Malo awo okhala ndi Africa. Amakhala kumpoto kwa kontinenti, amakhala kumapiri komanso zipululu, mapiri komanso miyala. Kutalika kwa thupi 130 - 160 cm, kutalika kufota pafupifupi mita imodzi, kutalika mchira kutalika 20 cm, ndi kulemera kwa nyama 40 - 140 kg. Amuna ndi amuna olemera kwambiri komanso amakula kuposa akazi. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zokunenepa, miyendo ndi yayitali kutalika, mutu ndiwotalika. Nyanga zimafikira 70cm ndipo, zazikazi ndizofupikitsa. Mwa njira, nyanga za ma bovid zimakula moyo wawo wonse. Zovala zaminyanga zimavalidwa pamiyambo yamafupa yomwe ili mphepete mwa mafupa akutsogolo. Makutu ndi ochepa, ochepa, maso ndi ochepa. Mwambiri, nkhosa yamphongo, monga mwa gulu, ili pakati pa nkhosa zamphongo ndi mbuzi. Mtundu wa malaya ndi wonyezimira, kapena wonyezimira. Chinacho ndi choyera, choyera komanso chamkati pamiyendo ndi chingwe pamimba. Chophimbacho ndichachikulu ndi undercoat yofewa. Nyamayo ilibe ndevu, koma amphaka amakula maneya m'khosi mwawo. Wamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu, wokulirapo khosi, amafika pansi. Ndipo s Kufalitsa “fungo la mbuzi” lonunkhira. Nyama zoweta komanso tcheru, zomwe zimamva bwino komanso kumva kununkhira. Kudumpha kwakukulu pamiyala, koma poyera, ali osatetezeka. Simungapulumutsidwe chifukwa chothawa, nthawi zambiri chimazizira pamalopo, ngati kuti anakungidwa.
Amuna amakhala moyo wawekha. Akazi amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono: amayi ndi ana awo. Amadya udzu ndi masamba. Kwa nthawi yayitali amatha kuchita popanda madzi, kupeza chinyezi kuchokera ku msipu. Kuyendayenda mtunda wautali kukafunafuna chakudya. Ngati abwera kumadzi, amamwa kwambiri. Amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika madzulo, ndipo usiku, masana amapumula komanso kugona. Ali ndi adani ambiri - nyalugwe, lynx, nyama, komanso munthu amene amasaka nyama ndi ubweya.
Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima, anyani amayamba nkhondoyi kuti akhale ndi ufulu wokhala ndi nyumba yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pakati pa nthawi yophukira. Anthu olimba kwambiri amalowa m'magulu a akazi. Koma choyamba, nkhondo ndiyosatheka. Amawerama pamapazi ndikuchepetsa mutu, anyamatawo amakhala mwamwano. Ngati m'modzi mwa iwo sanavomereze kukonzekera, ndiye kuti nkhosa zamphongo zimabalalika. Ndipo wina ndi mnzake akakumana ndi vuto, amawuluka ndi nyanga ndikuyesa kukankha wotsutsayo pansi. Amuna opambana amatsogolera gulu la akazi. Mimba imatenga masiku 160. Mwanawankhosa mmodzi kapena awiri amabadwa. Pouma ndi kupuma, ana amayimirira ndi kumwa mkaka wa amayi awo. Posakhalitsa amatsatira amayi awo ndikulumphira pamiyala. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatha miyezi inayi, kenako ana amakula pazakudya zawo zokha.
Mawonekedwe
Mbuzi yamphongo (Ammotragus lervia) amakhala pakati pa nkhosa ndi mbuzi. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi kuyambira pa 1,3 mpaka 1.7 m, kutalika kwa mchira ndi 15-25 cm, kutalika kwake kumayambira 75 mpaka 110 cm, kulemera kwa amuna kumayambira 100 mpaka 145 makilogalamu, ndipo akazi ndi 40-55 kg okha. Ubweya wa nkhosa zamphongo izi ndi wonenepa kapena wowoneka ngati wofiirira, chibwano, kumavala pamimba ndipo mkati mwamiyendo mudapakidwa zoyera. Pansi pamchira pali tiziwalo timene timapatsa nyama mbuzi. Mwa amuna, kuyimitsidwa kwakukulu ("ndevu" kapena "mane") kumapangidwa pakhosi ndi pachifuwa kuchokera ku tsitsi lalitali lalitali, nthawi zina kuyimitsidwa koteroko kumathanso kuphimba miyendo yakutsogolo, chifukwa chake ali ndi dzina. Mutu wa nkhosa yamphongo wokhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndi maso akulu ndi makutu ang'ono, malalawo ndi owonda, opanda tsitsi, lalitali. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi nyanga, koma amuna ndi akulu, amafotokoza semicircle pamwamba kumbuyo ndipo amatha kutalika mpaka 85 cm.
