Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda

Mbalame yayikulu ndi miyendo yayitali, khosi komanso mulomo. Kutalika kwa thupi 100-115 cm, mapiko a 155-165 masentimita, kulemera kwa mbalame zachikulire kuyambira 2,5 mpaka 4.5 kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa zazikazi, koma kunja kwake ndi osafanana. Mapaundiwo ndi oyera, akuuluka wakuda. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndizofiyira. Mukawona mbalame ikuwuluka, khosi komanso miyendo, kusiyanasiyana kwakuda ndi kuyera kumakopa chidwi. Amayenda pansi, ndikugwedeza mutu pang'ono pakapita nthawi. Pa zisa kapena maudzu, imatha kuyimirira kwa nthawi yayitali mwendo umodzi, ndikujambula khosi lake pazinthu zambiri zamthupi. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito ndege yowuluka, yopanda mapiko akuuluka, imatha kukwera kukwera mafunde. Ndi kutsika kwakuthwa ndikukhazikika - pang'ono ndikukanikiza mapiko kumtunda ndikuyika miyendo yanu kutsogolo. Ziweto zimapangidwa nthawi yothawa, zimapangidwanso ndi mbalame zosabereka nthawi yoyendayenda kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe. Palibe dongosolo lokwanira pamagulu owuluka. Pomwe zimatsika kuchokera kumtunda, mbalame zimangotsatira. Amasiyana ndi dokowe wakuda mumapau oyera, kuchokera ku cranes ndi heron mu mtundu wofiirira wa mulomo ndi miyendo. Mosiyana ndi zitsamba, kuuluka kwawo kumapitilira osati kukupinda khosi.

Voterani. Maziko olankhulana momveka bwino agulugufe ndi kuwomba kwa milomo. Nthawi zina, kulira kumamveka. Phokoso losangalatsa la anapiye ndilosiyanasiyana. Kulira kwa dokowe wopempha chakudya kufanana ndi kutalika kwakutali. Gawo loyamba la kufuula ili limakhala ndi mawu okwera, lachiwiri ndilotsika. Mungamvanso kukuwa kwakukuru ndi kukuwa mu anapiye pachisa; m'milungu yoyamba ya moyo, anapiye amayesa kuswa ndi milomo yawo.

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Akuluakulu amuna ndi akazi. Palibe kusiyana kwakanthawi pamtundu. Zambiri mwa zofunikirazi ndi zoyera, nthenga zoyambirira, zamkati zakunja, phewa ndi zina za nthenga za kutsogolo zimakhala zakuda ndi sheen wachitsulo. Tizilombo touluka touluka tating'ono tomwe timakhala ndi timitengo totuwa (thunthu limasiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri limawonekera pokhapokha). Nthenga pakhosi ndi pachifuwa ndizitali, mbalame zokomera (mwachitsanzo, nthawi yakukhwima) nthawi zambiri zimawakonza. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndi ofiira owala. Khungu loyera kuzungulira diso ndi kutsogolo kwa khungu la chibwano ndi lakuda. Maso a bulauni.

Chovala choyambirira. Pambuyo pakumenyedwa, anapiyewo amaphimbidwa ndi fluff wosowa komanso wamfupi wakuda. Miyendo imakhala yotuwa, pakatha masiku angapo imakhala imvi. Mlomo ndi khungu kuzungulira maso ndi lakuda, khungu pakhungu limakhala lofiirira, iris ndi lakuda. Chovala chachiwiri chotsika. Pansi pake pali zoyera, zolimba komanso zazitali. M'malo yoyamba yoyamba ngati sabata.

Zovala za Nesting. Mbalame yaing'onoyo imakhala yofananira ndi wamkulu, koma mtundu wakuda mumadziwo umasinthidwa ndi bulawuni, popanda kunyezimira. Mlomo ndi miyendo yake ndi zofiirira, pofika nthawi yomwe anapiyewo amachoka zisa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira, koma nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona maukonde akuuluka ndi mlomo wakuda kapena bulauni wokhala ndi mutu wakuda. Maso a utawaleza ndi imvi.

Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake

Monga lamulo, miyezo ya magawo osiyanasiyana a thupi la agulu amasindikizidwa popanda kugawa gululo m'magulu ogonana. Kutalika kwa mapiko amtunduwu wa dokowe yoyera ndi njira iyi ku dera lakale. USSR ndi, kwa anthu 6, 585-605 mm (Spangenberg, 1951), ku Ukraine (Smogorzhevsky, 1979) - 534-574 mm. Wolemba womaliza amanenanso kuti kutalika kwa mchirawo kumasiyana pakati pa 206-232 mm, mulomo ndi -156-195, ndipo Tariso ndi 193-227 mm. Kuyendera kwa zopereka za Zoological Museum yaku Kiev National University ndi National Museum of Natural History of Ukraine zinapereka zotsatirazi: kutalika kwa mapiko (n = 14) - 513-587 mm, ndi mtengo wapakati pa 559.9 ± 5.8 mm, mchira (n = 11) - 201 -232, pa avareji 222.5 ± 4.2, mulomo (n = 12) - 150-192, pafupifupi 166.4 t 3.5, tarsus (n = 14) - 187-217, pa average 201.4 ± 2,5 mm (choyambirira). Kwa mbulu Woyera waku Asia, mapiko ake kwa anthu 9 anayeza anali 550-640, pafupifupi 589 mm.

Kukula kwa mbawala yoyera ndimagulu ogonana ndi magulu amalo osiyanasiyana amaperekedwa patebulo. 31.

Makina a phiko (osawerengetsa mayendedwe oyamba) IV? III? V-I-VI. Zingwe zakunja za nthenga zachiwiri za IV ndi IV zimakhala ndi mivi. Mchirawo ndi wozungulira pang'ono, nthenga za mchira 12. Mlomo ndi wautali, wowongoka, wokoka pamwamba. Mphuno ndi zazitali, zokhala ngati. Amuna kulemera kwa magawo 41 ochokera ku East. Prussia 2 900-4 400 g (pafupifupi 3,571), akazi 27 - 2 700-3 900 g (3 325). Kulemera kumawonjezeka pang'ono nthawi yotentha. Kulemera kwapakati kwa amuna 14 mu June kunali 3,341 g, 14 akazi - 3,150 g, mu Julayi-Ogasiti 12 amuna kulemera 3,970 g pa avareji, azimayi 12 - 3,521 g (Steinbacher, 1936).

Yaimuna, yayikulupo kuposa wamkazi, imakhala ndi mulomo wawutali komanso wokulirapo. Kuphatikiza apo, mulomo wamwamuna umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana: mulomo wakutsogolo kwa tsambalo umapindika pang'ono, pomwe wamkazi ndi wowongoka (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988). Ndi kutalika kwa mulomo, kugonana kwa 67% ya mbalame kumatha kutsimikizika ndi kuthekera kwa cholakwika chosaposa 5% (Post et al., 1991). Kuzindikiridwa kwamunthu aliyense ndi mbalame potengera malo akuda pachinchi ndikuthekanso (Fangrath, Helb, 2005).

Molting

Amaphunziridwa mosakwanira. Mwa mbalame zazing'ono, kusungunula kwathunthu kwa ana kumayamba, kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, kuyambira Disembala mpaka Meyi chaka choyamba cha moyo. Mu mbalame zazikulu, molt wathunthu umatenga pafupifupi chaka. Mbalame zanthunzi zoyambirira zimasinthana mosasinthika nthawi yonse ya chakudya, zina nthawi yozizira (Stresemann, Stresemann, 1966).

Mwatsatanetsatane, kusungunuka kwa nthenga za ntchentche kunachitika pa ma stork asanu osungidwa ku nazale ku Switzerland (Bloesch et al., 1977). Kukula kwa cholembera kumachitika pa liwiro la mzere. Nthomba zoyambirira zimamera ndi 8-9 mm patsiku, zachiwiri - 6.5-6.9 mm. Zimatenga masiku 50-55 mpaka 65-75 kuti m'malo mwa nthenga zouluka. Mu mbalame zolembedwa, ntchentche zisanu ndi imodzi zamapiko 6 ndi mapiko 13 apamwamba m'malo mwake zinasinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Kutalika kwa nthenga zosiyanasiyana ndi kosiyana, chifukwa ntchentche yoyamba, inali kuyambira zaka 1.2 mpaka 2.5. Kusintha kwa nthenga ndikofunikira. Kwa ntchentche zazikulu, imayamba ndi XI, kwa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, kuchokera kumitundu ingapo. Zozungulira zolimba zimayamba kuyambira chaka chachiwiri cha moyo; maphunziro awo amakhazikitsidwa zaka 4-5 zokha. Pakusungunuka koyamba komanso kwachitatu, kusintha nthenga kunayamba mu Marichi-Epulo, kenako pakati pa Meyi ndipo kunachitika mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Novembala. Nthenga zambiri zasintha m'miyezi yotentha pakati pa kuyamba kwa kuwaswa ndi kuchoka.

Kuphatikizika kwa molting ndi nesting kumatha kukhala chifukwa chakuti nguluwe yoyera pakadali pano imakhala ndi mapiko ochepa kuposa momwe imasunthira nthawi yayitali kapena moyo wosasunthika panthawi yachisanu (Creutz, 1988).

Subspecies taxonomy

Pali mitundu iwiri yam'mbuyomu yomwe imasiyana mu kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mulomo:

1.Cicortia cicottia ciconia

Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, c. 142, Sweden.

Fomu yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa mapiko a amuna ndi 545-600 mm, kutalika kwa kutsogoloku ndi 188-226 mm, kutalika kwa mulomo ndi 150-200 mm. Mlomo suli wolimba pang'ono kupita kumtunda (Stepanyan, 2003). Kugawidwa ku Europe, North. Africa, West A Asia.

2.Ciconia ciconia asiatica

Ciconia alba asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Izv. Imp. Zilumba za okonda sayansi, anthropology ndi ethnography, 8, ayi. 2, p. 145, Turkestan.

Fomu yayikulu. Kutalika kwa mapiko a amuna ndi 580-630 mm, kutalika kwa kutsogolo ndi 200-240 mm, kutalika kwa mulomo ndi 184 235 mm. Mlomo, makamaka wovomerezeka, ukulowera kolowera kwambiri pamwamba (Stepanyan, 2003). Amakhala kudera la Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan ndi Kyrgyzstan.

Kufalitsa

Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Europe, North-West Africa, West ndi Central Asia.

Chithunzi 78. Malo omwe agulugufe oyera amagawika:
a - malo okhala nesting, b - malo ogwiramo nyengo yachisanu, c - mayendedwe akuluakulu osunthira m'dzinja, d - njira zowonjezera.

Bungwe la ku Europe limagawidwa ku Europe kuchokera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Volga ndi Transcaucasia. Kumpoto, magawo ake amafikira ku Denmark, South. Sweden, Estonia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Ku France, aguluguwa amakhala m'mizinda zochepa chabe, choncho malo okhala Spain ku Portugal, Portugal, Zap. France ndi Northwest Africa amapezeka kuti asiya ku Europe. Komabe, chifukwa chakhazikitsidwe kosatha, zikuwoneka kuti magawo awiri onsewa adzatsekedwa. Kumpoto chakumadzuloAfrica, chisa choyera cha dokowe ku Morocco, kumpoto kwa Algeria ndi Tunisia. Kumadzulo. Asia - ku Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Iran, ku Transcaucasia - kumwera kwa Georgia, ku Armenia, Azerbaijan, komanso ku Republic of Dagestan ya Russian Federation. Milandu yoberekera imadziwikanso m'malo a chisanu ku South. Africa (Broekhuysen, 1965, 1971, Broekhuysen, Uys, 1966, Hancock et al., 1992). Mu 2004, kuyesayesa kuti kukhazikike kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa England m'chigawo cha Yorkshire. Uwu ndi mlandu woyamba kubadwa kwa mbawala yoyera ku UK pambuyo pa 1416, mbalame zitakhala pa tchalitchi ku Edinburgh.

Ku Russia, mbawala yoyera yakhala m'dera la Kaliningrad. M'madera ena, adawoneka posachedwa, kukulitsa malo ochulukitsa kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa. Milandu yoyamba ya nesting m'malire amakono a Leningrad ndi Moscow. zidadziwika kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX. (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Zubakin et al., 1992). Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 dokowe woyera adayamba kukhala m'malo a Pskov, Tver ndi Kaluga. (Zarudny, 1910, Filatov, 1915, Bianchi, 1922). Pofika nthawi imeneyi, zinali zitafalikira kumadera akumadzulo a Smolensk (Grave, 1912, 1926) komanso kumwera kwa dera la Bryansk. (Fedosov, 1959). Kukhalanso m'malo atsopano kunali kosasangalatsa. Kupititsa patsogolo kwatsopano kwa malo atsopano kunadziwika mu 1970-1990s. Pakadali pano, pagawo la Russia, malire akumpoto ndi kummawa kwa malo okhala okhazikika a anthu aku Europe akutha kudutsa mzere wa St. Petersburg - Volkhov - Tikhvin - Yaroslavl - Lipetsk - Voronezh - malire a dera la Rostov. ndi Ukraine.

