Dinnik Viper - Vipera dinniki Nikolsky, 1913
Gulu Lama Rarity: 2 - Kuchepetsa. Mapiri am'mapiri a Greater Caucasus.
Kufotokozera: Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira mpaka 550 mm. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi. Mtunduwu umakhala wosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ubweya wolimba wa bronze kupita ku chikasu cha mandimu, njerwa, golide wonyezimira komanso wamtambo wakuda kapena wamtambo wakuda, womwe nthawi zambiri umang'ambika pakati pa thupilo kukhala malo owindana mosiyanasiyana. Pali anthu ena omwe mkati mwa kumbuyo kumadutsa kotalika kwake kwakuda kwamtambo wakuda. Mimba imakhala yakuda m'malo owala kapena imvi yopepuka m'madontho akuda. Nyama zazing'ono ndizopakidwa utoto wonyezimira ndi wa imvi [1,2]. Vipers kuchokera ku Central ndi East. Caucasus siwowoneka bwino kwambiri ngati anthu aku West Caucasian. Pomaliza, kusungunuka kwathunthu sikudziwika, sikudziwika kwa anthu akum'mawa.
Kufalitsa: Mitundu imafotokozedwa kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba r. Malaya Laba (Caucasian Reserve, Krasnodar Territory). Mitunduyo imakhudza Great Caucasus mkati mwa Russia, Georgia ndi, zikuwoneka, Azerbaijan. Ku Russia, mitundu yosalekeza yamtunduwu imachokera kumapiri a Chugush, Dzhemaruk, Tybga ndi spurs awo (Pshekish, Abago, Atamazhi, etc.) kumadzulo. kumtsinje wapamwamba. Big Laba kummawa. Pambuyo kuthyola magawo m'dera la Colchis Gate (kutsitsa Main Caucasian Range pakati pa nsonga za Fisht ndi Chugush), njoka ya Dinnik imabwereranso kumtunda wa Fisht-Oshten, kupitirira kumadzulo. Anthu angapo am'midzi yam'mapiri a Outl, Khakuj, Shesiya, ndi ena otere, ndiomwe ali nsonga zomaliza zomwe zimakhala ndi madera apamwamba. Kummawa kuchokera kumtsinje Bolshaya Laba mndandanda wautali wa mitunduyi umadziwika kuchokera ku Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya ndi Dagestan.
Habitat: Mitundu ya Subalpine ya m'mapiri, yomwe imagawidwa kuchokera ku 1500 mpaka 3000 m pamwamba pa nyanja Imakhala m'nkhalango yam'mwamba, zigwa za kumapiri ndi kumapiri. Zawoneka m'nkhalango zamtundu wa subalpine birch, mitengo ya paini, nkhalango zopindika za beech-birch-rowan, m'nkhalango zamapiri zamapiri, zimatsatira miyala yamiyala, m'nkhokwe zamtundu wa Rhododendrons, udzu wamtali wa subalpine wokhala ndi zidutswa zamiyala. Chochulukirapo pazodzala ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Malo odyetsera nyengo yachisanu amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nyengo ya chilimwe. Vipers ndizosasinthika pakugwiritsira ntchito gawo: pamalo omwewo, anthu ena amapezeka kwa nyengo zitatu. Mu kasupe, amawonekera kuyambira pakati pa Epulo, ndi kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa + 11 ° С. Matching kumapeto kwa Epulo-Meyi. Kubadwa kwa ana pakufesa. otsetsereka mu Ogasiti, kumwera. otsetsereka mu Seputembala onse. Pali ana 3-5 mu zinyalala. Akazi satenga nawo mbali kuswana chaka chilichonse. Zochitika zam'nyengo zimatha mpaka Seputembala; kumapeto kwa Seputembala, njoka zimapita nthawi yachisanu. Amadyetsa tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ndi orthopteran;
