Sandpiper (Charadrii) ndi mbalame yayikulu kuchokera pagulu lalikulu la Charadriiformes. Amaphatikiza mabanja 10 ndi mitundu 214 ya mbalame za m'madzi.
Dzina lachi Latin: | Charadrii |
Ufumu: | Nyama |
Mtundu: | Chordate |
Giredi: | Mbalame |
Gulu: | Charadriiformes |
Dongosolo: | Zoyenda |
Onani: | Sandpiper |
Kutalika kwa thupi: | 15-62 cm |
Kutalika kwa mapiko: | 10-30 cm |
Wingspan | 20-65 cm |
Kulemera: | 30-1300 g |
Kufotokozera
Sandpiper m'madzi
Sandpiper ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri mwa mbalame zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi pafupi. Kulemera kwa thupi la waders kuli kosiyanasiyana 30-3000 magalamu, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 62. Wingspan - masentimita 65. Wokakhala marshland.
Mawonekedwe
Sandpiper poyenda
Madzi onse am'madzi amasiyana mosiyana wina ndi mnzake, makamaka kukula kwake. Chifukwa chake mitundu yama sandbox imalemera 30-60 magalamu, pomwe unyinji wa ma curlews akuluakulu umaposa kilogalamu imodzi. Ma sandpip amadziwika ndi kapangidwe ka mulomo ndi miyendo, kutalika kwa mapiko ndi mchira. Ngati azitsamba atakhala ndi milomo yayitali komanso yolunjika, ndiye kuti mabokosi amchenga amakhala ndi milomo yayifupi komanso yolimba. Mlomo wa Sandpiper umagwira ngati chida chopezera chakudya. Kapangidwe kamalomo kamadalira mtundu wa chakudya chomwe sandpiper amadya. Ojambulira amakhala ndi mulomo waufupi, wothinthwa kumapeto kwake, pomwe amatola chakudya pansi. Pakuthwa, mulomo ndi wochepa thupi, wopindika. Ndi chithandizo chake, mbalameyi imapeza chakudya kuchokera pansi mosungira.
Mizere iwiri pamsanja
Osunthidwa - eni miyendo yayitali yodontha, koma akakhomedwa pamiyendo yochepa. Miyendo yam'madzi yopondera ndi inayi, mikono yakumbuyo sinakhazikike bwino. Masipika amkati ndi ma sandwich oyanjana amakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono pakati pa zala zomwe zimafanana ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Mchira wam'madzi ndi waufupi, wopingika. Mapikowo ndi opapatiza komanso aatali.
Kulik amafunafuna chakudya m'dambo
Mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi imapakidwa utoto wowala, wowoneka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu turukhtans, maonekedwe amitundu yambiri amaphatikiza zakuda, zachikaso, zoera, zofiira ndi zoyera, nthenga za lalikasi yovekedwa bwino padzuwa mu emarodi, zovala zofiirira ndi zamtambo. Ma godwits, ma plovers, ndi ma bunnies ali ndi utoto modzimodzi - gawo lalikulu la penti limapakidwa utoto wa bulauni wokhala ndi zikaso zakuda ndi zofiirira. M'mitundu ina ya mbalame zam'madzi, nthengazo zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyana: nthenga zagolide zagolide zili ndi mtondo wakuda wopepuka, nthenga zopindika kumbuyo zakuda, ndipo pakhosi ndi m'mimba mwayera, pamiyala, m'malo mwake, m'mimba mwakuda, khosi ndi loyera, ndipo imvi imakutidwa ndi malo oyera , sandpiper-magpie mumtunduwu amafanana ndi mphutsi wamba. Sandpipers amadziwika ndi nyengo ya morphism yamapulogalamu: m'dzinja-nthawi yozizira, matuwa amtundu wamtundu wakuda ndi utoto amapezeka mumtundu, m'mimba mumakhala oyera, nthenga zakuda, zofiirira komanso zofiira zimawonekera kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe, ndipo torso yotsika imapeza zonona zambiri zonona.
Kodi nyama zam'madzi zimadya chiyani?
Sandpiper amadya nsomba
Ma sandpipers amadyetsa nyama zosafunikira - tizilombo tokhala m'madzi ndi nthaka, mphutsi, mphutsi, crustaceans, mollusks ndi akangaude. Chakudya chofinya chimaphatikizanso kachikumbu ndi mphutsi. Amakonda kudya tizilombo, zipatso ndi nthangala, ma turukhtans amadya crustaceans, abuluzi, mbewu za udzu ndi mbewu. Mitundu yayikulu ya m'misewu (nkhono zazikulu, herbalists) imadya nsomba ndi achule. Muukapolo, mbalame zam'madzi zimadyetsedwa ndi njere, mbewu ndi zipatso zamtchire, njere ndi mapira.
Sandpiper - mbalame yosamukira kapena ayi
Chithunzi cha sandpiper chikuuluka
Sandpip ndi mbalame zosamukira. Mbalame zokonda kutenthetsedwa zimachotsedwa m'malo osungira chisa ndikubwera kwa chisanu oyamba. Sandpipers okhala ku Russia kuuluka yozizira kumapeto kwa Seputembara - koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Oyenda panyanja ku Europe amasamukira kumwera kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Ma sandpip amawuluka nyengo yachisanu pamtunda wautali kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo nthawi yachisanu makilomita 11,000 kunyumba kwawo. Mbalame zimawuluka awiriawiri kapena gulu la awiriawiri - 10-20. Amawuluka usiku, ndikupumula masana.
Sandpiper watsala pang'ono kunyamuka
Okhala ku Siberia nyengo yachisanu ku Australia ndi New Zealand, okhala ku Alaska ku Argentina, okhala ku Europe ku South Africa ndi Madagascar.
Dera
Sandpiper pafupi ndi dambo
Sandpipers amakhala padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula ku Antarctica. Ma sandbox amakhala ku North North ndi Alaska, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic, ku Siberia ndi Chukotka. Malupanga amakhala kumadera otentha kwambiri a Eurasia, Iceland, ndi Ireland. Malo okhala maulendo okhazikika amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, pomwe maulendo osamukasamuka amakhala ku Scandinavia, m'chigawo cha Moscow ndi ku Urals. Ma Turukhtans amathera nthawi yawo yachilimwe ku Britles Islands ndi Scandinavia. Curlews chisa ku North America ndi Chukotka. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hare imakhala ku America ndi Europe. Ena mwa anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Amazon ku Latin America.
Chithunzi cha malo okhala mchenga
Ku Russia, mitundu 75 ya mbalame zam'madzi zimakhala. Kumpoto Kakutali kakhala ndi maikik, malaya ndi matabwa, chisa chachikulu komanso chaching'ono ku Primorye, ndi malo a Ussuri ku Altai. Oimira banja la sandbox amakhala ku Far North. Kummwera kwa dzikolo kunakhala magpie, magpie, sickleak, ndi shilokluvka ndi mabanja ena ambiri okhala ndi mbee.
