Njoka yoyesedwa ndi ya njoka zopanda poyizoni za banja kale lokhalokha, zochokera ku mtundu wa njoka zomwe zidakwera. Mtunduwu wa njoka wakhala waziwika kuyambira nthawi ya Middle Miocene ku North America ndi Upper Miocene wakummawa kwa Europe. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pakukwera njoka kuchokera ku njoka zowoneka bwino (zenizeni) ndi kapangidwe ka mano. Pa nsagwada yapamwamba, mano onse ndi ofanana ndipo amapangidwa mu mzere wokhazikika, osawerengeka kuyambira zidutswa 12 mpaka 22. Koma mano akutsogolo, omwe ali pachibwano chapansi, ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa ena onse, motero simungatchule mzere wawo.
Njoka zokwera zimadziwikanso ndi kukhalapo kwa zishango zazingwe zamkati, mchira wozungulira wozungulira komanso mamba osalala kapena owala pang'ono. Mutu wa njoka umaoneka bwino kuchokera mthupi lonse mothandizidwa ndi khomo lachiberekero. Mphuno ili pakati pamiyendo iwiri. Kwa repitles, kugawanika kwa scut yolumikizana ndi khalidwe.
Njoka yojambulidwa, monga mtundu, idadziwitsidwa koyamba ndikufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wachilengedwe waku Germany Peter Pallas, izi zinachitika mu 1773, pomwe amapita ku Siberia. M'Chilatini, adatcha "Elaphe dione" wolemekezeka polemekeza mulungu wamkazi wakale wachi Greek Dione, wolemekezeka monga wophatikiza ndi Zeus komanso amayi a Aphrodite ndi Dionysus. Miyeso ya njoka zamtunduwu imatha kutalika mita imodzi ndi theka, koma zotengera zotere sizachilendo, kutalika kwa njoka izi kumasiyana mkati mwa mita. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa njoka zazikazi.
Kodi njoka yoyesedwa imawoneka bwanji?
Njoka yoyesedwa - njoka yosanja yoyenda, yofanana ndi njoka. Zambiri zake ndizapakatikati - kawirikawiri anthu ambiri samakhala kutalika kwa masentimita 150, koma zitsanzo za akulu ndizochepa kwambiri.
Njoka iyi imadziwika mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe ake: mbali yakumbuyo ya mutu imakongoletsedwa ndi chingwe chakuda chakumaluka chakumaso chakumaso, ndipo kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli malo awiri akuda omwe samalumikizana ndi mbali zakumaso. Kuchokera maso mpaka khosi kumadutsa njira yamdima yakanthawi.
Kapangidwe kakale ka thupi lanu lamkati ndi "maboola, oyera, kapena otuwa, ndipo osati milozo zinayi zakuda. Mimba ya njoka imachita imvi kapena chikasu ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda. Nthawi zina pamakhala anthu akuda kwathunthu.
Habitat
Malo okhala njoka yojambulidwa ndi ochulukirapo ndipo amachokera ku Ukraine kupita Kum'mawa Kuphatikizapo Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan, Eastern Transcaucasia, Korea, China ndi Mongolia. Ku Russia, ikhoza kukumana ku Dagestan, Stavropol, Volga, kumwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East.
Njoka yojambulidwa imasinthidwa ndikukhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chimakhala m'nkhalango, mapiri, zipululu. Mapiriwo amatalika mpaka mamita 3500. Imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kumapiri a mapiri, m'mabedi a bango. Nthawi zambiri njokayo imakumana m'malo, imalowa m'minda, minda yazipatso ndi minda ya mpesa.
Kodi njoka yoyesedwa imakhala kuti?
Kutalika kwa njoka zoyendetsedwaku ndikokukulira, kufalikira kwadzafalikira kwambiri ndikukusintha bwino kumagawo osiyanasiyana. Makamaka malo okhala za njoka amachoka kumadera a ku Ukraine kupita kumalire a Far East kudzera ku Central Asia (madera a Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan) ndi Kazakh steppes. Njokayo imakhala ku Korea, Eastern Transcaucasia, Mongolia, Iran ndi China.
Mu gawo la dziko lathu, lafalikira ku:
- Volga
- Stavropol
- Dagestan
- Kumwera kwa Siberia,
- Far East.
Mwina njoka zimakhazikika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amatha kuzolowera kumadera osiyanasiyana komanso malo. Zodzala zimakonda malo am'madzi osefukira, nkhalango, malo owoneka bwino komanso zipululu, malo otsetsereka, mabedi, mabango, malo otsetsereka, malo otsetsereka kumapiri, omwe amatalika mpaka atatu mpaka theka. Anthu a njoka awa sachita mantha kwambiri, chifukwa chake amapezeka nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, amakopa maso awo m'minda ya zipatso ndi minda ya mpesa, minda yolimidwa.
Njoka yoyesedwa imapulumuka ndendende, zonse munkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zachilengedwe. Madera onse awiriwa okhala ndi chinyezi sakhala achilendo. Njoka zimakhazikika m'malo a mchere, ndowe, minda ya mpunga, zotayira, nkhalango zowirira. Pa phanga lake, njokayo imasankha malo opingasa pakati pa mitengo, ming'alu yosiyanasiyana mumadothi, ndi mabowo.
Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake
Njoka yoyesedwa ndi njoka yopanda poizoni yochokera ku banja lomwelo. Kutalika kwake konse ndi masentimita 110-150, omwe masentimita 17-30 ndiye mchira. Thupi limakhala locheperako, mutu umakhala wamfupi komanso waukulu, wopatukana pang'ono ndi khosi. Phunziroli ndi lozungulira, lakuda. Mphekesera zazikulupo ndi zamkati ndizambiri kuposa. Zotsogola zimapezeka pafupi ndi infraorbital.
Zolembera za postorbital zimatha kukhala kuyambira 1 mpaka 3, labial yapamwamba - 8, nthawi zina 7 kapena 9, awiri-omangira mchira 51-78, ndipo kuzungulira thupi lonse pali mizere 23-28. Pamimba, mwa amuna, pali masikelo 171-201, mwa akazi - 187-214. Masikelo m'mbali za thupi ndi osalala, pomwe abulu amakhala ndi nthiti zowoneka bwino komanso ma pical awiri apical.