Mphamvu: Kuchulukana kwa anthu m'magawo osiyanasiyana sikofanana. Mulingo wokwanira pamiyala yamiyala yam'madzi yam'mphepete mwa Caucasian: Ming'alu yayitali ya 5 - km, njira mpaka 20 malo opezekapo amatha kupezeka m'malo odzaza [2,4,5], mpaka anthu 30 mpaka 40 pa hekitara iliyonse. Kumadzulo. magawo ogawana a njoka ndi osowa; kukumana nawo ndikosazungulira. Kummawa kuchokera ku nkhokwe ya Caucasian, chiwerengero chimachepera: ku Karachay-Cherkessia, kuchuluka kwambiri ndi anthu 4 / ha, kumadera ena a Central ndi East. Misonkhano ya Caucasus ndi yongochitika. Zomwe zimachepetsa zachilengedwe ndizakuwunika kwanyengo ndi malo a Greater Caucasus kummawa. mayendedwe, kusintha kwa mapiri otsogola mapiri okhala ndi mapiri oyang'anira njoka okhala ndi mimbulu yokhala ndi zikopa zokhala - the V. lotievi tata. M'malo angapo okondweretsa a mitundu iwiriyi (mtundu wa Abishir-Akhuba, kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Tiberda, malo otsetsereka a Mount Elbrus, kukhumudwa kwa Itum-Kalinskaya, ndi zina zotere), njoka ya Dinnik imakhala kumadera akumapiri kwambiri kumapiri. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zakhudza kuchuluka kwa njoka ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chifukwa kudyetsa ng'ombe zazitali pamalo odyetserako ziweto. Chachikulu kwambiri ndi kusintha komwe anakonza pamalo achilengedwe mumtsinje wapamwamba. Mzymta ndiye chigawo cha anthu apadera polymorphic a viper Dinnik.
Chitetezo: Amalemba m'ndandanda wofiira wa IUCN-96. Anthu osachepera 15,000 atetezedwa mdera la Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazo zimapezeka m'malo a Teberdinsky ndi North Ossetian, gawo la Arkhyz malo osungirako Teberdinsky ndi malo ena osungirako (Damkhurts, Chiliksky, Dautsky, Golovinsky, Tlyaryatinsky ndi ena), Sochi State Natural National Park. Ndikofunikira kuwunika momwe anthu aliri m'malo osiyanasiyana, bungwe losungirako malo akumphepete mwa banki ya Itum-Kalinsky. Kusunga polymorphic anthu ambiri a kumtunda kwa mtsinje. Mzymta ikufuna kupezeka kwa tsambali kugawo la Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve [9-11].
Zizindikiro zakunja
Njoka ya Dinnik imakhala ndi kutalika pang'ono, komwe nthawi zina imapitirira 0.5 m. Amuna ndi ochepa pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Mutu waukulu komanso wosalala wa cholengedwa umasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi ndi mawonekedwe owonekera pachiberekero. Mchira wake ndi wocheperako, wokhazikika kumunsi.
M'matumbu ena a Dinnik, mzere wa zigzag kumbuyo kwake umalumikizana ngakhale mzere wopitilira
Mtundu wa serpenti umasiyana kwambiri: pali anthu akuda kwathunthu, otchedwa melancts, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mandimu owala achikasu kapena mtundu wa lalanje. Njoka zambiri zimakhala ndi chingwe chobiriwira chobiriwira kumbuyo kwawo, chomwe nthawi zina chimakhala cholumikizana. Mikwingwirima ina iwiri yakuda ndiyenda m'mbali. Zovala zamkati mwagalimoto nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowala ndi madontho akuda. Utoto wa dothi la Dinnik uli ndi mphamvu yoteteza ndipo umathandiza njokayo kutikimira bwino pamalo owoneka bwino komanso osiyanako ndi mapiri. Masamba ang'onoang'ono amakhala a bulauni pakabadwa ndipo pofika chaka chachitatu chokha amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Njoka ya Dinnik imangokhala mkati mwa Greater Caucasus - njira yamapiri yotambalala pakati pa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian. Amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, amakhala m'malo opapatiza a mapiri, omwe amadziwika kuti Alpine zone, omwe amapezeka pamwamba pa 1500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mtundu waukulu wa njokayo ndi ku Russia, Azerbaijan ndi Georgia.
Malo okhala ndi nyanjayi ya Dinnik ndi miyala yamiyala yomwe ili ndi miyala yambiri ya Rhododendron ndi moraine, yokhala ndi moss, lichen ndi thyme. Imapezekanso m'mapaki ndi zigwa zamtsinje wamapiri.