Chithunzi 79. Masamba oyera a Vost. Europe ndi North. Asia:
a - nthawi zonse nesting, b - yosamveka bwino bwino pamalire a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, c - yosasanjika malo. Magawo: 1 - S. p. ciconia, 2 - S. p. asatica.

Kutulutsa kokhazikika kwa maanja pa banja kumadziwika mopitilira malire ake: kumwera. Karelia, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd ndi Rostov Madera, Krasnodar Territory (Lapshin, 1997, 2000, Bakka et al., 2000, Borodin, 2000, Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000, Karjakin, 2000, Komlev, 2000, Mnatsekanov, 2000, Piskunov, Belyachenko, 2000, Sotnikov, 2000, Frolov et al., 2000, Chernobay, 2000a, etc.). Chigawo chakumadzulo kwa Asia ku masapota omwe adasankhidwa chikugawidwa m'chigawo cha Tersko-Sulak ku Dagestan (Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar, zigawo za Tarumovsky), nthawi ndi nthawi zisa zinaoneka kunja kwa Dagestan - m'chigawo cha Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia, ndi Proletarsky chigawo cha Rostov. (Khokhlov, 1988a, Bichev, Skiba, 1990). Zitsamba zoyera zidalembedwa kumapiri a Kumpoto. Ossetia (Komarov, 1986). Dera la Rostov mwachidziwikire ndi gawo lomwe anthu aku East Europe ndi West Asia amapitako mosiyanasiyana. Woyamba umalowa kuno kuchokera kumpoto motsatira Don komanso kuchokera kumadzulo - kuchokera ku Ukraine, chachiwiri - kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa limodzi ndi kukhumudwa kwa Kumo-Manychka. Umboni wotsimikizira izi, kuwongolera kopanda kuyenda bwino kwa mbalame, kumatha kukhala msonkhano pa Meyi 13, 1996 m'dera la Nyanja. Dadinskoye, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Stavropol Territory, magulu a mbalame 18 omwe amasamukira kumalo okwera kumpoto chakumadzulo (Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000).

Ku Ukraine, malire akomwepo amadutsa Kumpoto. ndi North-East. Crimea, madera akum'mwera a Zaporizhzhya ndi Donetsk, Lugansk dera (Grishchenko, 2005). Mu 2006, milandu yoyamba ya nesting yoyera kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Crimea pafupi ndi Feodosia idalembedwa (M. M. Beskaravayny, kulumikizana kwaumwini).

Chikulu choyera cha Turkestan chafalikira ku Central Asia - kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Uzbekistan, ku Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, komanso kumwera kwa Kazakhstan. M'mbuyomu, masanjidwewo adafika ku Chardjou ku Turkmenistan, madera otsika a Amu Darya, ndipo padali milandu yakumadzulo kwa China - ku Kashgaria (Spangenberg, 1951, Dolgushin, 1960, Sagitov, 1987, Sernazarov et al., 1992). Nthawi zina, zoyesa zodzitchinjiriza - zikuwoneka kuti zidapezeka kale ku subspecies yaku Europe - zanenedwapo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Turkmenistan (Belousov, 1990).

Malo ochezera a dokowe oyera (awiriawiri) adawonekera kumwera kwenikweni kwa Africa. Mbalame zimayamba kukhala pano mu Seputembara-Novembala - nthawi yakufika kwa agulugufe kumpoto nthawi yachisanu (del Hoyo et al., 1992).Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi dokowe wakuda, kukokota uku kumachokera kwa osamukira komwe, pazifukwa zina, adayamba kubereka nthawi yozizira.

Zisanu

Malo ofikira nthawi yachisanu a anthu akumadzulo kwa mabungwe aku Europe ndi savannas kumwera kwa Sahara kuchokera ku Senegal kumadzulo kumka ku Cameroon kummawa. Malo ofunikira kwambiri kwa mbalame zosunga nthawi yozizira ndi zigwa za Senegal, Niger ndi Lake District. Chad. Tizilombo tambiri timeneti timakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa komanso nyengo yozizira. Anthu akum'mawa nthawi yakutentha kum'mawa. ndi South. Africa kuchokera ku Sudan, Ethiopia ndi Somalia kupita ku South Africa. Mbalame zambiri zimatha miyezi yozizira ku Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Mbawala za Kumadzulo. Anthu aku Asia nthawi yozizira ku Africa, mbali ina kum'mwera kwa Asia. Asia subspecies nthawi yachisanu makamaka ku India kumwera kupita ku Sri Lanka. Kum'mawa, mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka Thailand isanafike (Schulz, 1988, 1998, Ash, 1989, Hancock et al., 1992). Ku India, malo akuluakulu okonzera nyengo yachisanu kwa achule ndi mayiko a Bihar kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi Gujarat kumadzulo (Majumdar, 1989). Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mbalame zomwe zinali ndi mbewa ku Europe zidapezekanso ku India (Lebedeva, 1979a). Zikuwoneka kuti awa ndi abuluzi omwe adasowa njira kudera la Iskander Bay - osatembenukira kumwera, koma akupitiliza kusamukira kum'mwera chakum'mawa.

Mbalame zina nthawi yozizira kum'mwera kwa mitundu yoswana. Ku Spain panyengo yachisanu ya 1991 ndi 1992 m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Pafupifupi anthu 3,000 adawerengedwa ku Guadalquivir komanso pagombe la Andalusia (Tortosa et al., 1995). Ku Portugal nyengo yozizira ya 1994/95 1,507 storks hibernated (Rosa et al., 1999). Zikwizikwi za aguluguwa amakhalira nthawi yozizira ku Israeli (Schulz, 1998). Ku Armenia, mbalame mazana ambiri nthawi yozizira ku Araks Valley chaka chilichonse (Adamyan, 1990). Ku Bulgaria, aguluguwa adakhalabe nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX. Tsopano chiwerengero chawo chakwera kwambiri. Makamu a anthu osakwana 10 amadziwika (Nankinov, 1994). Milandu yachisanu imadziwikanso kumadera ena akumpoto - ku Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1992), ku Czech Republic (Tichy, 1996), Germany, Denmark (Schulz, 1998). Dera la Russia, nyengo yachisanu ya nkhumba zoyera idawonedwa ku Dagestan (T.K. Umakhanova, V.F. Mamataeva, kulumikizana kwaumwini). Ku Central Asia, nkhumba nthawi yayitali nthawi yayitali m'chigwa cha Ferghana (Tretyakov, 1974, 1990). Mpaka mbalame 250 zomwe zalembedwa pano mu Pungan - Urgench m'miyezi yozizira ya 1989. Amakhulupilira kuti kukhazikika kwazungu kwa oyera agulu m'chigwa cha Ferghana kudathandizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu m'chigawochi. Zima nyengo yachisanu chisanawoneke idawonedwa m'chigwa cha Syr Darya komanso mumtsinje. Panj kumwera. Tajikistan (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Zoyimbidwa koyambirira. Achule oyera a USSR amapezeka nthawi yozizira makamaka ku South Africa, mbalame zina - ku Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Zap. Africa (Lebedeva, 1979; Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

Monga momwe kukhazikitsidwa ndi H. Schulz (Schulz, 1988), kufalitsa kwa nkhumba malo ozizira ku Africa kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi malo osungirako zakudya. Choyamba, mbalame zimasankha ma biotopu onyowa, koma zimatha kukhalanso m'malo opezeka ndi chakudya. Makwai akulu amapezeka ngakhale m'madambo ndi m'mapiri. Ku Lesotho mu 1987, gulu la nkhumba 200 zidapezeka pamalo okwera. Mamita 2000. mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa m'malo osungira ochulukitsidwa ndi anthu amphibians. M'malo olemera kwambiri, chakudya chambiri chimatha kudzikundikira. Mu Januwale 1987, ku Tanzania pamunda wa 25 km2, anthu pafupifupi 100,000 adawerengedwa. Mbalame zimadyera m'minda ya alfalfa, pomwe mbozi za imodzi mwa agulugufe am'deralo zimachulukitsa ma masse. Kumwera. Africa nyengo ino pafupifupi palibe udumbu woyera.

Chifukwa cha zotsatira za kulira komanso ma satellite telemetry, zidapezeka kuti malo ogwirira nyengo yachisanu a anthu akumadzulo ndi kummawa sakhala kwina. Kupita ku Center. Africa ili ndi malo osakanizira nthawi yachisanu momwe mbalame kuchokera kumitundu yonseyi zimapezeka. Pano, anthu amodzi kuchokera pagulu limodzi amatha kutengedwa ndi magulu a zisa kuchokera kwa anthu ena ndi kubwereranso masika m'njira ina ndikupita kumalo ena osungira (Berthold et al., 1997, Brouwer et al., 2003).

Kusamukira

Dokowe woyera ndi wosamukira kutali. Mbalame kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa malowa zimawuluka makilomita 10,000. Pali zigawo ziwiri zazikulu zam'mayiko a ku Europe, zosiyana m'mayendedwe othawa ndi malo ozizira nthawi yachisanu. Mzere wogawanika pakati pawo umadutsa Holland, Harz, Bavaria, Alps (Schuz, 1953, 1962, Creutz, 1988, Schulz, 1988, 1998). Mbalame zokhala kumadzulo kwake zimasunthira m'dzinja kumwera chakumadzulo kudzera ku France, Spain, ndi Gibraltar.Kenako ndegeyo imadutsa ku Moroko, Mauritania, kumadzulo kwa Sahara. Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira kumadzulo. Africa. Mbidzi zokhala kum'mawa kwa mzere wogawikawu zimawulukira kum'mwera chakum'mawa nthawi yophukira, komanso kuchokera kumwera, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus ndi Baltic. Kupyola kudera la Ukraine kugwa, pali njira zitatu zazikulu zomwe zimalumikizana ndi mayendedwe amphamvu osunthira kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Black Sea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Komanso, agulugufe amawuluka ku Balkan ndi Turkey, kudutsa ku Bosphorus, Asia Minor. Kuchokera ku Iskander amapita kugombe la Mediterranean, komwe amatembenukiranso kum'mwera ndikuyenda pamtsinje wopyola ku Lebanon, Israel, Peninsula ya Sinai kupita kuchigwa cha Nile. M'mphepete mwa mtsinjewu ndi m'chigwa cha Rift paliulendo wina wosamukira kumadera achisanu omwe ndi achisanu. ndi South. Africa. Kummawa Achule a ku Sudan amayima kwakanthawi kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi ndipo amadyetsa kwambiri kuti abwezeretse malo osungirako mafuta kuti apitirize kusamuka (Schulz, 1988, 1998).

Dokowe, ngati dziko likukula, limapewa kuwuluka maulendo ataliatali pamwamba pa nyanja, motero, kusamukira kumayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ana agulu ochokera kumadzulo, kumpoto ndi pakati zigawo za Ukraine amasamukira kudera lakumadzulo kwa Nyanja Yakuda kudzera ku Bosphorous, ndi mbalame zochokera Kum'mawa. Ukraine imawulukira kumwera chakum'mawa kupita kugombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja Yakuda. Ana agulu ochokera kum'mawa kwa mitundu ku Russia nawonso amawuluka kuno. Zina mwa aguluguwa, ngakhale ndizocheperako, zimawulukira molunjika kunyanja. Pali njira ina “yapakatikati” kudzera ku Italy ndi Sicily kupita ku Tunisia. Mu 1990-1992 ku Cape Bon ku Tunisia, adokowe okwanira 1,378 amasamu ndipo 67 pafupi ndi Messina ku Sicily (Kisling ndi Horst, 1999). Adanenanso kuti mbalame zochokera kumadzulo komanso kum'mawa zimagwiritsa ntchito njirayi (Schulz, 1998). Wampikisano wofanana ku Latvia adapezeka mu Seputembala pafupi ndi Naples (Lebedeva, 1979). Ndipo chigulu chimodzi chokhala ndi satellite transmitter chinawuluka kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean molunjika kuchokera ku St. Tropez ku France kupita ku Tunisia, njira yodutsa nyanja inali osachepera 752 km (Chemetsov et al., 2005). Mwina gawo lina la adokowe limadutsa Nyanja Yakuda, kudutsa Crimea.

