Kholamu - nyama yamwazi komanso yodetsa nkhawa yomwe imagwira ngakhale mahinji, siwololedwa pachakudya, ndikuwononga makoswe ochepa, mbalame, njoka, achule ndi nsomba, kulowa m'madzi chifukwa chomaliza, kusaka usiku.

Chipilalachi chimafikira masentimita 30 mpaka 40, chili ndi mchira wofiyira, mtundu wa malaya ndi ofiira, ndi wachikaso nthawi yotentha, milomo ndi chibwano chake ndi zoyera.

Mzerewu umakhala m'matanthwe ndi nkhalango, nthawi zambiri awiriawiri, amakonza dzenje pansi pamagoba, miyala komanso m'malo ena obisika, nthawi zambiri amakwera nyumba ndikugulitsa nkhuku.

Dinani pazachithunzichi kuti mutsegule lonse.

Chipilala - mayi wambiri wa banja la a Kunyi, dongosolo la a Carnivorous. Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Conifer, chithunzi chosinthidwa (chosinthidwa pamalowo) ndipo chilolezedwa ndi CC BY-SA 2.0.

Amadyetsa makoswe, mbalame ndi mazira, achule, tizilombo, nthawi zina amagwira nsomba. Wolemba chithunzichi ndi Dibyendu Ash, chithunzicho chidasinthidwa (kusinthidwa kuti chipangidwenso tsambalo) ndipo chilolezedwa pansi pa CC BY-SA 4.0.

M'nyengo yozizira, mu Disembala ndi Januwale mizati imakonda kusewera. Estrus amapezeka mu February, ndipo kumapeto kwa Epulo komanso koyambirira kwa Meyi, wamkazi amabweretsa 2-3, osachepera 4 cubs. Kuchokera kwa adani a mizati amatetezedwa ndi kutulutsira kwa fetid wa ma tezi.

Ku Siberia, zipilala zimagawidwa kuchokera ku Pacific Ocean kupita ku Tyumen; kumpoto kumafika 66 ° C. sh., wopezeka ku Amur ndi Ussuri Territory, ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin kulibe.

Kodi muli ndi mafunso kapena kodi muli ndi zofunika kunena? Siyani ndemanga yanu apa!

Cunyi

• American Badger ( Tajati )
• Ma Badger ( Melinae )
• Otter ( Lutrinae )
• Cunyi ( Mustelinae )
• Mpanda wapa uchi ( Mellivorinae )

Cunyi, kapena kufera (lat. Mustelidae) - banja la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zomwe zidadyedwa. Ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yolemera kwambiri ya mabanja. Kukula kwa kufera kwa nyama zodya nyama ndizochepa kwambiri. Kunim imaphatikizapo martens, mink, otters, badger, ferrets ndi ena. Ma Cunyas amatha kuzolowera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake amaimiridwa m'maiko onse.

Mafotokozedwe ambiri

Banjali lili ndi mitundu yoposa 50. Mitundu, yolumikizidwa mu banja la marten, imasiyana kwambiri pakupanga thupi, momwe amakhalira komanso magwiritsidwe ntchito ake kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Banja limaphatikizapo zazing'ono (zazing'ono mwa dongosolo) kapena zolengedwa zazing'ono zapakatikati. Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera 11 (caress yaying'ono) mpaka 150 cm (sea otter), kulemera kuchokera 25 g mpaka 45 kg. Amuna amakhala pafupifupi 25% kuposa akazi. Thupi nthawi zambiri limakhala lalitali kwambiri, lotha kusinthasintha, silikhala lalifupi kwambiri, lalikulupo (loyipa, wolverine). Miyendo ndiyifupi, chala-kapena-kuyima-kuyenda, asanu. Misomali singabwezeredwe, m'mitundu ina mumakhala mafinya a pakhungu (zimba) pakati pa zala. Zovala zamiyendo ndizakutidwa ndi tsitsi, zopanda mapilo, kapena maliseche kwathunthu. Panyanja, miyendo imasinthidwa kwambiri: miyendo yakumbuyo imasandutsidwa, ndipo zala zakumaso zimafupikitsidwa ndikulumikizidwa.

