa chinsombacho zili kumbuyo kwa m'mimba. Ndi kudzikundikira kwa maselo owala - ma Photocytes omwe ma tracheas angapo ndi mitsempha imadutsa.

Selo lililonse limakhala ndi luciferin. Pakupuma kudzera mu trachea, mpweya umalowa m'chiwalo chowala, mothandizidwa ndi komwe luciferin imatulutsa, imatulutsa mphamvu ngati kuwala.

Chifukwa chakuti malekezero a mitsempha amatha kudutsa ma cell a kuwala, kambuku wautchire amatha kuwongolera pawokha komanso momwe kuwala kumawala. Imatha kukhala chowala mosalekeza, chonyezimira, chiphuphu kapena kung'anima. Chifukwa chake, nsikidzi zikuwala mumdima zimafanana ndi krisimasi.

Mitundu ya zozimitsa moto, zithunzi ndi mayina.

Ponseponse, akatswiri a zamagetsi amawerengetsa mitundu pafupifupi 2000 ya ziphokoso zamoto. Tiye tikambirane za otchuka kwambiri a iwo.

Firefire wamba (ali chinjoka chachikulu (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Ili ndi mayina a Ivan nyongolotsi kapena Ivan nyongolotsi. Kawonedwe ka kachilomboka kanalumikizidwa ndi tchuthi cha Ivan Kupala, chifukwa nthawi yakukhwima imayamba nyengo yakukula. Kuchokera apa kunachokera dzina lodziwika bwino, lomwe linaperekedwa kwa mkazi wofanana kwambiri ndi nyongolotsi.

Chingwe chachikulu chimakhala ngati cholowera. Kukula kwa amuna kumafika 11-15 mm, akazi - 11-18 mm. Tizilombo timene tili ndi thupi looneka bwino komanso zizindikilo zina zonse za banja ndi dongosolo. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi wamtunduwu ndi osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Yaikazi imafanana ndi mphutsi ndipo imakhala moyo wokhalitsa pansi. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kukhala ndi bioluminescence. Koma chachikazi chimatamandidwa koposa, pakucha, imawala. Yaimuna imawuluka bwino, koma imawalira kwambiri, pafupifupi osayang'ana. Mwachidziwikire, ndi wamkazi yemwe amapereka chisonyezo kwa wokondedwa.

- Munthu wamba wokhala m'minda ya mpunga ku Japan. Amakhala mumadzi okhota kapena m'madzi. Imasaka usiku nthawi zambiri, kuphatikiza zithunzithunzi zapakatikati. Panthawi yosaka, imawala kwambiri, imayatsa kuwala kwamtambo.

amakhala kudera la North America. Amuna amtundu wa Photinus amangowoneka modutsa ndikuuluka mumsewu wa zigzag, ndipo zazikazi zimagwiritsa ntchito zowunikira kudya amuna amtundu wina. Mwa oimira mtunduwu, asayansi aku America amadzilekanitsa ma enzyme luciferase kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe. Phiri lamoto wamba ndilomwe limapezeka kwambiri ku North America.

Ichi ndi kachilomboka kowoneka usiku wokhala ndi thupi lofiirira 11-14 mm kutalika. Chifukwa cha kuwala kowala, kumaonekera bwino panthaka. Zachikazi zamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi nyongolotsi. Mphutsi za Photinus zamoto zimakhala zaka 1 mpaka 2 ndipo zimabisala m'malo onyowa - pafupi ndi mitsinje, pansi pa khungwa komanso pansi. Amakhala nthawi yachisanu akudzibisa pansi.

Tizilombo tonse akuluakulu komanso mphutsi zake ndi nyama zolusa, timadya mphutsi ndi nkhono.

amakhala ku Canada ndi USA. Tizilomboti tokalamba timakhala ngati masentimita awiri. Timakhala ndi thupi lakuda, maso ofiira komanso thunzi totuwa. Pa zigawo zomaliza za m'mimba mwake ndi maselo a photogenic.