Kusamuka kwa agulu ochokera ku Transcaucasia, Iraq ndi Iran sikumveka bwino. Amaganiziridwa kuti amawuluka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kupita ku South. Asia (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Ndege yapamtunda ku Armenia idapezeka ku Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 160 km kumwera chakum'mawa (Lebedeva, 1979). Mzere wogawa pakati pa anthu omwe asamukira ku Africa ndi Asia sichikudziwika. Zikuwoneka kuti, zimadutsa kwinakwake kummawa kwa Turkey. Osachepera, mbalame za mbalame zosamukira kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kumadzulo chakumapeto zimawonedwa m'derali (Schtiz, 1963).

Mukugwa, agogo a ku Turkestan amawuluka kumwera kudutsa Afghanistan kupita ku India, kudutsa Hindu Kush kudutsa Salang Pass (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Ana agalu ku Uzbekistan adakumba mgawo kumapeto kwa Afghanistan ndi Pakistan (Lebedeva, 1979).

Kafukufuku wa satellite wa ma satana okwana 140 aku Germany adawonetsa kuti njira ndi masiku osamukira, malo osungirako nyengo yachisanu ndi malo oyimapo amatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mbalamezi, koma, ngati zingatheke, sizingokhala. Kusintha kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe, makamaka zodyetsa (Berthold et al., 2004). Maulendo achoke ku malo achisanu nthawi yachisanu zimadalira nyengo. Pakakhala zovuta, mbalame zimatha kuchepera. Chifukwa chake, mchaka cha 1997 chosavomerezeka kwambiri, mbidzi zidayamba kuyambira nyengo yawo yozizira patatha mwezi umodzi kuposa masiku onse (Kosarev, 2006). Zowonjezereka kwa izi ndi kuchedwa chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali ku Middle East. Zitsamba zokhala ndi ma transmitter zidayima maulendo ataliatali ku Syria ndi Turkey. Ndege yobwerera idadziwika (Kaatz, 1999). Zotsatira zake, mu 1997, ndi 20% yokha mwa mbalame zakum'mawa zomwe zidafika pa nthawi yokhazikika, ambiri mwa iwo akuchedwa masabata 4-6 (Schulz, 1998).

Kuchokera m'malo achisanu, kusuntha kwamtundu wambiri kumayambira kumapeto kwa Januware kapena muFebruary. Ku Israel, kuyamba kwa kusuntha kwa mbalame zachikale kumaonekera pakati pa Okutobala, nsonga ya kusamuka kumachitika chakumapeto kwa Marichi, makamaka kuwonekera kosachedwa kutha kumapeto kwa Epulo, mbalame zazing'ono zimasamukira ku Israel mu Epulo-Meyi (van den Bossche et al., 2002). M'malo okhala ndi zisa kumpoto kwa Africa, mbidzi zimapezeka mu Disembala-febru.Peak over Gibraltar is seen in February-March, over the Bosphorous - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo (Schulz, 1998).

Ku Moldova, agulugufe omwe adafika adawonedwa kuyambira zaka khumi zoyambirira za Marichi (Averin et al., 1971). Ku Ukraine, ofika akulembedwa kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi mpaka theka lachiwiri la Epulo, masiku ofika atafika mchaka chachitatu cha Marichi - kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Choyamba, mbalame zimawonekera kumadera a Lviv ndi Chernivtsi, zikuwuluka mozungulira Carpathians, kenako kusamuka kumachitika m'mitsinje iwiri: mbalame zina zimawulukira kumpoto chakum'mawa, zina kummawa kumphepete kum'mwera kwa Ukraine. Pambuyo pake, abuluzi amawonekera kumadera akum'mawa komanso ku Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Kumpoto kwa Sumy dera Kufikako kudalembedwa kuyambira pa Marichi 18 mpaka Epulo 26, nthawi ya zaka 16 ndi March 30 (Afanasyev, 1998). Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus, mbidzi zimafika mchaka chachitatu cha Marichi - theka loyamba la Epulo (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Mbidzi zokhala ku Europe ku Russia zimafika kwawo kumayambiriro kwa Marichi ndi theka loyambirira la Meyi. Gawo la dera la Kaliningrad mu theka loyamba la XX century. mbalame yoyamba idawoneka zisa kuyambira pa Marichi 19 mpaka Epulo 12 (deta ya zaka 23, Tischler, 1941). Mu ma 1970 kufika kwa nkhumba kudachitika koyambirira kwa Marichi (Belyakov, Yakovchik, 1980). Mu 1990, mbalame yoyamba pa zisa m'dera la Kaliningrad. lolemba pa Marichi 18 (Grishanov, Savchuk, 1992). Mchigawo cha Sebezhsky cha dera la Pskov. Okufika adawonedwa kumapeto kwa Marichi ndi khumi zoyambirira za Epulo (Fetisov et al., 1986). Kwa nthawi kuyambira 1989 mpaka 1999. kalekale akulembera ku Kaluga. Wolemba Marichi 20 (1990), aposachedwa - Epulo 8 (1991 ndi 1997), pafupifupi pa Marichi 30. Zaka zina, mbalame zoyambilira zimawoneka nthawi ya masika pamtunda wa masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Pachimake pa kubwera kwa adokowe oyambira zisa ku dera la Kaluga. imagwera sabata lachiwiri la April (1990-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). M'chigawo cha Voronezh dokowe woyamba adawonedwa nthawi yomweyo: kuyambira pa Marichi 19 mpaka Epulo 8, pafupifupi pa Marichi 30 (1995-1998) (Numerov, Makagonova, 2000). Kufikira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa masanjidwewo, mbidzi zimawuluka patatha milungu iwiri. Kupita kudera la Yaroslavl mbalame zinafika pa Epulo 22-26 (1994), Epulo 16 (1996), Meyi 2 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Madera akum'mawa kwa dera la Leningrad. kufika koyambirira kudalembedwa pa Epulo 20, 1999 (chigawo cha Tikhvin), masiku ake onse kuyambira pa Meyi 1 mpaka Meyi 8 (1983-1999) (Brave, 2000). Madera akumwera kwa Karelia, mbalame zoyambirira zimapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo - pakati pa Meyi, koyambirira kwenikweni kwa chaka cha 1990, mbalame imodzi idawonedwa kumayambiriro kwa chaka chachiwiri cha Epulo (Lapshin, 2000). Kudera la Kirov Chumba loyera loyambilira lomwe linali pa Epulo 17, 1992 (Sotnikov, 2000). Pa gombe lakuda la Sev. Kusunthika kwa kasupe wa Caucasus kumawonekera kuyambira khumi zoyambirira za Marichi mpaka theka lachiwiri la Epulo, m'chigawo cha Rostov. ndi Territory ya Krasnodar, mbalame zoyambirira zalembedwa mu Epulo (Kazakov et al., 2004). Ku Dagestan, anthu oyamba amawonekera koyambirira komanso kumapeto kwa March (Mamataeva, Umakhanova, 2000).

Maonekedwe oyera a dokowe mu kasupe ku Central Asia agwera kumapeto kwa February - chiyambi cha Marichi ndipo m'gawo zambiri zimawonedwa nthawi yomweyo (Dementyev, 1952, Mitropolsky, 2007). Adalembedwa pa Chokpak Pass pa Marichi 11-14, 1974 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985), kuthawa kwambiri komwe kunalembedwa pa Marichi 24 (Sema, 1989).

Mu kitundu kya Kaluga mu 69% ya zochitika, kudzafika kwa dokowe yoyenda molingana ndi mawonekedwe a 1 + 1: woyamba mbalame kuchokera kwa awiriwo adafika, patapita nthawi yachiwiri - yachiwiri. Woyambayo akuwonekera kuyambira pa Marichi 20 mpaka Meyi 18, pa avareji (n = 176) - pa Epulo 10, lachiwiri - kuyambira pa Marichi 25 mpaka Meyi 26, pa avareji (n = 150) - Epulo 14. Mbalame yachiwiri imagona pakadutsa maola angapo mpaka masiku 31, pafupifupi masiku anayi. Pamafotokozedwe akufika, pali zosowa zomwe zimakumana ndi izi: zoyambirira, aliyense payekhapayekha amawuluka ndi mbalame imodzi kapena ziwiri, zomwe sizimangokhala pachisa, koma ndikuwuluka kupitirira, chachiwiri, awiriwo amawulukira ku dokowe ali yekhayekha ndikuwatulutsa. Mu 31% ya milandu, mbalame ziwiri zidawulukira chisa nthawi imodzi.

Mbalame zakutchire chakum'mawa zikuuluka mu Ogasiti. Achichepere, monga lamulo, amawuluka kale kuposa mbalame zachikulire. Mu kitundu kya Kaluga achichepere anasiya zisa zawo kuyambira pa 8 Ogasiti, nthawi zambiri pazaka khumi zapitazi.Mbalame zachikulire zimachoka kudziko lakwawo pambuyo pake; kuchoka kwa omaliza kumatha pafupifupi pa Ogasiti 30 (1985-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Kudera la Tver mbawala zimachoka ku Ogasiti 28 - Seputembara 5 (Nikolaev, 2000). Kudera la Yaroslavl mbalamezo zinawuluka pa Ogasiti 23 (1996) komanso pa Ogasiti 29 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Anthu komanso mabanja amachedwa kufikira Seputembara - Okutobala. Madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia, asanachoke, amapanga magulu ambiri ndi mpaka anthu 100 kapena kupitilira, monga m'chigawo cha smolensk. (Bichev, Barnev, 1998). Kumpoto. Ku Caucasus, kusuntha kwa nthawi yophukira kumawonedwa kuyambira theka loyamba la Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala (Kazakov et al., 2004). Njira zosamukira komanso malo ozizira a Dagestan sizinakudziwike bwino: zimadziwika kuti omaliza a iwo amachoka m'derali kuyambira pa Okutobala 25 mpaka Novembala 10, nthawi zina amakhala akufikira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi uno (Novembala 25, 2003 ndi Novembala 15, 2004) Mwambiri. nesting in the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya lowland kufuata at the Western Coast of Caspian Sea, momwe mbalame zamtunduwu zinajambulidwa pa Okutobala 23, 1998 m'dera la mzinda wa Kaspiysk (E.V. Vilkov, kulumikizana kwaumwini).

Ku Moldova, kunyamuka kumayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti ndipo kumatha mpaka pakati pa Seputembara. Mbalame zamtundu uliwonse zimatha kupitilira theka loyamba la Okutobala. Msonkhano waposachedwa unali pa Novembala 9, 1964 (Averin, Ganya, Uspensky, 1971). Ku Ukraine, nkhosa zoyambirira zimasamalidwa kuyambira masiku khumi a Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala komanso koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Nthawi zoyambira ziziyambira mu khumi ndi zitatu mu Ogasiti - khumi zoyambirira za Seputembala. Choyamba, kuthawa kumayambira kumadera a Lviv, Zhytomyr ndi Poltava. Mbalame zomaliza zimawonedwa kuchokera theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala. Madeti apakati omaliza kumenyeredwa m'madera ambiri a Ukraine agwera pa September komanso zaka makumi awiri. Tizilombo taitali kwambiri tomwe timakhala m'chigawo cha Zaporizhzhya. ndi ku Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Anthu ena ochedwa amatha kuonedwanso mu Novembala. Nthawi zina mumatha kukumana ndi magulu athupi mochedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, pa Disembala 4, 1985, gulu la agulu angapo adayang'aniridwa Ivano-Frankivsk (Shtyrkalo, 1990). Pa Novembala 5, 1997, gulu la anthu 40 lidawoneka pa Brest (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Kutalikirana m'mphepete mwa nyanja yakuda kudadziwika kuyambira pa Ogasiti 29 mpaka Okutobala 4 (Abuladze, Eligulashvili, 1986).

Ana agulu ku Central Asia amachoka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Okutobala (Dolgushin, 1960, Tretyakov, 1990).

Ndege zazing'ono zitatu zazing'ono zolembedwa zisa ku Zelenograd ndi Guryev zigawo za Kaliningrad Region. ma satellite transmitter, anakafufuza mu 2000. Mbalame imodzi inapita kukazizira pa Ogasiti 10, ina iwiri pa 14. Njira yopita kuthawa idadutsa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Poland, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Belarus, gawo lakumadzulo kwa Ukraine, kum'mawa kwa Romania ndi Bulgaria, kenako kudzera ku Bosphorus, Turkey, Palestine, ndi Dera la Sinai. Storks adafika ku Bosphorus Strait, motsatana, pa Ogasiti 23, 25 ndi 26, i.e. 13, 11 ndi 12 masiku atayamba kusamuka. Kumapeto chakumwera kwa chilumba cha Sinai, mbawala zidali pa Ogasiti 29, 31 ndi Seputembara 1, motsatana (patadutsa masiku 19, 17 ndi 18 kuchokera pomwe zinayamba kusamukira, kapena patadutsa masiku 6 kuchokera kudutsa kwa Bosphorous kwa mbalame iliyonse), apa malo a adokowe adayima. Komanso, adokowe adadutsa mu chigwa cha Nile ku Egypt. Kuyenda mwachangu kum'mwera kwa mbalameyo kunali kuyimitsidwa pa Seputembara 6, 7 ndi 10, pomwe nthawi awiriwa anali pakati. Sudan, umodzi kummawa kwa Chad pafupi ndi malire a Sudan (Chemetsov et al., 2004).