Habitat ndi moyo
Zofala nkhosa zamphongo kumpoto kwa Africa, mitundu yawo imayambira ku Morocco ndi Western Sahara mpaka ku Egypt ndi ku Sudani. Amakhala m'chipululu komanso m'malo owuma zipululu, amakonda malo amiyala ndi youma. Amphongo amiyendo ndi achikulire kwambiri, amakwera malo otsetsereka bwino kuposa nkhosa zamphongo zina, amalumpha bwino mpaka 2m mita ndipo amatha kudumphira pansi kuchokera pathanthwe. Mukawopsezedwa, nkhosa zamphongozo sizithawa, koma ziundani m'malo mwake. Amakhala otakataka, monga anthu ambiri okhala mmadera achipululu, makamaka madzulo komanso usiku.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Idyani nkhosa zamphongo Zomera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: zitsamba, lichens ndi mphukira zamtchire (kwathunthu, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoposa 79 ya chakudya). Zakudya za nkhosa zimasiyana malinga ndi nyengo: nthawi yozizira, zitsamba zambiri (86%), nthawi yamasika ndi chilimwe - zitsamba (60%). Ngati palibe madzi pafupi, nkhosa zamphongo zazitali zimatha kupatula milungu ingapo, kunyambita mame kuchokera masamba ndi udzu. Kupeza madzi, amamwa kwambiri, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, amagona m'madzi.
Zochita Pachikhalidwe ndi Kubereka
Nyama izi zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono achimuna, ana awo wamwamuna ndi wamwamuna m'modzi, yemwe amapeza ufulu wotsogolera gulu loterolo kumenyana ndi amuna ena, pomwe omenyanawo amakangana ndi nyanga ndipo nthawi zina amayesa kukankhira mdani pansi ndi nyanga.
Gon y nkhosa zamphongo chitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma nthawi zambiri chimagwa. Akazi amatha kutenga pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, koma nthawi zambiri kusinthaku kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi 15. Amuna, chifukwa cha mpikisano ndi amuna okalamba, nthawi zambiri amakhala osabereka mpaka zaka zitatu. Mimba imatenga masiku 150-165, isanabadwe, yaikazi imachoka m'malo otetezeka kwambiri ogwirira: miyala yamiyala ndi m'matanthwe. Nthawi zambiri mwana wamwamuna wa 1-2 (kawirikawiri 3) amabadwa wolemera makilogalamu 4.5, nthawi ya chakudya, akazi ambiri amakhala ndi ana amapasa. Pakutha kwa tsiku, ana akhanda amatha kulumpha pamiyala molakwika. Pakatha sabata, anaankhosa amayamba kudya udzu, koma mayiyo amapitilabe kuwamwetsa mkaka kwa miyezi 3-5. Pazaka zitatu zokha, mano ang'onoang'ono amayamba kuphulika mwa ana.
Malo osungira
Mbuzi zamphongo kuyambira kale, akhala akusakidwa ndi anthu wamba monga Tuaregs, popeza ndi gwero lofunika la nyama, ubweya, khungu ndi tendons kwa iwo. Chifukwa cha njira zamakono zakusaka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamoto, kuchuluka kwa nkhosa zamphongo zodwala kwatsika kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ndipo adalembedwa m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red wokhala ndi mitundu yomwe ili pangozi.
Kufotokozera za nkhosa zamphongo
Kutalika komwe kumafota kumakhala masentimita 80-100, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 135 mpaka 165 sentimita.
Akazi amalemera kilogalamu 35-60, ndipo amuna amalemera zochulukirapo - 100-140 kilogalamu. Kutalika kwa nyanga kumafika masentimita 80, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira sikupitirira 25 sentimita.
Nyanga za nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi nyanga zikufanana ndi nyanga za Caucasus, m'mimba mwake ndiwosakanizika, ndipo pansi pamapangidwa ndi ma groquous ooneka mosiyanasiyana.
Potengera kapangidwe ka thupi, nkhosa zamphongo zazimuna zili ngati mbuzi zokhala ndi nyanga zazikulu. Mtundu wa malaya ndi mchenga wa imvi. Mkati wamkati ndi wachifundo. Tsitsi lalitali limapachikidwa pakhosi ndi pachifuwa, ndikupanga mane, komwe dzinalo limachokera. Monga lamulo, maula ndi opepuka kuposa malaya ena onsewo. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, tiziwalo timene timapezeka m'munsi mwake. Miyendo ndiyolimba ndi ziboda zakuthwa. Zingwe zotere sizimatsika ngakhale pamalo otsetsereka kumapiri.
Man ram nkhosa (Ammotragus lervia).
Moyo wa Nkhosa Yodwala
Nyama izi zimasungidwa, monga tawonera, ndi mabanja. Mpaka nyengo yamvula ikatha, magulu ena a nkhosa zamphongo zazimuna amaphatikizidwa kuti akhale gulu lalikulu, ndipo mamembala ake onse pamodzi akufuna chakudya ndi kupuma. Nthawi zonse nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi miyendo si nyama.