Mutu nthawi zambiri umakhala wochepa, pakhosi lalifupi koma lamphamvu kwambiri. Maso amakula pakati kapena akulu. Makutu ndi ang'ono, osowa kwambiri, okhala ndi nsonga zokutira. M'mitundu yam'madzi, ma auricles amachepetsa kwambiri. Ubweya nthawi zambiri umakhala wonenepa, wowonda, wokhala ndi zofewa zamkati. Mtundu wa ubweya ndiwosiyanasiyana: momveka bwino, mamvekedwe awiri, amizere, owala. Kukula kwake ndi kunenepa kwa chovalacho kumasintha kwambiri nyengo ndi nyengo, pomwe utoto wa utoto mu dzinja umakhala loyera. Chigoba chimakhala chaching'ono, chokhala ndi gawo lalifupi komanso ubongo wotupa. Mitundu yayikulu yakala bwino zitunda pa chigaza. Magawo amaso nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu. Chiwerengero cha mano chimasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makamaka chifukwa cha ma ankolo ndi ma molars. Mwa otter wanyanja, kutsika kwa mano mpaka 32 kunachitika chifukwa chakuchepetsa kwa zinthu ziwiri zotsika. Mafangayi ndi mano olusa amakula kwambiri. Kutafuna kwa ma molars kumatha kukhala ndi zida zakuthwa kapena zowoneka bwino. Chiwerengero cha mano ndi 28-38.

Moyo

Pakati pa oimira banja pali mitundu yapadziko lapansi, yamapiri, yam'madzi komanso yamadzi. Pezani malo osiyana siyana, kumayambira ku tundra kupita kuchipululu komanso kuyambira kumapiri kupita kumapiri. Monga lamulo, iwo amakhala moyo wopanda malo, nthawi zina amasungidwa ndi mabanja ndipo nthawi zambiri sipangakhale magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo lawo, ma badger amakhala m'magulu achimuna ndi achikazi angapo, pomwe ena amakhala - awiriawiri kapena m'modzi.

Mwa mtundu wawo wamafuta, mitundu yambiri imadyanso, komanso imadyanso zakudya zam'mera. Ena amakhala opatsa chidwi. Amadyera makamaka zazing'ono zazikazi, ma otter amadya nsomba, crustaceans ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi. Mitundu ya genus Mustela ndipo mimbulu imangodya. Monga lamulo, marten amakhala moyo wongokhala. Nthawi zambiri, amakumba timibulu. Yogwira ntchito makamaka usiku, kwinaku madzulo. Mwa mphamvu, kumva kumapangidwa bwino, ndipo ena amakhalanso ndi fungo.

Mitundu yambiri ndi mitala. Fatsani m'nthawi inayake, nthawi zambiri zimakhala miyezi 3-4. Ma canins ambiri amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kumeza, mpaka miyezi 10 (beger). Mimba imeneyi imatenga masiku 30 mpaka 65. M'chaka, zazikazi zimapereka zinyalala chimodzi, momwe muli ana 1-14. Ng ombe amabadwa ali khungu ndi amaliseche, amayi amawasamalira mpaka miyezi iwiri. Kutha mu nyama zazing'ono kumachitika pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi itatu ndi ziwiri. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndichilengedwe kuyambira zaka 5 mpaka 20.

Zotsatira Zachilengedwe

Cunyas amathandizira pakukula kwa nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, makoswe, ndi mbalame. Mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, ma otter am'nyanja) ndiimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa nyama. Zikwangwani za uchi zimagwirizana nthawi imodzi ndi anthu komanso ndi mbalame zotulutsa uchi (Chizindikiro), mothandizidwa ndi omwe amafufuza njuchi za njuchi.