Pamwamba pamutu, pamawonetsedwa mawonekedwe achilendo, omwe amasintha njoka ikakula. Kakhalidwe kakang'ono ka mutu, kamtambo kamdima kamadzipinda khosi. Mimba imatha kukhala yopepuka kapena yachikasu pa dontho lofiira kapena malo amdima. Mukasungunuka, mtundu umatha kusintha kwambiri ndikuyamba kuwala pang'ono.
Khalidwe
Njoka yoyesedwa imatsogolera makamaka moyo wapadziko lapansi wamasiku. Amakwera mitengo mwachisawawa, amasambira ndi kusambira. Zochita zimadziwonekera masana. Usiku, njokayo imabisala m'malo obisala pansi pa miyala ndi mizu ya mbewu, m'maenje ndi m'miyala.
Chamoyo chimachoka m'malo mwake m'mawa ndi kutentha dzuwa lisanayambe kusaka. M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yake imatha kusintha, ndipo kusodza kumayamba madzulo.
Maziko azakudya m'magawo ambiri ndi makoswe ochepa. Zokonda pa chakudya zimadalira malo okhala komanso kupezeka kwa nyama. Nthawi zambiri, masewerawa amatsogozedwa ndi mbalame zam'masewera, amphibians, tizilombo ndi nsomba.
Njoka yoyesedwa imadya njoka zazing'onoting'ono, kuphatikiza luso la kudya zamtchire komanso chakudya chosakwanira. Amakonda kudya nawo anapiye ndi mazira a mbalame. Wovutitsidwayo nthawi zonse amamezedwa kuchokera kumutu.
Pakakhala zoopsa, njokayo imanjenjemera ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndikuigogoda pazinthu zolimba, kutulutsa kanyumba kamene kali ndi vuto.
M'madera omwe kuli nyengo yozizira, malobotiwa amabisala mu Seputembala ndipo amakhalapobe mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, kumatha kuyambira Novembala mpaka Febere.
Malo ogawa, malo okhala
Njokayo idasinthiratu moyo ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Amakhala momasuka m'matanthwe owuma, m'zipululu komanso m'nkhalango zosakanikirana zosiyanasiyana. Njoka ikhoza kupezeka mu:
- Zigwa zamadzi osefukira,
- zolimba
- mabango
- mitengo yamapiri
- m'madambo
- mchere madambo
- minda ya mpunga
- minda
- minda yamphesa.
- Banki Kumanzere Ukraine (dera la Lugansk),
- Dera la Volga
- Ciscaucasia
- Caucasus,
- Transcaucasia
- Primorsky Krai,
- Middle Asia,
- Kazakhstan,
- South Siberia
- Afghanistan,
- Northern Iran
- Kumpoto China
- Mongolia,
- Korea.
Chakudya cha njoka
Idya nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, njoka zazing'ono, tizilombo, nsomba, mbalame, mazira a mbalame. Poyamba, njokayo imasenda ndi thandizo la thupi lake, kumeza wakufa yekhayo, kuyambira kumutu ndikusakanizidwa ndi malovu, kumeza mazira onse. Mwa njoka, milandu yokhudza kupha anthu m'mimbayi idalembedwa mobwerezabwereza.
Kuswana
Pafupifupi zaka 2-3, kusasitsa kumachitika mu njoka, zazikazi zokhwima pambuyo pa amuna. Nthawi yakukhwima imachitika pakatikati - kumapeto kwa masika, nthawi zina kumapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Clutch, kuchuluka kwa mazira kumasiyana kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 25, chachikazi chimayikira mazira mu fumbi la mitengo yowola, mu udzu, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, nthawi ya makulidwe imatenga pafupifupi mwezi.
Njoka zatsopano zotalika pang'ono ndizochulukirapo masentimita 20 ndi pang'ono kuposa magalamu 5 a kulemera. Kusenda kumayamba sabata itabadwa, kenako nkuyamba kudya mbewa zazing'ono.
Wachikulire m'modzi amafunikira malo owonjezera okwera masentimita 100x50 komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 60. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa njoka iliyonse yatsopano, voliyumu yake imakwezedwa ndi 20%. Ngati mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala ambiri, ndiye muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kuyenda, kotero kuti malo owonjezera oimira ake sadzapwetekedwa.
Magawo a coconut kapena magawo ofunda a zipatso ndi mitengo yabwino amaikapo pansi pa malo. Kuchokera kumwamba imakutidwa ndi dothi la nkhalango. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mchenga, zinyalala za mphaka kapena zosakaniza za dothi pazomera zokhala ndi feteleza.
Pakukhazikitsa njira zamadzi, pali chidebe chaching'ono chokhala ndi madzi oyera. Mizere yake iyenera kukwana njoka yolumikizidwa kukhala mphete. Pachifukwachi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zadongo zosazungulira zokhala ndi mbali zopingasa zomwe zimalepheretsa madzi kulowa gawo lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa kuoneka kwa bowa ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timayambitsa matenda opatsirana m'matumbo.
Onetsetsani kuti mukukhala ndi pogona ndi zolemba, kuchokera komwe njokayo imatha kuwona chilengedwe. Pazifukwa izi, miyala yosalala, nthambi, mitengo ya driftwood, dongo kapena pulasitiki ndizoyenera.
Zokongoletsa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe kapena zopanga zinthu. Poyamba, sangokongoletsa zamkati zokha, komanso zimathandizira kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino.
Kutentha kumasungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana 23 ° -26 ° C, ndipo m'malo motenga mafuta osambira 28 ° -30 ° C.
Poyatsa, nyali zapamwamba za LED zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati malo a terarium ali pafupi ndi zenera, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito radiation ya ultraviolet.
Njokayo imalandira kuchuluka kwa mavitamini D kuchokera ku chakudya. Othamanga ophatikizidwa amakhala ndi mbewa, ma hamsters, makoswe, nthata zazing'ono, abuluzi ang'ono, mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye. Popeza palibe chakudya chamoyo perekani chisanu, chomwe chimawola ola limodzi musanadye.
Njoka zimadyetsedwa kamodzi pa sabata, ndipo kwa akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala akumenyedwa kwamasiku 14. Amatha kukhala osadya ngakhale kwa miyezi ingapo popanda kuwononga thanzi lawo.
Njoka ndi munthu
Njoka ndi zodekha, osati zapoizoni, sizowopsa kwa anthu, ndi njoka yomwe imalimbikitsidwa ngati njoka yakunyumba. Ndikwabwino kuyisunga m'malo otetezedwa ngati madzi kapena malo owerengera, makamaka ndi dziwe losambira komanso losambira.