Habitat
Sandpiper chithaphwi
Sandpipers ndi mbalame zam'madzi zapafupi. Zimakhala m'malo otsetsereka kumapiri kwamvula yamkuntho. Sandpip amakhala pagombe la mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja. Mitundu ina yamadzi imakhala m'minda yolimidwa, tundra, mapiri otambalala, mapiri. Pali nkhalango zomwe zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango: Kwa anthu ambiri okhala pamadzi, kukhala ndi madzi pafupi ndi malo odyera ndikofunikira, koma pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame (mwachitsanzo, zoo, avdotki, othamanga) omwe amakhala momasuka m'malo opanda anthu komanso opanda madzi.
Moyo
Masangweji awiri akufunafuna chakudya m'khola
Sandpip ndi mbalame zantchito. Amayenda bwino pansi, kuwuluka mwachangu, kusambira bwino komanso kuyenda pansi. Madera okhala ndi zigawo zina amakhala awiriwiri 20 mpaka 15. Ndipo pamtunda wautali wautali, zimasochera pamagulu masauzande.
Ma sandpip amacheza nthawi yayitali kufunafuna chakudya, mwakachetechete akufufuza m'mphepete mosaya ndi kukumba pansi pamatope ndi milomo yawo. Nthawi zina amalankhulana mwakachetechete. Mbidzi ndizamtendere komanso zosangalatsa. Kulimbana ndikuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri sizimachitika munyanja.
Chithunzi cha Sandpiper
Komabe, nthawi yoyamwitsa, mbalame zimakhala zankhanza. Kuteteza ana athu kuzinyama zomwe zimapezeka kudera lawo, oyenda panyanja amawonetsa kulimba mtima komanso achangu. Pothamangitsa mlendo osamuitana, mbalamezo zimasonkhana pagulu ndipo zimamenya, ndipo nthawi zina zimadziwombera mpaka kufa.
Sandpipers amabwerera kuchokera nthawi yachisanu mu April, chisanu chitasungunuka. Madera akumwera (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan) akuwonekera mu Marichi, ku Ukraine - m'masiku omaliza a Marichi, ku Moscow Region - mu Epulo, ku Yakutia - m'ma Meyi. Mukangobwerera, nyanjazi zimapangidwa m'mwamba ndikuyamba kupanga chisa.
Kuswana
Amuna a sandpiper
Amuna ndiye oyamba kubwera kuchokera nthawi yozizira. Atadziwa bwino, amayamba kukwatirana - ndege zoyendera limodzi zomwe zimathandizira kukopa akazi. Kuuluka kwamphongo kwamphongo kukuchitika kumwamba. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imatsegula mapiko ake ndi mchira wakenthu, ndikupanga mawu osangalatsa. Choyamba, sandpiper imakwera m'mwamba mowongoka, kenako ndikugwetsa "mwala pansi", ikumphira kwambiri pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Pothawa, wamkazi amalumikizana ndi wamwamuna, matani amapezeka. Mukamakhwima, mbalame zimafuula "ech -anisa" kapena "pambuyo pa zonse." Sandpipers amakhala osasamba nthawi yakubzala, koma ena, monga omata ndi kuwotcha, amakonda kukhala m'malire ndi m'malire.
Mkazi wamkazi wa Sandpiper
Waders amadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakhalidwe. M'mitundu ina ya zuik ndi njoka, polyandry ndizofala - zazikazi zimapanga ndodo zitatu kuchokera kwa amuna osiyanasiyana, ndipo amuna amatenga ana. Ma sandpipers, sandpipers, godwits ndi ma curlews amakhala amiseche, ndipo ma turukhtans ndi mbalame zamitala (zazikazi zazikazi kusamalira ana awo).
Sandpiper Nest
Sandpiper amamanga chisa
Zachikazi zimagwira ntchito yomanga chisa. Malo okhala mchenga ndi chipsinjo chowoneka ngati chikho pansi pakati pa masamba obiriwira. Mitundu ina ya sandpiper imayala pansi pa chisa ndi masamba owuma, koma ma sandpiper nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira pansi. Nthawi zina mbalame zimakhala zopanda mitengo.
Mazira a Sandpiper
Chithunzi cha mazira a sandpiper
Kumapeto kwa Epulo, nsapato yachikazi imayikira mazira anayi okhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya bulauni yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kulemera kwa dzira ndi magalamu 60-80. Kukulitsa ana kumatenga masiku 21. Nthawi yonseyi, yaikazi imakhala pachisa, pomwe yamphongo imabweretsa chakudya. Kumpoto komwe mbalame zimakhalira, pomwepo anapiye. Chifukwa chake, mbalame za m'madzi zomwe zimakhala ku Europe zimayikira mazira awo mwezi wa Epulo, okhala m'chigawo cha Moscow akubereketsa mu Meyi, nyengo yakukhwima kuchokera ku Taimyr Peninsula igwa pakati pa Julayi.
Chingwe
Chithunzi cha anapiye a sandpiper pafupi
Minkhusu imabadwa imawona, kupindika. Pa tsiku lachiwiri la moyo, amayamba kuyenda, ndipo patatha sabata amachoka chisa ndikudziyimira pawokha chakudya. Pofika mwezi waaka anapiye amakhala ndi nthenga zambiri. M'chilimwe choyamba, ana a sandpiper amasungidwa pafupi ndi makolo awo. Mbalame zachikulire zimaphunzitsa anapiye kusaka ndi kubisala pangozi. Chilombo chikawoneka, nsapato zazikazi kapena zazimuna zimagwira khosalo m'khosi ndikuchisunthira kutali kuti chiwuluke. M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kutha msinkhu, zimakula ndikukhala okonzeka kupanga mabanja awo.
Sandpiper pafupi ndi madzi
Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, mitundu 214 ya mbalame za m'madzi imakhala kuthengo. Pafupifupi theka la mapalawa adalembedwa mu International Red Book. Ziwerengero zazikulu, ma sandpipu, mafosholo, ma curlews, ma steppe tiruk, ndi zingwe zikucheperachepera. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'madzi ambiri amasakidwa. Ku Russia, kusaka mbalame za masika koletsedwa, koma osaka nyama akuchita nawo kuwombera chaka chonse. Mitundu 11 yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la Russia. Mndandandandawu umaphatikizapo shiloklyuvki, yellowfoot, ma sandpipers maula, phokoso la kumapiri ndi kutsika kwa mwana.
Nyanja zimagawika m'mabanja 10, ndipo chilichonse chimaphatikizapo majini angapo.
Ulite (Tringa)
Ulit amakhala pamwala
Mawonekedwe: mbalame zazing'onoting'ono. Kulemera kwa thupi 300-400 magalamu, kutalika - 21-31 masentimita. Masamba ambiri amapaka utoto ndi mikwaso yoyera ndi yakuda.
Kugawa: Mitundu 10 ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Europe, Asia, North America ndi m'misewu. Misewu imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, tchire, nkhalango ndi mapiri.
Mawonekedwe: pakuyenda, mbalamezo zimama ngati matupi awo onse.
- wodekha,
- wazitsamba,
- msilikari
- nkhono zazikulu
- Nkhono za Okhotsk
- nkhono zokongola
- Nkhono ya Hermit
- Chernysh
- Fifi
- Phulusa waku America
- phulusa
- nembanemba cochlea.