Nthawi zambiri nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi amuna zokwera bwino zimagwira ntchito kwambiri, monganso anthu okhala kumadera achipululu, makamaka madzulo komanso usiku.
Pofufuza chakudya, amayenda maulendo ataliatali. Amapita kukafunafuna chakudya m'mawa, pomwe mafunde a dzuwa la Africa saphika kwambiri.
Kuchokera ku kutentha kosalephera, nkhosazo zimabisala pamthunzi, pomwe zimafuna chakudya. Madzulo, kutentha kukayamba kuchepa, amayambanso kufunafuna chakudya.
Nthawi zonse nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi amuna sizingokhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati kunja kukutentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti amabisala mumthunzi kuchokera m'matanthwe, m'mapanga ndi m'mphepete mwa mapiri. Mbuzi zamphongo zikapuma, zimasamalira tsitsi lawo, kuzikoloweka pamiyala kapena nthambi zamitengo, ndipo zimayalanso ndi nyanga.
Nkhosa yosangalala ndi mchenga wonyowa, kuchotsa majeremusi. Choyamba amayamba kutembenukira kumbali ina kuti mchenga umaphimba m'mimba ndi ziwalo zonse za thupi, kenako ndikukhomera mchenga kumbuyo.
Kukhazikika kwa nkhosa zamphongo kumakhala zipululu ndi mapiri, komwe amakonda miyala ndi malo owuma.
Nthawi zambiri nkhosa zamphongo zazitali zimatha kukwera miyala. Zimapezeka m'madambo amiyala ndi m'miyala yamiyala. Ngati pali zilombo zolusa pafupi ndi gulu la ng'ombe, zimangokweza pamalo pomwepo. M'chipululu, nkhosa zamphongo zazimuna zimapulumutsidwa ndi mtundu wawo wobisika.
Nthawi zonse nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi udzu zimadya udzu ndi masamba. Amadyera kumapiri moyandikana ndi zitunda. Monga nkhosa zina zofatsa, zamphongo zazingwe zimachedwa kudya pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri amadya tchire ndi mitengo. Kuti zifikire masamba akumtunda okoma kwambiri, nkhosa zamphongo izi zimayimilira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo.
Mbuzi zamphongo zamankhwala zimamwa madzi omwe amatola m'miyala, ndimanyambita mame.
Mbuzi zamphongo zokhala ndi mndende zimakhala zaka zopitilira 24, ndipo chiyembekezo chawo chamoyo m'chilengedwe sichidziwika.
Kufalikira kwa nkhosa zamphongo
Kutha msanga mwa iwo kumachitika zaka 1-2. Nthawi yakukhwima imachitika mu Okutobala-Novembala. Mimba imatenga masiku 150-165, kenako mwana m'modzi mwa atatu mpaka atatu amabadwa mwa mkazi. Wamphongo, atapeza wamkazi, amamuthamangitsa kwa masiku angapo mpaka atakhala wokonzeka kukhwima.
Chifukwa cha masomphenya abwino, kumva komanso kununkhira, nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi mbewezi zimatha kuzindikira zilombo zazitali kutali kwambiri mpaka kubisala.
Mwana wakhanda aliyense wobadwa kumene amakhala wolemera kilogalamu 1.5 mpaka 200. Masiku atatu oyambilira, mkaziyo amakhala ndi ana ake kumalo obisika, kenako ndikulowetsa khosalo. Mayiyo amadyetsa ana ake mkaka kwa miyezi 3-4.
Mbuzi zakunyumba
Mbuzi za Bezoar ndizokulirapo kuposa zoweta - kutalika kwa zazimuna zikafota zimafikira masentimita 95. Ali ndi utoto wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira komanso wachikuda chakumaso. Mphumi, chifuwa ndi kutsogolo kwa khosi ndi zofiirira zakuda. Nyanga za mbuzi zopanda zipatso ndi zokulirapo, zopendekeka kuchokera kumbali, zimapanga semicircle ndikusokera kumbali kuchokera pansi. M'magawo a mtanda, ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wokhala ndi kakang'ono wokhala ndi nkhope yakuthwa pomwe ma nki ndi notches amatuluka.
Mbuzi za Bezoar ndizo mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri yambuzi zamtchire. Chinthu chachikulu posankha malo awo okhala ndi kupezeka kwa malo otsetsereka, otsetsereka ndi miyala. Amamadya pa udzu ndi nthambi za mitengo, ndipo akamadyetsa, nthawi zambiri amayimilira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ndikutsamira kumbuyo kwa mtengo. Ndipo nthawi zina amangokwera nthambi za mitengo. Mbuzi za Bezoar zimangokhala zazing'ono.