Ndikofunika kuti tizilomboka tizilomboka, chifukwa cha thukuta lawo. Njoka zake ndi zachikondi komanso zodekha, ndizachilendo kwambiri kukumana ndi munthu wankhanza. Koma ndikwabwino kunyamula kumbuyo, kuchokera kumbuyo, ndikugwira njoka m'khosi, chifukwa ngati mutachita izi kutsogolo, njoka imadziponya kumaso. Osati owopsa, koma osasangalatsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Monga tawonera kale, kuchuluka kwa njoka zoyendetsedwa ndi zochulukirapo, koma sitinganene kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka'zi ndikokwera, kachulukidwe kawo m'magawo osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri, kakang'ono. Inde, m'malo ena amakhala omasuka. Mwachitsanzo, mdera la Volgograd njoka zoyesedwa zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, koposa zonse adasankha zigawo zake zakum'mawa ndi kumwera. Tsoka ilo, nyengo yabwinoyi ya njoka silipezeka paliponse, m'madera ambiri ndi ochepa kwambiri ndikuyamba kuwonongeka kuchokera malo omwe kale panali anthu okwanira.
Izi zimachitika, choyambirira, chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa anthu m'malo a njoka zachilengedwe. Pali madera ochepa omwe sanakumanepo ndi omwe njoka zimakhala zotetezeka. Anthu amawathamangitsa m'malo awo okhalamo, akumanga mizinda, kulima minda, kukatula madambo, kuyala misewu yayikulu, kuwononga nkhalango, ndikukulitsa chilengedwe chonse.
Chifukwa chake, titha kunena molimba mtima kuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa njoka zojambulidwa m'madera ambiri kumayambitsa kudera nkhawa kwa mabungwe azachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa njoka kukucheperachepera, ndipo m'malo ena kumatha kuzimiririka, chinthu chodziwika bwino cha anthu ndichowunikira chilichonse, chifukwa chake njoka zimafunikira njira zopewera.
Kuteteza njoka zoyesedwa
Kuchokera pamwambazi zikuwonekeratu kuti zomwe zimachitika ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka yoyesedwayo siyabwino, koma siyabwino. M'malo ambiri omwe njoka izi zisanakhale, zidayamba kukumana ndizosowa kwambiri, chiwerengero chawo chikucheperachepera, chomwe sichingadanda nkhawa. M'madera ena, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero za njoka kunapangitsa kuti njoka zisaonekere, chifukwa chake, m'malo ena a Russian Federation, nyama zokwawa izi zalembedwa mu Red Book.
Njoka yojambulidwa idalembedwa m'mabuku a Red of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ndi Republic of Khakassia. Pano adapatsidwa gulu lachinayi ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, chiwerengero chake chomwe sichinafotokozedwe, koma chikuchepera. Njoka yojambulidwa yomweyo ili m'mabuku a Red of the Ulyanovsk, Samara and Orenburg. Njokayo imapatsidwa gawo lachitatu ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe a mtundu wachilendo kwambiri wokhala ndi chiwerengero chosadziwika. Kuyambira 2007, njoka yoyesedwa yakhala ikuphatikizidwanso mu Buku Lofiyira kuyambira 2007 ngati mtundu wosowa womwe umapezeka m'malo ochepa komanso wopanda chitetezo ku republic.
Zofunikira zoletsa m'malo ambiri sizikudziwika, koma ndizodziwikiratu kuti kukhudzana kwa anthropogenic kumabweretsa vuto pa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha njoka. Kulowerera kwazinthu zachilengedwe, kulima kwa malo, malo okhala malo okhala njoka, kumanga nyumba zatsopano zanyumba, masika apachaka amawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama zam'madzi, zomwe zimatsogolera kuchuluka kwa njoka zoyipa kuti zitha kutha.
Kuti mupewe izi, ndikofunikira kutsatira izi:
- pezani masamba omwe ali ndi zochulukirapo za njoka komanso kuti awatetezedwe,
- Kufalitsa kwa chikhalidwe chamunthu mozungulira zokwawa,
- njira zowunikira zochotsa mabilo,
- cholakwa ndi choyang'anira pakuwotcha nkhuni wakufa,
- Kupanga zachilengedwe zotetezedwa,
- choletsa kwambiri njoka.
Mwachidule, zimangowonjezera kuti njoka yoyesedwa osati zowopsa monga zikuwonekera poyamba. Ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza njoka yoyesedwa, alibe poizoni ndipo amawopa kupuma, zomwe zingawapweteke. Anthu safunikira kukhala ankhanza kwa obwezeretsa, chifukwa amabweretsa zabwino zambiri pakudya mitundu yayikulu ya makoswe. Khalidwe labwino laumunthu, kusamalira ndikusamalira zokwawa zidzayambitsa kuti manambala awo akale abwezeretsedwe, ndikugonjetsa zonse zomwe zikuwopseza kutha.
Kanema: Njoka yoyesedwa
Njoka zokwera zimadziwikanso ndi kukhalapo kwa zishango zazingwe zamkati, mchira wozungulira wozungulira komanso mamba osalala kapena owala pang'ono. Mutu wa njoka umaoneka bwino kuchokera mthupi lonse mothandizidwa ndi khomo lachiberekero. Mphuno ili pakati pamiyendo iwiri. Kwa repitles, kugawanika kwa scut yolumikizana ndi khalidwe.
Njoka yojambulidwa, monga mtundu, idadziwitsidwa koyamba ndikufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wachilengedwe waku Germany Peter Pallas, izi zinachitika mu 1773, pomwe amapita ku Siberia.M'Chilatini, adatcha "Elaphe dione" wolemekezeka polemekeza mulungu wamkazi wakale wachi Greek Dione, wolemekezeka monga wophatikiza ndi Zeus komanso amayi a Aphrodite ndi Dionysus. Miyeso ya njoka zamtunduwu imatha kutalika mita imodzi ndi theka, koma zotengera zotere sizachilendo, kutalika kwa njoka izi kumasiyana mkati mwa mita. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa njoka zazikazi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Njoka Yokhala Ndi Njoka
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti njoka iyi imatchedwa kuti yokhazikitsidwa, imadziwika mosavuta ndi zokongoletsera zapadera zomwe zimakongoletsa mutu wa nyama yokweza. Chingwe chakuda chakumaso chimadutsa mutu, kulumikiza maso ngati kudumpha kwa magalasi. Mchigawo cha mizimu: mbali ziwiri zazitali zazitali zokhala ndi mbali zosagwirizana zimawonekera mosiyana, kutsogolo kwake kumalumikizana. Mzere wamtambo wakuda womwewo wochokera kumaso mpaka khosi.