Wowonjezera wa Dinnik amakhala kuti ndipo moyo wake ndi wotani?
Njoka izi zimangokhala kumadzulo kwa Caucasus, ku Stavropol ndi Krasnodar Territories. Ngati njoka wamba zimakhala m'nkhalango, ndipo mbalamezo zimapulumuka kumapiri, Dinnika amakhala kumapiri. Njoka izi zimapezeka pamtunda wa 1500-3000 metres. Amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri, okhala ndi nkhalango zambiri, mapiri a subalpine, mapiri komanso mapiri amiyala. Kuchulukana kwa anthu m'malo abwino kumafanana ndi kupsinjika kwa mphiri wamba.
Njoka ya Dinnik imadziwika kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri pakati pa njoka.
Njoka ya Dinnik sakonda dzuwa lowala ndi kutentha, chifukwa chake chilimwe chimagwira m'mawa ndi masana. Kutalika kwa tsikulo, amakonda kubisala pakati pamiyala, m'nkhokwe zowirira ndi zingwe za nyama zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale azimayi omwe akuyembekezera ana omwe amafunikira kuti azikhala padzuwa samatuluka, koma amasankha malo pomwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumalowa m'malo, kumapangitsa dzuwa kukhala mbali zina za thupi.
Kodi njoka ya Dinnik imadya bwanji?
Achinyamata amadya abuluzi. Ziphuphu zimapanganso chakudya chamagulu cha anthu akuluakulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa choti amabulu ambiri amakhala ku Caucasus. Kuphatikiza pa abuluzi, agulu akuluakulu a Dinnik amadya zazing'ono zazing'ono - mbewa, ma voles ndi ma swrew.
Pakusaka, nyanjayo imadikirira wovutayo ndikuluma mano ake ndi liwiro la mphezi, ndikulowetsa poyizoni. Kenako amafufuza pang'onopang'ono wogwirira nayeyo ndikudya.
Chiyambire kubadwa kwa nyoka ya Dinnik - zilombo zenizeni.
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa njoka za Dinnik
Akazi omwe akuyembekezera makanda samayenda kwambiri. Monga lamulo, amakhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono - osapitirira mamilimita ochepa. Izi ndizokwanira kwa iwo, chifukwa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati samadya, amatha kupeza pogona ndi malo omwe mungayere padzuwa.
Njoka ya Dinnik sakonda kutentha.
Nyengo yobereketsa ndiyowopsa kwa akazi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo otetezeka ndipo imakhala yosatetezeka kwambiri. Popeza zazikazi sizimadya pa nthawi yoyembekezera, komanso nthawi yofunda m'mapiri sichitali, mwayi woti kubereka uli ndi malire. Pankhani imeneyi, akazi amabereka ana osati chaka chilichonse, koma kamodzi pachaka 2-3. Nthawi yomweyo, zazikazi zimabereka ana ochepa - awiri kapena asanu okha, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako poyerekeza ndi ana omwe ali mu steppe viper.
Ana amabadwira mu chipolopolo cha mazira owoneka bwino, pomwe amatuluka. Pambuyo pa ola limodzi lokha, ana amalira, ndipo patatha sabata limodzi amayamba kusaka pawokha. Njoka zatsopano za a Dinnik ndi zilombo ngakhale atafika pa sabata, zimatha kudyera abuluzi, omwe kukula kwake kumagwirizana ndi matupi awo.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Moyo
Ntchito yayikulu njoka m'mawa. Komabe, nyengo ikamagwa, njoka zikumakhazikika pamalo otsetsereka zimatha kuwoneka masana. Pazakudya zake ndi makoswe ndi abuluzi osiyanasiyana, nthawi zina amadya mbalame zazing'ono. Mano a njokayo samasinthidwa kuti azingobayira poizoni m'thupi la wozunzidwayo, koma ndi thandizo lawo amathanso kukhazikika mumiyala.
Amuna ndiye oyamba kuchoka hibernation mkatikati mwa Epulo, mochedwa kuposa akazi. Matenga amapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Pakati pa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, wamkazi amabereka kuchokera pakati pa atatu mpaka asanu ndi awiri kutalika kwa 15 cm. Pafupifupi izi zitachitika, amachoka nthawi yachisanu. Kukula kwachinyamata kumagwira ntchito pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Pakadali pano, amadya zokha zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zazikulu.
Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia
Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa njoka zam'mimba za Dinnik kwakhala kukucheperachepera: kudyetsa ziweto kwambiri kwapangitsa kuti malo okhala. Nthawi zambiri, nyanjayo imakhala yozunza alendo osasamala omwe amamupha akakumana. Kuti ateteze njoka ya Dinnik, chiletso padziko lonse lapansi cha malonda amtunduwu chinayambitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, imatetezedwa m'mapaki ndi mayiko ena a Great Caucasus.
Chochititsa chidwi
Njokayo idatchedwa dzina lake polemekeza wolemba nyama wotchuka waku Russia ZO. Dinnik nthawi yaosayansi mu 1913. Chifukwa chake, katswiri wina wazinyama wotchuka A.M. Nikolsky adaganiza zowona phindu lalikulu lomwe mnzake adachita nawo pakuphunzira nyama zamtchire za Caucasus.
Monga nthumwi zina zamtunduwu, njoka ndi poyizoni. Maziko a poizoni wake ndi poizoni wa hemolytic, yemwe, amagwera m'magazi, amawononga maselo ofiira amwazi. Kuti muchepetse poizoni kugwiritsa ntchito seramu yapadera "Viper". Mowopsa, pamene palibe malo odikirira thandizo, nthawi yomweyo kuluma, poizoni amayenera kuyamwa kuchokera bala. Mwanjira imeneyi, mutha kutenga mpaka theka la mlingo. Popeza hemolytic poizoni amangogwira m'magazi, ndipo amawola m'mimba, njirayi ndiyotetezedwa.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Mtundu: | Chordata (Chordata) |
Giredi: | Repitili (Reptilia) |
Gulu: | Scaly (Suamata) |
Banja: | Viper (Viperidae) |
Subfamily: | Viper (Viperinae) |
Jenda: | Vipers yeniyeni (Vipera) |
Onani: | Dinnik Viper (Vipera dinniki) |
Njoka ya Dinnik ndi njoka yaying'ono (komabe, ngati njoka zambiri), yotalika masentimita 60. Mchirawo ndi waufupi - mpaka 8 masentimita, mwaimuna nthawi zonse umakhala wotalikirapo kuposa wachikazi, chifukwa ziwalo zamphongo zazimuna - hemipenises - zazungidwa m'matumba mwake. Amuna eniake ndi ochepa komanso ochepa thupi kuposa akazi. Pafupifupi, thupi la njokayo ndi wandiweyani, wandiweyani.
Njokayo idapakidwa utoto wokongola kwambiri: pandunji pachithunzi, chachikasu, chofiirira kapena chofiyira, malo amtundu wakuda woderapo amaonekera mosiyana ndi mbali zamkati moyandikana nayo, kumbuyo, paliponse thupi pali chingwe chakuda kapena chofiirira.
Mimba imapakidwa utoto (wotuwa) kapena wamtundu wotuwa, wokhala ndimawonekedwe ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, wosengekeratu pamwambapa, mutu wopindika umalozedwa. Mtundu wa mutu ndi wofanana ndi waukuluwo: mikwingwirima yakuda imadutsa mbali zake.
Maso otsika, ndi mwana wowongoka. Nthawi zina pamakhala njoka yokhala ndi imvi.
Monga mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa njoka zowona, m'chilengedwe cha njoka izi, mitundu yokwanira yaziphuphu imapezeka - nyama zomwe sizikhala ndi utoto wowala ndipo zimapakidwa utoto wakuda, wabwino.
Nthawi zambiri anthu opanga mahandala amakhala osapitilira 30% ya anthu onse.
Ana amapaka utoto modzichepera - wodera, wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira, ali ndi zaka zambiri yemwe amapanga njoka yokalamba. Utoto woteteza motere modabwitsa umasokoneza njoka m'malo ake achilengedwe.