Godwits (Limosa)
Chithunzi cha godwit pamtengo wamatabwa
Mawonekedwe: mbalame zazikulu zazitali zokhala ndi mtunda wautali, wokulirapo kumapeto, mulomo wolowera pansi ndi miyendo yayitali. Amafanana ndi nkhunda kukula kwake. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 20, kulemera - 250-350 magalamu. Mitengo yambiri ya mbalame yozizira imakhala yotuwa; ndipo nthawi yotentha imakhala yotuwa.
Kugawa: maungu amakhala m'malo otentha a Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, ndi Russia. Mbalame zimabisala kum'mwera kwa Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia ndi Australia.
Gwerani m'madzi
Zinthu: Amulungu okhala pafupi ndi dziwe lamapokoso. Ndi kuchepa kwa swamp m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa ma spindles kwakukulu kwatsika. Mtunduwu uli pafupi ndi osatetezeka.
- godwit wamkulu
- Canadian god
- kachikachi
- adawona.
Ma Curlews (Numenius)
Kronshep m'chipululu
Mawonekedwe: ma curlews ndi mbalame zonenepa komanso mlomo wautali wolowera pansi. Kulemera kwa thupi - 900-1500 magalamu, kutalika - mpaka 65 masentimita, mapiko - 90-100 masentimita. Mtundu wa ma plumage ndi beige wokhala ndi mawanga a bulauni komanso akuda. M'makola akuluakulu ndi apakatikati, kumbuyo kwakumbuyo ndi koyera.
Kugawa: Ma Curlews amakhala m'malo opezeka kumpoto kwa Europe. Mbalame zankhondo zambiri kwambiri ku Russia zimawonedwa ku Kyrgyzstan komanso kugombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Curlews nyengo yachisanu kumwera kwa Asia ndi Australia.
Kronshep pakati pa udzu wamtali wobiriwira
Zowonetsa: ma curlews amasambira bwino, kuthawa ndi lakuthwa, kumanjenjemera. Panthawi yozizira, mbalame zimasonkhana pagulu lalikulu ndikupanga mphero, zomwe sizimakonda kukhala nazo.
- Khwangwala,
- Kupindika kaphokoso,
- Far Eastern Curlew,
- Mwana,
- Khwangwala,
- Chitahiti
- chitsulo chofiyira,
- Wotchok
Ma sandboxes (Calidris)
Chithunzi cha Sandbox
Mawonekedwe: mbalame zokhala ndi thupi lolimba, miyendo yochepa komanso mkamwa wamfupi wolunjika wakuda. Kulemera kwa thupi kumafika magalamu 700, kutalika - 25-28 sentimita. Gawo lam'munsi la thupi ndi utsi, mutu, kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi bulawuni. Pa nthawi yakukhwima, matani ofiira komanso ofiira amawoneka amtundu.
Kugawa: chisa chamchenga pamtunda wam'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kum'mwera. Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic, ku Siberia Yaku Eastern ndi Kum'mawa Kakutali. Dunlin amakhala ku tundra ku North America, Scotland, kuwonjezera pa malo okhala pa Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril, Kamchatka. Nyanja, Beringian ndi ma sandbox-omata oyera amakhala ku Scandinavia ndi Islands ya Aleutian.
Mawonekedwe: Mabokosi amchenga amakhala moyo wachinsinsi, wamtendere. Zakudya za mbalamezi zimaphatikizapo ma invertebrates omwe amakhala pamadzi.
- sandbox lalikulu
- Bokosi lamchenga ku Iceland
- sandbox yaying'ono
- sandpiper,
- mwana wamchenga
- dunlin,
- sandbox-wofiyira,
- nsapato yayitali yamanja,
- thumba
- kachilombo,
- sea sandbox
- sandbox yaku Canada
- Mudinda
- sandbox,
- fosholo
- redneck,
- sandpiper
Turukhtan (Philomachus pugnax)
Chimawoneka ngati mbalame yotchedwa turukhtan
Mawonekedwe: Anthu a ku Turukht ali ndi miyendo yayitali komanso mlomo, thupi lonyowa. Kulemera kwa mbalame ndi magalamu 800-120, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 55. Ma turukhtans ali ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino, momwe mumakhala mitundu yobiriwira, chikaso, buluu, mithunzi yofiira. Kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima, mphamvu ya cholembera imachepa. Chapakatikati, nthenga za nthenga ndi makutu zimawonekera mwa amuna.
Kugawa: turukhtans - mbalame zosamukira, chisa m'malo otentha kumpoto kwa Eurasia. Nyengo zakumwera kumwera kwa Europe, South Africa, Asia ndi Australia. Panthawi yosamukira, mbalame zimasungidwa m'gulu. M'malo achisangalalo, mbalame zambirimbiri zimapangidwa.
Feature: turukhtans amadziwika ndi squabble, wankhanza. Kulimbana kwakukulu pakati pa mbalame kumachitika nthawi zonse pakati pa mbalamezo, mpaka kumapeto kwa womwalirayo wofooka.
Snipe (Gallinago)
Njoka pamadzi
Mawonekedwe: mbalame zonyansa zokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, khosi lalitali lokwanira komanso mkamwa wamtali wolunjika. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 50, kulemera - 800-1000 magalamu. Zowonjezera zam'mimba ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera, gawo lakumwambalo limapindika. Mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera ili pafupi ndi korona komanso mbali zammbuyo.
Kugawa: snipe amakhala kum'mwera kwa Eurasia, Iceland, North America, Great Britain. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mtunduwu umapezeka kuzilumba za Azores ndi Faroe. Snipe overwinter ku Southern Europe, Asia, Africa.
Snipe akuyang'ana chakudya
Zowonekera: Kuwombera kumadziwika ndi pompopompo - uku ndi kuwuluka mothamanga kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwa 100 metres, kenako ndikugwa pansi mwachangu. Pakadali pano, mbalamezo zimakwatirana. Pothawa, mapiko omwe amayenda akapanikizika amatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi a nkhosa yamphongo.
- phiri
- nkhalango,
- chinjoka chachikulu,
- nsapato,
- adyo anyezi
- hermit snipe
- nkhuni.
Pa Ogasiti 24, 1950, Grigory Kulik, mtsogoleri wakale wa Soviet Union, sanatchulidwe kuti anali opambana pankhondo zomenyera nkhondo, koma zopweteketsa kwathunthu. Kulik adachotsedwa kawiri, adataya mphotho zonse, adachotsedwa mu chipanichi.
Grigory Kulik anabadwira m'chigawo cha Poltava kukhala banja wamba lapa anthu mu 1890. Analandira maphunziro a pulayimale. Pambuyo pake, atasinthika, adanenanso kuti adalumikizana ndi osinthika adakali aang'ono kwambiri ndikuwathandiza pantchito mobisa, koma zimawavuta kutengera malingaliro awo andale.
Ali ndi zaka 22, adayikidwa usilikali.Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa maphunziro, sanatumizidwe kwa ana, koma kwa ojambula. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zidakhala bwino ndi Kulik. Pofika nthawi yamatembenuzidwe, anali ndi dzina la oyang'anira moto olembetsa - uyu ndi mkulu wa anthu omwe sanapatsidwe ntchito zankhondo.