Utoto wodziwika bwino wa njoka zoyenda ndi utoto wonyezimira ndi utoto wina. Chingwecho chimakhala ndi mabatani awiri amizeremizere yakutali; njoka zina zimakhala ndi maonekedwe achikuda m'malo mwa mikwingwirima. Mimba ya njoka imakhala ndi imvi kapena timaso zachikasu ndi madontho amdima kapena ofiira. Milozo yakumaso ya njokayo ndi yosalala komanso yonyezimira, ndipo kumbuyo imakhala ndi nthiti pang'ono ndipo imakhala ndi pores kumapeto kwenikweni. Mwambiri, zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka zoyendetsedwa, zimatengera malo omwe adasamukira. Pambuyo pa kusungunuka, amayamba kuzunzika, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi kuwala kwawo kumabwezeretsedwa.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mu vivo, pali njoka zamtundu wa lalanje, zakuda, zofiira, zamtambo, zobiriwira. Pakati pa njoka izi pali mitundu yonse yoyambira ndi maalubino.
Ngati titha kudziwa kukula kwake kwa njokayo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kutalika kwa mchira wake, womwe umasiyana ndi 17 mpaka 30 cm. Ngakhale zazikazi zamtunduwu ndizazikulupo kuposa oyenda nawo, mchira wawo ndi wamfupi kuposa wamphongo ndipo sunali wokulirapo kwambiri m'munsi. Kusiyana kwina pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kukhalapo kwa zishango, zomwe amuna ndi amuna kuposa akazi.
27.02.2018
Njoka yoyesedwa (Latin Elaphe dione) ndi ya banja Lachikale (Colubridae). Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1773 ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Peter Simon Pallas paulendo wake wopita ku Siberia.
Adapereka dzina lake la sayansi polemekeza mulungu wamkazi Dione, yemwe anali wolemekezeka mumzinda wakale wa Girisi wa Dodon monga mkazi wa Zeus, amayi a Dionysus ndi Aphrodite.
Njoka yopanda poizoniyi imadziwika ndi chikhalidwe choyenera komanso chosasamala. Nthawi zambiri imasungidwa ngati chiweto, popeza kukonzanso kwawo ngati ali mu ukapolo sikubweretsa mavuto ambiri ndipo sikutanthauza kuti pakhale malo ambiri. Monga lamulo, awiri a nyama zazikulu amamva bwino ngakhale pa malo okhalamo a 0.5 lalikulu mita. m
Kodi amadya njoka yoyenda ndi chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njoka yojambulidwa ku Russia
Zomwe njoka zimatha kutcha kuti ndizosiyanasiyana, zimakhala:
Njoka yoyesedwa imatsogozedwa bwino ndipo imakwera mumtengo wa mitengo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imachimwa pakuwonongeka kwa zisa za mbalame pakudya mazira awo m'njira yachilendo. Amawametsa athunthu, osathyola chipolopolo ndi nsagwada zake, m'malo opaka zigawo za kum'mero. Amakonda kudya phwando la njokayo ndi zina zokwawa: abuluzi ndi njoka zazing'onoting'ono, ngakhale za poizoni. Kukhazikika kuchokera pachakudya sichingakane khasu, chule, mitundu yonse ya tizilombo, tinsomba tating'onoting'ono.
Chochititsa chidwi: Njoka zojambulidwa zimagwidwa mu cannibalism, kuti azitha kudya m'bale wawo wapamtima osanong'oneza bondo.
Njoka ndi kupenya kwake kumathandiza kusaka njokayo, chifukwa cha iwo, wolakwiridwayo amutsata. Njoka sizidzadya nyama zomwe zimasonyezabe moyo. Choyamba, amupha, pogwiritsa ntchito zidule zophatikiza, monga ma boas, ndipo pokhapokha amayamba kudya, akumeza thupi lopanda moyo la womenyedwayo, lomwe limasungunuka kwambiri ndi malovu awo. Njira yolembera nthawi zonse imayamba ndi mutu.
Ma captivit okhala kukhala mu ukapolo amathandizidwanso ndi mitundu yonse yaying'ono, makoko a nyimbo, abuluzi, ndi mazira a mbalame. Masamba nthawi zambiri amapeza chakudya pakadapanda kuziziritsa. Asanadye njoka, amadzichotsera zina. Kudyetsa njoka zokhwima kumachitika kamodzi pa sabata. Mokulira, njoka zoyesedwa zimatha kudya popanda mwezi umodzi, zomwe sizikuvulaza thanzi la zokwawa.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungasungire njoka yoyendetsedwa kunyumba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe iye amakhalira kuthengo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Njoka yojambulidwa
Njoka yoyesedwa imagwira ntchito masana, ndipo usiku ndi kutentha kwambiri, imakonda kukhala m'malo ake odalirika, omwe ndi zigawo, zitsamba, ndi maenje. Nthawi zambiri mu nthawi ya masika, mumatha kuwona anthu angapo njoka nthawi imodzi, koma samapanga timagulu tambiri, monga njoka.
Njoka ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino owoneka ndi fungo, imatha kukwera mochenjera nthambi, sikuwopa konse madzi. Zosamalirazo zimayandama kwambiri, motero nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'madzi oyera ndi nyanja. Njoka yoyesedwa imatha kulowa pansi kwambiri, m'dziko lathu nthawi zambiri imakhala m'malo am'mbali mwa nyanja momwe mumagona njoka yamadzi. Ma snows amapita ku hibernation mu Seputembara-Novembala, ndipo akamadzuka atangoyimilira mu March kapena Epulo. Ino ndi nthawi yolakwika, zonse zimatengera dera lomwe zikugwera. Madera akum'mwera ndi mayiko otentha, hibernation imatha kale ndi mwezi wa February.