Habitat ndi moyo
Njoka zamtunduwu ndizofalikira ku Great Caucasus ndipo sizipezeka kwina kulikonse kunja kwa dera lino. Ndi nthawi yoyamba kufotokozedwa kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba wa Malaya Laba, kudera la nkhokwe ya Caucasus ku Krasnodar Territory.
Zogawa zonse ndizochepa m'mapiri a Greater Caucasus madera a Georgia, Russia ndi Azerbaijan. Kudera la Russian Federation, nyanjayo imapezeka kuchokera kumapiri a Dzhemaruk, Tybga ndi Chugush, ndi ma spurs awo (Abago, Atamazhi, Pshekish) - kumadzulo komanso kumtsinje wapamwamba wa Bolshaya Laba kummawa kwa chigawo.
Kudera la Chipata cha Colchis (kutsitsa gawo lalikulu la Caucasian pakati pa nsonga za Chugush ndi Fisht), mtunduwo umang'ambika ndipo nyanjayo palibe ena.
Komanso pali mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yotalikirana kuchokera kumalo okhala kum'mawa kwa mtsinje wa Bolshaya Laba, m'malo a North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia ndi Kabardino-Balkaria.
Nyoka ya dinnik ndi mtundu wamapiri wokha (mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, njoka ya Caucasus ndi njoka ya Radde, yomwe imapezekanso m'malo a mapiri), wokhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri, dera lamapiri lamapiri, zigwa za mapiri ndi magombe awo. Amakonzanso madera okhala ndi udzu wokhala ndi zitsamba (hellebore, mitundu ya thyme, saxifrage, rhododendrons, rosemary ndi ena) ndi moss-lichen alpine tundra.
Mitundu ya a Dinnik imagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo ndi m'mawa, nyengo yamitambo ndi yotentha, ndipo imagwira ntchito masana, ikusamba dzuwa. Kwa nthawi yonseyi (nthawi yayitali masana ndi usiku), njoka zimabisala m'miyala pansi pa miyala, zomangira mapanga ndi m'malo ena abwino.
Vipers sakhala malo ndipo alibe malo osaka aliyense.Vipers amadyera makamaka makoswe onga mbewa (omwe amapanga zakudya zawo - mpaka 60%) ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, monga ma shrub voles, mbewa za Caucasus, mbewa zamtchire, mitundu ya akhwangwala, abuluzi, kawirikawiri, njoka zimadyera mbalame zazing'ono ndi anapiye awo.
Monga njoka zonse zapoizoni, njoka zimapha nyama mothandizidwa ndi poyizoni wawo. Ululu wamasamba am'kati mwa njoka - umafoola msanga wozunzayo ndikupangitsa maselo ofiira amwazi. Momwe wovutikayo amalekezera kuwonetsa zizindikiro za moyo, njokayo imayamba kumeza pang'onopang'ono.
Popeza kuti njoka ya Dinnik ndi nyama yotalikirana bwino, imabisala nthawi yozizira. Vipers imanyamuka nthawi yachisanu kuti ikadatsala pang'ono Okutobala, nthawi zambiri imasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu mu mizu yamitengo, mizere ikuluikulu ndi malo ena oyenera izi.
Chapakatikati, njoka zimawoneka pamtunda wotsika kuposa + 11 ° C, womwe umapezeka pafupifupi koyambirira - kumapeto kwa Epulo. Ndizachilendo kuti, chifukwa cha chibadwa chobala, abambo ndiwo oyambira kuchoka pachiwopsezo.
Zosangalatsa
- Njoka ya Dinnik imatha kungogwiritsa ntchito kuluma poyizoni ndi mano ake, komanso kutulutsa nyama yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi iyo ndikumata pakati pa miyala kapena zinthu zina. Khalidwe lotere lathunthu silikhala lachilendo kwa njoka, makamaka zapoizoni, chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa nsagwada ndi mano.
- Mwa mitundu yonse ya njoka zapoizoni ku Greater Caucasus, njoka ya Dinnik ndiyo mitundu yayitali kwambiri yamapiri - malo opezeka kwambiri njoka imeneyi ndi oposa 1,500 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. Palibe mitundu ya njoka zapoizoni yomwe imatuluka pamwamba pa mitunduyi ku Great Caucasus.