Amaganizira za kholo lachiwiri la mbuzi zoweta mbuzi yamphongo, kapena marhur (C.falconeri), okhala kumapiri a Northwest India, Pakistan, Afghanistan ndi mayiko omwe anali ku Central Asia. Mu Persian, "mar" amatanthauza njoka, "khur" amatanthauza kuwononga. Amakhulupilira kuti mbuzi yolira minyanga imadyera njoka, kuzifunafuna mwadala m'mapiri, kotero nyama yake imachira, kusinthitsa poizoni wa njoka. Markhur ali ndi nyanga zazitali, zakumwamba komanso zapang'ono pang'ono zakumbuyo. Nyanga iliyonse imapindika m'njira yoyimilira (kumanzere - kumanja, kumanzere), kupanga kuchokera kumodzi ndi theka mpaka kutembenukira sikisi. Kutalika kwa nyambo zazimuna zazikuluzikulu kupitilira 1.5m. Mwa akazi a marhur, nyanga zimakhalanso zopanda chilema, koma zazing'ono. Monga mbuzi za bezoar, mbuzi yamphongo imalembedwa mu International Red Book.
Mbuzi zoweta, nyanga za mtundu woimiridwa ndi marhur ndizosowa kwambiri (nyanga, monga mbuzi za bezoar, zimakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyama), chifukwa chake si onse ochita kafukufuku amadziona kuti ndi kholo la mbuzi zapakhomo. Komabe, ndizosatheka kusiyiratu mbuzi yolumikizidwa pakati pa abale a mbuzi zoweta - ndizotheka kuti m'magawo angapo a Markhur adawoloka ndi mitundu yomwe idalipo panthawiyo.
Chochititsa chidwi, ku East Galicia, m'mphepete mwa Neolithic, zigaza zitatu za mbuzi zapezeka, zotchedwa chachikulu prisk mbuzi (Conelca).
Nyanga za mbuzi ya mbuzi imakhotera chakumbuyo, zimasunthira mbali ndipo zimakhala ndi zopendekera zofooka zozungulira, nyanga yamanja yolowera kumanja ndi nyanga yakumanzere kumanzere, i.e. njira yotembenukira ili moyang'anizana ndi yomwe imayang'anidwira markur. Ndi nyanga izi zomwe zimakonda kupezeka mbuzi zoweta padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, mbuzi ya priscate sikuti ndiyamoyo payokha, koma mtundu wobisika wa mbuzi yopanda chilema, momwe nyanga zake zasinthira chifukwa chakusintha.
Mwa mitundu ina ya mbuzi zakutchire, ndikofunikira kutchula mbuzi ya ku Siberia, maulendo aku Caucasus ndi Dagestan, mbuzi zamapiri za Alpine ndi Pyrenean.
Mbuzi yamapiri yaku Siberia, kapena capricorn (C.sibirica), imapezeka kumapiri a Central ndi Central Asia komanso kumwera kwa Siberia (Altai, Sayan Mapiri). Uyu ndi mmodzi mwa oimira wamkulu kwambiri amtunduwu, mpaka kutalika kwa 90-120 masentimita kufota ndikulemera mpaka 130-150 kg. Nyanga za Capricorn ndi zooneka ngati sabata kapena zooneka ngati chikwakwa - zazitali, zopyapyala, zazing'ono pachigawo. Kutalika kwa nyangazo kumafika pa 140 cm, ndipo girth pamunsi ndi 26 cm.
Caucasian, kapena Kuban, ulendo (C.caucasica) -Kupita kumadzulo kwa Greater Caucasus. Imakhala m'mapiri, pamtunda wamtunda wa 1.53,5,000 m pamtunda wa nyanja, makamaka m'malo opezeka a subalpine ndi alpine. Amuna ali ndi nyanga zowoneka bwino, zopindika ngati bowo mpaka 85 masentimita ndi masentimita 3-5.
Ulendo waku Dagestan
Dagestan, kapena East Caucasian, ulendo (C.cylindricornis) amapezeka kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. Nyanga za kuzungulira kwa Dagestan ndizowongoka m'malo owongoka kuposa a Kuban, ndipo nsonga zawo zimayendetsedwa pang'ono mkati. Makina opingasa amapezeka kutsogolo pansi kwa nyanga.
Mbuzi yamapiri ya Alpine (C.ibex) amakhala kumapiri a Alps ndi mapiri a Central Europe, ndi Iberian (C.pyrenaica) amapezeka kumapiri a Spain. Nyanga yoyamba imafanana ndi nyanga ya capricorn, ndipo yachiwiri - nyanga za Caucasian yozungulira.
Ma capricorns ndi maulendo amasanjidwa bwino ndikuwasungidwa mu ukapolo ndikuwapatsa nthawi yayitali ndi mbuzi zoweta. Komabe, nyanga ngati nyanga za mitunduyi sizimapezeka mwa oimira mbuzi zapakhomo. Komabe, mitundu iyi ya mbuzi zakutchire, ngakhale sizoyambira kwachikhalidwe cha nyama zoweta, zikuoneka kuti, monga marhur, zidatenga nawo gawo pakupanga mitundu yatsopano.