Kwa anthu, njoka siziwopseza, chifukwa ilibe poizoni. Amakhala wamtendere komanso wochezeka. Kuwona anthu pafupi, njokayo imayesera kubisala kuti iziteteza. Eni ake a terariamu akutsimikizira kuti njoka zomwe njoka zimawoneka bwino ndizabwino kwambiri, izi zikuluzikulu sizowopsa. Osatengera izi, amakhala odekha komanso osadzitukumula, ndichifukwa chake sichovuta kwambiri kuwasamalira. Njoka zingapo zokhwima zimakhazikika mu bwalo laling'ono, ndikumva bwino. Njoka zimazolowera munthuyo mosavuta komanso mwachangu.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka yaying'ono yopangidwa
Nyengo yaukwati ku njoka imagwera pa Epulo-Meyi, koma m'malo ena kumene kumakhala kuzizira, kumatha kutha mwezi wonse wa June. Munthawi yovuta ya njoka iyi, mutha kupeza masango onse azizilombo zofanana. Nyama zokwawa zimayikira mazira, choncho wamkazi amafika mosamala kukonzekera chisa chake, chomwe chingakhale:
- masamba owoneka bwino pafupi ndi malo ena osungira madzi,
- Zomera zovunda
- nthaka zinyalala,
- nthaka voids
- pansi pa miyala.
Clutch imatha kuwerengera mazira 5 mpaka 24, onsewo amatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono (kuchokera pa 16 mpaka 17,6 mm). Pali zochitika zina pamene zazikazi zingapo zimayika mazira pachisa chimodzi nthawi yomweyo, phindu la magulu oterewa limafikira mazira 120, koma nthawi zambiri mwa theka lalikulu lino la theka la njoka imakhalabe ndi moyo.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yomwe makulitsidwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi (pafupifupi mwezi, ndipo nthawi zina masabata awiri), chifukwa mazira okulirapo ali kale ndi mazira opangidwa bwino. Mazimba a njoka yoyesedwa ayamba kale kukulira m'mimba mwa mayi.
Akatswiri azitsamba adziwa kuti njoka zachimayi ndizosamalidwa kwambiri, ngakhale ikamadzitchinjiriza zimasamalira mosasamala, ndikulunga thupi lawo ngati njokayo kuti mazira asagwere pamizeremizere ya anthu ena omwe amadyera anzawo ndi ena osavomerezeka. Ana amatenga njoka m'malo osiyanasiyana kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembara.
Kutalika kwawo kumasiyana kuyambira 18 mpaka 25 cm, ndipo unyinji umasiyana 3 mpaka 9 g.Anyamata ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a makolo awo, amakula msanga ndikupeza ufulu wokha, komanso chidziwitso cha moyo. Ndipo nthawi yamoyo ya njoka m'malo awo achilengedwe ndi zaka 9, ngakhale ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala ndi 11.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zoyenda
Chithunzi: Njoka yojambulidwa ku Russia
M'malo achilengedwe, njoka yoyesedwayo siyophweka, chifukwa siyopanda poizoni ndipo ilibe miyeso yayikulu kwambiri, motero ili ndi adani ambiri. Choopsa chimadikirira njoka, pansi komanso mlengalenga. Osasamala kudya nyama zamtchire zamtundu uliwonse zamtopola (martens, nkhandwe, agalu). Nyama zokhala ndi ziwombankhanga zimazunza njoka zoyala (chiwombankhanga, nkhanu). Choyamba, achinyamata osadziwa zambiri, omwe ndi osatetezeka kwambiri, amavutika. Musaiwale za cannibalism, yomwe imakula pakati pa zolengedwa zoyesedwa, kuti njoka zomwezo zimatha kukhala adani a abale awo.
Njoka yoyesedwa ili ndi njira yosangalatsa yoteteza. M'mikhalidwe yowopsa komanso yowopsa, imayerekezeredwa ndi mphira ndipo imayamba kugwedezeka ndi nsonga ya mchira wake wa njoka, pomwe imatembenuka ndikupanga mawu angapo apataliko omwe amafanana pang'ono ndi mawu a rattlesnakes. Zachidziwikire, izi sizolira komanso zowopsa, chifukwa palibe chingwe kumapeto kwa mchira, koma nthawi zambiri njira imeneyi imayenda bwino, kuthana ndi mdani yemwe wakhumudwa.
Kwa adani, njoka imatha kuwerengeka kuti ndi munthu. Nthawi zina anthu amapha zimbawazi, kuzitenga kuti zikhale zowopsa komanso zapoizoni. Ntchito zaumunthu zosasunthika zimabweretsa kuti anthu amakhala m'malo ochulukirapo kwa moyo wawo, osaganiza kuti amalanda madera a anthu ena, komwe kuli njoka zoyenda zomwe zimayenera kukangana ndikuvutika chifukwa cholowerera anthu. Nthawi zambiri njoka zimapulumutsidwa chifukwa cha kulimba, kuthamanga mu mayendedwe, kuthekera kosambira bwino bwino komanso kuyenda mosadukiza nthambi zamitengo, pomwe zimatha kukwera kuchokera pamalo ena akuluakulu.
Zopatsa zina:
Big Stone Gully
Kachisi mdzina la Utatu
Nyanja ya Baskunchak ndi Mount Big Bogdo
Mwa Uzimu - Chikhalidwe Kremlin "Hero's Sloboda"
Koti mupite pagalimoto kuchokera ku Saratov kumapeto kwa sabata
The estate of Prince Kurakin "Nadezhdino"
Gwero la mtsinje wa Khoper komanso chipilala cha "Old Man-Khoper"
Cave zovuta ku Div Div
Safari Park "Kudykina Gora"
Manor V.N. Voeikova
Malo ochezera alendo "Castle Garibaldi"
Katundu wa akalonga Golitsyn-Prozorovsky "Zubrilovka"
Mpingo wa Buckwheat wa Chilutera
Paki yofikira "Nthano"
Tchalitchi mdzina la Alexander Nevsky
Paki yachilengedwe "Scherbakovsky"
Chikhalidwe komanso mbiri yakale pachaka cha Kuvaka
Kachisi mu dzina la Kazan Icon wa Amayi a Mulungu
Manor aku Bala V.P. Orlov-Davydov
Mzere wa Medveditskaya ndi thirakiti la Blue Mountain
Tarkhany - Lermontov Museum-Reserve
Cave zovuta mu Divas yaying'ono
Nyama za mdera la Saratov
Njoka yoyesedwa (Latin Elaphe dione) ndi ya banja la Kale. Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1773 ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Peter Simon Pallas paulendo wake wopita ku Siberia. Adapereka dzina lake la sayansi polemekeza mulungu wamkazi Dione, yemwe anali wolemekezeka mumzinda wakale wa Girisi wa Dodon monga mkazi wa Zeus, amayi a Dionysus ndi Aphrodite. Njoka yopanda poizoniyi imadziwika ndi chikhalidwe choyenera komanso chosasamala. Nthawi zambiri imasungidwa ngati chiweto, popeza kukonzanso kwawo ngati ali mu ukapolo sikubweretsa mavuto ambiri ndipo sikutanthauza kuti pakhale malo ambiri. Monga lamulo, awiri a nyama zazikulu amamva bwino ngakhale pa malo okhalamo a 0.5 lalikulu mita. m
Njoka yoyesedwa - njoka yosanja yoyenda, yofanana ndi njoka. Zambiri zake ndizapakatikati - kawirikawiri anthu ambiri samakhala kutalika kwa masentimita 150, koma zitsanzo za akulu ndizochepa kwambiri. Njoka iyi imadziwika mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe ake: mbali yakumbuyo ya mutu imakongoletsedwa ndi chingwe chakuda chakumaluka chakumaso chakumaso, ndipo kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli malo awiri akuda omwe samalumikizana ndi mbali zakumaso. Kuchokera maso mpaka khosi kumadutsa njira yamdima yakanthawi. Kapangidwe kakale ka thupi lanu lamkati ndi "maboola, oyera, kapena otuwa, ndipo osati milozo zinayi zakuda. Mimba ya njoka imachita imvi kapena chikasu ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda. Nthawi zina pamakhala anthu akuda kwathunthu.