- Mtundu wamtunduwu nthawi zina umapezeka m'misika, makamaka zopangika ndi malo osungira nyama, komabe, malo ochitira masewera ena nthawi zina amakhala ndi mtundu uwu. Dziwani kuti chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa njoka, kuyisunga pamalo a nkhonya ndizowopsa makamaka kwa mwini wakeyo komanso anthu ena!
Ziwopsezo komanso zoopsa kwa anthu
Monga mitundu yonse yamtundu wa njoka zowona, kuluma kwa njoka Dinnik kumabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu ndi nyama. Njoka zowopsa kwambiri zimaluma kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira - panthawiyi, kuchuluka kwa poizoni wazakudya zawo ndizokwanira.
Misonkhano yamtunduwu imatha kuchitika komwe nyanjayo ili, poyenda, kutuluka. Nthawi zambiri olumidwa amakhala okhala m'derali - abusa odyetsa ziweto omwe amapezeka kudera lalitali. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti njoka yoyamba ija siziwombana ndipo kulikonseipewa kukumana ndi munthu.
Pokhala akusokonezedwa, njokayo imayesetsa kunyenga mwachangu, kubisala. Kuluma kungayambitse kuyesa kugwira njoka, ndipo ngakhale zitatero, njokayo imalilira mchenjezi ndikupanga chakudya chabwinobwino ", popeza poizoni ngofunika kwambiri kwa iye ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yambiri pakupanga.
Nthawi inanso, kuluma kumatha kuchitika ngati mwakumana ndi njoka mwangozi. Choopsa kwambiri ndichakuti m'malo awa nthawi zambiri kulibe malo alionse azachipatala omwe angathandize omwe akulumidwa ndi poyizoni.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, poizoni wa njoka Dinnik - hemolytic zochita. Amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwamankhwala ochulukitsa a hemorrhagic, hemocoagulating and necrotizing kanthu, peptide hydrolases, hyaluronidases ndi phospholipases, omwe panthawi yakuluma kudzera ma lymph node amalowa mu magazi, kuwononga maselo ofiira am'magazi - maselo ofiira am'magazi komanso zotsatira za magazi, komanso zamitsempha.
Nthawi zambiri, kuluma, munthu akamamva ululu wowopsa mwachindunji m'malo olumidwa, ndiye kuti kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 30, chizungulire, mseru, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, khungu, kuchuluka thukuta, kuzizira, tachycardia.
Muzochitika zazikulu kwambiri, kusowa kwa chikumbumtima, kutupa kwa nkhope, kutsika kwakukulu kwa magazi, magazi akulu (DIC), kulephera kwa impso, kugwedezeka kapena kukomoka.
Imfa zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 4-8%. M'milandu yambiri, kuluma kumatha osaposa sabata, koma kumatha nthawi yayitali - mpaka chaka chimodzi.
Makamaka, zovuta zosiyanasiyana zimayambitsidwa chifukwa chodzichitira nokha zosayenera.
Choyamba thandizo kuluma
Monga chithandizo choyambirira chakuluma, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse, yikani bandeji yothinikizira (koma osachita masewera!), Chepetsani katunduyo pa dzanja kuti musamayende bwino, ndikupatsanso chakumwa chochuluka.
Maganizo pazabwino zofunafuna poyizoni kuchokera pachilonda adagawika: akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mpaka 30-50% ya poizoni aliyense amatha kuchotsedwa mkati mwa mphindi 10-15 ndi njirayi, wina amawona kuti ndiwowopsa, popeza mabakiteriya amatha kulowa m'magazi pamodzi ndi malovu. kutupa kwa purulent ndikutsogolera ku zowopsa zina, mpaka ku sepsis.
Mwa njira zosalondola ndi zolakwika, koma zokumana nazo (makamaka pakati pa anthu am'deralo) njira zochiritsira, pamadula gawo pamalo olumidwa, kulumikizana, kugwiritsa ntchito alendo komanso chisanu.
Chida chokha choona chachipatala chomwe chitha kupewetsa kuyamwa kwa poizoni ndi seramu yapadera - "Viper", yomwe imalimbikitsidwa mwamphamvu kuti mupite nanu mukapita kumalo a mtundu wa njerayi.
Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo
Njoka ya dinnik ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri, wopezekeratu komanso wamtopola amene amafunika kutetezedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, njoka ya Dinnik idalembedwa patsamba lachiwiri la CITES (Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse mu Endangered Species of Wild Fauna ndi Flora). M'mbuyomu, njoka ya Dinnik sinatengedwe ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha ndipo inali gawo limodzi lamtunduwu (monga subspecies) - njoka ya Caucasian (Vipera kaznakovi), yomwe idaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of USSR (RSFSR ndi Georgia wa Russian).
Pakadali pano, mtunduwu umatetezedwa m'malo ambiri, m'malo osungirako komanso malo akuluakulu a Greater Caucasus, ku Russia ndi ku Republic of Georgia.
Choopsa chachikulu pamtunduwu chikuyimiriridwa ndi alendo omwe nthawi zambiri amapha njoka pamalo amisasa yawo. Anthu akumaloko amaopa kwambiri njoka zam'deralo (njoka zosavulaza ndi abuluzi opanda miyendo - mabatani achikasu, mabatani, kuphatikiza mtundu wamtunduwu ndipo nthawi zonse zimapha nthawi ndi nthawi.
Njoka ya Dinnik ilibe adani achilengedwe ocepa. Nthawi zina nkhukuzi zimasakidwa ndi mahedgehogs, nkhandwe, akatumbu ndi mbalame zina zodyedwa.
Ngakhale njoka ya Dinnik inali ndi poizoni bwanji, iyi ndi nyama yosowa komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe imapindulitsa zachuma - kuwononga ndikuletsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe ovulaza. Kuphatikiza apo, poyizoni wa mitundu iyi ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mitundu ya njoka zenizeni ndizofunikira popanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtima. Chifukwa chake, kusamala ndi njoka zamtunduwu ndi zamitundu ina kudzapulumutsa chilengedwe cha dziko lathu komanso dziko lonse lapansi.
Zojambula zakunja
Zithunzi za njoka za Dinnik zikuwoneka modabwitsa mosiyanasiyana. Njoka imatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: lalanje lamtundu wakuda, wamtambo wobiriwira kapena chikasu cha mandimu. Nthawi zambiri mtundu umakhala wowala, mizereyo imakhala yomveka. Anthu akuda enieni amapezekanso (pafupifupi 22%). Opanga mankhwalawa amabadwa achikuda, koma pofika chaka chachitatu cha moyo, mtunduwo umakhala wakuda bii. Mwa njira, izi ndizovuta zachilendo: kusungunuka kwa mitundu yambiri (mwachitsanzo, njoka yokhudzana ndi Caucasian) nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawanga akuda pamalo akuda.
Kutalika kwake, njoka yofiira kapena mtundu wa Dinnik amafika masentimita 50-55, ndiye kuti, ali ndi kukula kwamtundu wabanja.
Zingwe zomveka bwino, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda, zimadutsa pakati kumbuyo. Mawonekedwe a m'mutu ndi owumbika mkondo, mawonekedwe a njoka zonse, kuloza pamphuno. Mphunawo imakwezedwa pang'ono. Monga njoka yopondera, mutu umakhala ndi mayankho omveka bwino akamawawona kuchokera kumwamba. Kuphatikizika kwa khosi kumawonetsedwa. Thupi la njokayo limakhuthala chimodzimodzi kutalika kwake, silimayenda mchira (monga, mwa njoka). Mchirawo ndi waufupi, ukugwira kwambiri. Phunziroli ndi loima, ngati mphaka.
Kufalitsa
Njoka ya Dinnik imakhala ku Greater Caucasus, kudera la Russia, Azerbaijan ndi Georgia. Madera akuluwa amakhala kum'mawa kwa Bolshaya Laba, ndipo kuwonjezera pamenepo, madera angapo akutali amadziwika mdera la Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Adygea ndi Dagestan.
Makhalidwe
Njoka ya Dinnik imapezeka m'malo otsetsereka ndi a subalpine, pamalo okwera 1.5 mpaka 3 km. Njoka iyi simakonda madera otseguka, imakonda nkhokwe zokhala ndi zomerazo.