Mphutsi zamtunduwu amatchedwa "nyongolotsi yowunikira" chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kwa bioluminescence. Akazi onga nyama zamtunduwu nawonso amatha kutengera kuunika; amatsata zizindikilo za mitundu ya ziphaniphani za Photinus kuti agwire ndi kudya amuna awo.

Cyphonocerus ruficollis - mitundu yakale kwambiri komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino. Amakhala ku North America ndi Europe. Ku Russia, kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka ku Primorye, pomwe akazi ndi amuna amawala mokwanira mu Ogasiti. Chikumbuchi chimalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russia.

Phirilo (Red Fire Pyrocelia) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - mtundu wocheperako komanso wosaphunzira bwino womwe umakhala ku Far East ku Russia. Kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 15 mm. Amutcha iye wofiyira-mutu-wofiira chifukwa scutellum yake ndi expressionot yozungulira amakhala ndi kuwala kwa lalanje. Elytra wa kachilomboka amakhala woderapo, tinyanga tating'onoting'ono komanso tating'ono.

Gawo lazambiri za tizilombo timatha zaka 2. Mutha kupeza mphutsi mu udzu, pansi pa miyala kapena zinyalala. Amuna achikulire akuwuluka.

- kachikumbu kakang'ono kakang'ono kokhala ndi mutu wa lalanje ndi kansalu kamene kamawombera. Zachikazi zamtunduwu zimawuluka ndikuwala, pomwe zazimuna zimalephera kutulutsa kuwala ndikusintha kukhala kachilombo wamkulu.

Tizilombo ta nthomba timakhala m'nkhalango za North America.

-Munthu wokhala pakati pa Europe. Pa chikwangwani cha chikumbu chachimuna pali malo owonekera, ndipo thupi lake lonse limapakidwa utoto. Kutalika kwa kachiromboka kumasintha 10 mpaka 15 mm.

Amuna ndi owala kwambiri kuwuluka. Zachikazi ndizowumbidwa ndi nyongolotsi komanso zimatha kuyatsa kuwala kowala. Ziwalo zopangira kuwala zimapezeka ku Central Europe mphutsi osati kumapeto pamimba, komanso gawo lachiwiri la chifuwa. Makina amtunduwu amathanso kunyezimira. Amakhala ndi thupi lakuda lomwe lili ndi madontho achikasu achikaso m'mbali.

Zoyimitsa moto - chozizwitsa modabwitsa

Kuuluka, kuyatsa kwamphamvu kwa chiwombankhanga - chidwi chenicheni cha chilimwe. Koma tikudziwa zochuluka motani za zomwe zimayaka moto. Nazi zina mwa izo.

1. Kodi kachilomboka ndi chiyani
Zoyimitsa moto ndi tizilombo usiku - zimatsogolera moyo wokangalika usiku. Awa ndi am'banja la kachilombo ka mapiko a Lampyridae (kutanthauza "kuwala" m'Chi Greek). Dzinalo "firefire" ndilosocheretsa pang'ono, chifukwa cha mitundu yoposa 2000 ya ziphaniphani zamoto, mitundu yokhayo yamtunduwu ndiomwe imatha kuyatsa.

2. Kuphatikiza pa zozimitsa moto, palinso mitundu ina yamitundu yowala
Ozimitsa moto ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo. Zolengedwa zambiri za bioluminescent zimakhala munyanja - anthu samalumikizana nawo. Kuwala kwawo kumapangika chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala komwe mpweya umaphatikizana ndi calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ndi luciferin wogwiritsa ntchito enzyme luciferase. Zoyimitsa moto zimagwiritsa ntchito bioluminescence yawo, mwina kuopseza adani.

3. Siwotsegula moto onse omwe ali ndi "moto"
Zoyimitsa moto, zamitundu yambiri, sizimayaka. Zoyimitsa zamagetsi zopanda bioluminescent zomwe sizimatulutsa kuwala nthawi zambiri sizikhala nsikidzi - ndizogwira masana kwambiri.