Nawonso, marten amakumana ndi zilombo zikuluzikulu, nthawi zambiri mimbulu, komanso njoka zazikuru, mbalame za masana zodyedwa ndi kadzidzi. Mitundu ina imagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi cha phulusa la phulusa kuti ichotse adani, komanso kuchenjeza.

Banja la Kunih: oyimira

Timayamba kufotokozera nyamazo kuchokera kwa mdaniyo ngati lumo. Ali ndi thupi lalitali, loonda, komanso losintha. Kutalika kwake kuli masentimita makumi awiri. Chimakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse la Soviet Union. Kulemera ndi pafupifupi 70 g.

Imapezeka pomwe makoswe amakhala, kutanthauza kuti m'minda pakati pa zitsamba ndi namsongole. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mutha kuwona chikondi chomwe chili ndi pakati kapena chobadwa kumene ndi ana. Mu litchi imodzi pafupifupi ana a 6.

Ermine

Mafuta a ermine ndi ofanana ndi maonekedwe achikondi, kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 30 cm.

Chilombochi ndi nyama yolusa, chimadyetsa makoswe. Nthawi zina zimasokoneza zisa. Munthawi yanjala, ndimatha kudya achule, ngati kulibeko, ndiye kuti zipatso ndi zinyalala. Kufalikira kamodzi pachaka, kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi pafupifupi 9.5. Avereji ya maola asanu pa zinyalala.

Woimira uyu amagwira ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana.

Solongoy

Ikuwoneka ngati nyamayi wina wabanja lachipembedzo. Chilombochi chimatchedwa solonga. Iye ndi wokulirapo, wavala ubweya wonyezimira. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 30. Amamadya ma voles ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, ngakhale muskrats. Kuphatikiza apo, abuluzi ndi mbalame zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, matching amachitika, nthawi yayitali ya mwezi ndi mwezi. Pali zinyalala pafupifupi zitatu kapena zinayi mu zinyalala.

Mink

Poganizira za banja la marten, munthu sangathandize koma kukumbukira za America ndi ku Europe mink. Nyamazi zimayenda pansi ndikusambira mokongola. Kunja, khungwa limafanana ndi mzati.

European ndi ochepera kuposa America. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 40. Misa sioposa kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimasiyanitsa mitundu iwiriyi ya mink? Kapangidwe ka mano ndi chigaza.

Mink imakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi okhala ndi magombe osambitsidwa, kudya makoswe ochepa, muskrats, achule, ndi zina zambiri.

Mate mu masika, akadali chisanu. Nthawi ya bere imatenga pafupifupi masiku makumi asanu. Monga lamulo, pali zinyalala zisanu ndi zinayi mu zinyalala, ngakhale zilipo zochulukirapo.

Zotupa

Ziphuphu zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe. Amadziwika ndi mitundu itatu: steppe, miyendo yakuda komanso yakuda. Loyamba ndi lalikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 56 cm, kulemera mpaka makilogalamu awiri. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 48 cm, ndipo unyinji suoposa 1.5 kg

Maziko a zakudya m'mitundu itatu yonseyi ndi makoswe. Mbawala yakuda, monga lamulo, imakonda makoswe ndi ma voles, ndi stepep - kwa hamsters ndi gopher. Agalu opukusa ndi omwe amakonda zovala zakuda.

Aabanjawa (makamaka steppe) amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje.

Martens

Tsopano tikambirana za miyala ndi pine mart. Nyama izi ndizazikulu kwambiri kuposa zandalama. Kutalika kwa mwala wamiyala kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 45, ndipo unyinji suoposa 2.5 kg. Nkhalango ndiyocheperako pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 44, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 750 mpaka 1500 magalamu. Thupi la ofowoka ndilamphamvu, lonyowa, makutu ndi akulu, omangidwa. Kusiyana pakati pa mitunduyi pakupanga mano ndi chigaza. Lingaliro lakummwera kwambiri ndi mwala wofedwa.

Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, nkhalangoyi imakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zobiriwira. Nthawi zina mwalawo umakhala m'malo ngati amenewa, koma nthawi zambiri umatha kuwoneka pamiyala yopanda miyala. Monga lamulo, ogwira ntchito usiku, ngakhale mutha kukumana nawo masana.

Pine marten amadya makoswe, nthawi zina amaseka. Miyala imadyanso chimodzimodzi, koma chakudya chobzala chimatenga gawo la mkango pazakudya zake. Gon amapezeka nthawi ya Juni-August. Awa ana atatu amabadwa mu zinyalala

Zoyenera

Sable ndi nyama yotchuka kwambiri yokhala ndi thupi lotetemera komanso mchira wake wamfupi. Kutalika kwenikweni kwa thupi ndi masentimita 44. Ubweya wa sable ndi wakuda, wakuda. Amadyetsa zakudya za nyama ndi zomera. M'chilimwe amameza tizilombo. Ana osintha amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Nthawi zambiri, asanu amabadwa.

Harza

Chilombochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri, chili ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, mawonekedwe ndi owala. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo unyinjiwo umafika mpaka ma kilogalamu asanu ndi theka. Chilombochi chimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Harza amadya makoswe, nsomba, zipatso ndi mtedza. Nthawi zina zimatsutsana ndi mzere ndi magawo.

Kufotokozera

Nyama yaying'onoyi kutalika imafikira masentimita 48-66 ndi mchira wake, ndipo imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 800. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolimba. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, miyendo imafupikitsidwa, nembanemba samapangika bwino pakati pawo.

Tizilomboti taloledwa, khosi limasinthasintha, ndipo makutu ndi akuthwa. Mchirawo ndi wokongola, wowoneka bwino, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa thupi - pafupifupi 18 mpaka sentimita. Zitsamba za ductal zimapezeka pansi pa mchira, pomwe zimasulidwa chinsinsi ndi fungo losasangalatsa.

Mtundu wa ubweya ndi wofiyira. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yolimba komanso yofewa, makamaka mchira. Pamaso pali munda wa bulauni wotchedwa chigoba. Milomo imalembedwa ndi chingwe choyera. Mu "zovala" zanyengo yachilimwe zimawoneka zonyozeka, ubweya suyenda bwino, umakhala pafupi ndi thupi. Mapazi amayera oyera. Kukhetsa kumachitika mu Marichi-Meyi.

Columns (Mustela sibirica).

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Wokamba - Nyama mpaka 50 cm, pomwe mchirawo ndi pafupifupi wachitatu. Nyama imalemera pafupifupi 700-800 g Thupi limakhala lalitali, yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha kwapadera komanso kusuntha. Mapazi afupiafupi okhala ndi nembanemba bwino, maso akuwoneka pa mpope, makutu ang'onoang'ono owongoka.

Ubweya wokongola ndi kunyada kwapadera kwa wokhala ku taiga. Utoto wokhala ndi ubweya nthawi yachisanu, wokhala ndi tint yofiirira, umasanduka chikaso chakuda nthawi yotentha ikadzafika. Ubweya womwe umakhala mchira umakhala wokhutira kwambiri ndi utoto kuposa kumbuyo kapena pamimba.

Chizindikiro chokongoletsedwa ndi malo oyera pamphuno ndi chophimba chakuda kuzungulira maso. Mtundu wa siliva m'miyendo ya nyama ndi ubweya wopepuka wa undercoat umatsimikizira kukongola kwa chovala cha ubweya.

Kuchulukana kwa chovalacho kumasiyanasiyana nyengo ndi nthawi: kuphatikiza ndi kachulukidwe ndizofanana ndi nyengo yozizira, ndipo nthawi yotentha, ubweya umakhala wosowa komanso wafupikirapo kuposa nthawi yozizira. Chipilalachi chimakhala m'malo a Far East, nkhalango za Ural, malo otetezedwa a Siberia, Primorye, Yakutia. Osowa kwambiri ku gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu. Amadziwa mzere ku China, Japan, ku Peninsula ya Korea.