Achibale apafupi a mbuzi ochokera pakati pa Euro-Asia unulates - Himalayan ndi Arabia muli (mtundu Hemitragus) ndi Pamir ndi Tibetan nkhosa yabuluu (mtundu Pseudois) Komabe, kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga mbuzi zoweta zoweta, ngakhale ndizotheka, sizikutsimikiziridwa. Mbuzi zaku Europe ndizitali kwambiri chamois (mtundu Rupicapra) ndi East Asia gorala ndi serow (mtundu Naemorhedus).
Argar
Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa mbuzi mulinso nkhosa yamphongo (Ammotragus lervia), zofala kumapiri kwamiyala kumpoto kwa Africa - kuchokera ku Atlantic kupita ku Nyanja Yofiira. Nkhosa yamphongo iyi imatha kulumikizana ndi mbuzi zapakhomo ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ndizachidziwikire, kuti ndi kholo la ziweto zingapo zaku Africa. Koma samalumikizana ndi zoweta za ku Europe ndi Asia.
Kuvuta kwa funso la komwe mbuzi zoweta zimayambira ndikuti ngakhale pakati pa anthu omwewo omwe amapezeka ndi aberekawo amatha kupezeka ndi nyanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mbuzi zamkaka zapadera zamkaka, monga lamulo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamphongo. Kwa zaka masauzande angapo zomwe zadutsa kuyambira pakuwotcha, mawonekedwe a mbuzi zoweta ndi ntchito zomwe zasinthidwa zasintha zingapo. Zithunzi zomwe zidabwera kwa ife pamatayala amiyala zikuwonetsa kuti kale mu zaka 4 - 3 zam'mili BC kumadera akale a Mesopotamia - Sumer ndi Akkad - adakweza mbuzi zapakhomo ndi tsitsi lalitali, lovy, lofanana kwambiri ndi Angora amakono. Pamasamba osakira a Asuri, zithunzi za mbuzi zokhala ndi makutu oterera, i.e. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi chizindikirochi kuchokera kwa makolo akutchire.Chifukwa cha kusankha kwakutali, miyendo ya mbuzi zoweta idakhala yofupika komanso yokulirapo, khosi lawo linafupikitsidwa, ndipo thupi linakhala lalitali, makamaka chifukwa chotukula msana. Mbuzi zakunyumba ndizing'onozing'ono kuposa zakutchire, kukula kwake ndi kutalika kwake zimasiyana kwambiri, sizikhala ndi nyanga zamphamvu ngati zakutchire, sizimateteza khungu. Chikopa ndi tsitsi zasintha kwambiri. Utoto wa mbuzi za Angora, ngakhale mpaka pamtunda, umaoneka ngati tsitsi la mbuzi zakutchire komanso maulendo. Mbuzi zamkaka ndizapamwamba kwambiri kuposa abale awo akutchire malinga ndi kukula kwa bere, kupanga mkaka komanso nthawi yayitali. Kupanga mkaka ndi ubweya wa mbuzi zoweta, poyerekeza ndi mbuzi zakutchire, ndizokwera: kukolola kwa mkaka ndi 1020 nthawi, ubweya umadulidwa 2-5 nthawi, ndipo pansi ndi nthawi 10-15.
M'malo a Middle East Neolithic, mafupa ambiri a nkhosa amapezeka limodzi ndi zibonga komanso umboni wina wochoka. Zimadziwika kuti kuyambira nthawi yathu ino pali magulu amitundu yosiyana kale: nkhosa zakumaso, zonenepa komanso zokhazikika. Umboni wolembedwa womwe udalipobe mpaka pano ukusonyeza kuti m'mbuyomu nkhosa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu kuti apeze nyama, ubweya, komanso anali chinthu chosinthana ndi katundu. Ku Europe, nkhosa zinayamba kuweta m'mafamu okhazikika. Ku Central Asia, mwina adabisidwa kale ku Middle East, koma kuweta nkhosa kudafalikira madera ambiri ndipo kudakhala maziko aumoyo wa anthu osamukasamuka.
Nkhosa zakunyumba ndi zamtunduwu Ovis aries, ndipo ngati zingakhale mbuzi kuchuluka kwa nyama zamtchire zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mitundu ina (ngakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbuzi zoweta sizili zazikulu), ndiye kuti zinthu sizili choncho ndi nkhosa: kholo limodzi Mitundu yawo yambiri imawerengeredwa molondola. izo nkhosa zam'mapiri atchirekuchokera kuzilumba za Mediterranean kupita ku Central Asia. Mitundu yake yayikulu imapezeka kummawa ndipo imatchedwa argar ndi argali (Ovis ammon), kumadzulo kwinanso (ku Central ndi Western Asia) kumapezeka wamba (O.vignei), amakhala ku Asia Minor asian mouflon (O.orientalis), komanso ku Europe - Mouflons aku Europe (O.musimon) yodziwika ndi kukula kocheperako. Komabe, ngakhale kuti palibe zakunja zokha, komanso kusiyana kwapaukadaulo pakati pa mitunduyi (maulalo a dipaliid ophatikizidwa akuimiridwa ndi anthu 56, a m'badwo - 58, mouflons - 54 chromosomes), onsewa amatha kuphatikiza ndi kubereka ana achonde. Chifukwa chake, udindo wa nkhosa zam'mapiri zamagulu awa sizotsimikizika kwathunthu - nthawi zina onse, kuphatikiza O.aries, Ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yomweyi yokhala ndi mitundu ingapo ya chromosomal.