Oyendetsa masewera nthawi zonse amayesera kusankha kuchokera kwa omwe adalemba omwe anali oganiza kwambiri. Ndipo mwa akapitawo omwe sanatumidwe, opusa sakhala atayikidwa patsogolo. Chifukwa chake tiyenera kuvomereza kuti Kulik anali ndi talente. China chake ndikuti pofika nthawi yosinthira anali atafika pa denga lake. Ntchito zozimitsa moto wamkulu - izi ndizokwanira kuti munthu amene ali ndi maphunziro a pulayimale akadalira popanda maphunziro ankhondo owonjezera. Mwina, nkhondo itatha, Kulik atha kupeza maphunziro ndi ofisala apolisi, koma panali kusinthika. Panalibe chifukwa chophunzirira. Bwanji mukukhomera china chake, ngati mungasankhe mbali yoyenera komanso patangopita milungu ingapo kuchokera kwa omwe sanatumidwe kuti akhale oyang'anira ankhondo.
Zolemba ndi Voroshilov
Kulik anatero. Pokhala munthu wamaso wachilankhulo choyimitsidwa, adalowa m'malo osinthira. Adalankhulanso pamisonkhano ya asirikali, adasankhidwa m'makomiti a asitikali omwe adadza pambuyo pa demokalase la asitikali. Kulik adayamba kupita kumanzere mwachangu ndipo pofika nthawi yadzuwa amathandizira malingaliro owoneka bwino a Bolsheviks.
Kugwa komaliza kwa gulu lankhondo, limodzi ndi kuzungulira kwazokha, Kulik adabwerera kunyumba ndikukatenga gulu lake kuchokera kwa asitikali aposachedwa. Kenako zinali zapamwamba kwambiri. Makamaka poyang'anizana ndi nkhondo yomwe ikubwera ya onse motsutsana ndi onse. Brest Peace itamalizidwa ndipo a Bolsheviks adagwirizana zosamutsa Ukraine kupita ku Germany, magulu aku Germany adalowa kumeneko.
Magulu obalalika komanso ang'onoang'ono adayamba kupita ku Russia, komwe kunali nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Kuphulika kwa Kulik komwe kulumikizana ndi zigawo zina zodziyimira pawokha, zomwe mu Epulo 1918 ankhondo a 5 anapangidwa, motsogozedwa ndi Voroshilov.
Komabe, ankhondo ndi mawu akulu. Kunena zowona, kunalibe ankhondo oposa 3,000. Kudziwana ndi Voroshilov kunali kofunikira kwambiri kwa Kulik. Voroshilov analibe talente ya utsogoleri wankhondo ndipo nthawi zambiri anali wochirikiza gulu lankhondo, koma anali ndi ma ubale oopsa ku Moscow.
Popeza Voroshilov mokhulupirika sanakhulupilire oyang'anira tsarist, adafunafuna katswiri wazopanga zojambula kuchokera pakati pa oyang'anira wamba kapena omwe sanatumidwe. Atamva kuti Kulik anali wozimitsa moto, ndipo ngakhale anali anthu wamba, iye mosaganizira kwambiri adamuika wamkulu wa zida zankhondo.
Uku kunali kuyamba kwa chibwenzi chotalikilapo. Voroshilov pankhani zankhondo, makamaka pamtundu wofanana ndi zaluso, sanali kumvetsetsa kwenikweni, kotero Kulik, yemwe adamuwona ngati katswiri, adamudalira molakwika. Adayamba kugwira ntchito tandem, Kulik kulikonse adatsata Voroshilov ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati wamkulu wa zida zankhondo m'magulu onse a Voroshilov - wa 5, 10 ndi 14. Pambuyo pake, Voroshilov atalowa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri la a Reds - gulu lankhondo loyamba, adalimbikira kuti Kulik yemwe amamukonda akhale wamkulu wa zida zankhondo.
Ku Tsaritsyno, Voroshilov ndi Kulik adateteza mzindawu ndi Stalin, komwe awiri omaliza adakumana. Stalin, monga Voroshilov, anali ndi tsankho kwa akatswiri ankhondo (oyang'anira magulu ankhondo a tsarist), motero Kulik Voroshilov anavomereza chisankho.
Nthawi pakati pa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi idakhala kwa Kulik wopanga kwenikweni. M'malo mokhazikika komanso kwapangidwe lankhondo pang'onopang'ono, zitha kuuluka kwambiri, kapena kugwa.
Trotsky anali ndi malingaliro otsika pamaluso a Kulik ndipo amakonda kubetcha asitikali ankhondo omwe adalumikizana ndi a Bolsheviks pakati pa akatswiri ankhondo. Pomwe adakhalabe wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Red Army, Kulik adatumikira ngati wamkulu wa zida zankhondo ku North Caucasus Military District ndipo sakanatha kudaliranso china chilichonse.
Koma Trotsky atatha kuchoka pampando wake, Kulik mothandizidwa ndi Stalin ndi Voroshilov, omwe adalimbikira, adapita kukakhala wachiwiri kwa woyang'anira wamkulu wankhondo wa Red Army. Voroshilov atakhala Commissar for Army and Naval Affairs, Kulik anasankhidwa kukhala wamkulu wa Directillery Directorate of the Red Army.
Komabe, patatha zaka zitatu adasamutsidwira kwa wamkulu wa zigawengazo, ndipo kenako adatumizidwa ku Sukulu Yankhondo pomunamizira kuti sakundiphunzitsa maphunziro apamwamba. Ndipo atamaliza maphunzirowo, adatumidwa kukayang'anira mitembo.
Mu 1935, kukhazikitsa magulu azankhondo, Kulik adalandira mkulu chabe, ngakhale Voroshilov nthawi yomweyo adakhala wamkulu. Mpaka 1937, adalamula mitemboyo ndikupumula kuti ayende ku Spain monga mlangizi wankhondo. Atabwerako, atalimbikitsidwa ndi Stalin, adasankhidwa kukhala mutu wa Directillery Directorate.
Kusintha koteroko pantchito ya Kulik kunali kofanana ndi kulimbana kwa magulu ankhondo awiri otchuka kwambiri. Voroshilov ndi Tukhachevsky, odana wina ndi mnzake, adamenyera chidwi cha Stalin. Kuphatikiza pazokomera anthu komanso ma antipathies, lidali funso la njira yakakhazikitsire gulu lankhondo lakutsogolo. Kulik adogwirizana ndi Voroshilov, zomwe zinali zomveka, chifukwa chogwirizana komanso nthawi yayitali. Koma anthu a Tukhachevsky adamuchitira Kulik mosasamala. Uborevich, yemwe adakwaniritsa kuti pakhale ziwonetsero ziwirizi zisanachitike, adamseka ndi "zozimitsa moto" (monga mutu wamapepala amoto), ndipo Yakir, malinga ndi Kulik, anakana kum'patsa moni.
Kwa kanthawi, Stalin adadikirira, kusankha pakati pa Tukhachevsky waluso kwambiri ndi Voroshilov wokhulupirika kwambiri, koma pamapeto pake adasankha kukhulupirika. Fuko la Tukhachevsky linawonongedwa. Komabe, Kulik sanali wokonda kwambiri zoyeretsa zankhondo ndipo ngakhale ananena mosamala lingaliro lakuti kuyeretsa kumatha kufooketsa gulu lankhondo.