Kukula kwa madera osiyanasiyana kumadalira kupezeka kwa nkhalango zowongoka kapena zokutira ndi makoswe ambiri, ndi dziwe lomwe ladzala ndi zitsamba, ndi kukhalapo kwa kamphepo kamkuntho ndi nkhuni. Nyamayi imapewa malo otseguka, imakonda taiga yowala pamapiri kapena m'mitsinje. Imapezeka pamapiri mpaka 1600 m pamtunda wa nyanja.

Pali mizati m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, komwe amakopeka ndi nkhuku komanso kupezeka kwa mbewa ndi makoswe. Kukumana ndi mzere m'midzi, kunja kwa mizinda kapena kuminda ndizovuta zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kusamuka ku chakudya komanso kusasamala.

Mwachilengedwe, nyama imakhala ndi adani ambiri. Yaikulu ikuyenda, ikugulitsa mpikisano wake wa chakudya kuchokera kumadera omwe akutukuka. Zina zokhala ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama pachilala: akambuku, kadzidzi, chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga. Tiyenera kubisala ku adani a anyani, nkhandwe, mimbulu, zala.

Column Habitat

Madera omwe nyama zimagawidwira zimaphimba, monga lamulo, nkhalango zowerengeka za Asia, gawo lam'mwera la Siberia ndi Far East. Posachedwa, magulu awo ku Yakutia awonjezeka m'mphepete mwa gombe la Okhotsk. Zigawo zachitsulo ku Urals ndizambiri.

Zinyama zodyerazi zimakonda kukhala m'malo ochezeka a mitsinje, ndipo zimapewa malo.

Oyankhulawo amakhala m'zigwa za mitsinje yaying'ono, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zomwe zimasakanikirana, kumawomba mphepo ndikugwa. Amapezeka pakati pa miyala yosanjikiza yomwe ili ndi zitsamba. M'mapiri amakula mpaka 1400-1700 metres. Kwambiri, zipilala zimakhazikika m'nkhalango za paini, m'madzi osefukira komanso kunja kwa madambo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa minda, m'midzi ngakhale m'mizinda yaying'ono.

Kufalitsa mzere

Nthawi yosuntha kwa mizati imachitika kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Epulo. Pakadali pano, nyamazo zimagwira ntchito kwambiri komanso sizipuma. Amasaka pang'ono, amuna nthawi zonse amathamangitsa akazi.

Mchira wa chipilalacho ndi wosalala nthawi yozizira, pafupifupi ngati marten, kutalika kwake ndikoposa theka la thupi.

Yaikazi imakhala moyo wobisika ndi ana ake. Mimba imatha kupitirira mwezi umodzi. Chonde chazitali ndizitali. Mwezi uliwonse, mkaziyo amabereka ana pafupifupi 6-10. Mwana wakhanda akamwalira, mkaziyo amakwananso kukwatiwa ndi kubereka chaka chino. Oyankhula kumene mwatsopano ndi akhungu komanso amaliseche, unyinji wawo sukudutsa 7 gr.

Oyankhula ndi amayi osamala omwe amateteza ana awo.

Achichepere amakhala ndi zokongoletsa m'mwezi woyamba wamoyo: imvi zawo zimasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala zofiirira zachikasu, ndipo "maski" yodziwika bwino imawonekera pakapukutira. Amayi amaletsa kudyetsa mkaka wa ana kumapeto kwa mwezi wachiwiri, kumayambiriro kwa yophukira afika kale kukula kwa akulu. Pakadali pano, ayamba kukhala moyo wawekha.

M'mwezi woyamba wamoyo, achichepere amasintha mtundu wa chovala cha ubweya kuchoka pa imvi kukhala chofiirira chikasu, ndipo "chigoba" chodziwika bwino chimawonekera pakapukutira.