European mouflon
Ndipo popeza diploid yoikidwayo ikuyimiriridwa ndi ma chromosome 54 a nkhosa zoweta, sizachilengedwe kuganiza kuti makolo awo anali mouflons - mitundu yodziwika bwino pokhapokha pazachitukuko zakale, Mediterranean ndi Asia Minor. Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti mtundu wina wa nkhosa zam'mapiri ku Asia ndi chisanu (O.nivicola), wokhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia komanso pafupi ndi America O.canadensis, sizikudziwika kwa iwo omwe amaweta nkhosa ndikupanga mitundu yawo yoyamba.
Mouflons zamtchire tsopano zimatha kupezeka ku Eastern Iraq, Western Iran, South Caucasus, South Caspian Sea ndi Asia Minor. Mouflon aku Europe adangopulumuka kuzilumba za Corsica ndi Sardinia. Ngakhale kuti nkhosa zamphongo zakutchire, monga mbuzi zakutchire, zimakhala m'madera okhala m'mapiri, sizimakonda miyala yamatanthwe, koma zimakonda kukhala pakati pamapiri ndi bata.
Nkhosa zakunyumba zakhala zili imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za nyama ndi ubweya wa anthu, ndipo mkaka wawo udagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka tchizi. Oyamba obwera kumene kukafunafuna malo atsopano amatenga nkhosa kuti zizipeza nyama, ndikuzipititsa kumayiko ena kapena kupita nazo zombo. Nkhosa zinkayenda ndi anthu pakusamuka kwawo kwambirimbiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndikusakaniza msewu ndi ng'ombe zam'deralo kapena kukhala ziweto zoyambirira zomwe zidalowa m'maderamo. Amayamikiridwa kwambiri, mwa zinthu zina, chifukwa cha luso lawo kudya msipu wosiyanasiyana.
Akuyerekeza kuti padziko lapansi pali mitundu 850 ya nkhosa padziko lonse lapansi. Popanga gulu lawo, njira ziwiri zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - morphological and economic. Yoyamba idakonzedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Katswiri wasayansi wachilengedwe cha Russia P.S. Pallas. Gawoli m'magulu molingana ndi gawoli amatengera kapangidwe ka mchira.
TO owonda nkhosa yokhala ndi mchira wautali, wonenepa opaka mafuta - yokhala ndi mchira wautali kwambiri, ndikudziunjikira yokha pakudya bwino mafuta ambiri. Mchira woterowo umatha kukhala wolemera kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zina abusa amayenera kumangiriza ngolo kapena zazing'onong'ono kuti khungu lake lisasunthe pansi. Mitundu yotereyi imaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Voloshskaya ochokera ku Europe ku Russia ndi Hanyan ochokera ku China. At ponseponse miyala yayitali mchira imakulirakulira kumtunda, ndikupanga lobes yotakata minofu ya adipose kumbali. Chitsanzo ndi karakul nkhosa, ochokera ku Middle East, koma makamaka ku Central Asia. Mitundu yotchuka ya karakul yotchuka kwambiri imadziwikanso chifukwa cha zikopa zapamwamba (smushki) zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa anaankhosa akhanda. Ubweya uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malaya a ubweya ndi zipewa.
At mafuta mchira Nkhosa ndi mchira waufupi kwambiri, womwe nthawi zambiri suwoneka chifukwa cha pilo yayikulu yamafuta (mafuta mchira) wopendekera kuchokera ku oblium ya nyama. Chitsanzo ndi mtundu wa a Chuy ochokera kudera la Bukhara ku Uzbekistan. Mwachidule nkhosa zimasiyana ndi mafuta mchira wamafuta pakalibe mafuta ambiri (mafuta mchira wamafuta) pa oblium. Zitsanzo ndi mtundu waufupi wochokera ku gawo laku Europe la Russia komanso mtundu wa Abyssinian wochokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Zoweta nkhosa ndizosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi mtundu. Nkhosa zambiri ndizoyera, ngakhale anthu amdima nthawi zina amawonekera mu zinyalala zawo. Enanso ndi akuda, monga nkhosa zaku Wales. Nyama zokhala ndi mafuta ometa komanso mafuta, zomwe miyeso yakunja siolimba kwambiri, ndi ya bulauni, imvi, yofiyira komanso ya mota.
Gulu la nkhosa lidasankhidwa ndi a Soviet zootechnologist M.F. Ivanov. Zimakhazikitsidwa pamtundu, mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu (ubweya, nyama, mkaka), zomwe mtundu kapena mtundu wina umadulidwa.