M'mapiri a mitsinje, pomwe nkhalango zamdima zakuda sizikhala, njoka za Dinnik zimakhala pafupi ndi Caucasian, ndipo m'malo awa anthu omwe amapezeka ndi mitundu yonseyi amapezeka (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti interspecific hybridization).
Njoka izi zimakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, koma zimagwira makamaka m'mawa ndi madzulo. Ngati kuli nyengo yamdambo, nthendayo imatha kugwira ntchito masana.
M'mwezi wa Okutobala, njoka zimanyamuka nthawi yozizira. Malo osungira nthawi yachisanu nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe amakhala. Amuna anali oyamba kuchoka kunyumba kumapeto kwa Marichi, ndipo pambuyo pake akazi nawonso adadzuka.
Kusaka ndi zakudya
Njoka ya dinnik ndi nyama yolusa. Akuluakulu amadyera makamaka makoswe: mbewa, mbewa, mashekedwe. Ndikusowa chakudya, amatha kuthana ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Ziwawa zakumwa zimadya tizilombo ta mimbulu.
Nyama zikuluzikulu, njoka imeneyi siziukila. Njoka yofiira imapha wozunzidwayo, monga abale ake ambiri, mothandizidwa ndi poyizoni. Kapangidwe ka nsagwayo ndikodziwika kwa njoka: mano kutafuna samapangidwa bwino, ma fangali ndi lakuthwa komanso lalitali, koma amatha kungogwira ntchito zokocha zomata thupi. Chifukwa chake, njokayo sikudandaula ndipo siyita kutafuna chakudya, koma imang'amba.
Ngozi Za Anthu ndi Mayendedwe
Njoka iyi ndi yapoizoni, poizoniyo ali ndi poizoni wa hemolytic, wofanana ndi mamembala onse am'banja. Amakhala m'malo omwe amakhala otchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu omanga misasa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti tizitha kuzindikira njoka izi, komanso kudziwa momwe muyenera kukhalira mukamakumana.
Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti palibe njoka yomwe imawona munthu ngati chinthu chosaka. Amatha kuluma pomwe akudzitchinjiriza.
Akatswiri amalangiza kuti ayang'ane malowo mosamala. Mu udzu ndi miyala, njoka yowala iyi ndiyosiyana kwambiri. Osayesa kumuukira, kumenya ndi ndodo, kuponya miyala. Chokwawa kapena chovulala chitha kuyambitsa nkhondo, ndipo ndizotheka kuti chiwonetsa zambiri kuposa munthu.
Pakulumwa, kulumikizidwa kwachipatala ndikofunikira kwambiri. Wovutitsidwayo amayenera kupita kuchipatala msanga. Ndizomveka kuyamwa mankhwalawo nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pachilondacho, kutsuka pakamwa ndi malo olumidwa ndi madzi pafupipafupi.
Ngati chochitikacho chidachitika kudera lakutali komanso kuyendetsa mwachangu sikutheka, ndikofunikira kumuyika kuti mutu ukhale wotsika kuposa miyendo (izi zimakhazikitsa kukakamiza kwa intracranial). Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa poizoni m'thupi kumathandiza kumwa kwambiri, kutentha. Mlendo ndiwosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito, koma kuvala minofu yolimba pamwamba pamalowo ndikofunikira - kumachepetsa kufalikira kwa poizoni ndi mwanabele, koma sikungasokoneze magazi. Kuti muchepetse mkhalidwe wa wozunzidwayo, mutha kumupatsa mankhwala odana ndi kutupa ndi antihistamine, koma ndikofunikira kuti izi zimachitika moyang'aniridwa ndi adokotala, osati mwachilengedwe.
Ngakhale thandizo loyambira litaperekedwa mwaluso komanso mokwanira, nkhani yoyendera iyenera kuthandizidwa mofulumira. Kufunsira kwa dokotala chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi njoka ndikofunikira!
Mkhalidwe wa Red Book
Mwachilungamo, tikuwona kuti njoka iyi imavutika ndi munthu koposa kumupweteketsa. Mu Buku Lofiyira, njoka Dinnik ndi mtundu wosaopsa. Izi sizoyenera kuchulukitsidwa chabe mwakuthupi la anthu: kudula mitengo mwachisumbu, kudyetsa mitengo m'nthaka, kulima malo olimapo.