Chiwerengero cha zipilala

M'nkhalangozi, nyama zodyerazi ndizochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zina olankhula amavulaza nkhuku, akafika pabwalo, amatha kudya nkhuku zingapo kapena abakha. Koma mzati, monga ma marten onse ang'onoang'ono, ndiwothandiza chifukwa amawononga makoswe oyipa m'minda ndi midzi.

Ubweya wa mizati ndiwothokoza kwambiri; umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yake kapena ngati chinyengo chamtengo wazopanga ubweya.

Mu 30s, kuyesayesa kunapangidwa kuti asunge mzati pama famu. Zipilala zimatha kusungidwa mu ukapolo chifukwa sizithamanga. Koma iwo, monga zidutswa zina zonse, adasinthidwa ndi mink yaku America, yomwe ubweya wake umayamikiridwa kwambiri. Oyankhula amachepetsa msanga ngakhale kuperekedwa m'manja.

Mabuku ena a Mustela sibirica coreana amakhala ku Korea. Nyama izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chigaza chokulirapo ndi mtundu wowala wa ubweya wozizira.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Mtengo wamunthu

Pafupifupi ma coons onse ali ndi mtengo wamalonda, wopatsa ubweya wofunika (makamaka ma martens, otter, sable, otters a nyanja, mink yaku America). Zimagwira monga zofunikira kusaka, mitundu ina imayikidwa m'minda ya ubweya kapena kuchulukitsidwa mwachilengedwe. Zotupa (Mustela putorius) adasungidwa kunyumba.Mitundu yambiri imakhala yofunika kupha makoswe ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mitundu yachilengedwe imatha kuvulaza nkhuku, ulimi wa nsomba (otter), kusaka, komanso matenda opatsirana. Chifukwa chake, bere ndi nkhokwe yachilengedwe ya chifuwa chachikulu cha bovine, chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa ng'ombe limodzi ndi chimbudzi chake. M'malo ena mpaka 20% ya anthu oyipa amakhala ndi kachilombo. Kunyi amavutikanso ndi matenda a chiwewe.

Zotsatira za chizunzo cha anthu, m'malo ambiri, ophedwa adachepetsa kapena anazimiririka. Pafupifupi 38% ya mitundu ya mabanja yalembedwa mu Buku Lamafuku Ovomerezeka (pafupifupi, chizindikiro ichi cha zolengedwa zoweta ndi 15%). Mitundu yangozi yomwe ikupezeka ndi monga: Colombian weasel (Latin Mustela felipei), European mink (Latin Mustela lutreola), Javanese column (Latin Mustela lutreolina), sea otter (Lat. Enhydra lutris) ndi gior otter. (lat. Pteronura brasiliensis). Mink yakunyanja idamwalira kale m'mbiri yakale. Mbawala yamiyendo yakuda imaganiziridwa kuti ndi nyama yomwe itheretu kuthengo, ngakhale kuyesayesa kuyipitsanso.

Gulu

Mwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu, banja la marten ndilo lalikulu kwambiri motsatira mdani wa adani. Ili ndi mitundu ya moyo 56-60 m'mabanja 8 apansi. Zoyipa za banja sizinakhazikitsidwebe. Mpaka posachedwa, ma skunk adatinso, amatchedwa banja lodzilekanitsa (lat. Mephitidae). Magulu a taxa ena (mwachitsanzo, wolverines) amakhalanso ndi mikangano, pomwe kafukufuku wamankhwala oyenda a panda yaying'ono, otchulidwa kuti ndi fodya, adawonetsa kuyandikira kwake ndi ma badan onunkhira (lat. Mydaus).

Khalidwe ndi njira yamoyo

Oyankhula nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku. Ntchito zimachitika nthawi yamadzulo komanso dzuwa litalowa. Kufufuza zakudya sikumangokhala kumadera ena, nyama imatha kupita pamtunda wa 10 km kapena kupitilira, ngati kusaka kumafunikira kusaka nyama.