Nkhosa zowuluka bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhosa zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Middle East, mwina potengera magulu osakanikirana, ena mwa omwe anachokera ku Central Asia. Pambuyo pake, nkhosa zoweta bwino zidasowa ponseponse kupatula Spain, komwe zidasinthika kwambiri ndikupangitsa gulu loyenda. merinoadapangidwa mu nthawi kuyambira X mpaka XVII century. Merinos akadali gwero lalikulu la ubweya waubweya padziko lonse lapansi ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kupanga zatsopano ndi kukonza mitundu yomwe ilipo. Nkhosa za Merino zidafika ku Russia koyamba mu 1802, koma adayamba kulipira chidwi chokwanira m'zaka za zana la 20. Kuchulukidwa kwa gulu lankhosa labwino ku USSR kunapangidwa ndi miyala yotchedwa merino-precos.
Zoweta zofananira zofanizira zomwe zimapanga zinthu zomwezi zimapezekanso ku Africa, Mediterranean ndi Eastern Europe. Mitundu yoyambirira kwambiri, ubweya umakhala wophatika ndi kuphatikizika pang'ono kwa ulusi wabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ilinso ndi ulusi wopanda pake wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Ubweya woterowo umatchedwa carpet ndipo sugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zamakono.
Mitundu yambiri yamakono yamakono yopanga ubweya ndi ubweya wa nkhosa imapangidwa ku UK.
Palinso mitundu ina yosakhala yachilendo. Chifukwa chake, ku Germany, nkhosa zamkaka za ku East Frisi zimadziwika ndi tsitsi lalitali matupi awo, kupatula mchira wopanda kanthu, wokutidwa ndiifupi chabe. Ana amphaka nthawi zambiri amabweretsa ana amapasa pakubadwa kwa woyamba, ndipo amapasa ndi maulendo atatu pakubadwa kwotsatira. Zoweta zawo zamkaka ndizokwera kwambiri: kukhathamiritsa (masiku 228), pafupifupi mkaka 600 wa mkaka wokhala ndi mafuta a 6% amachokera kwa nkhosazi.
Ku Israel, mizere yamafuta a Avassi yolemera kwambiri imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mkaka. Pafupipafupi, amapatsa 270 kg wa mkaka wa 6% wamafuta kwa mkaka wake. Mkaka wa nkhosazi ukufunikira kwambiri m'maiko achi Arab, umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi. Mtundu wina wamkaka ndi Manesh wochokera ku French Pyrenees. Izi ndi nyama za nyanga zakuda zakuda. Mkaka wawo umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi chotchuka cha Roquefort.
Ziweto zina zimapereka ana a nkhosa atatu kapena asanu ndi awiri kuti abereke ana a nkhosa, mwachitsanzo, wolandila ku France, Romanovskaya waku Russia, bambo ochokera ku Morocco, Javanese lean-tailed, Hanyang wochokera ku China ndi Burula wochokera ku Australia.
Mitundu yambiri imadziwika ndi maonekedwe achilendo. Chifukwa chake, nkhosa ya ku Guinea yokhala ndi miyendo yayitali yokhala ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri komanso yopapatiza, mtundu wakale wa Tsakel, wopangidwa kuchokera ku Turkey ndi Greece kupita ku Hungary, ili ndi nyanga zazitali kuzungulira mutu wake, ndipo nyama za amodzi mwa mitundu yomwe yawetedwa ku Iceland ndi Hebrides osangokhala awiri-, komanso anayi-, ndi-asanu ndi-nkhosi (nkhosa zomwezi zimawerengeredwa ndi Amwenyejo aku North America a Navajo).
Ku United Kingdom, Wiltshire Horn nkhosa amadziwika chifukwa chopanga nyama, koma ubweya wawo ndi wochepa kwambiri. M'mgulu la nkhosa la Wensleydale, ndi owuma, otupa kwambiri, okhala ndi ulusi kumapeto kwake, koma amakula masentimita 36 mpaka 45 pachaka.tunduwu udapangidwa kuti upange zovala zazikazi zazimayi, komanso mawigi achiwonetsero ndi makhothi.
Zolemba
Moyo wa nyama. T.6. - M: Maphunziro, 1971.
Zoyeserera zaku Europe. Mwadongosolo komanso malo. - Moscow University, 1995.
Sokolov V.E. Systematics a zolengedwa. - M: Sukulu yapamwamba, 1979.
Chikalev A.I. Kuswana kwa mbuzi. Buku la ophunzira a masukulu apamwamba omwe amaphunzira mu "Zootechnics" zapadera za 2001.
Shnirelman V.A. Chiyambitsi cha kuweta ng'ombe. - M: Sayansi, 1980.