4. Asayansi apeza luciferase chifukwa cha zimoto
Njira yokhayo yopezera luciferase yamankhwala ndikuyichotsa mu gulugufe wamoto. Mapeto ake, asayansi adapeza njira yopangira luciferase. Koma anthu ena amatengerabe enzymeyo kuchokera ku "nyali zowuluka." Lusifara imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zasayansi kuyesa chitetezo cha chakudya ndi njira zina zamtsogolo.

5. Zoyimitsa moto ndizothandiza kwambiri
Tauni zama firefire ndizothandiza kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zana limodzi la mphamvu zomwe amapanga zimachokera mu kuwala. Poyerekeza, nyali ya incandescent imangotulutsa 10 peresenti yokha ya nyonga yake mu mawonekedwe a kuwala, ndipo nyali za fluorescent zimatulutsa 90 peresenti ya mphamvu yake mu mawonekedwe a kuwala.

6. Chiwonetsero chawo chowoneka ndi machitidwe akukhwima
Amphongo amphaka amoto ambiri akuwoneka wokwatirana naye. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi chithunzi cha kuwala komwe amagwiritsa ntchito polankhulana. Mkazi akazindikira mwamunayo ndikuyankha chikondi chake, amamukhalanso ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amakhala pamizere, akuyembekezera yamphongo.

7. Mitundu ina ili ndi kuthekera kolumikizana kwake
Asayansi sakudziwa chifukwa chake ozimitsa moto amachita izi, koma malingaliro ena amati ozimitsa moto amachita izi kuti aziwoneka kwambiri. Gulu la ziphaniphani zikagundana pachimodzimodzi, ndiye kuti amachita izi kuti akope chidwi cha akazi. Mitundu yokhayo yamoto mu America yomwe imawala mosiyanasiyana ndi Photin carolinus. Amakhala ku Great Smoky National Park, USA, komwe amathandizira malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe pokonzekera alendo.

8. Sikuti zimoto zonse zomwe zimawala chimodzimodzi
Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mtundu wake wa kuwala. Ena amatulutsa kuwala kwamtambo kapena kubiriwira, pomwe ena amawala malalanje kapena achikasu.

9. Amalawa zonyansa.
Mosiyana ndi cicadas, zimphona zamoto sizitha kuphika tizilomboto. Mukayesa kudya lawi la moto, limakhala ndi zowawa. Chikumbu chimatha kukhala chowopsa. Zowombera moto zikaukira, zimakhetsa magazi. Magazi amakhala ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti munthu azimva kuwawa ndi poizoni. Nyama zambiri zimadziwa izi ndipo zimapewa kutafuna pa zowononga moto.

10. Nthawi zina zozimitsa moto zimangoyenda chabe
Zoyimitsa moto zikadali mu gawo lazous, amakhala okonzeka kudya nkhono. Nthawi zambiri, zikacha, zimakhala zamasamba - zimasiyidwa ndi nyama. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ntchentche zachikulire zimakhalamo timadzi tokoma ndi mungu, kapena sizimadya konse. Koma ena, ozimitsa moto, monga Photuris, amatha kusangalala ndi zakudya zamtundu wawo. Akazi a Photuris nthawi zambiri amadya amuna amtundu wina. Amakopa kachilombo kosadziwika bwino mwa kutsanzira kuwala kwawo.

11. Chiwerengero chawo chikuchepera
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe kuchuluka kwa ziphaniphani kukuchepa, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuwononga malo. Pamene, chifukwa chomanga misewu kapena zomanga zina, malo omwe agulugufe amoto asokonekera, samasamukira kumalo atsopano, koma amangosowa.

12. Sangalalani ndi chiwonetsero chawuni chamoto pomwe muli ndi mwayi
Ofufuzawo amadziwa zochepa zokhudza zoyimitsa moto ndipo samapereka yankho lenileni chifukwa chake zimazimiririka. Sangalalani ndi chiwonetsero chowunikira pomwe izi zilipobe zachilengedwe. Mwina mibadwo ya anthu omwe abwera pambuyo pathu sangapatsidwe mwayi wowona nsikidzi ndi chowala chodabwitsa kwambiri.

Zipangizo zaposachedwa mgawoli:

Ferns ndi amodzi mwa oimira zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi pano. Masiku ano sizipezeka kuthengo nthawi zambiri. Pa ili.