Njoka zoyesedwa kudera kuli pafupifupi kulikonse, ngakhale ndizofala kwambiri kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa. Njoka yojambulidwa imasinthidwa bwino kuti izikhala mosiyanasiyana m'malo angapo achilengedwe: kuchokera kumapiri ndi zipululu mpaka nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zophatikizika. Amakhala m'nkhalango, mapiri ndi mapiri. Imapezeka m'mitsinje ya mitsinje, tugai ndi mabango, m'malo opezeka dambo, m'minda ndi zipatso, m'nkhalango za juniper komanso m'mapiri.
Njoka yoyesedwa imatsogolera makamaka njira yamoyo padziko lapansi, koma imatha kukwera mochenjera panthambi ndi mabatani, imasambira bwino komanso imagona pansi. Chilichonse cha njoka imeneyi chimachitika masana, usiku njoka imakonda kubisala m'maenje ndi m'mizu, pansi, m'miyala yosweka, m'miyala yaying'ono ya nyama kapena m'nkhalango zowirira. Chamoyo chimachoka m'malo mwake m'mawa ndi kutentha dzuwa lisanayambe kusaka. M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yake imatha kusintha, ndipo kusodza kumayamba madzulo.
Choyamba, nyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana zimakhala chakudya cha njokayo: mbewa, ma hamsters, makoswe, jerboas, agologolo pansi, etc. Amasakanso mbalame. Kutha kukwera mitengo bwino kumapereka njoka mwayi wowononga zisa za mbalame ndikudya mazira. Saphwanya chipolopolo ndi nsagwada zake, koma kumeza dzira lonse, pomwe chigombacho chimagonjetseka mothandizidwa ndi njira zapadera za khomo lachiberekero. Kuphatikiza pa zinyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, amatsutsa zouluka - abuluzi, njoka zazing'ono, kuphatikiza ndi zapoizoni. Nthawi zina, amadya achule, mikanda, tizilombo tating'ono ndi tinsomba tating'ono.
Chifukwa chake, njoka yazakudya, monga momwe tikuonera, ndiyosiyana kwambiri. Poyamba, njokayo imasenda ndi thandizo la thupi lake, kumeza wakufa yekhayo, kuyambira kumutu ndikusakanizidwa ndi malovu, kumeza mazira onse. Mwa njoka, milandu yokhudza kupha anthu m'mimbayi idalembedwa mobwerezabwereza. Njoka yojambulidwa imafunafuna ndi kulondola nyama, mothandizidwa ndi kununkhira komanso mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya.
Kukula kwa nyengo yozizira kumatenga mwezi wa Seputembara - Novembala mpaka Marichi - Epulo; Matani amapezeka mu Epulo - Meyi; nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira m'nkhalango kapena udzu wopezeka pafupi ndi dziwe, ndi mitengo yowola. M'matambo kuyambira mazira 5 mpaka 24 a kutalika kosiyanasiyana (16, 30-17, 56 mm). Magulu ophatikiza mazira pafupifupi 120 amadziwika, ndipo theka limodzi lokha limakhalabe ndi moyo.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi mwezi (nthawi zambiri imachepetsedwa mpaka pafupifupi milungu iwiri chifukwa chakuti mluza umayamba m'mimba mwa mkazi. Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka, njoka yaikazi imasamalira osowa kwa ana chifukwa cha njoka: kuphimba kumeta ndi mphete za thupi lawo, amaziteteza kwa adani. Achichepere amawonekera kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala ndipo ali ndi kutalika kwa 18-25 masentimita, kulemera kwa 2.8-9.3 g. Poyamba amadya tizilombo, kenako ndikupitilira kukakulitsa. Ana azaka zoyambirira amagwera m'matumba mochedwa pang'ono kuposa abwenzi awo achikulire, kuyesera kudziunjikira michere yambiri m'thupi.
Pakati pa adani a njoka yoyimilidwa pali zinyama zolusa ndi mbalame (makamaka, chiwombankhanga chambiri). Njira yabwino yodzitchinjiriza kwa iwo ndi kuyenda mwachangu m'misasa kapena panthambi za mitengo. Pakachitika ngozi, nsonga ya mchira wa njoka yoyimitsidwa imanjenjemera ndipo, ikumenya zinthu zolimba, imatulutsa kakhalidwe komwe kamakhala ngati phokoso.
Kutalika kwa njoka yofanana ndi chilengedwe kuli pafupifupi zaka 8-9, mu ukapolo - zaka 10-11, ndi zaka 25.
Moyo Wanjoka
Njoka imeneyi ndi yachilendo kwambiri ndipo m'malo ake momwe mungapezeko mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu mwakamodzi, njoka yoyesedwayo sikhala ndi masango akuluakulu monga mawonekedwe a njoka.
Njoka zimagwira ntchito masana. Usiku, komanso nthawi yotentha kwambiri, amabisala m'malo omwe panali miyala, m'makola a nyama zazing'ono, m'mabowo kapena m'nkhalango zowirira zitsamba.