Usiku mutha kuwona mzati wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira kuyang'ana makoswe pakati pa mizu yamitengo yosiyidwa. Anthu okhala pamtsinje amakhalanso nyama yapaubweya yomwe imatha kusambira bwino. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe am'madzi, muskrats kapena nsomba zamtsinje zimagwera m'mbali zazitali za mizati.

M'nyengo yozizira, mlenje amawonetsa kunyentchera ndi kuthekera kopita pansi pa chipale chofewa pamtunda wautali mpaka 50. Capercaillie ndi grouse wobisala usiku amatha kununkhiza ndikupeza mbalamezi mwachangu.

Kulimba mtima, chidwi, kuthekera kukwera msanga m'matanthwe ndi m'mabowo, kuyenda m'miyala ndi malo okwera, kukwera mitengo ndi nsonga za mwala kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mzati wochenjera.

Nyama sizizindikira malo. Amakhala m'malo okhalamo ma chipmunks, ma voles, mabowo osiyidwa kapena pansi pa nthambi za mitengo yakugwa komanso mulu wa mitengo yakugwa. Kuphatikiza pogona pokhapokha, nyamayo imakhala ndi malo osakhalitsa angapo, pomwe imabisala pakafunika.

Panthawi yozizira kwambiri, imatha kugona osagona masiku angapo kuchokera kumalo otentha. Kenako kusaka kumayimitsidwa masana chifukwa chamazira osokosera usiku. Zipilala zikuyenda mtunda ndi malire. Chikhazikitso cha mawu ndi chofanana ndi mawu omwe woimbidwa ndi amphamvu: kulira kapena mtundu wa tweet. Mokwiyitsa amatulutsa mluzu wowopsa ndi mluzu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zomwe zimadya pakatikati pa zipilala ndizophatikiza nyama zazing'ono: mbewa, mbewa, chipmunks, pikas, agologolo, ndipo nthawi zina hares. Ngakhale kuti nyama zimakonda kudya, m'madzi, zimayenda makilomita angapo kuchokera pagombe, zimawedza ndikusaka nyama zazinkhanira, chakudya cha achule, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, kunyamula zovunda ndi zomwe zimachokera pakuchotsa zilombo zazikulu.

M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame imasakidwa pansi pa chisanu, kugona m'mabowo a chipale chofewa - magawo ndi magareta, agalu akuda. Nyama yodala komanso yonyansa imafunafuna nyama, kuthana ndi chisanu.

Panthawi yokolola, mtedza ndi zipatso zimasangalalanso nazo. Njala imatikakamiza kuti tifikire kumalo okhalamo anthu ndikuwononga malo osungiramo malo ndi m'masitolo. Kuukira nkhuku ndizofala. Mosiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira, samateteza nyama, koma amawononga mwachangu.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nyamayo imadyera nyama, nthawi zina imachulukitsa kukula kwake. Wopikisanapo chakudya wamkulu pachidindo ndiwowoneka bwino, motero amasula gawo ngati pakuwonekera wowukira, aluso malo atsopano.

Kusaka zakudya kumachitika makamaka usiku. Ngati nkotheka kugwira wovutayo, mzatiyo umakoka nawo kumalo obisalira kapena kwina, koma osakudya komweko. Milandu yokhudza kubera nyama pakati pa nyama ikufotokozedwa, pamene nyama imodzi idagwera mumsampha, pomwe ina imagwiritsa ntchito.

Kubalana ndi moyo wautali

Oyankhula okhaokha, nthawi yowonjezereka kwa anthu ikuchitika kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Amuna akumenyera nkhondo achikazi, akumenya nkhondo mwankhanza.

Kuberekera kumatenga masiku 30 mpaka 40, mu ana amodzi kumapezeka ana anayi mpaka 10. Yaikazi ikukonzekera maonekedwe awo pokonzekera chisa kapena phula kuchokera ku ubweya, masamba, udzu wouma.