Wilson, D. E., ndi D. M. Reeder (eds) Mitundu Ya Mammal Yapadziko Lonse. National Museum of Natural History. 1993.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za nkhosa zamphongo
• Kwa nkhosa zamphongo izi, gawo lam'munsi la mchirayo mulibe kanthu, chifukwa pali zotulutsa zonunkhira zomwe zimatulutsa fungo lamphamvu kwambiri,
• Anthu a ku Africa asaka nkhosa zamphongo kwa zaka zambiri. Osangogwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi zikopa zokha, komanso ma tendon a nyama izi. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu okhala mmapiri a Africa, chiwerengero cha nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi amuna zimachuluka chaka chilichonse.
Nkhosa zamphongo zazing'ono zimapanga mawu ocheperako, ndipo kukula kwachinyamata kumawala ndi mawu okwera.
Ma bar ofanana omwe ali mu ukapolo, adabatizidwa ndi mbuzi wamba. Ana a ma hybrids awa amathanso kudutsa ndi mitundu yofananira ya banja la bovine, mwachitsanzo, ndi chamois,
• Makamu a nkhosa zamphongo amphongo amodzi amakhala m'malo ena a United States. Awa ndi nyama zomwe zidathawa m'mafamu awo ndi kumalo osungirako nyama, ndikusinthana ndi zikhalidwe zina zatsopano kuthengo.
Khalidwe
Nthawi zambiri nkhosa zamphongo zokhala ndi amuna zokwera bwino zimagwira ntchito kwambiri, monganso anthu okhala kumadera achipululu, makamaka madzulo komanso usiku. Popeza m'malo awo okhalamo kulibe malo okhala masamba chilichonse kuchokera kwa owopsa, akakhala pangozi, amangosiya kufa. Mbuzi zamphongo zazimuna zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono achimuna, ana komanso mtsogoleri wamwamuna. Alinso ndi ufulu wotsogolera gulu lotere kumenya nkhondo ndi amuna ena omwe otsutsana nawo amakumana ndi nyanga.
Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zamphongo zazimuna zikuphatikiza udzu ndi masamba a mbewu zam'chipululu. Amatha kuchita popanda madzi kwa milungu ingapo, akudya mame okha ndi misuzi yazomera. Atapeza, komabe, madzi, amamwa kwambiri ndipo ngakhale ngati kuli kotheka agweremo.
Amphongo amamuna ndi amuna
Kuyambira kale, ku Sahara, nkhosa zamphongo zazimuna zakhala zikusakidwa ndi anthu monga a Tuaregs, kukhala gwero lofunika la nyama, ubweya, khungu ndi zotengera. Chifukwa cha njira zamakono zakusaka ndi mfuti, kuchuluka kwa nkhosa zamphongo zodontha kwatsika kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ndipo pakalipano IUCN imapereka mtunduwu kuti "wowopsa" (pangozi) Mabizinesi aku Egypt Ammotragus lervia ornata Zakhala zikuwoneka kuti zitha kuthengo kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndipo zikupitirirabe ngati gulu laling'ono ku Giza Zoo.
Kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, nkhosa yamphongo yamphongo idakhazikitsidwa ku California, New Mexico ndi Texas. Pomwepo adazika mizu ndipo anthu ake alipo okwana zikwizikwi. Akatswiri azachilengedwe akuopa kuti mwina manambala azachulukirachulukira ndikuti ayamba kuthamangitsa mitundu yaku North America ya boutorn. Chiwerengero chambiri cha nkhosa zamphongo zazimuna chimakhala kumapiri aku Spain Espunia ku Murcia.
Kuchulukitsa
Sizinadziwikebe kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe ndi wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa nkhosa yamphongo. Imatha kubereka ndi mbuzi zoweta, koma yokhala ndi mbuzi ndi nkhosa zamphongo. Pakadali pano, pali mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri azamanyama kuti adzipatule kukhala mtundu wina Ammotragus. Dzina lachi Latin lachi Latin Ammotragus amachokera ku chilankhulo chachi Greek ndipo amatanthauza "mbuzi yamchenga".
Masanjidwe
Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya nkhosa yamphongo:
- Ammotragus lervia lervia (Pallas, 1777) - mapiri a Morocco, kumpoto kwa Algeria ndi kumpoto kwa Tunisia,
- Ammotragus lervia angusi W. Rothschild, 1921 - Niger,
- Ammotragus lervia blainei (W. Rothschild, 1913) - Kordofan wopondera nkhosa , malo okwera kum'mawa kwa Sudan, amatha kupezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Chad komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Libya,
- Ammotragus lervia fassini Lepri, 1930 - Libiya wokhala ndi nkhosa , Libya, kumwera kwenikweni kwa Tunisia,
- Ammotragus lervia ornatus (I .. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) - kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Egypt,
- Ammotragus lervia sahariensis (W. Rothschild, 1913) - Shuga Maned Ram , ma subspecies odziwika kwambiri: kumwera kwa Morocco, Western Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria, kumwera-kumadzulo kwa Libya, Sudan, Mali, Niger, Mauritania.