Woyambitsa woyamba, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe nthaka kuti akhazikitse nyemba zake. Nthawi zambiri kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumadza pambuyo pa mayeso angapo ndi zolephera. Osati phindu.

Fuchsia ndi chomera chachikale chomwe chimamera zachilengedwe ku Central ndi South America ndi New Zealand. M'nyumba fuchsia ndi wosakanizidwa.

Kutalika kwa moyo

Tizilomboti tikuikira mazira pabedi lamasamba. Pakapita kanthawi, mphutsi zakuda zachikuda zimatulutsa mazira. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kudya kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo tomwe timayamwa timayatsidwa ngati tasokonezedwa.

Chikumbu mphutsi yozizira mu makungwa a mitengo. Mu nthawi yamasika, amachoka pogona, amadya kwambiri, kenako amasaka. Pakatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu, ndizimphamvu zoyimitsa moto zimatuluka kuchokera ku coco.

Tizilomboti tikuwala kwambiri.
Kutalika kwake, kumafika masentimita 4 - 5, osati pamimba pokha, komanso chifuwa chimawalako.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kowala, bugyi ndiwoposa maulendo 150 kuposa mnzake waku Europe - chimphepo wamba.
Zoyimitsa moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okhala m'midzi yotentha monga zopepuka. Anawaika m'maselo ang'onoang'ono ndipo mothandizidwa ndi magetsi oyatsira amenewo amayatsa nyumba zawo.

Chikondwerero cha Firefly chimachitika chaka chilichonse kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe ku Japan. Madzulo, owonerera ali m'mundamo pafupi ndi kawonedwe kaulemelero wokongola wopatsa mimbulu yambiri yowala.
Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ku Europe ndi gulugufe wamoto wamba, yemwe amatchedwa Ivanovo nyongolotsi. Adalandira dzinali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kachilombo ka firefly kamayamba kuwalira usiku wa Ivan Kupala.

Usiku wa chilimwe, ozimitsa moto amayang'ana modabwitsa komanso modabwitsa, pamene, ngati nthano, magetsi owala amakhala ngati nyenyezi zazing'ono mumdima.

Oimira owoneka bwino a tizilombo amakhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. M'dziko lathu, muli mitundu 20 ya nyama. Chingwe m'Chilatini amatchedwa: Lampyridae.

Mwachitsanzo, mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa kuti oyamba oyera oyamba, omwe amayenda kupita ku Brazil, pati nawonso ozimitsa moto amakhala , amayatsa nyumba zawo ndi kuwala kwawo kwachilengedwe.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji ziphaniphani zamoto zizitha?

Ngati asayansi atakhazikitsa zifukwa zomwe zimawalira kwambiri za kuwombera kwa moto kalekale, funso loti chifukwa chake tizilomboti amafunikira katundu wapaderali akhala lotseguka kwa nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mwanjira yachilendo yotere, kafadala amakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzanu . Komanso, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamoto yamoto imatulutsa kuwala kosiyanasiyana. Izi ndizofunikira kuti aliyense wamwamuna, pokopa wamkazi, azingoganizira oyimira amitundu yake. Ponseponse, pafupifupi mitundu zikwi ziwiri amadziwika padziko lapansi, ndipo chilichonse mwa izo chimatulutsa kuwala kwake kwapadera. Inde, kwa diso la munthu, kusiyana kumeneku sikungakhale kosadziwika, koma kwa kafadala kakang'ono kowunikira ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti kuwala komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kumeneku sikotentha, koma kozizira. Mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, kuwala kwa dzuwa, kuwala kumeneku sikotentha konse. Mutha kuwona izi ngati muli ndi mwayi wokwanira kuti mugwire mbalame imodzi. Ikani mu mtsuko ndikuwonera kachilomboka. Ngakhale mutabzala tizilombo tokwana zana pamenepo, botolo silitentha konse. Ndipo zonse chifukwa ntchentche sizimatha kuyatsa kuwala. Ndizinthu ngati izi zomwe amati: zimawalira, koma osawumba.