Njoka yoyesedwa imatha kuyenda pansi komanso pamitengo yamitengo. Amalolera kulowa m'madzi, kuphatikizira kunyanja: ndiwosambira komanso wopota kwambiri, amapezeka pagombe la malo athu akummwera komwe kuli njoka zamadzi.
Kutengera ndi malo okhalako, njokayo imabisala mu Seputembara-Novembala, ndipo imasiya pakati pa kasupe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Choyamba, nyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana zimakhala chakudya cha njokayo: mbewa, ma hamsters, makoswe, jerboas, agologolo pansi, etc. Amasakanso mbalame. Kutha kukwera mitengo bwino kumapereka njoka mwayi wowononga zisa za mbalame ndikudya mazira. Saphwanya chipolopolo ndi nsagwada zake, koma kumeza dzira lonse, pomwe chigombacho chimagonjetseka mothandizidwa ndi njira zapadera za khomo lachiberekero. Kuphatikiza pa zinyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, amatsutsa zouluka - abuluzi, njoka zazing'ono, kuphatikiza ndi zapoizoni. Nthawi zina, amadya achule, mikanda, tizilombo tating'ono ndi tinsomba tating'ono. Chifukwa chake, njoka yazakudya, monga momwe tikuonera, ndiyosiyana kwambiri. Mwa njoka, mobwerezabwereza anthu adawonekera.
Njoka yojambulidwa imafunafuna ndi kulondola nyama, mothandizidwa ndi kununkhira komanso mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya.
Mosiyana ndi njoka zenizeni, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kumeza wogwidwayo ali amoyo, zimasolola njoka zawo mwa kufinya mphete za matupi awo ngati nkhumba, ndipo zimameza zakufa zokha.
Adani
Adani akuluakulu a njoka zoyesedwa ndi mbalame zina zamphongo ndi zinyama. Kutha kukwera mitengo ndikuyenda mwachangu nthawi zambiri kumathandiza njoka izi kupewa tsoka lomvetsa chisoni.
Pakakhala ngozi, njoka yoyesererayo imayenda modabwitsa ndi nsonga ya mchira, ndikupanga phokoso laling'ono lomwe limafanana ndi phokoso la tambala.
Kubereka
M'nyengo yakukhwima, yomwe imayamba mu June, munthu amatha kuwona magulu a njoka zoyenda.
Zimaswana ndikuyika mazira omwe amakhala ndi mazira omwe akhazikika, chifukwa chake makulitsidwe amakhala nthawi yayifupi - pafupifupi mwezi.
Mu Julayi-Ogasiti, njirayi imayika mazira m'miyala, m'makomo, pansi, m'nthaka zamatchi, masamba owola kapena zotsalira za mitengo yowola. Mu clutch pali mazira 5 mpaka 24. Zazikazi zingapo nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira pamalo amodzi, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mazira m'malo ophatikizika oterewa amatha kufikira zidutswa za 120. Koma theka lokha la mazira omwe ali ndi njoka zothandiza: ali ndi kutalika pafupifupi 20 cm ndipo osalemera kuposa magalamu 7.
Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka, njoka yaikazi imasamalira osowa kwa ana chifukwa cha njoka: kuphimba kumeta ndi mphete za thupi lawo, amaziteteza kwa adani.
Njoka zojambulidwa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'misika yakunyumba. Njoka iyi ndi yosazindikira, itha kulimbikitsidwa ngakhale kwa oyamba kumene.
Kutalika kwa njoka yofanana ndi chilengedwe kuli pafupifupi zaka 8-9, mu ukapolo - zaka 10-11.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Njoka yoyesedwa - chokwawa masana. Munthawi iyi ya tsiku lomwe amapanga:
- zazing'ono zazing'ono
- mbalame
- njoka
- amphibians
- nsomba
- tizilombo.
Nyengo yoswana ndi kubereka
Njoka anzawo mu Epulo-Meyi. M'madera ena, nthawi imeneyi imatha kuchedwa mpaka June. Zachikazi zimapanga mazira 5-24 mazira osakwanira kuthengo, udzu wouma kapena zotsalira za mitengo yowola. Zosiyanasiyana zazikazi zimapanga gulu limodzi, momwe mumakhala mazira pafupifupi 120. Tsoka ilo, osaposa theka la iwo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo. Njoka zazing'ono zimabadwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Nthawi zambiri, maonekedwe a ana ankadziwika pambuyo pa masabata awiri, popeza mluza wa njoka izi umatha kuphukira m'mimba mwake.
Chiŵerengero chachikulu cha “kuwaswa” kwa anawo chikugwa mu Julayi-Seputembara. Ana amabadwa ndi kutalika kwa 18-25 sentimita ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 2.8-9.3.
Kuluma ndizoyipa kwa munthu
Monga tanena kale, njoka yoyendetsedwa ndi ya nyama zopanda poizoni. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuchita mosamala kwambiri. Ngati chiweto chiwona kuti chiwopsa, chimaponyera mdani pansi mosavuta ndikuyesera kuluma.
Kuluma kwa njoka kumakhala kowawa kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo zizindikiro zonse za poyizoni zimawonekera: kutupa kwa malo omwe akukhudzidwa, chizungulire, kupweteka kwambiri. Zizindikiro zimatha m'masiku atatu.
Terrarium
Nyumba yabwino kwambiri yopatsirana ndi nyama zapamwamba ndi malo ochitirako. Popeza ndi yoyenera bokosi lokhala ndi khoma lakutsogolo koyang'ana masentimita 50 * 40 * 40 masentimita. Kuchokera pamwambapo, bokosilo liyenera kutsekedwa, popeza njokayo ikhoza kusiya iyo, ikukwera pamiyala ndi ma snags. Kutentha kosangalatsa kwa wothamanga ndi madigiri 30-35 masana ndi madigiri 20-22 usiku. Chinyezi chikuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 60-70%. Mu terarium, kuwonjezera pa mbewu, miyala ndi nkhono, momwe njokayo imabisalira mosavuta, payenera kukhala chidebe chachikulu chamadzi. Idzakhala mbale komanso zakumwa. Pansi pa bokosilo mutha kukhala ndi miyala, mchenga, gawo lapansi la coconut kapena pepala la fyuluta. Mu ngodya imodzi (yotentha kwambiri) muyenera kuyikamo sphagnum. Idzakhala chowongolera chinyontho komanso pogona pa chiweto. Iyenera kutsanulidwa kamodzi patsiku ndi madzi ofunda.