Malinga ndi deta ya telemetry, kutalika kwakukulu kwa kusuntha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa asunthi akum'mawa nthawi yophukira ndi: Europe - 218 km (kwa mbalame zazikulu kuyambira 52 mpaka 504, kwa mbalame zazing'ono kuchokera pa 51 mpaka 475 km), ku Middle East - 275 km (kwa mbalame zazikulu kuyambira 52 mpaka 490, kwa achinyamata - kuchokera 55 mpaka 408 km), Kumpoto. Africa - 288 km (kwa mbalame zazikulu kuyambira 70 mpaka 503, kwa mbalame zazing'ono kuchokera pa 108 mpaka 403 km) (van den Bossche et al., 1999).

Kafukufuku wokwanira wa maulendo oyera osunthidwa adawonetsa kuti nyamayi, osachepera anthu ake akummawa, ali ndi mtundu wapadera kwambiri wosamukira, osadziwikabe kwa mbalame zina. Imadziwika ndi kuwuluka kothamanga kwambiri kuchokera kumalo osungira nesting kupita kumalo osangalalira ku Vost. Africa. Mtunda wa makilomita 4,600, onse achikulire ndi mbalame zazing'ono amatha masiku 18-19.Nthawi zambiri, mbuluzi zimawuluka tsiku lililonse, zimangokhala maola 8-10.Ndi maulendo ataliatali, omwe amapezeka masiku ambiri, amangopezeka kuti amawagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha nyengo. Mu agulugufe, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zosamukira kumayiko ena, mafuta omwe amasungidwa nthawi yosamukira amakhala osagwira. Hyperphagia yoonekera pa kuthawa sikuwonetsedwa. Ma Storks amapezanso kulemera ku Africa kokha (Berthold et al., 2001).

Ana ambiri a abwanawe amakhala miyezi ingapo yachilimwe ali kutali ndi malo okhala zisa. Pambuyo pa nyengo yachisanu yoyamba, mbalame zimasunthira kulowera komwe zimakhala, koma zimafikirako kwambiri. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a agulu opezeka pachaka omwe adapezeka pafupi ndi 1000 km kuchokera pamalo ochezera. Ndi zaka, gawo la "opunduka" limatsika mofulumira. Gawo lalikulu la agulu azaka 1-2 amakhala nthawi yachilimwe kumwera kwa Sahara, koma mbalame zakubadwa zanyengo zitatu mu nthawi ya nesting sizipezeka konse. Zomwe zikuwonetsa zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri, agulu amapezeka m'malo azisamba ali ndi zaka 3 (Libbert, 1954, Kania, 1985, Bairlein, 1992).

Ana aguluu amapezeka kumpoto komanso kum'mawa kwa malire a malo oswana. Ku Russia, adadziwika m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera ku dera la Murmansk. (Kokhanov, 1987), ndi. Kholmogory m'dera la Arkhangelsk (Pleshak, 1987), ku Bashkiria (Karjakin, 1998a), Tatarstan (Askeev, Askeev, 1999), Perm Region. (Demidova, 1997, Karjakin, 19986), dera la Sverdlovsk. (Zelentsov, 1995), m'matanthwe a Kumwera. Ural (Davygor, 2006). Malinga ndi deta yosakwanira, mbalame ziwiri zidawonedwa mu Ogasti m'dera la Kurgan. (Tarasov et al., 2003). Zovuta zakufa zoyera zidalembedwanso ku Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, ndi Iceland (Hancock et al., 1992, Birina, 2003). Panthawi yosamukira, zowononga zenizeni zimatha kuchitika pamene magulu akulu ali kutali ndi njira zazikulu zopita kuthawa. Chifukwa chake, pa Seputembara 15, 1984, gulu la agogo 3,000 adawonekera pafupi ndi mzinda wa Abu Dhabi kummawa kwa Peninsula ya Arabian (Reza Khan, 1989). Pa Ogasiti 27-29, 2000, anthu 300-400 adasungidwa m'chigwa cha mtsinjewo. Teberda Kumpoto. Caucasus (Polivanov et al., 2001). Nthawi zina mbalame zouluka zimawombedwa mpaka kunyanja. Mbalame zoterezi zimjambulidwa ngakhale kuzilumba za Seychelles, zomwe zili mtunda wa makilomita 1,000 kuchokera pagombe la Africa (Stork, 1999).

Habitat

White dokowe - amakonda wokhala m'malo otseguka, nkhalango zowirira komanso malo othinana ndi madzi okwanira. Amakonzeratu madera okhala ndi ma biotope onyowa - madambo, madambo, malo odyetserako, minda yampunga, ndi zina zambiri. Imapezekanso kumapiri ndi m'matanthwe okhala ndi mitengo ikuluikulu kapena kapangidwe ka anthu. The biotope yokwanira bwino m'malo athu ndi kusefukira kwam mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi abwinobwino a hydro ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwaulimi. M'malo otere, kuchuluka kwa anthu amatha kufikira awiriawiri pa 100 km2. Amakhala, monga ulamuliro, madera athyathyathya, koma amatha kukhala chochepa komanso chotsika m'mapiri okhala ndi malo oyenera.

Kupita ku Center. Ku Europe, agalu oyera sakonda chisa kupitirira 500 m n. m (Schulz, 1998). Ku Carpathians, amakwera 700- 900 m (Smogorzhevsky, 1979, Rejman, 1989, Stollmann, 1989), ku Armenia ndi Georgia - mpaka 2000m pamwamba pamadzi. (Adamyan, 1990, Gavashelishvili, 1999), ku Turkey mpaka 2,300 m (Creutz, 1988), ndi ku Moroko mpaka 2,5 m kumtunda kwa nyanja (Sauter, Schiiz, 1954). Ku Bulgaria, 78.8% ya agulugufe a chisa mumtunda wa 50 mpaka 499 m pamwamba pa nyanja. ndi 0,2% okha - kuchokera ku 1,000 mpaka 1,300 m (Petrov et al., 1999). Ku Poland, agulugufe adakhazikika pamalo okwera kwambiri pakukula kwa kuchuluka kwawo (Tryjanowski et al., 2005). Dokowe yoyera imakonda kudya m'malo otseguka ndi udzu wochepa udzu, m'madzi osaya kwambiri oyenda ndi matupi a madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono. Zosadziwika m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu, mitsinje yamapiri. Malo olimapo komanso yolima minda yayitali ndi minda ya udzu wokhazikika umagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi ma swork kudyetsa, koma nthawi yabwino yosonkhanitsa chakudya m'malo ngati amenewa ndi yochepa kwambiri - mutangolima kapena kukolola.

Zisa za dokowe zimapezeka pamphepete mwa magulu a heron ndi mbalame zina zapakhosi. Koma nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'malo a anthu ambiri. Imatha kukhazikika pakati pa nyumba zowoneka bwino m'mizinda yayikulu, komwe imawulukira chakudya chamtunda wa 2-3 km.Thumba loyera lomwe nthawi zambiri limasiyidwa ndi anthu nthawi zambiri limachoka pakapita nthawi. Chifukwa chake, mbalame izi zidasiya kukhala m'midzi yambiri yomwe idathamangitsidwa ku Chernobyl zone (Samusenko, 2000, Hasek, 2002).

Panthawi yosamukira, chithaphwi choyera chimakondanso malo otseguka, chimayesetsa kuwuluka malo akuluakulu ndi nkhalango, chifukwa, m'malingaliro athu, kuwuluka pamwamba pawo ndi vaporizer wapadera kumafunikira nyonga zambiri.

Chiwerengero

Chiwerengero chonse cha nkhumba zoyera kutengera zotsatira za kulembetsa kwa V International mu 1994-1995. osachepera 170-180 zikwi ziwiri akhoza kuyerekezera, omwe ma 140-150 zikwi awiri amagwera anthu akum'mawa (Grishchenko, 2000). Poyerekeza ndi kalembera mu 1984, chiwerengero chonse chidakula ndi 23%. Komanso kukula kwa anthu akumadzulo kunachulukirachulukira - ndi 75%, ya kum'mawa - ndi 15% (Schulz, 1999). Chiweto chachikulu kwambiri chazikuluzi chinajambulidwa ku Poland. Mu 1995, pafupifupi 40,900 awiriawiri adalembedwa pamenepo, 34% kuposa 1984. Pafupipafupi anthu okhala ku Poland ndi 13.1 awiri / 100 km2 (Guziak, Jakubiec, 1999). Ku Spain, komwe kuchuluka kwa azungu kumakhala zisa, mu 1996 chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka pafupifupi 18,000. Mdziko muno, kukula kwake kwakukulu kumadziwika: pakati pa maulamuliro awiri apadziko lonse lapansi limachulukanso kuposa apa (Marti, 1999).

Malinga ndi zotsatira zoyambirira za VI International Accounting, yomwe idachitika mu 2004-2005, chiwonetsero chonse cha abulu oyera chimawerengeredwa pafupifupi anthu 3,000. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ku Poland ndi awiriawiri 52,5, motsata Spain - 33,2,000 awiriawiri, Ukraine - pafupifupi. 30,000 awiriawiri, Belarus - awiriawiri 3,000, Lithuania - 13,000 awiriawiri, Latvia - awiriawiri a 10,000, Russia - 10,2,000 awiriawiri. Kukula kwakukulu kwa anthu kudalembedwa ku France - 209%, Sweden - 164%, Portugal - 133%, Italy - 117%, Spain - 100%. Kungoti (Denmark) anakana (ndi theka). Pangotsala zisa 3 zokha. Kwa ma subspecies aku Asia, idatha imangoperekedwa ku Uzbekistan, pomwe awiriawiri 745 amawerengera, chiwerengerocho chimatsika ndi 49%.

Malinga ndi zoyambirira, pa nthawi ya VI International Accounting: Kursk Region - awiri 929 (+ 186% poyerekeza ndi V International accounting, deta ya V.I. Mironov), dera la Bryansk. - 844 (+ 31%, S.M. Kosenko), dera la Kaluga. - 285 (+ 58%, Yu. D. Galchenkov), Dera la Leningrad - 160 (+ 344%, V.G. Pchelintsev), dera la Oryol - 129 (S.V. Nedosekin), Dera la Moscow - 80 (+ 248%, M.V. Kalyakin).

Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Armenia chikuyembekezeredwa okwanira 1-1,5,000 awiriawiri, ku Azerbaijan - awiriawiri, 1-5,000, ku Moldova - awiri awiriawiri (mbalame ku Europe, 2004).

Pazaka zonse za zana la 20, kuchuluka kwa adothi oyera asintha kwambiri (onani Grishchenko, 2000). Mu theka loyamba la zaka zana (komanso m'malo ena ngakhale kale), kutsika kwake kunayamba mwachangu m'maiko ambiri ku Europe. Pakutha kwa m'ma 1940 ku Central Europe, pafupifupi inatha. Yachitika mu 1934, 1958, 1974, 1984 Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wowerengeka woyera adawonetsa kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa zisa zomwe zimakhala. Chifukwa chake, ngati mu 1907 ku Germany panali awiriawiri (700,000) oswana (Wassmann, 1984), ndiye pofika 1984 kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika mpaka 649 ku FRG (Heckenroth, 1986) ndi 2 724 ku GDR (Creutz, 1985) . Ku Netherlands m'zaka za XIX. dokowe woyera anali amodzi mwa mbalame wamba, kunali zisauzande m'dzikomo. Koma kale mu 1910 panali mitundu iwiri yokha yokha yowerengera, kuchuluka kudapitilira kuchepa: ma 209 awiriawiri mu 1929, 85 mu 1950, 5 mu 1985 (Jonkers, 1989). Pambuyo pa 1991, palibe banja limodzi "lakuthengo" lomwe linatsalira, mbalame zokha zomwe zimamasulidwa ku nazale zapadera (Vos, 1995). Storks anasiya kukhala ku Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, atatsala pang'ono kutha ku France, Denmark ndi mayiko ena. Omwe anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu anali azizilombo oyera. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa IV International Regjili mu 1984, m'zaka 10 zokha kuchuluka kwake kudatsika ndi 20%, ndipo anthu akum'mawa - ndi 12% (Rheinwald, 1989).