Oyankhula ndi amayi osamala omwe amasamalira ana. Poyamba safunika kudya mkaka kokha, komanso kutentha, popeza amaliseche amabadwa. Kuzizira kumatha kuwononga ana.

Zachikazi sizimachoka pachisa chokha, kukangosaka. Chisa chozungulira chimakutidwa ndi ma mosses kapena udzu wouma. Pakupita mwezi umodzi, mbewuyo imakula mwachangu: maso atatseguka, tsitsi limawonekera, chigoba chodziwika bwino chikuwonekera pakapukutira. Kudyetsa chakudya chamagulu kumayambira: makoswe ochepa, tizilombo.

Amuna samasamala za ana. Pofika nthawi yophukira, makanda amapeza ufulu osamalidwa ndi akazi ndikukhala osakwatiwa, kusiya chisa. Kutalika kwa mzati munthawi yachilengedwe sikupitirira zaka 2-4. Muukapolo, mawuwo amawonjezeka mpaka zaka 8-9.

Zosangalatsa olankhula operewera, alola mugule nyama ndi kuichita. Imakhala mosavuta pamanja. Pamafamuwo panali kuyesa kuswana kolowera kuti mupeze zikopa zaubweya, zofunikira pakati pa ena. Koma mumalonda omwe mink adapambana, mtengo wake umakhala wokwera.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timakula mpaka 50 cm, pomwe 1/3 ndiye mchira. Kulemera kwa thupi la nyamayo sikumaposa g 800. Nyama yaying'ono imakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, mpope wolunjika, maso akuluakulu komanso owoneka bwino, komanso makutu ozungulira. Chipilalachi chimakhala ndi thupi lokwera, losinthika komanso losunthika. Kunyada kwapadera kwa nyamayi ndi ubweya wake wokongola, womwe umasintha mtundu kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira, mzere wam'madzi wam'madzi umakhala wamtambo wokhala ndi tint yofiirira. Pamaso, mawanga amtundu woyera ndi chigoba chakuda chakumaso kuzindikirika.

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Itatsi ubweya umasinthanso ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya ndiwotupa komanso wandiweyani, chilimwe - wamfupi komanso wosowa.

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Kholamu limakonda malo osungika. Nyamayi imakopeka makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa makoswe, nkhuku ndi mbewa. Kuthengo, nyama za m'madzi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango zowuma kapena zotentha komwe kumatha kupezeka makoswe ambiri. Malo otseguka sakukongoletsa itatsi; amakonda mtundu wamisala womwe uli m'mphepete mwa mtsinje kapena m'mbali mwa phirilo.

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Khalidwe la nyama

Zipilala ndi nyama usiku. Amapita kukasaka nthawi yamadzulo ndipo sakhala kumadera ena. Malamu amatha kuyenda makilomita oposa 10 panthawi. Usiku, maso a nyamayo imawala pang'ono ndi mtundu wake. Oyankhula ndi osaka bwino kwambiri ndipo amapeza nyama yabwino ngakhale munthawi yozizira. Amatha kuyenda pansi pa chipale chofikira mpaka 50 cm.

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Zipilala sizimanga mabowo awo. Amakhala m'malo osiyidwa, kapena amakhala mumulu wamatanda oboola, pansi pa nthambi zamitengo. Nyama zimakhala ndi malo angapo momwe zimapumulirako, kutengera kufuna kwawo komanso malo. Oyankhula sachita phokoso, chifukwa amazizira kwambiri m'malo otentha, omwe sangathe kupitako kwa masiku angapo. Kuti ifike pamalo oyenera, nyamayo imalumphira mwachangu.

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Nyama ikakwiyitsidwa, imatulutsa mkondowo limodzi ndi likhweru. "Mawu" a nyamayo ali ngati kubangula kapena kubwadamuka.

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