Komabe, zinali zotsukira zomwe zidamlola kuti iye adzipange yekha pakati pa wamkulu wa Gulu Lankhondo. Mu 1939, adakhala wachiwiri woyang'anira chitetezo cha Voroshilov. M'chaka chomwecho, pamikangano pa Khalkhin-Gol, Kulik adapatsidwa mwayi wochita bwino. Adafika komweku ngati mlangizi wa Zhukov paukadaulo.
Komabe, zomwe zinachitikazi sizinaphule kanthu. Iye ndi Zhukov sanavomerezane, Zhukov, yemwe adatumizidwa kuchokera ku Moscow, adakwiyitsa Kulik ndi upangiri wake wosayenera, ndipo pamapeto pake adadandaula naye za Voroshilov, yemwe adakumbukira wachiwiri wake.
Ola labwino kwambiri la Kulik anali Nkhondo ya Soviet-Finland. Udindo wofunikira kwambiri wopyola mzere wokhala ndi mipanda yolimba ya Mannerheim udaseweredwa makamaka ndi artillery. Kulik adalandira nyenyezi ya Hero of the Soviet Union ndipo adalandira dzina la Marshal.
Kumapeto kwa 1939, mkazi wachiwiri wa Kulik, a Kira Simonich, adagwidwa ndi apolisi a NKVD. Adamangidwa popanda chilolezo komanso kuzengedwa mlandu kundende ya Sukhanovskaya, kenako adawombera zonamizira kuti ndi mwana wamkazi wa achi Serbia ndipo nthawi zambiri amalankhula ndi alendo okayika. Komabe, Kulik (yemwe samadziwa za kutha kwake) posachedwa adakwatirana ndi msungwana wa bwenzi lake, yemwe anali wamng'ono zaka 32 kwa iye.
Kengele yachiwiri ya Kulik inalira dzulo la nkhondoyi. Pa 14 Juni, adachotsedwa paudindo wa wamkulu wa GAU, ndipo wachiwiri wake Savchenko adamangidwa ndipo kenako adaphedwa. Komabe, Kulik sanawopsezedwebe.
Pa tsiku lachiwiri la nkhondo adatumizidwa mwachangu ku likulu la Western Front. Pambuyo pake, marshal adazimiririka kwa milungu iwiri. Kumayambiriro kwa Julayi pomwe zidadziwika kuti chifukwa cha chisokonezo chomwe chikulamulira m'magulu ankhondo, adasowa njira, adazunguliridwa ndipo adapita kwawo chifukwa adataya zikalata zake, adabisala malondawo ndikusintha kukhala wogulitsa. Izi zidanenedwa kwa Stalin, ndipo sanakhutire ndi zomwe a Kulik amachita. Mwina, izi zidakhudzanso mfundo yoti Order No. 270 idaperekedwa mu Ogasiti, omwe akazembe omwe adachotsa zonyansa ndikupita kumbuyo kwawo adayesedwa achinyengo ndikawawombera pamalopo, mabanja awo amangidwa.
Pambuyo pake, Kulik adasamutsidwira ku Leningrad Front kuti alamulire Gulu Lankhondo la 54. Mtsogoleri wakutsogolo Zhukov (pafupi ndi nthawiyo, wamkulu wa asirikali okha, ndiye kuti, yemwe anali ndi udindo wotsika kuposa wa Kulik) analimbikitsa kuti gulu lankhondo lipite patsogolo kozunza. Kulik adapempha masiku ena angapo kuti akonzekere, koma Zhukov ndi Stavka adadzikakamira okha. Zotsatira zake, kuukira kosakonzekera bwino kudalephera. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti cholik chake cha Kulik pakulephera uku sichinali chosankha. Komabe, adachotsedwa paudindo wake ndi mawu akuti "sakulimbana ndi ntchito yomwe adapatsidwa."
Kulik anatumizidwa ku Rostov-on-Don kuti akapange gulu lankhondo kuti liteteze mzindawu. Koma patapita masiku angapo anasamukira ku Kerch, ndipo inagwa. Atafika mumzinda, analandira kulamula kwa Likulu kuti amusungire pa mtengo wotayika. Komabe, kugwa kotheratu komwe kudalamulidwa ku Kerch, zigawo zomwe zidapezekazo zidasowa kwambiri kumamenyedwe, zidachotsedwamo ndipo zidasinthidwa mwachisawawa. Ataona momwe zinthu ziliri, Kulik adalamula kuti achoke mumzinda ndikuthawira ku Peninsula ya Taman kuti akonzekere zodzitchinjiriza. Pambuyo pake, adapita ku Rostov, yemwenso adasiyidwa masiku angapo pambuyo pake. Komabe, posachedwa adakwatulidwanso.
Koma Kulik anali atakumbukiridwa kale ku Moscow. Mwiniwakeyo anali wotsimikiza mwamphamvu kuti adachita zoyenera, atayang'ana momwe ziliri pamalopo, ndipo anali kufotokoza zonse kwa Stalin. Komabe, sanazindikire mphindi imodzi. Stalin akhoza kudzichepetsera zofooka zina za omwe amacheza nawo: kumwa, kupusa, ndi zina zambiri, ngati anzawo anali ofunika kwa iye. Koma chomwe sanamukhululukire aliyense chinali kulephera kutsatira malamulo ake.
Ku Moscow, Kulik anali kuyembekezera kale umboni woperekedwa ndi Admiral Levchenko, yemwe adayang'anira chitetezo cha Crimea. A Levchenko adati Kulik, atangofika, adalamulira kuti ichitike, osayesera kukonza chitetezo, kutanthauza kuti, sananyalanyaze konse kulamula kwa Likulu.
Pofotokozera, Kulik ananena molimba mtima kuti akunena zoona. Asitikali adachititsidwa zodetsa nkhawa komanso ovulala kwambiri chifukwa cha ovulala; magawo awiri okonzekera nkhondo anali malo ake. Mitu yayitali ya mzindawu inali kale ndi anthu ojambula aku Germany. Zinali zosatheka kuti mzindawu ukhale pansi pamikhalidwe yotere, ndipo kuyesa kutero kungapangitse kutaya kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, Kulik adalamula kuti abwerere ndi zida ndikupita ku Tamansky kukaziteteza komweko. Anadzitamandanso kuti adatha kupulumutsa pafupifupi zida zonse zolemera ndi zida.
Kulik mwachidziwikire sanaganize bwino ndipo adazunza Stalin: "Ngati" akatswiri ena "angaganize kuti mdulidwe wopita kumpoto kwa Caucasus, ndiye kuti ku Taman Peninsula, wophimbidwa ndikugwira Kerch ndi doko, akulakwitsa kwambiri ndipo satero. mvetsetsa zachilengedwe. "
Kuchokera pamafotokozedwe otere, Stalin adangokhala wokwiya. Sikuti marshalawo adalola kuti asachite zomwe akufuna, adamuphunzitsanso njira. Pambuyo pake, Stalin adalamula kuti Kulik abweretsedwe ku chilungamo, zomwe, zikuwoneka kuti, zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri kwa omalizirawo.