Kusintha kwakukuru muzochitika kunayamba mu 1980s, makamaka ku Spain. Pafupifupi chaka cha 1987, chiwonetsero cha anthu ambiri chinayamba. Kwazaka 11, idachulukanso kuposa ma 2,5 ndipo posakhalitsa idadutsa theka la zaka zapitazo (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Martinez Rodriguez, 1995). Nthawi zopitilira 2 zidachulukitsa chiwerengero ku Portugal (Rosa et al., 1999). Zonsezi zinachitika makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1980s. Pomaliza, nyengo yayitali yachilala m'dera la Sahel inatha, kukulira nyengo yakuzizira kwa azungu oyera azungu. Zinalimbikitsa kukula kwa ziwerengero komanso kusinthika kwakukulu pakupezeka kwa chakudya kumalo odyera.Mwachitsanzo, ku Spain, malo omwe amathiramo madzi othilira, ndipo, khansa ya South America ya Procambarus clarkii, yomwe imadya kwambiri, yatenga mizere m'mizere (Schulz, 1994, 1999). Ku Spain ndi Portugal, mbalame zochulukirapo zidayamba kukhala nthawi yozizira, zomwe zidachepetsa kufa (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Rosa et al., 1999). Kudumphadumpha kwa chiwerengero cha dokowe oyera ku Peninsula ya Iberia kunathandizira kukulira mwachangu kwa anthu onse akumadzulo. Posakhalitsa, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi ndi kukhazikitsidwanso kwa mbalamezi kunayamba ku France, ndipo kulumikizana ndi machitidwe omwe akuchitika ku Spain adatsimikizika: mu 1990 ndi 1991. anapeza zibuluzi zikudya pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku France, komanso zimapiringizika ku Spain. Ndipo ena amaganiza kuti maudzu ena omwe amakhala m'madipatimenti a m'mphepete mwa Bay a Biscay, amakhala ku Spain. Kumpoto chakum'mawa komanso pakati pa France, zinzake zochokera ku Alsace, Switzerland ndi Netherlands zidawonekera. Mu 1995, dokowe wadera mu dipatimenti ya Charente-Maritime Charente adaguguda mchaka cha 1986 ali mwana wankhuku ku Poland. Kubwezereza mwachangu kwa agulu ku Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Germany ndi mayiko ena kunadziwikanso. Ku France kuyambira 1984 mpaka 1995 kuchuluka kunachuluka ndi 830% (Duquet, 1999).

Anthu akum'mawa sanadumphe kwambiri ngati kumadzulo, koma zabwino zake zidadziwika. Tikugogomezera kuti, ndi kuchepa kwa ziwerengero, mbidzi zidapitilirabe kummawa ku Russia ndi Ukraine komanso kukula kwake pafupi ndi malire a malowo. Kukula kwa anthu akummawa kunayamba pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ngati anthu akumadzulo, ngakhale kukula kwake kunali kotsika kwambiri. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zasintha m'mabizinesi aku Asia. Kuyambira 1984 mpaka 1994, kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zoyera ku Central Asia kunachulukanso kuposa kasanu ndi kawiri (Shemazarov, 1999), ndipo pofika 2005 chiwerengero cha mbalamezi chikuyerekezedwa ndi ma 700-1,000 a mitundu yobereka (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa madera osiyidwa ku Ukraine, mu 1990. kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kwadutsa. Zidafotokozedwa kale mu gawo loyambirira la zaka za 1990s, nthawi inayake kumpoto chakummaawa kwa Ukraine, ndipo posachedwa ku madera akumadzulo. Mu 1992-1994 m'midzi yomwe ili m'mbali mwa mtsinje Zakudya mdera la Sumy kuchuluka kwa 25-30% kumawonedwa pachaka (Grishchenko, 1995a, 20006). Kuyambira 1994, kukula kwapakati pa Ukraine kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira nthawi yonseyi (kuchepa kudadziwika mu 1997, komwe sikunali koyenera kwa dokowe yoyera ku Europe), mpaka kufika mu 1996 ndi 1998. - motero 13.7 ± 2.9 ndi 16.3 ± 3.6%. Kenako kukula komweko kunayamba kuchepa, ndipo mu 2001-2003. anthu akhazikika. (Grishchenko, 2004).

Munthawi imodzimodziyo, kukhazikika kum'mawa kunakulitsidwa kumadera a kum'mawa kwa Ukraine ndi Russia. Kudera la Kharkov pofika 1994, kusintha kwa malire kudera lakum'mawa kudadziwika poyerekeza ndikugawidwa mu 1974-1987; mu 1998, zisa zidapezeka kumphepete mwa mtsinje. Oskol (Atemasova, Atemasov, 2003). Kudera la Lugansk., Kumene nkhumba yoyera imapezeka kum'mawa kukafika kumtsinje. Aidar, mu 1998 zisa ziwiri zidapezeka kudambo kwamtsinje. Derkul pamalire ndi Russia (Vetrov, 1998). M'chigawo cha Rostov mu 1996, abuluzi adakhalanso natchiya pambuyo pa zaka 5 za hiatus - chisa chidapezeka ku chigwa cha Manych (Kazakov et al., 1997). Ku Turasory ya Krasnodar, mbidzi zinayamba kukhala chisa m'ma 1990s. (Mnatsekanov, 2000). Mu 1993, nesting idalembedwa koyamba kudera la Kirov. (Sotnikov, 1997, 1998), mu 1994 - m'chigawo cha Tambov. (Evdokishin, 1999), mu 1995 - ku Mordovia (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997,2000), mu 1996 - mu kibuga Vologda. (Dylyuk, 2000). Mu 1996, kunali kuchuluka kowonjezereka kwa mbalame (pofika 20.1%) ku Kaluga Region. (Galchenkov, 2000).

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe

Dokowe yoyera ndi mbalame yamasana, komabe, milandu yodyetsa anapiye imadziwikanso muusiku wowala (Schuz ndi Schuz, 1932). Usiku, mbalame zimatha kukhala zogwira ntchito pa chisa: kuphatikiza, kusamalira mankhwalawa, kusinthana kwa okwatirana, etc. adawonedwa.Kusamukira, agulugufe amawuluka masana, koma kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa potentha kwambiri masana, nkhosa zouluka zimalembedwanso usiku (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966). Makulu akulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi anthu ambiri, amasokonezeka, mbalame zimawuluka pamalo okwera (Molodovsky, 2001).

Pansipa, dokowe woyera amayenda masitepe, nthawi zambiri samathamanga.Kuuluka kwathanzi kumakhala kolemera, komwe kali ndi mapiko ocheperako. M'malo abwino, amakonda kuuluka, makamaka pakuuluka mtunda wautali. M'mitsinje yomwe ikukwera, magulu omwe amapeza mbalame zambiri amapangika. Dokowe yoyera imatha kusambira, ngakhale imakonda. Ndi mphepo yabwino imatha kuchoka pamwamba pamadzi (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988).

Munthawi yosabereka, chithaphwi choyera chimatsogolera gulu la moyo. Nthawi ya nesting, madera ndi masango amathanso kupanga malo operekera zakudya. Mbalame zopanda kubereka nthawi yotentha zimasunga mapaketi, kuchuluka kwake kumafikira makumi komanso ngakhale mazana aanthu. Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zakudya, amakhalidwe omwe amasokonekera. Kuchuluka kwa magulu oterewa kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuyambira Meyi mpaka June, mu Julayi kukula kwawo kukuchulukirachulukira, kumachulukana mu Ogasiti, chifukwa cha magulu a asanafike ndege. Malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka mdera la Kaluga. mzaka za 1990s, mbalame zodziwika pakati pa magulu a nkhosazo zidali: m'mwezi wa Meyi - 3.4 anthu, mu Juni - 4.0, mu Julayi - 7.8, mu Ogasiti - 10.5 (n = 50). Brood pambuyo poti achokere amaphatikizidwa pagulu, lomwe limayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono posamuka. Chifukwa chake, ngati ku Ukraine kukula kwabwinoko kwa magulu osamukira kumayiko ena kukugwa, anthu ochulukirapo, osakwana mazana, ndiye kuti pagombe la Black Sea ku Bulgaria pafupifupi gulu la anthu 577,5 (Michev ndi Profirov, 1989). Ku Middle East ndi North-East. Africa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magulu akuluakulu opitilira 100,000 anthu (Schulz, 1988, 1998). Zakhazikitsidwa kuti luso la kusuntha (kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe, kulipira chifukwa choyendetsedwa ndi mphepo, etc.) ndiwopamwamba m'masukulu akulu (omwe alipo anthu masauzande angapo) kuposa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena mbalame zamtundu uliwonse (Liechti et al., 1996).

Mbidzi zimapuma usiku. Munthawi yolembera, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe ingapumule ndikuyeretsa manambala kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi kuchuluka kwa anapiye. Ndi kuchuluka kwake, agulu amatha kupuma kwa maola ambiri kapena kuyeretsa maula kwa maola ambiri. Mbalame yopumulayo ndi yodziwika bwino: chithaphwi nthawi zambiri chimayimirira pamiyendo imodzi, ndikujambulitsa mutu wake m'mapewa ndikubisala mulomo wake m'mpiko lam'mimba. Monga lamulo, agulugufe amapuma pamitengo yayitali ndikuwoneka bwino - pamitengo youma, mitengo, madenga.

Ana agulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yachilendo kwambiri yopatsirana - amadzigwetsa pamapazi awo. Patsiku lotentha, mutha kuwona mbalame zambiri zokhala ndi "masheji" oyera pamiyendo yawo. Zikuoneka kuti madzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzuka, ozizira owoneka patsogolo. Khungu lake limalowa kwambiri m'mitsempha yamagazi, kudutsa pomwe magazi amazizira (Prinzinger, Hund, 1982, Schulz, 1987). Monga zoyeserera pa nkhalango yamtchire yaku America (Mycteria americana) imawonetsa, ndikusunthidwa kwamatumbo kwambiri, kutentha kwa thupi kumachepa (Kahl, 1972). X. Schulz (1987), wowonera zigwa ku Africa, adapeza kuti pafupipafupi matumbo oyenda amatengera kutentha kwa mpweya. Kutentha kwakubwera komwe mbalame zokhala ndi zitosi zokhazikika zimayamba kukumana pafupipafupi ndi pafupifupi 28 ° C. Ku 40 °, pafupipafupi mayendedwe a matumbo amafika 1.5 nthawi pamphindi. Zinyalala zoyera, kuphatikiza apo, zimateteza miyendo kuti isayake ndi dzuwa. Mu nyengo yamitambo, kusinthasintha kwamatumbo kumachepa. Zowonera ku Ukraine zidawonetsa kuti m'malo osungira zisa, agulu nawonso amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yopangira kutentha kutentha pafupifupi 30 ° C (Grischtschenko, 1992).

Mukamadyetsa ana amtendere oyera ndi akuda pamodzi, mbewa yoyera imawala kwambiri (Kozulin, 1996).

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Chakudya cha dokowe yoyera ndichosiyanasiyana. Amadya nyama zazing'onoting'ono zosiyanasiyana kuyambira nyongolotsi mpaka makoswe ndi mbalame zazing'ono: makungu, akhungu, akangaude, crustaceans, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo, nsomba, amphibians, repitili, etc. Zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zosanja kapena kugwirira ntchito. Ngakhale oweta nyama zazing'ono, monga weasel (.Mustela nivalis) (Lohmer et al, 1980, Shtyrkalo, 1990), amadziwika mu chakudya. Kukula kwa kupanga kumangokhala kokha ndi kuthekera kwa kumeza. Zakudya zimatengera mtunda ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosaka. M'malo owuma, imatha kukhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tambiri komanso tambiri gawo lawo ndilocheperako. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi E. G.Samusenko (1994), ku Belarus kuchuluka kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a nyama pakudya kwa dombo loyera kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri. M'madzi osefukira a Sozh ndi Berezina, ma invertebrates adakumana ndi 51.6-56.8% pafupipafupi, komanso 99% pamavuto osasefukira.

Mbawala zimameza nyama yonse. Nyama zazing'ono zimamezedwa nthawi yomweyo, zazikulu ndi makoswe zimaphedwa poyambirira ndi milomo ya mulomo. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe dokowe yoyera kwa nthawi yayitali "imatafuna" ndi milomo yake yolumikizidwa kapena maole. Nyama yayikulu ikuuma pamaso pa madzi oyandikana, mbalameyo imasuma kwakanthawi, mpaka ikamezedwa. Momwemonso, abulu amatsuka achule kapena pbi6y wothira mu silika (Creutz, 1988).