M'malo achilengedwe, njoka zimabisala nthawi yachisanu. Chifukwa chake, kunyumba, muyenera kusamalira kuti muwapangire mtundu wina wa iwo, pokhapokha ngati chiweto chabwera kwa inu kutchire. Ngati m'mbuyomu adakhala mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti zitha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mwezi umodzi osadyetsa nyamayo.
Kudyetsa
Kunyumba, njoka ya zakudya imakhala ndi:
- mbewa zasayansi
- hamsters
- zinziri
- mazira
- nsomba.
Kuyeretsa zipinda
Malo ophunzirawa amayenera kufufuzidwa pafupipafupi kuti apange ndowe. Ngati malo odetsedwa kapena onyowa apezeka, ndiye ayikeni m'malo ndi oyera. Pakawoneka fungo losasangalatsa "m'nyumba", lomwe silisowa mutasintha gawo, kuyeretsa kwamasika kumachitika (pafupifupi pamwezi).
Anthu okhala ku terarium adawasinthira m'nyumba yongoyembekezera kapena atamangidwa mu thumba lapadera. Malo osungirako malo amatsukidwa ndi sopo ndikuwathandiza ndi yankho limodzi la chloramiac. Kenako imatsukidwa pansi pamadzi ndikuwapukuta. Komanso miyala yosambitsidwa, nkhuni zokokoloka, thanki yamadzi.
Mosavuta kuzolowera malo okhala, njokayo sifunikira kukonzedwa kovuta. Malinga ndi malamulo onse, maloboti amatha kukhala zaka 10 m'ndende.
Kufalitsa
Njoka zoyesedwa zinafalikira kuchokera kugombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja Yakuda kudutsa kumadera akumwera kwa Russia, Central ndi Central Asia, China ndi Mongolia kupita kumadera akutali. Ku Ukraine, amapezeka makamaka mu gawo la steppe m'dera la Luhansk. Ku China, nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa molumikizana ndi njoka yakunja yofanana kwambiri ndi njoka yakukhungu yamaso awiri (Elaphe bimaculata).
Kuthengo, pali mitundu yambiri ya utoto ndi zojambula zake. Anthu achi Russia amakhala ndi utoto ndi wakuda, pomwe anthu achi China amalamulidwa ndi mitundu yachikaso ndi yotuwa. Mitundu yamafuta ofiira kwathunthu ndiyosowa kwambiri, ikufunika kwambiri pakati pa osonkhanitsa ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Chamoyo chimasinthidwa kuti chizikhala nyengo zosiyanasiyana komanso malo achilengedwe. Imamveka bwino mu chipululu chochepa komanso m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha njoka zojambulidwa chimawonedwabe m'gawo la steppe.
M'mapiri, amapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda yazipatso, minda yamphesa komanso malo olimidwa. Ku Asia, njoka izi zimakonda kupita ku minda ya mpunga.
Kufotokozera
Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi dimorphism yotchulidwa pakugonana. Akazi ndi okulirapo komanso ochulukirapo, amakula mpaka masentimita 125. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 85-100 cm, ndipo mwa amuna osaposa 70-80 cm.
Makampani akuluakulu amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Pamenepo, makulidwe awo ojambulidwa ndi masentimita 150-160.
Mtundu wonyezimira kwambiri wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira. Mikwingwirima inayi yakuda yakuda imathamangira kumtunda, m'malo ena mumakhala malo amdima. Pakati pa maso ndi khosi pali kamvuto kakang'ono kwakanthawi. Mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi imakhala yachikasu kapena imaso ndi mitundu yakuda kapena yoyera.
Mamba m'mbali za thupi ndi yosalala, ndipo kumbuyo kumakhala kolumala pang'ono komanso ndi mapamba kumtunda. Pambuyo pa kusungunuka, mtunduwo umazimiririka, koma pang'onopang'ono umabwezeretsa kusiyana kwake.
Kuthengo, kuli ma wakuda, ofiira, lalanje, abuluu ndi obiriwira, ocheperako nthawi zambiri amasungunula komanso maalubino.
Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 18-20, zaka 25.
Wachikulire m'modzi amafunikira malo owonjezera okwera masentimita 100x50 komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 60. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa njoka iliyonse yatsopano, voliyumu yake imakwezedwa ndi 20%. Ngati mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito malo okhala ambiri, ndiye muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kuyenda, kotero kuti malo owonjezera oimira ake sadzapwetekedwa.
Magawo a coconut kapena magawo ofunda a zipatso ndi mitengo yabwino amaikapo pansi pa malo. Kuchokera kumwamba imakutidwa ndi dothi la nkhalango. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mchenga, zinyalala za mphaka kapena zosakaniza za dothi pazomera zokhala ndi feteleza.
Pakukhazikitsa njira zamadzi, pali chidebe chaching'ono chokhala ndi madzi oyera. Mizere yake iyenera kukwana njoka yolumikizidwa kukhala mphete. Pachifukwachi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zadongo zosazungulira zokhala ndi mbali zopingasa zomwe zimalepheretsa madzi kulowa gawo lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa kuoneka kwa bowa ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timayambitsa matenda opatsirana m'matumbo.
Onetsetsani kuti mukukhala ndi pogona ndi zolemba, kuchokera komwe njokayo imatha kuwona chilengedwe. Pazifukwa izi, miyala yosalala, nthambi, mitengo ya driftwood, dongo kapena pulasitiki ndizoyenera.
Zokongoletsa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe kapena zopanga zinthu. Poyamba, sangokongoletsa zamkati zokha, komanso zimathandizira kukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino.
Kutentha kumasungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana 23 ° -26 ° C, ndipo m'malo motenga mafuta osambira 28 ° -30 ° C.
Poyatsa, nyali zapamwamba za LED zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati malo a terarium ali pafupi ndi zenera, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito radiation ya ultraviolet.
Njokayo imalandira kuchuluka kwa mavitamini D kuchokera ku chakudya. Othamanga ophatikizidwa amakhala ndi mbewa, ma hamsters, makoswe, nthata zazing'ono, abuluzi ang'ono, mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye. Popeza palibe chakudya chamoyo perekani chisanu, chomwe chimawola ola limodzi musanadye.
Njoka zimadyetsedwa kamodzi pa sabata, ndipo kwa akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala akumenyedwa kwamasiku 14. Amatha kukhala osadya ngakhale kwa miyezi ingapo popanda kuwononga thanzi lawo.