Anasintha kamvekedwe kake ndipo m'masabata awiri adalemba makalata angapo a Stalin ndi zomwe zili m'munsizi: "Ndivomereza kuti ndidalakwitsa kwambiri ku Central Committee ya CPSU ndipo ndekha pamaso panu, ndikuphwanya lamulo la Nthambi, ndipo simunanenere kuti kudalirika kwa Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi yanu. Ndifunsira ku Central Committee ya CPSU ndipo inu nokha, a Comrade Stalin, kuti mundikhululukire mlandu wanga ndikupereka mawu owona kwa a Bolshevik kuti sindidzaphwanyanso lamulo ndi Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi yanu. "
Stalin adasangalatsidwa ndi mikhalidwe ya kudzipereka kwa Rostov, ndikupempha chidziwitso pa Kulik kuchokera kwa mlembi wa komiti yayikulu ya Dvinsky. Anawerengera mosamala zophophonya zonse za Kulik (tsiku lililonse ankamwa vinyo, anali ndi mantha ndi akasinja, osalamuliridwa bwino).
Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February 1942, Khothi Lalikulu lidatsutsa a Marshal kupita kwa a Major General ndikulanda nawo mphotho zake zonse. Kulik adachotsedwa paudindo wa wachiwiri kwa anthu ndipo adachotsedwa mu Central Committee. Pazifukwa zamaphunziro, lamuloli lidauzidwa kwa oyang'anira m'misirayo ndi mawu a Stalin: "Ndikukuchenjezani kuti maupangiri apitilizidwe motsutsana ndi omwewa ndi atsogoleriwo, ngakhale atakhala kuti ndi omwe sanakwaniritse kapena sanachite motsatira malamulo omwe adalamulira, akuwonetsa mantha "chotsani magulu ankhondo ndi malingaliro awo ogonjetsa."
Pambuyo pake, Kulik adatumizidwa kumalo osungirako chaka chonse. Mu 1943, adapatsanso mwayi. Anasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Gulu Lankhondo 4 ndipo adakwezedwa kukhala wamkulu wa magulu ankhondo. Komabe, kubwererako kunali kwakanthawi. Kale mu Seputembala chaka chimenecho, adachotsedwa paudindo wake chifukwa cha utsogoleri wosachita bwino.
Kulik adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa Chief Directorate for the Fform and Staffing of the Red Army. Koma tsopano anali atayang'aniridwa kale kwambiri. Zinali zodziwikiratu kuti sangakhutire ndi momwe amamuchitira, ndipo posakhalitsa izi zisanachitike.
Zowonadi, kale mu Epulo 1945, Kulik adakaonekera pamaso pa Party Control Commission. Chomwe chidali chidzudzulo chomwe a General Petrv (atamwalira a Stalin, adanenanso kuti Abakumov mwiniwakeyo adalimbikira chidzudzulo). Mmenemo, adauza Stalin kuti Kulik amayendetsa zokambirana zosafunikira m'gululo. Makamaka, amayamika oyang'anira ankhondo a tsarist, amanyoza Soviet ndikudandaula kuti sayamikiridwa.
Kutsatira mlandu wake ku CCP, Kulik adachotsedwa m'chipani ndipo adakhala wamkulu. Pambuyo pake, adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa woyang'anira wamkulu wa Chigawo cha Asitikali a Volga. M'chilimwe cha 1946, Kulik anathamangitsidwa.
Koma pofika nthawi iyi anali atachotsedwa kale. Stalin sanadalire kwenikweni asirikali okhumudwayo. Atsogoleri akuluakulu ankhondo ambiri nthawi imodzi adalipira ndi moyo wawo poyambira kudandaula pamadyerero kuti adachotsedwa "osayamikiridwa, pambuyo pake adatinso" komwe ayenera. "
Chifukwa chake adadza kwa Kulik miyezi isanu ndi umodzi atachotsedwa ntchito. Ingoyambitsa funde lotsatira la gulu lankhondo, pomwe Kulik wopuma pantchito adagweranso. Anamangidwa pamodzi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku Volga Military District, akuluakulu a Gordov ndi Rybalchenko.
Anawaimba mlandu wokhazikitsa gulu lazachiwembu lomwe linapanga mapulani ofuna kubwezeretsa capitalism komanso kuthetseratu mabungwe andale omwe ali m'gulu lankhondo. Anandiimbidwanso mlandu wonyoza atsogoleri a boma la Soviet.
Akuluakulu ankhondowo adakhala m'ndende zaka ziwiri ndi theka, pambuyo pake adakaonekera kukhothi m'chilimwe cha 1950. Onsewa anakana kuvomereza kuti anali olakwa, nati iwo anadzipalamula pa nthawi yomwe akuwazunza. Komabe, khotilo silinamvere mawu awo, ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe ndikuphedwa usiku womwewo. Patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, akuluakulu a boma adakonzedwanso, ndipo Kulik adabwezeretsa dzina la Marshal ndi mphotho zonse.
Pafupifupi atsogoleri onse ankhondo akuluakulu omwe amamudziwa Kulik anachitira umboni m'mabodza ake kuti sanali woyenera kukhala paudindo wapamwamba chotere. Aliyense adazindikira kuti gulu lankhondo lija silidali ndi talente yaukatswiri wazankhondo ndipo silinali pabwino. Kulik amadziwa zamtundu wankhondo, ndipo nthawi zina mtsogoleri wabwino wa gulu lonyamula zida zankhondo kapena womenyera nkhondo akanatha kutuluka. Koma panali kusinthaku, adagwira diso la Voroshilov, kenako kwa Stalin. Ngoziyi idamukweza kumtunda, yomwe sakanatha kulota, komanso idamupangitsa kuti aphedwe.
Ma Plovers (Pluvialis)
Zikuwoneka ngati wozungulira
Mawonekedwe: mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi miyendo yayitali yobiriwira komanso mlomo wofiirira. Kukula kwake ndi kocheperako kuposa nkhunda. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi 500 magalamu, kutalika - 35 cm. Zowonjezerazo ndizakuda ndi zoyera, kumbuyo wakuda kuli mawanga agolide achikasu ndi oyera.
Kugawanitsa: Zoyala zosamukasamuka zokhala mu tundra ku Eurasia ndi North America. Kwa nthawi yozizira amawulukira ku South America, Australia ndi New Zealand.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa padayilo
Zinthu: Maulendo paulendo wosamuka akusuntha ma kilomita 11,000. Kuuluka kwawo kumathamanga komanso kuthamanga. Kuthamanga kwake kumafika makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi.
- Wowomba wofiirira waku America,
- Chovala chagolide
- zala
- bulangeti wamapiko a bulauni,
- kutumphuka kapena wopusa wopusa
- lapwing kapena pigfish.
Zuyki (Charadrius)
Chithunzi cha zoo
Mawonekedwe: zuyki - mbalame zazing'ono zofanana ndi mpheta. Kulemera kwa matupi awo ndi magalamu 180-250, kutalika - 20 cm. Pa nthawi yakukhwima, mbalame zambiri zimakutidwa ndi zovala zoyera, zakuda, zamchenga komanso zofiira. Mutu umakhala wowala kuposa thupi. Chipewa chimakhala ndi chingwe chakuda. Mlomo ndi wachikasu, wakuda kumapeto.