Zotsalira zopanda kanthu zimang'ambika mu mawonekedwe a nthambo. Pogodas amapanga maola opitilira 36-8. Amakhala ndi zotsalira za tizilombo, ubweya ndi mafupa am'madzi, nsomba ndi mamba ophatikizika, bristles, etc. Kukula kwa zidutswazo ndi 20-100 × 20-60 mm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 16-65 g. Kwa anapiye, ali ocheperako - 20-45 × 20-25 mm (Creutz, 1988, Muzinic, Rasajski, 1992, Schulz, 1998).

Mbidzi zimadyera ma boti otseguka osiyanasiyana - m'malo, malo odyetserako ziweto, madambo, m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, minda, minda, etc. Malo omwe mumakonda kudyetsa ndi malo okhala ndi masamba osokoneza kapena dothi, pomwe nyama zazing'ono zopanda zogona zimakhala zophweka. Kuchita bwino kosaka mu zinthu zotere kungakhale kofunika kwambiri. Ku Poland, mwachitsanzo, dokowe wodyetsa ntchito yokolola tirigu amaphatikiza makoswe 33 mumphindi 84 (Pinowski et al., 1991). Malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka ku chigwa cha Elbe ku Germany, kusaka kwakukulu kwambiri (pafupifupi 5 g yopanga mphindi imodzi) kunali mkati kapena atangomaliza kumene kusewera (Dziewiaty, 1992). Chifukwa chake, masango a abulu odyetsa amatha kuwoneka pamtunda watsopano, paminda yolimidwa ngakhale pakati pa udzu woyaka. Ku Africa, mbalamezi zimasonkhana komwe anthu am'deralo amawotcha savannah nthawi yachisanu. Ndikokwanira kuti awone utsi, monga maudzu amatuluka kuchokera kulikonse, kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa khoma lamoto. Amangoyenda uku akusuta ndikuyamba kugwira tizilombo. Nthawi zina mazana a anthu amasonkhana pamisonkhanoyo (Consutz, 1988). Modzipereka, abulu amaperekeza ziweto kapena nyama zamtchire kumalo abusa. Zimasokoneza nyama zazing'onoting'ono, zimathandizira nyama. Mbuto zazitali, abuluzi nthawi zambiri amadya m'malo opanda udzu kapena m'madzi osaya. Ozama kuposa 20-30 masentimita samayendayenda. Ana agulugufe amatola nyongolotsi nthawi zambiri mvula ikagwa, ikakwawa kupita kumtunda, kapena m'minda yomwe yangokhala kumene. Dyetsani mwadala minda yothiriridwa yodzaza ndi nyongolotsi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tambiri m'mizere yambiri kuli apamwamba, ntchito yabwino kwambiri yosaka nthenga yoyera imachepa. Chifukwa chake, ku Austria, kudali 61% pamtunda 25 cm kutalika ndi 52% ndi kutalika kwa 25-30 cm (Schulz, 1998).

Njira yayikulu yosakira mbawala yoyera ndikuyang'ana kufunafuna nyama. Mbalameyi imayenda mosasunthika padutsa udzu kapena m'madzi osaya, mwina ndikuchepetsa kapena kuthamangitsa liwiro, imatha kuponya lakuthwa kapena kuwundana ndi malo. Nthawi zambiri, mbidzi zimayang'anira nyama, makamaka makoswe ndi tizilombo tina tambiri. Chakudya cha nkhuku chimasonkhanitsidwa pamtunda, m'madzi osaya, kawirikawiri - pazomera. Amatha kugwira ndi mlomo ndi nyama zowuluka - chinjoka, nsikidzi ndi tizilombo tina. Nthawi zina amaponyedwa ngakhale ndi mapiko awo. Ana agalu omangidwa ali akapolo amaphunzira kudya chakudya chomwe amaponyera ntchentche ndi milomo yawo. Ngakhale milandu yakusaka bwino kwa agwada owuluka ndi mbalame zina zazing'ono afotokozeredwa (Niethammer, 1967, Creutz, 1988, Berthold, 2004). Mbalameyi imamva zonyansa komanso dothi lina lopanda mulomo, ndikuyiyika pansi masentimita pang'ono (Schulz, 1998). Zinaonekedwanso kuti agulugufe othawa kwawo adagwira nsomba pamadzi (Neuschulz, 1981, Schulz, 1998).

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa P. Zakl (Sackl, 1985, wolemba: Schulz, 1998) ku Austria, kuthamanga kwa dokowe nthawi yodyetsa ndi 1.7 km / h. Nthawi yomweyo, amachitapo kanthu mpaka 1 mpaka 90 pamphindi, avareji ya 39.3. Nthawi yosunga kupanga imasiyanasiyana kuyambira masekondi 10,5 mpaka 720, masekondi 151.8 masekondi. Nthawi zina, mbalame zimatha kuzizira m'malo mpaka 12 kapena 20 mphindi. Dokowe wodyetserako amapanga ma pecks 5.3 pamphindi, zomwe 4.0 zimayenda bwino.Mukamadya ndi ma tadpole ndi achule achichepere m'madzi osaya m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Sava ku Croatia pomping frequency anali 5.9 pa mphindi, yomwe 2.9 idachita bwino (Schulz, 1998).

Mbalameyi imazindikira nyama ikagwera nthawi zambiri mozizwitsa. Nthawi zina m'madzi osalala mumadzi osaya, agulugufe oyera amagwiritsanso ntchito technolocation, yofanana ndi mbuluzi zamtundu wa Mycteria (Luhrl, 1957, Rezanov, 2001). Malinga ndi zomwe A. G. Rezanov (2001) ali kumwera kwa Ukraine, madzi amatope ndi matope pansi adayesedwa ndi mulomo wosatseka pang'ono. Ana agalu amayenda m'madzi osaya, kuyenda masitepe 43-89 pamphindi, akusanthula pansi patsogolo pawo. 98.9% yamatumba anali mawu amtundu umodzi. Kuchulukitsa kudyetsa kunali 2.3%.

Ana agalu amathanso kudya nyama zakufa, mwachitsanzo, nsomba zakumaso, kapena anapiye ophedwa pomwe akutenga udzu, komanso kudya zinyalala. Ku Spain mu 1990s akhazikika pang'onopang'ono ndipo tsopano akudyetsa limodzi ndi ma tchire. Mbalame zina ngakhale nthawi yozizira kumapfumbi (Martin, 2002, Tortosa et al., 2002).

Milandu ya kleptoparasitism amafotokozedwa. Chifukwa chake, tsiku lina adawona dokowe, amene anali kuthamangitsa khwangwala pamutu, kuyesera kuchotsa mbeuyo. Khalidweli limaganiziridwa kuti limakhudzana ndi kusowa kwa chakudya (Creutz, 1988). Storks amathanso kutenga nyama kuchokera kum'mphepete mwa nyanja (Ranner, Szinovatz, 1987).

Ana agalu amadyetsa pawokha komanso m'matumba. M'malo olemera zakudya, magulu akuluakulu amatha kupanga, omwe nthawi zina amafikira anthu masauzande ambiri nthawi yachisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, m'magulu, ntchito yodyetsa nkhumba imachulukanso, chifukwa imatetezedwa bwino kwa zilombo ndipo imakhala ndi nthawi yochepa pakuyang'ana (Carrascal et al., 1990).

Mu nthawi yochezerayo, abuluzi amapeza chakudya, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi chisa, koma amatha kuuluka kukagula chakudya ndi makilomita angapo. Kupambana koswana kwakukulu kumadalira mtunda kupita kumtunda waukulu wam'madzi. Kafukufuku wokhudza Elbe ku Germany awonetsa kuti mtunda woyambira kuchokera ku chisa kupita kumalo osungira zakudya ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anapiye omwe adaleredwa (Dziewiaty, 1999). Kuwongolera kwakukulu kunapezeka pakati pa kuchuluka kwa anapiye omwe anasamukira ndi kuchuluka kwa madambo onyowa, marshes, ndi matupi amadzi m'dera lodyera (Nowakowski, 2003). Malinga ndi zomwe wina wa zisa ku Silesia ku Poland, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kukagula chakudya kupita kumalo omwe amakonda kwambiri omwe amakhala pamtunda wa 500 mpaka 3,375 m, pafupifupi 1,900 mamita (Jakubiec, Szymocski, 2000). Kuyang'aniridwa kwa banja lina ku Pomerania kumpoto kwa Poland kunawonetsa kuti agulugufe anali kudya pa malo pafupifupi mahekitala 250. Kuposa theka la milandu, adasaka nyama m'malo omwe amakonda, zomwe zimangokhala 12% ya malo onsewo. 65% ya nthawi yomwe amadyetsa masamba ndi msipu, 24% - m'minda ndi 11% - padziwe. Mtunda wokwera kwambiri wokwera nyama ndi 3,600 m, wautali ndi mamiliyoni 826. Mu 53% ya milandu, ana a nkhumba samadyetsa kupitirira 800 m kuchokera chisa. Anawulukira patali kwambiri pamene anapiyewo anali atakula kale. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi anali wosiyana pazomwe amakonda, akudyetsa makamaka m'malo osiyanasiyana (Oigo, Bogucki, 1999). Ku Elba, mu 80% ya milandu, ana adokolola adatola chakudya osapitilira 1 km kuchokera ku chisa (Dziewiaty, 1992). Mtunda wautali kwambiri kuseri kwa chakudya, wotsimikizika ndi mbalame zamtambo ku Zap. Europe ndi 10 km (Lakeberg, 1995).

Kuwunika kwa zitsanzo za chakudya 242 zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yosabereka ku Ukraine kunawonetsa kuti ma amphibians ndi zishango ndizofunikira kwambiri kumapeto kwa kasupe, ndipo mu Ogasiti, orthoptera ndi kafadala osiyanasiyana. Ana agalu amadyetsa anapiye makamaka azinyama ndi tizilombo pa magawo akukulidwe. Mwa tizilombo, ma orthopterans ndi kafadala ndizofunikira kwambiri; kwathunthu, nthumwi za mabanja 19 mwa malangizo atatu adapezeka muzakudya (Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

Zinsinsi zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kumtunda kwa Kievskogo vdhr. mdera la Chernihiv, 96.1% yazinthu zonse zomwe zidaguluka zidali za arthropods. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya cha agulugufe chinali chosiyana kwambiri: mitundu pafupifupi 130 ya zinyama, kuphatikiza zazing'ono ngati nyerere, zidapezeka mchinsinsi chimodzi. Coleopterans (35.3%), hymenoptera (21.0%) ndi ntchentche za caddis (19.6%) zodziwika bwino pakati pa tizilombo. Vertebrates adasewera gawo lofunikira pazakudya (Marisova, Samofalov, Serdyuk, 1992).

Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa zithunzi za nkhambala 337 zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kum'mwera komanso pakati pa Belarus mu 1986-1992, ma invertebrates adapanga maziko odyetsa agulu loyera - 99% ya chiwerengero chonse cha zakudya. Tizilomboti timapezeka m'madzi, tating'onoting'ono tambiri, tomwe timakhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri. M'maderamo, kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zazing'ono zazikazi ndi tizilombo touluka ta biotopes owuma kukuchulukira (Samusenko, 1994). M.I. Lebedeva (1960) mu zinsinsi zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa mu nkhalango ya Bialowieza, zopezeka pakati pa zakudya za 187 zomwe zimapatsidwa 80 toyesa. anyani, 75 - tizilombo, achule 24, abuluzi 8 okhala ndi moyo. Mwa tizilombo tambiri, chinjoka 42, mphutsi 20 za chikumbu chosambira ndi kafadala wam'madzi, zimbalangondo 9, ziwala ziwiri, mbozi 1 zidapezeka. Malinga ndi A.P. Nettles (1957), mu chakudya cha anapiye oyera a sisitere ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha 72,5% mwa kulemera anali ma vertebrates, 60,6% omwe anali achule. Gawo lamadziwotche anali ofanana ndi 1% yokha.