Ndani winanso amene akuwala zachilengedwe?

Mwa njira, sikuti ozimitsa moto okha ali ndi mphatso zachilendo . Mitundu ina ya nyama yomwe imakonda kupatsidwa mphamvu zakuwala imadziwikanso. Izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya jellyfish.

Komabe, zinali zowombera moto zomwe zidatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chakuwala kwawo kwamdima. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mitundu ina yamoto imayang'ana osati yekhayekha, komanso m'magulu akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri, zochitika zoterezi zimawonedwa m'maiko otentha omwe ali kum'mwera kwakumwera. Kuwona kukongola kotero ndi mwayi weniweni. Nthawi ngati izi, zikuwoneka kuti chilichonse chozungulira chimasokonekera ndikuwala kwamagetsi, komwe kumazimiririka, ndiye kuti kumaweranso. M'mayiko ena, masango amiyala yamoto amawala kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti tizilomboti timagwiritsa ntchito ngati kuwala kwaulere mumdima.

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti asayansi amakono ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi zodabwitsa za moto. Ofufuza ambiri ali ndi funso: kodi ndizotheka kuti mwanjira ina kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za tizilombo? Mwinanso, m'zaka zikubwerazi, asayansi apeza yankho la funso losangalatsali. Pakadali pano, timatha kusangalala ndi kukongola kwa nyama zodabwitsazi komanso maonekedwe ake okongola.

Zifukwa za bioluminescence

Kuwala kumachitika pamene zinthu zina mthupi la tizilombo zimaphatikizidwa. Zimachitika motere:

chinjenjemera chimayamba kuyamwa
mpweya umadutsa ma tracheas ambiri kupita kuma cellgenic cell,
mamolekyulu a oksijeni amaphatikizana ndi calcium ndi adenosine triphosphate.

Ziwalo za luminescent za tizilombo (nyali) zimakhala kumapeto pamimba. Amakonda kuphimbidwa ndi ma cuticle omveka. Nyali zimakhala ndi ma cellgenic akuluakulu omwe ali ndi zithunzi za trachea ndi mitsempha. Kuwala sikungakhale kosatheka popanda zowunikira. Ndi maselo okhala ndi makristalo a uric acid.

Nthawi zina kuthekera kwa kuwala kumawonekera osati kafadala wamkulu, komanso mazira ndi mphutsi. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa enzyme luciferase.

Tizilombo timatulutsa kuwala kozizira. Ili mu gawo lowoneka bwino lobiliwira chikaso chowonekera mumtunda wamtunda wa 500-600 nm. Kuchita bwino kwa nyali wamba yazandalama kumachokera ku 5 mpaka 10%, pomwe bug iyi imatanthauzira ku radiation yowunika mpaka 98% ya mphamvu yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitundu ina yamoto yamoto imatha kuwongolera kukula kwa kuwala ndi mafunde pafupipafupi.

Bioluminescence ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Chiphuphu, kachilombo kowoneka bwino komwe kakulengeza komwe kuli. Pafupipafupi kusinthana kwa kafadala kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, kotero kuti akazi amatha kuzindikira mnzake. Nthawi yakubzala, anyani amtundu wina wotentha ndi wa ku North America amatuluka ndikuzimiririka, komwe magulu a akazi amayankhanso chimodzimodzi.

Chifukwa chiyani nsikidzi zikuwunika nthawi yomweyo?

Pafupifupi mitundu 2000 yamoto yamoto yodziwika ndi sayansi, koma tizilombo, tomwe timapanga njira zogwirizanitsira malawi mkati mwa chisinthiko, timakhala m'malo ochepa padziko lapansi, omwe ndi:

ku Great Smoky Mountain National Park ku USA,
ku Malaysia
ku Thailand
ku Philippines.

Asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Connecticut adayesa kangapo kachilombo ka mitundu ya Photinus carolinus kuti adziwe chifukwa chake moto ukuyaka mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri mndandanda wowunika umasinthasintha ndikumapumira pang'ono, kenako zimayambiranso. Pa nthawi yopuma, mkaziyo amapereka mayankho. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti gawo limodzi lokha mwa mitundu yonse ya mitundu ya akambuku ndilomwe limalumikizana.

Poyesa kwa akatswiri akunyumba, Photinus carolinus wachikazi anali nawo. Amunawa adasinthidwa ndi nyali za LED, zomwe zimayambiranso nyimbo yodziwika bwino yamtundu wamoto wamoto.

Poyeserera koyamba, ma diode onse anali atasunthika nthawi yomweyo, chachiwiri, kulumikizana kunasokonekera mosasamala, ndipo chotsatira, kuwalira kunawonekera ndikuzimiririka mosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake, asayansi adawona kuti pazochitika ziwiri zoyambirira, akazi adatsata ma 80% milandu. Pa nthawi yachitatu yomwe ndimayesera, zotsatira zake zidatsata 10% yokha.

Ofufuzawo adapezanso kuti mkazi yemwe wazunguliridwa ndi amuna owoneka bwino sangazindikire mnzake, pomwe kulankhulana ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe si amuna kumamuvutitsa. Kugundana kosadukiza kumachepetsa phokoso ndipo kumathandiza tizilombo kupeza.

Gulugufe wamoto ndi tizilombo tomwe timayitanitsa Coleoptera (kapena kafadala), gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana, banja la ozimitsa moto (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).

Zomwe Zimayambitsa Moto

Funso loti chifukwa chiyani zimayatsa moto wazimoto sizimamvekabe. Palibe lingaliro limodzi pankhaniyi. Osati zozimitsa zonse zimayaka, mitundu ina yokha ndi akazi awo omwe amawalira. Koma chachikazi, mosiyana ndi chachimuna, sichitha kuuluka. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti "kuwala kozizira" kwa kachikumbu kowoneka ngati moto kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za bioluminescence.

Njira ziwiri zamankhwala zimachitika mthupi la tizilombo, chifukwa chake zinthu ziwiri zimapangidwa - luciferin ndi luciferisis. Luciferin, kuphatikiza ndi oksijeni, imapereka kuwala kosangalatsa kwa siliva, ndipo kwachiwiri ndi kothandizira pa izi. Kuwala uku ndi mphamvu kotero kuti mutha kuwerenga nawo. Zolemba pamanja zina zimanena kuti kutolera ziphona zamoto m'zombo zowunikira zipinda zogona.

Kodi mukukumbukira mwambi wa ku Russia: ukuwala, koma sikuwotha. Ndiye woyenera bwino pamenepa. Akadakhala kuti ndi osiyana, ndiye kuti chimawala. Tizilombo todabwitsa totere timakhala ndi chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimayang'anira kuthekera.

Monga tizilombo tonse, ma firefo alibe ziwalo zopumira, koma dongosolo lovuta chabe la machubu - tracheol, momwe mpweya umaperekedwa. Dongosololi limathandizanso kwambiri pakutha kuunika pakafunika. Funso loti chifukwa chiyani ziphaniphani zazikazi zimatulutsa kuwala kodabwitsa kotereku kumakhalabe kotseguka.

Ena amakhulupirira kuti mothandizidwa ndi kuwala, chiwombankhanga chimadziteteza kwa adani ndi mbalame zomwe zimatha kuzisaka. Tizilombo tina timakhala ndi nsagwada kapena fungo lamphamvu, pomwe ozimitsa moto amatetezedwa ndi kuwala. Ena amakhulupirira kuti kuunika kumeneku kumakhala chizindikiritso cha mkazi wokonzekera umuna.

Pali malingaliro akuti zazimuna ndi zazimuna zazimayilo zimawala, ndipo kusankha kwa abambowo chifukwa chothira umuna kumangochitika molingana ndi kufinya kwa mamuna. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndi chimphona chachikazi chomwe chimayambitsa kukhwima, ndipo ndimomwe chimayimira ndikusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya kuwala yomwe imalola mwamunayo kukopa mnzake. Pakadali pano, nkhaniyi siyidaphunziridwe kwathunthu, titha kungosilira kuwunikira kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa usiku wa Julayi.

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