Kugawa: Ma Zuik amapezeka ku Europe (England, Norway, Sweden), ku Canary ndi Azores, North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia), Egypt. Ku Asia, chisa ku Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia. Mitundu ina imakhala ku America. Mitundu ya kumpoto imawulukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu.
Zuyka m'dera la steppe
Mawonekedwe: zuyki sadziwa kusambira, chifukwa chake amafunafuna chakudya mumchenga pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, amafunafuna chakudya mothandizidwa ndi mulomo wachidule.
- Maori Pup,
- zomata zamanja
- Ussuri Zoek,
- mwana waung'ono
- Njoka yokhala ndiifupi
- njoka yam'nyanja.
- mbusa wamng'ono
- mlungu wamapiri.
Shiloklyuvka (Recurvirostra avosetta)
Mbalame yokhala ndi mlomo wosangalatsa - shiloklyuvka
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda ndi oyera, mulomo wolowera m'mwamba. Kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 500 magalamu, kutalika - 50 cm. Miyendo imakhala imvi.
Kugawa: mbalame zimakhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa. Ku Russia, chisa ku Ciscaucasia, kumwera kwa Siberia ndi dera la Caspian.
Zinthu: shiloklyuvki - othamanga okongola. Mukamasuntha, amakula makosi awo ndipo amaweramitsa mitu yawo pansi, pomwe mapiko awo ali otseguka ndipo amapanga mawu osamveka kwambiri.
Magpie (Haematopus ostralegus)
Ndi zomwe magpie amawoneka
Mawonekedwe: mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda ndi oyera. Mlomo ndi wamtali wa lalanje. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 40-47, kulemera kwa magawo 420-820, mapiko masentimita 80-86.
Kugawa: Magpie okhala m'mizimba amakhala ku Western Europe, pakati Europe, Kamchatka, China ndi kumadzulo kwa Korea.
Mawonekedwe: magpie ndi membala wa banja laling'ono la mbalame zam'madzi Haematopodidae, wokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
- New Zealand magpie,
- Magpie aku Australia,
- pie sandpiper-magpie.
Zochititsa chidwi za Wader
Sandpiper Magpie pafupi ndi Madzi
- Mbidzi zambiri, monga anjoka ndi matchuni, ndi zinthu zosaka.
- Ma sandpip amatha kuwuluka makilomita 11,000 osatopa.
- Zakudya zamitundu ina yam'madzi zimaphatikizapo zinyalala.
- Mbidzi zimathandizira munthu pakudya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphutsi zake paminda yolimidwa.
- Nyama ya sandpiper ndi youma, sinewy. Kupanga mbaleyo kukhala yowutsa mudyo komanso mafuta, nyamayo imaphikika kwa maola osachepera asanu.
- Isitala keke nyama zakudya. 100 magalamu a mankhwala ali ndi 130 kcal.
Adani a adani
Adani a Sandpiper - Chiwombankhanga Chagolide
Sandpiper yamoyo ndi zaka 15-20. Tsoka ilo, mbalame zambiri sizikhala ndi zaka 5, chifukwa mbalame za m'madzi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe pakati pa mbalame zodyedwa. Ziwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chagolide, akambuku ndi anyani amasaka mabokosi amchenga, njoka, ma curle a ena oimira pamtsinje. Mbalame zakutchire zimasaka mbalame zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono pomwe zimasaka m'madzi. Pakadali pano, amakhala opanda chitetezo, popeza ali otanganidwa kufunafuna nyama. Nyama ikamayandikira, mbalame zam'madzi zimayesa kusambira kapena kuthawa, koma, monga lamulo, mdani wamphamvu amapambana.
Sandpip kunyumba
Chithunzi cha sandpiper ndi anapiye ake kuthengo
Zoyenda pamadzi zitha kukhala zokhulupirika kwa anthu. Munthu wogwidwa wogwidwa ukapolo, saopa munthu, amazolowera ziweto komanso chakudya chamderalo. Mbalame amazolowera moyo wawo, chakudya. Tsoka ilo, zoweta zam'madzi siziberekana bwino.
Ma sandpip siofunikira kukhala m'maselo. Mbalamezi ndizokhazikika, kotero m'malo otetezeka zimakhazikika, kumenya molumikizana ndi mipiringidzo. Ndikwabwino kukonzekera kuti sandpiper ikhale yowuluka mlengalenga, pomwe padzakhale malo osungirako malo osungirako malo, odyetserako ndi ufa ndi madzi. Mbalameyi imakhala yosangalala ngati itasungidwa pafupi ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe momwe imafunafunira chakudya payokha.
Mbawala yachikazi imadyetsa anapiye ake
Mbidzi zakunyumba zimadyetsedwa ndi mphutsi, wobisalira ndi sefobus. Nthawi zina minyewa yamagazi imawonjezedwa ndi phala lonyowa. Akatswiri ena ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amasintha mbalame zamtchire kukhala nyama wamba (kapena mtima), zomwe zimadulidwa m'mbale ang'onoang'ono.
Voterani
Magpie wader amakhala pansi ndikulira
Mawu am'madzi osiyanasiyana. Mtundu uliwonse wa mbalame umakhala ndi njira yake yolankhulirana ndi anthu anzawo. Mawu a mchenga wakuda akulira, mokweza. Kuyimbirana kwamtundu wamphongo kumakhala ndi liwu loti monosyllabic "peep", lomwe limabwerezedwa pafupipafupi masekondi 4-5. Nyimbo za Sparrow Sandpiper zimathamanga. Amabwereza mobwerezabwereza "piu-piu-piu". Nyimbozo zimachedwa, koma ndi sekondi iliyonse imatha mwachangu. Pamapeto pake pamamveka mawu osangalatsa akuti "ndimamwa", kenako mbalameyo imatsalira, ndipo patatha masekondi angapo nyimboyo imabwerezedwanso. Phokoso lomwe limakopedwa ndi agpie waders lili ngati kufinya kwa nkhuku. Mbalamezi mwachangu komanso mwachangu zimalengeza phokoso la "kumwa, kumwa." Mbalamezi zikaimba mokweza, mawu ake samamveka ndipo zimafanana ndi mawu a gulu la seagull. Mbidzi zakuda zimadziwika ndi "IEP-IEP" yotchulidwa.
Mabanja a Ulite amalankhula kawirikawiri. Pakukambirana ndi abale, amapanga mawu awiri oti "tu-viit-ty-viit".
Sandpipers amakangana okhaokha
Anthu ambiri oyenda pamadzi amalankhula akamadzuka. Amulungu, pofotokoza zozungulira, azibwereza mobwerezabwereza "woo-etuyu-wu-etuyu" kapena amayimba mwachangu "tevee-tevwei". Kuthamanga kwa kuyimba ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kungakhale kosiyana. Mwamuna akamatchula chachikazi, amafuula "tevek-tevek" kapena "ve-te-te". Pakapezeka zoopsa, bwerezani mwadzidzidzi "te-vve-te-vve" kapena "terevezhzhzh". Nthawi yakuswana, mutha kumva mawu otsika akunjenjemera, ofanana ndi kulira kwa nkhosa yamphongo. Kubwereza kabwereza “bala-bala-bala-bala” kuli ndi liwiro losiyana: nyimboyo imayamba pang'onopang'ono, kenako imathamanga ndi sekondi iliyonse ndikupumira ndi "br" lakuthwa.