Mu kitundu kya Kaluga kusanthula kwamtundu wa zitunda zinawonetsa kukhalapo kwa oimira mitundu 17 ya mabanja 7 a Coleoptera. Ambiri anali nthumwi za banja la kachilomboka (Carabidae) - 41%. Kenako pakubwera nyemba za lamellar (Scarabaeidae) - 22%, ma hydrophilic (Hydrophilidae) - 15%, tsamba la kachilomboka (Chrysomelidae) ndi ma staphylins (Staphylinidae) - 7% aliyense, osambira (Dytiscidae) ndi ma mowewewe (4% aliyense). Mitundu yopezeka ya kachilomboka inkakhala mozama komanso kowuma ngati ma dothi komanso malo anthropogenic, ndipo inali yofanana ndi nthaka - 44%, inali ndi ma dziwe ang'onoang'ono komanso maenje, kapena kafadala - 19% iliyonse, yotsatidwa ndi mapiko olimba, okhala m'minda komanso okhala Zomera, komanso okhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndipo amakhala makungwa ndi masamba - 7% iliyonse. Kudera la Tver oimira mabanja a 7 a kachilomboka adadziwika mu chakudya, ambiri mwa iwo ndi mapira am'madzi ndi pansi (61.3%) (Nikolaev, 2000).

Ku Mazuria ku Poland, okwera 669 omwe anasonkhanitsidwa, 97.3% okhala ndi zotsalira (oyimira mabanja a Carabidae, Silphidae, Dytiscidae, Scarabeidae predominated), 72.2% - nyama zazing'ono (makamaka mbewa, mbewa ndi ma voles), 1.6% - mollusks, 1.0% - mbalame zazing'ono, 0,7% - amphibians. Gawo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda lidali lambiri m'minda pakukula kwa tirigu ndi nyemba komanso mumatchera mitengo ndikututa, komanso lalitali m'minda yolimidwa (Pinowski et al., 1991). Ku Austria, nthawi yakudya, nambala ya mbalame zomwe zidadya zinali Orthoptera (67.7%) ndi kachilomboka (24.1%), ndi ma vertebrates (55.5%), makamaka makoswe ang'ono (33.2%), omwe anali ochulukirapo. Pakati pa tizilombo, agulugufe ankakonda dzombe, kafadala, masamba kafadala, ndi kafadala. Mu Epulo-Juni, chakudyachi chinali chosiyana kwambiri, chokhala ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono; mu Julayi-Ogasiti, orthopterans predominated (Sackl, 1987). Kudya kwa mbalame zam'chilimwe zosabereka mu meadows ku Poland kumayang'aniridwa ndi tizilombo (83%), makamaka kafadala, zazinyama zazing'ono zazomera zazomera, makamaka ma voles (58%), tizilombo (22%) ndi mawonde a dziko lapansi (11.5%) ) (Antczak et al., 2002). Kafukufuku ku Greece adawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakadyedwe kosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma tizilombo, makamaka ma orthoptera ndi kafadala, adapezeka paliponse kumapiri (Tsachalidis ndi Goutner, 2002).

Zakudya za abuluzi zimatha kusintha chaka ndi chaka, kutengera nyengo. Chifukwa chake, kumpoto kwa Germany mu 1990, pomwe panali kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa makoswe okhala ngati mbewa, omaliza anali 59.1 ndi 68% ya kulemera kwa chakudya kumadera awiri komwe maphunziro anachitidwira, ndipo mu 1991 okha 3,6 ndi 3, 8%. Mu 1991 chinyezi chambiri, nyongolotsi zam'madzi zinadyetsedwa kwambiri - 50 ndi 61.6% mwa kulemera (Thomsen ndi Struwe, 1994). Kummwera kwa Germany zaka zingapo, magawo owonda a dothi lonyamula kuchokera ku chakudya chamadontho oyera oyera kuyambira 28.9 mpaka 84%, arthropods kuchokera ku 8.9 mpaka 28,5%, leeches - 0 mpaka 51.9%, makoswe - kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 55.2%, achule - kuchokera ku 1.2 mpaka 5.4% (Lakeberg, 1995).

Limodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu azilombo omwe dzu loyera limadyera ndi orthoptera, makamaka dzombe. Ili ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakudya komwe kumakhala nyengo yachisanu ku Africa, ndipo chifukwa chake, m'zilankhulo za anthu ena aku Africa, chinsomba choyera chimatchedwa "mbalame ya dzombe."Ana agulu amatha kudya dzombe lambiri, nthawi zina limadya kwambiri kuti asawuluke. Panthawi yomwe dzombe linaukira ku Hortobágy ku Hungary mu 1907, anthu pafupifupi 1,000 adapezeka m'makina am'mimba mwa imodzi yodulira. dzombe. Mimba ya mbalame ndi m'mimba mwake zinali zodzaza mpaka pakhosi. Ziphuphu za dzombe 1,600 zidapezeka mu imodzi mwampikisano wa dokowe (Schenk, 1907). Malinga ndi wolemba womaliza, gulu la agulu 100 amatha kuwononga makope zana tsiku lililonse. tizirombo zoopsa izi. M'malo odyera, khungubwi yoyera imawononganso tizilombo tambiri taulimi, makamaka chimbalangondo (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), weevils, ndi wireworms. Malinga ndi A.P. Nettle (1957), ku nkhalango ya Bialowieza mukudya anapiye, zimbalangondo zimapanga 8% kuchuluka ndipo pafupifupi 14% kulemera. Ku Masurian Lake District ku Poland, 31% ya mapepala anali ndi zotsalira za waya, 14% - Weevils, 16% - chimbalangondo (Pinowska et al., 1991). Kumadzulo. Ku France, chakudya chomwe chodumphitsa chimabweretsa ku anapiyewo chinkayang'aniridwa ndi kafadala wam'madzi ndi zimbalangondo (Barbraud ndi Barbraud, 1998).

Mukasungidwa, kufunikira kwa chakudya cha munthu wamkulu chakale kuyambira 300 g nthawi yachisanu mpaka 500 g nthawi yachisanu. Mbalame imasowa makilogalamu 110-130 pachaka (Bloesch, 1982). Kufunikira kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa aguluu awiri kudyetsa anapiye awo akuti aku 4,660 kJ. Kuchuluka kotero kumapereka kugwiritsa ntchito makilogalamu 1.4 a ma nyansi a dziko lapansi, 1,044 ga achule kapena 742 g a makoko ang'onoang'ono (Profus, 1986). Malinga ndi zolembedwa zina, awiri omwe amakhala ndi anapiye a 1-2 amadya pafupifupi 5200 kJ (B5hning-Gaese, 1992). Pa mtsinje Sava ku Croatia, ma dothi awiri amabweretsa chakudya chambiri makilogalamu 1.4 patsiku kwa anapiye omwe ali ndi masabata 3-6 (Schulz, 1998), ndi makilogalamu 1.2 kumpoto kwa Germany (m'badwo wa anapiyewo anali masabata 3-8) (Struwe, Thomsen, 1991).

Kwa mbulu Woyera, chakudya chopindulitsa kwambiri malinga ndi mphamvu ndi ma vertebrates. M'malo okhala chinyezi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ophabians. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukonzanso malo ndi ntchito zama hydraulic, kuchuluka kwawo m'maiko ambiri kwatsika. Chifukwa chake, chakudya cha ma dothi awiri ku Swiss Jura moyang'aniridwa chinali 2/3 chopangidwa ndi Earthworms; vertebrates amapanga 0.4% yokha (Wermeille and Biber, 2003). M'malo otere, makoswe ayamba kukhala ofunikira kwambiri kwa agulugufe. Zochitika mu chigwa cha mtsinje. Obras kumadzulo kwa Poland adawonetsa kuti kutha kubereka bwino komanso ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zisa zomwe zakhala ndi anthu ambiri kudali ndi zaka zambiri zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri (Microtus arvalis) (Tryjanowski, Kuzniak, 2002).

Adani, zovuta

Dokowe woyera amakhala ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Mbalame zazikulu za nyama, corvids, martens zimatha kuwononga zisa. Mbalame zachikulire zimavutitsidwa ndi chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga, mbalame zazikuluzikulu zamiyendo inayi - nkhandwe, agalu osokera, mimbulu, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, kufa kwa adothi oyera akuluakulu kumakhala kwachindunji kapena kosagwirizana ndi anthu.

Zingwe zamagetsi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azifa. Mu 1986-1989 ku Ukraine, mwa 489 amafa a abulu akulu ndi chifukwa chodziwika, 64.0% anali m'mizere yamagetsi. Mwa omwe adazunzidwa ndi zingwe zamagetsi, 80.8% adamwalira pamatanda chifukwa cha magetsi komanso 19.2% idagundidwa ndi mawaya. Choopsa chachikulu pamzere wamagetsi ndi mbalame zazing'ono zowuluka bwino: 72.8% yaimfa imapezeka mwa abuluzi omwe achoka kumene pachisa. Mu malo achiwiri kunali kuwonongeka mwachindunji ndi anthu - 12,7%. 8.8% ya adokowe adamwalira chifukwa chomenyera zisa ndi kupangira magulu asanauluke, 7.6% chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta, 2.9% chifukwa cha poizoni waziphuphu, 1.6% chifukwa cha kugundana ndi mayendedwe, 1.2% - chifukwa cha matenda, 0,8% - kuchokera kwa olusa, 0,4% - chifukwa chakugwa m'mapaipi akulu. Chifukwa chake, pazifukwa zosalumikizana ndi zochita za anthu, 184% yokha ya nkhumba imafa. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kufa kwa anapiye (milandu 742 yokhala ndi chifukwa chodziwika) ndikutulutsa kwa anapiye ndi makolo awo kuchokera ku zisa. Amakhala ndi 41.9%. 20.2% ya anapiye adamwalira chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa, 12,9% - chifukwa cha zisa, 7% - pomenya nkhondo pakati pa adokowe akuluakulu pazisa, 6.2% - owonongedwa ndi anthu, 4.5% - chifukwa pakuwotcha zisa, 2.7% chifukwa cha kumwalira kwa makolo, 2.0% adamwalira ndi zilombo, 1.5% adadyetsedwa ndi poizoni, 1.1% adamwalira chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimabweretsedwa mchisa (Grishchenko, Gaber, 1990).

Mu kitundu kya Kaluga chithunzicho ndi chosiyana. Malinga ndi deta yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa mu 1960-99, choyambitsa chachikulu cha kufa kwa mbalame zazikulu ndikufwamba. Zimawerengera milandu 74% yokhala ndi chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa cha imfa (n = 19). Mu 21% ya mbalame, mbalame zinafa pamizere yamagetsi, 1 nthawi imodzi mbalame yayikulu ikafa pomenyera chisa ndi agulu ena.Choyambitsa chachikulu cha kufa kwama cell ndi kulumikizana ndi magetsi amagetsi: kuchokera pakuwopsezedwa kwamagetsi pamagetsi otseguka ndi ma tawuni opatsira mphamvu, komanso mu kugundana ndi zingwe. Zina mwa kufera kwa mbalame zazing'ono atangochoka ku zisa zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuba. Kusiyana kotereku kukugwirizana ndi mfundo yoti kumadera komwe kuli anthu ambiri agulugufe, malingaliro a anthu kwa iwo ndiabwino. Ngakhale milandu yakuwonongeka kwa zisa zomwe zatuluka imadziwika. Chifukwa chake, chisa choyamba ku Mordovia chidawonongeka ndi nzika zakomweko chifukwa choopa kuti mbawala zitha kuwononga mbewu za nkhaka (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997). Kudera la Nizhny Novgorod choyambitsa chachikulu cha kufa kwa chisa ndichizunzo cha anthu (Bakka, Bakka, Kiseleva, 2000). Kuwonongeka kwa mbalame zachikulire komanso kuwonongeka kwa zisa zinaonedwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Turkmenistan, komwe agulugufe adayesera kukhala neste m'ma 1980s. (Belousov, 1990). Komabe, madera omwe mbawala zoyera zakhala nthawi yayitali, malingaliro a anthu akumaloko asinthiratu. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuphedwa kwa mbalame ndi anthu pakati pazomwe zimapangitsa kuti afe komanso kuwonongedwa kwa zisa pamitengo yamagetsi.

Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuphedwa ndi anapiye, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, koyambirira ndi kubadwa kwa ana. Mbali yayikulu ya anapiye amataya kunja kwa zisa kapena ngakhale kudyedwa ndi achule akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake, ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha pafupifupi 30% ya awiriawiri adaponyedwa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale anapiye onse anaphedwa (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967). Ku Spain, makanda adawonedwa mu 18.9% ya zisa zomwe zimawonedwa. Nthawi zonse, mwana wankhuku wofooka kwambiri adaponyedwa. Avereji ya zaka zambiri za adokowe otayika ndi masiku 7.3 (Tortosa ndi Redondo, 1992). Nthawi zambiri, mchitidwewu umalumikizidwa ndi kuperewera kwa chakudya. Malinga ndi a D. Lack (1957), chikhazikitso chakuchotsa gawo la mazira kapena ana amphaka otetezedwa ndi chida chomwe chimakulolani kubweretsa kukula kwa mabanja molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chilipo. Kukula kwa khola loyera la aguluguwa kumaganiziridwa kuti kukugwirizana ndi kusakhalapo kwa abale ndi mpikisano wa zakudya mu ana. Makolo amabweretsa chakudya chambiri, ndipo anapiye akuluakulu sangathe kudzilamulira. Popeza anapiye ofooka sadzifera okha, "amayenera kuwonongedwa ndi makolo awo (Tog-tosa, Redondo, 1992, Zielicski, 2002).

Zofananazo sizidziwika kale. USSR, komanso m'maiko ena. Ana ambiri agulu amafera pazingwe zamagetsi, zingwe zamagetsi zowopsa kwambiri ndi zazing'ono, mbalame zowuluka bwino. Izi zadziwika ku Bulgaria (Nankin, 1992), Germany (Riegel, Winkel, 1971, Fiedler, Wissner, 1980), Spain (Garrido, Femandez-Cruz, 2003), Poland (Jakubiec, 1991), Slovakia (Fulin, 1984), Switzerland (Moritzi, Spaar, Biber, 2001). Ku Rostock County ku East Germany, mwa anapiye oyera oyera a 116, 55.2% adatayidwa ndi makolo awo, 20.7% adamwalira ndi zisa, 9.5% kuchokera ku hypothermia (Zollick, 1986). M'mayendedwe othawirako komanso m'malo achisanu, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphedwa kwa agulu ndikuwombera ndi mitundu ina ya kuzunzidwa ndi anthu, kufa pamizere yamagetsi, komanso poyizoni wazitsamba (Schulz, 1988). Ngati zikwatu zikuluzikulu zosamukasamuka zimadutsa malo okhala ndi zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi, anthu ambiri amafa nthawi imodzi (Nankinov, 1992).

M'mayiko ambiri a ku Africa, chinzungu choyera ndi chikhalidwe chawo chosaka. Malinga ndi kubweranso kwa mphete, mu Sev. ndi West. Africa, pafupifupi 80% yaimfa imawombera. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa H. Schulz (1988), m'ma 1980s. Magulu a mbuna 5,000 mpaka 5,000 anawomberedwa kum'mawa, pomwe 4-5,000 anali ku Lebanon.

Imfa yakufa kwa agulu amatha chifukwa cha nyengo zowopsa - mkuntho, matalala akulu, ndi zina zambiri. Pa Ogasiti 5, 1932, pafupi ndi mudzi kumpoto kwa Bulgaria, pa chimvula chamkuntho chomwe sichinachitikepo (zidutswa za ayezi zinagwa kuchokera kumwamba kufika theka la kilogalamu mwakulemera!), Pafupifupi agogu 200 adamwalira ndipo pafupifupi zana limodzi adatsala ndi miyendo ndi mapiko osweka (Schumann, 1932). Mu 1998, m'midzi iwiri ya m'chigawo cha Lviv. pafupifupi anapiye onse mu zisa 19 zoyang'aniridwa anafa pakagwa mvula yambiri (Gorbulshska et al., 2004).Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumatha kubwezeretsa nyengo yozizira pambuyo poti abuluzi abwera. Chifukwa chake, mu 1962 m'dera la Lviv. mazana a anthu anafa chifukwa cha chisanu ndi chipale chofewa m'zaka zitatu za Marichi (Cherkashchenko, 1963).

Nthawi zina anapiye amafa kuyesera kumeza nyama yambiri yomwe makolo awo amabweretsa. Mwachitsanzo, pakhala pali milandu ya kufa kwa dokowe, wokumana ndi njoka (Kuppler, 2001). Ziwopsezo za anapiye ndizinthu zina zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi makolo ku chisa - zidutswa za amapasa, zopindika, zomwe zimadontheza zimasokonekera, zidutswa za filimu kapena chovala chamafuta mu thireyi pomwe madzi amatengedwa.

Dumba loyera limatha kugwidwa ndi kleptoparasitism. Mwachitsanzo, pa Dnieper ku Cherkasy dera. Tinaona nkhani ya chiwopsezo cha chiwombankhanga choyera (Haliaeetus albicilla) chikuwoloka mtsinje. Dokowe adatola nyama yake, ziwiri zomwe chiwombankhanga chidatenga kuchokera pamadzi (Loparev, 1997).

Zina zoyipa zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kukuchitika m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Nyumba zomwe zinali ndi udzu ndi mabango, pomwe zodumphamo zofunidwa, zimasowa m'midzi. Kuchuluka kwa mitengo yakale yoyenera malo okhala m'midzi kumachepera. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa nthaka, kusefukira kwamadzi osefukira mwa mitsinje, kuphwanya malamulo abwinobwino amadzi a madzi kumapangitsa kuti chakudya chisathe. Izi ndizowona makamaka kumayiko ambiri Akumadzulo. Europe, komwe ndikofunikira kubzala mwapadera abambo kuti azidyetsa nkhumba. Posachedwa, vuto linanso lakhala likuwonjezedwa - kuchepetsedwa kwa dera lomwe kale limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitengo ndi malo odyetserako ziweto kumadera ambiri a Kummawa. Europe ndi North. Asia chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma. Kuchulukana kwa mankhwala azamalimi kumayambitsa kuchulukana kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'm unyolo wa chakudya, zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni ndi matenda a mbalame. Izi zimawonetsedwa kwambiri m'malo otentha nthawi yachisanu, pomwe kulimbana kwachangu kumachitika ndi dzombe ndi tizirombo tina tamadimba, tomwe timakhala chakudya chachikulu cha adokowe.

Ku Central Asia, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chikusintha masinthidwe okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu chinali kupangira malo atsopano olimira mbewu zokhala ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino ya thonje, kugwa kwa mitengo kumapiri a mitsinje, kukokoloka kwa madambo, komanso kuchepetsa madera ampunga. Chifukwa cha kukulitsa kwa minda, mikanda yambiri yamitengo idadulidwa. Zomangamanga zamasiku ano komanso zochitika zam'matauni chitukuko sizimathandizira kuti chakudya chamadyerero azikhala m'malo (Sagitov, 1990, Sernazarov et al., 1992).

Ku Russia, china chachikulu chomwe chikulepheretsa kuchuluka kwa magulu awiri oweta ndikuwononga zisa m'matchalitchi pokhudzana ndi kubwezeretsanso, pamiyala yamatelefoni ndi poyatsira magetsi pakukonzanso kulumikizana kwamagetsi, komanso kugwetsa mipiringidzo yamadzi kuti aikidwe pamalo atsopano kapena zitsulo zopopera. Zowonjezera izi zikuwoneka zowopsa kwambiri, popeza theka la gulu lachi Russia loyera zisa za zisa mumiyala yamadzi.

Zina zoyipa zimaphatikizira kuchepa kwa malingaliro abwino okhudzana ndi mbewa yoyera ya anthu akumaloko, komanso kutayika kwa miyambo yakale yachikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, ikuchitika mu dera la Kiev. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti gawo lalikulu la okhala kumidzi sadziwa momwe angakopekere dambo loyera ku chisa, komanso safuna kukhala ndi chisa pamalowo (Grishchenko et al., 1992). Izi ngakhale zinali choncho kuti kukhalapo kwa chisa m'mbuyomu kumadziwika kuti ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri, kukopa dokowe woyera ku chisa ndichimodzi mwazinthu zamatsenga akale agrari (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Ku Uzbekistan, dokowe woyera amatengedwa ngati mbalame yopatulika, koma tsopano anthu m'malo ena akuchita nawo chiwonongeko cha zisa ndi kutolera mazira (Sagitov, 1990).

Kummwera kwa Ukraine, mbawala yoyera inalemba mitundu 4 ya helminths: Dyctimetra discoidea, Chaunocephalus ferox, Tylodelphys excavata, Histriorchis tricolor (Kornyushin et al., 2004).

Pafupifupi 70 omwe amaimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo, makamaka kachilomboka (Coleoptera), adapezeka mu zisa za dowe loyera (Hick, 1959).

Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo

Chumba choyera chimawononga tizilombo tambiri taulimi, makamaka tizilombo ndi makoswe. Amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa olimbana kwambiri ndi dzombe. Dokowe ikhoza kuwononga kuwedza ndi kusaka, kudya nsomba, anapiye, akalulu, ndi zina zotere, izi ndizongochitika zokha, ndipo zinthu zotere sizikhala malo ena abwino pakudya kwa dokowe yoyera. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena kosafunikira kwa asodzi kumachitika pokhapokha malo oyamba kwambiri a nkhumba ndipo palibenso chakudya china (mwachitsanzo, m'mafamu a nsomba ku Israeli). M'mayiko a Kum'mawa. Europe ndi North. Ku Asia, izi ndizosowa.

Dokowe woyera ndi mnzake wautali wa munthu, ali ndi mwayi wopanga zokongola, amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zokondedwa komanso zopambana za mitundu yambiri. Chipembedzo chake chidapangidwa kale, ndizotheka atakhala kuti akupanga chuma (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Stork ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri pakuphunzitsira zachilengedwe komanso momwe adaleredwera, amavomereza kuthandizidwa ndi munthu, zimakhudza malingaliro a anthu okhala pafupi. Kuteteza dokowe, kufalitsa uthenga wogwira ntchito ndi chidziwitso, chitsitsimutso cha miyambo yakale yothandizira mbalameyi. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chotchuka kwambiri cha mbawala yoyera, ndizotheka kukopa anthu ambiri kuti azichita zinthu zachilengedwe. Ntchito zazikulu za sayansi komanso zofalitsa zambiri, mwachitsanzo, ntchito zomwe "Leleka" ("Stork") ndi "Chaka Cha White Stork" (Grishchenko, 1991, 1991, Grishchenko et al., 1992), zimachitika. Ntchito zonse zofalitsa mabodza komanso kuthandizidwira kumalo osungirako nyumba ndizofunikira kwambiri kuteteza mbalame kumalo osungira zatsopano.

White Stork yalembedwa mu Red Book of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russian Russian in the Red Books of Karelia, Mordovia, Chechnya, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Belgorod, Volgograd, Kaluga, Kirov, Lipetsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tov , Tver ndi madera ena.

Machitidwe a thupi

Thupi lankhondo loyera kwambiri lomwe limatalika mpaka kufika kumapeto kwa mchira, kulemera kwa 2.5 - 4.4 makilogalamu, mapiko a 195 - 215 cm. Mbalame yayikulu yojambulira ili ndi nthenga zoyera, nthenga zakuda zakuuluka pamapiko. Mitundu ya pigment melanin ndi carotenoids mu zakudya zamasamba imapereka mtundu wakuda.

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Tizilombo tating'ono takale timakhala ndi milomo yofiirira yayitali, thunzi tofiira tating'ono tokhala ndi zala zakumaso pang'ono, komanso khosi lalitali. Amakhala ndi khungu lakuda kuzungulira maso awo, zibakuwa zimakhala zonenepa ndipo zimawoneka ngati misomali. Amuna ndi akazi amawoneka ofanana, amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono. Nthenga pa chifuwa ndizitali ndipo zimapanga mtundu wamtambo womwe mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito pokongoletsa.

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Pa mapiko aatali komanso otambalala, mbalame yaing'ono yoyenda imawuluka m'mwamba mosavuta. Mbalame zikuwombera mapiko awo pang'onopang'ono. Monga mafoni ambiri am'madzi, akuwuluka mlengalenga, mapiri oyera amayang'ana modabwitsa: Makosi ataliitali amatambasulidwa kutsogolo, ndipo miyendo italiitali imakhala yotambasulidwa kumbuyo kwambiri m'mphepete mwa mchira wamfupi. Amagwedeza mapiko awo akuluakulu, otambalala nthawi zambiri, kupulumutsa mphamvu.

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Pansipa, dokowe woyera amayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso modikirana, natukula mutu wake. Popumula, amawerama mutu mpaka mapewa ake. Nthenga zantchito zoyambira pachaka chaka chilichonse;

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Ndi malo omwe agulu loyera amakonda kukhala nyumba

Mbalame yoyera imasankha malo:

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• magombe amtsinje
• madambo
• njira
• madambo.

Mbawala zoyera zimachoka m'malo okhala ndi mitengo yayitali ndi zitsamba.

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Chumba choyera chikuuluka

Zakudya zodwala

Dokowe woyera amakhala akugwira ntchito tsiku lonse, amakonda kudya m'malo ang'onoang'ono ndi malo olimapo, m'malo a udzu. Dokowe woyera ndi wadyera ndipo amadya:

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• amphibians
• abuluzi
• njoka
• achule
• tizilombo
• nsomba
• mbalame zazing'ono
• zinyama.

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