Nyimbo zoyimbira zili ngati phokoso la zitoliro. Imakhala yofanana melodic, ikuyenda bwino kuchokera kumunsi mpaka kumanzere akulu. Zilankhulo nthawi zambiri zimatsegulidwa, kutha "ii" kapena "yy." Nthawi zina nyimbo imasokonezedwa ndi chizimba cha "pi-piu" chomwe chimamveka kwa masekondi 3-4, kenako mawu amayamba kusintha: "pi-piu" yayitali amasinthidwa ndi "woledzera" wofulumira komanso wapamwamba.
Sandpiper yachikazi ndi yamphongo amapanga mawu
Malo ambiri osambira amakhala chete ndipo samangoyankhula pokhapokha ngati akuwonongeka kapena akuvina. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimangokhala chete, kumveka phokoso, "hiuu-hiuu." Mawu a Woodcock sikukuwonjezereka. Mawu ake ali ngati khwangwala nkhuku kapena khwangwala, ngati “khyr-khyr”. Snipe amalankhula makamaka usiku. Kutayamba kwamdima, amuna amodzi amalira mokweza kwa "tundra". Panthawi yochotseredwa, Sipika akufuula "jeche", padziko lapansi mawuwa amasinthidwa kukhala mawu osefukira "che-keche-ke".
Mu dikishonale ya Dahl
m. nkono, nkhonya, -baby, -wokwera, ng'ombe, ng'ombe, -senga, zuy, dzina lodziwika lamasewera wamtambo, kuchokera ku nkhokwe yayitali kwambiri ya nkhongono (Curlew), mpaka kwa bunny kapena bobber, yellowbrow ndi mpheta, kuphatikiza kuphatikiza ndi sandpiper (Glareola), sandpiper (magpie), phazi ofiira (golide wagolide), netigel (nkhono), mankhwala azitsamba, snub (recurvirostra), ndi ena otero. corostel ndi nkhuku, koma mitundu yonse ya njoka. | * Munthu woledzera, woledzera. | Wopusa, wokonda kukwiya, wopanda pake. | Nov munthu amene amabwera kumisonkhanoyi ali ndi nkhope yophimbidwa, okrunnik (kuchokera kol, hood?). | Chilolezo tobolka, cheesecake. | Sandpipers, masewera a ana. Sangweji siyabwino, komabe ndi mbalame. Duma anasonkhanitsa anthu olingalira, atakhala chithaphwi. Msipu uliwonse pamphepete mwake (mu dambo lake) ndi wamkulu. Msombali aliyense amatamanda chithaphwi chake. Kodi mumakhala kuti, sandpiper? M'masamba! Bwerani kumunda wathu! Kumauma pamenepo. M'masamba, ndikulira, koma kunja kwa chithaphwi? sandpiper. Kulik sathamangira m'dambo, amasamalira mutu wake. Wotsogolera sandpiper amadzitcha mtengo wa Khrisimasi. Kutali kwa sandpiper kupita ku Petrov-masiku. Sangweji idachokera kutsidya, idatulutsa masamba (idachokera ku ukapolo). Ndipo nsombayo imadziwa mbali ya mlendo, imawulukira nyengo yachisanu. Ndipo nsombayo imadziwa mbali yake, imawuluka. Fuula, lankhula sandpiper. Si mkate, nyimbo. Kulikov, wa iye., Makeke a Isitala, okhudza iye. Mulungu adakweza m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo! Kufuula, kukwapula, kumwa, kuledzera. Kodi imagwira ntchito monga choncho? Ndatopa ndi kupuma kwanu, kuledzera. Limbani. woledzera, woledzera.
Mu Fasmer Max Dictionary
Ine sandpiper II. "mammers", sandpiper mochulukitsa "Masewera a ana obisa ndi kufunafuna" (M.--E. 2, 309), Chipolishi. kulik "kuphunzitsa abedi ku Shrovetide omwe amapita kunyumba ndi nyumba akuti akufuna mbalame" (Bruckner, PF 6, 628). Wed ltsh. kuluos lēkt "kuyenda zobisika", kulniêks "disguised" (Mi. ЕW 147). Mwinanso kwa wakale wam'mbuyomu, onani Berneker 1, 642, Bruckner 281. Pali kulumikizika kosatsutsika ndi "wakubera" kumira, mosiyana ndi Potebne (RFV 3, 167 et seq.). Zomalizirazo zikuwoneka kuti ndi zogwirizana ndi shaki.
II kulikrod. n. -aI bird .. "Sсolorah", Chiyukireniya sandpiper - yemweyo, Czech. kulík "sandpiper, zuyek", kulich "owl", Chipolishi. kulik, kulig "sandpiper".
Zogwirizana ndi. kuyinis curlew, kuleinis coot, lit. kúolinga - mbalame "Numenius arquatus", zotheka, ndi zina ind. kulīkā "mbalame zamtundu wina", kōlā́halas "kulira kwa munthu ndi nyama", lit. kaũlyti "wopempha", onani Berneker 1, 642, IF 8, 286, M.-E. 2, 304, Trautman, BSW 138, Uhlenbeck, Aind. Wb. 60, Specht 157, 204, cf. ndi Petersson, Lunds Univ. Årsskr. N. F. 19, N o 6, p. 35, Bulakhovsky, Olya, 7, p. 103. Onomatopoeia.
M'matanthauzidwe a Encyclopedia
Grigory Ivanovich (1890-1950), Marshal of Soviet Union (1940), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). Kuyambira 1939, Deputy Commissar of Defense a USSR ndi wamkulu wa Chief Artillery Directorate. Mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse adalamulira ankhondo. MuFebruary 1942, monga woyimira wamkulu wa Loweruka Lalikulu Kwambiri, adathamangitsa asitikali m'boma la Kerch, kuphwanya lamulo loti akhazikitse chitetezo, adachotsedwa paudindo wankhondo ndikusankhidwa kukhala wamkulu wamkulu. Kuyambira Epulo 1943, kutsogolo, kuyambira Januware 1944, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa Chief Directorate of Fform and Staffing of the Red Army. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyo, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa asitikali. Anaponderezedwa, kukonzanso zinthu ataphedwa, nabwezeretsedwanso ku Marshal of the Soviet Union mu 1957 .--- Ivan Yulianovich (1897-1941), wolemba Chiyukireniya. Ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo zonena za Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, yokhudza ubale wa anthu. Anaponderezedwa, kukonzanso zinthu pambuyo pomwalira .--- Leonid Alekseevich (1883-1942), mineralogist waku Russia, yemwe amapanga kafukufuku wa meteorite ku Russia. Adatsogolera maulendo angapo (1927-30 ndi 1938- 39) kupita kumalo agwe a Tunguska meteorite. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, adadzipereka kuti agwire nawo ntchito ya asitikali, adavulala ndikufa msasa wandende ya Nazi .-- Mikhail Markelovich (1909-83), wopanga ndege, Doctor of Technical Science (1967). Mu 30s. anakonza ndikuyesa ma airship. Mu 1936-37, mainjiniya wamkulu wa Aeronautics Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet. Mu 1937-39 adamangidwa. Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Patriotic, adayang'anira kukonza ndege. Mu 1964-70, Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation.