Naked digger (lat. Heterocephalus glaber) - makoko ochepa okhala kummawa kwa Africa, kumapeto ndi zipululu za Ethiopia, Kenya ndi Somalia. Chinyama chodabwitsa chomwe chaphatikiza luso lanyama ndi chamoyo chodziwika ndi gulu lake, chomwe sichingafanane ndi oimira ufumu wa nyama.

Kuwoneka kwa wamguduli wopanda maliseche

Chithunzi chosanja maliseche osati kowoneka bwino kwambiri. Nyamayo imawoneka ngati khoswe wamkulu wobadwa kumene kapena mtundu wa dazi.

Khungu loyera laimye yakuda silikhala ndi tsitsi. Mutha kuwona ma vibrissae angapo (tsitsi lalitali) lomwe limathandiza kuti mbewa yakhungu izitayenda munjira zamkati, koma ndizochepa kwambiri.

Kutalika kwa thupi la tinthu tokhala tamaliseche sikudutsa 10 cm, kuphatikiza ndi mchira wocheperako 3-4 cm. Kulemera kwa thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa 35 - 40 g. Makoswe achikazi amakhala olemera pafupifupi kawiri - pafupifupi 60-70 gr.

Kapangidwe ka thupi kamasinthidwa kukhala njira yobisika ya moyo chinyama. Naked digger imayenda pamiyendo inayi yayifupi, pakati pa zala zake zomwe tsitsi lalitali limakula, ndikuthandizira nyamayo kukumba pansi.

Maso ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi maonedwe otsika ndikuchepetsa auricles amawonetsanso kuti nyamayi imakhala mobisa. Komabe, fungo la nyamayo ndi lothekera komanso amagawanika magwiridwe antchito - opangidwira dongosolo lalikulu lopeza chakudya akapeza chakudya, lingaliro lina la kununkhira limaphatikizidwa pomwe anthu amafunika kuzindikira achibale awo. Imeneyi ndi mfundo yofunika, chifukwa moyo wachinyama chomwe chimabisala pansi zimadalira mkhalidwe wawo.

Mano awiri akutsogolo akutsogolo kuchokera kunsagwada kumtunda amagwira ntchito ngati chida chokumba nyama. Mano amapita patsogolo mtsogolo, zomwe zimaloleza milomo kuti itseke pakamwa ndikutsegula zolimba motsutsana ndi lapansi.

Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga Nyama zodyeka ozizira

Makonda apadera a rat maliseche

Ndikosavuta kupeza nyama yomwe imatha kupikisanirana ndi makoswe ogonera maliseche ndi kuchuluka kwa zodabwitsa pakugwira ntchito kwa machitidwe ake:

• Kuwonongeka kwa magazi. Monga zokwawa ndi zokwawa, ofukula amatha kusintha kutentha kuzungulira. Mwamwayi, nyama zimangokhala ku Africa otentha, momwe matenthedwe apansi panthaka ya mamita awiri satha kutsogolera hypothermia ya nyama. Nyama zolimbikira zimamaliza ntchito usiku. Kutentha kumachepa panthawiyi, makoswe opanda maliseche amagona limodzi, akumamatirana.

• Kusazindikira kwazopweteka. Thupi lomwe limapereka chisonyezo cha kupweteka kwa chapakati chamanjenje limangosapezeka mu chofufuzira. Nyama sikhala ndi ululu pakadula, kuluma, ngakhale itayatsidwa acid pakhungu.

• Kutha kukhala m'mikhalidwe ya kuchepa kwa mpweya. Mitsinje yomwe kukumba toothy digger imakhala yakuya mobisa ndipo ndi mainchesi okha a 4-6. Ojambula akuda amaliseche ndinazolowera zikhalidwe za kupanda mpweya. Poyerekeza ndi nyama zina, kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira m'magazi apansi panthaka ndikwambiri kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wambiri ukhale mu labyrinth. Inde, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kachakudya maliseche amaliseche makoswe amawononga ndalama zochepa. Pakulamulira kwa njala yankho la okosijeni, nyamayo imatha kupitirira theka la ola, ndipo izi sizimayambitsa ntchito yaubongo komanso kufa kwa maselo a wocheperako.

  Mpweya wa oxygen ukakhala wokulirapo ndipo chiwetocho chikangobwerera momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito, mphamvu zonse za m'magazi popanda kuwonongeka zimabwezedwanso ku ntchito.

Roti wamaliseche wamaliseche amatha kuchita popanda oxygen kwa mphindi 30. osavulaza thanzi

• Thupi limatetezedwa ku zotupa ndi khansa. Chifukwa cha gawo lapaderali, asayansi akufufuza mwachangu zovala zakuda. Zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti chifukwa chomwe chimalepheretsa khansa kumakhala ndi asidi wachilendo wa hyaluronic wopezeka mthupi la chinyama.Momwe mukudziwa, ntchito ya asidi iyi ndi kuchepetsa kutsalira kwa khungu la ma microbes, komanso kusunga kutalika kwa khungu ndikuwongolera madzi. Chifukwa chake, mu makoswe a ma mole, asidi awa ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu molekyulu, mosiyana ndi yathu - kulemera pang'ono.

Asayansi amati kusinthaku kusinthika kumalumikizidwa ndikufunika kochulukitsa khungu komanso kulumikizana kwa nyama kuti zizitha kuyenda mosavuta m'mphepete mwa mabowo awo apansi panthaka.

• Kutha kukhala ndi moyo chinyamata chikhalire. Pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa chifukwa cha kukalamba kwa maselo amthupi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kupukutira kwaulere komwe kumachitika pakamenyetseka mpweya, womwe umatulutsa michere ndi ma cell a DNA. Koma apa, nyama yapadera imatetezedwa ku zovulaza. Maselo ake amakhala modekha osagwiritsa ntchito magazi kwa zaka khumi.

• Kutha kuchita popanda madzi. Kwa moyo wonse, ofukula amaliseche samamwa gramu imodzi yokha yamadzi! Amakhala okhutira ndi chinyezi chomwe mizu ndi mizu ya mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya.

• Kutha kusunthira kumbali iliyonse. Kuchita uku kumawonekeranso ndi moyo wapansi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta nyama timene timakumba timalimba kwambiri kotero kuti ndi kovuta kutembenukiramo. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kosunthira mtsogolo komanso kusintha zinthu motere sikungatheke.

Mitundu yofananira

Banja la digger limalumikiza mitundu isanu komanso mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi. Zonsezi zimapezeka kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa rat maliseche ndi Cape mole.

Wopanda maliseche amakhala m'malo opezeka ku Somalia ndi zipululu za Somalia. Amadya pamizu ndi mizu ya zomera, zonse zakutchire ndi zopangidwa.

Nthawi zina mbewa yamaliseche imangodya gawo limodzi la tuber lomwe limapezeka ndikudzaza dzenje mu nthaka kuti mbatata ikule patsogolo, kotero nyamayo imadzipatsa chakudya cham'tsogolo. Wokumba maliseche amalandira madzi onse ofunikira kuchokera ku zomerazo, motero sangathe kuthirira. Tambala yamaliseche ilibe mlomo wapamwamba. Zoyala zazitali, zomwe mizu yake yomwe ili kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo kwa molars, imapanga gawo la mphuno kuchokera kumwamba.

Kuti mchenga usatsegule mphuno nthawi zonse, umatetezedwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi chikwama chachikopa, chomwe chimatchedwa "milomo yabodza". Kagayidwe ka nyama iyi imachedwa kwambiri, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa kwambiri kwa thupi lake, komwe kamangokhala 30-35 ° C. Chifukwa chake, nyamayo imawononga chakudya chochepa kwambiri kuposa zolengedwa zina zomwe zimasiyana kukula.

Moyo wopanda digger

Osati machitidwe abwinobwino amoyo okhala pansi panthaka. Osakumba pansi amakhala mwa lingaliro la anthill - ndi madera omwe mabizinesi ake amalamulira. Mfumukazi ndi mkazi yekhayo amene ali ndi ufulu kubereka.

Mamembala otsalawo (omwe chiwerengero chawo chimafikira mazana awiri) amagawana ntchito pakati pawo - olimba komanso okhazikika okumba, akulu ndi achikulire amateteza owoneka m'manja mwa mdani yekhayo waokumba, ndipo ofooka ndi ang'onoang'ono amasamalira mbadwo wachichepere ndipo akupeza chakudya.

Pansi pamadutsa akumba maliseche osavala, atakwatirana mumzere umodzi wautali. Wogwirayo, wotsogozedwa ndi mano amphamvu, amapukutira panjira, kudutsa dziko kupita kumbuyo kwake, ndi zina zotero, mpaka dziko lapansi lidzaponyedwa pansi ndi chinyama chomaliza. Kwa chaka chimodzi, madera oterewa amatulutsa dothi lokwana matani atatu.

Zidutsa zapansi panthaka zimayikidwa pansi mpaka mamita awiri ndipo zimatha kufikira ma kilomita asanu m'litali. Monga nyerere gulu la ojambulidwa amaliseche imakonzekeretsa ma labyrinths okhala ndi ma pentalo osungira chakudya, zipinda zodyera nyama zazing'ono, nyumba zodyeramo mfumukazi.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Zofukizira sizikhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni yobereka. Mfumukazi imabereka ana masabata onse a 10-12. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 70. M'mabizinesi achikazi, kuchuluka kwa ana amuna kwa akazi kuyambira pa 15 mpaka 27.

Yaikazi imakhala ndi mawanga khumi ndi awiri, koma ichi sichingakhale chopinga kuyamwitsa ana onse. Mfumukazi idawadyetsa iwo kwa mwezi umodzi. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, munthu wamkuluyo amakhala wogwira ntchito ndipo amalowa ndi wachibale wamkulu.

Makoswe opanda njere amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Koma mfumukazi yokhayo imaloledwa kukwatiwa ndi kubereka ana. Popanda kumvera, wolamulira wankhanza akhoza kuluma kwambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto, mpaka nyama itaphedwa.

Kodi ndimabakha angati amaliseche omwe amakhala? Mosiyana ndi mbewa ndi makoswe anzawo, kukumba pansi mobisa kumadziwika kuti ndikoyambitsa zazitali. Pafupifupi, nyama imakhala zaka 26-28, ikusungabe unyamata wa thupi ndi kuthekera kubereka m'njira yonse.

Zambiri Zofalitsa

Mbewu m'mimba imabweretsa mfumukazi wamkazi. Amakwatirana ndi abambo ochepa achonde, ndipo ubale wawo amakhalapo kwazaka zambiri. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 70. Mfumukazi imatha kubweretsa zinyalala zatsopano masiku 80 aliwonse, mchaka chimodzi chimakhala ndi malita asanu. Mwana wobadwa kumene amakhala wolemera osakwana 2 g Chiwerengero cha ana mu zinyalala ndi okulirapo kuposa zina zamitundu iyi. Amakhala pakati pa 12 mpaka 27 (chiwerengero chokwanira kwambiri mwa anyani), ngakhale chachikazi chimangokhala ndi ma nipples 12. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri owonera zinyama ku America ku Cornell University adawona kuti kuchuluka kwa mkaka mwa akazi kumalola ana kuti nawonso adye. Chifukwa chake, mu makoswe opanda maliseche, maziko azikhalidwe zamakhalidwe adayikidwa adakali aang'ono. Mfumukazi imadyetsa ana ake kwa milungu pafupifupi 4, ngakhale amayamba kusinthana ndi chakudya cholimba atakwanitsa milungu iwiri. Amunawo amadya ndowe, zomwe zimasungidwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, chifukwa chake zimapangitsa kuti zomera za bacteria zizigaya chakudya chomera.

Ofukula achichepere amayamba kugwira ntchito zaogwira ntchito atakwanitsa masabata 3-4. Zamoyo zitha kubereka, zimakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Kutalika kwa moyo wamakutu amiseche sikunachitikepo chifukwa cha makoswe ochepa: muukapolo adakhala zaka 26. Queens amakhala osachepera zaka 13-18. Njira zomwe zimathandizira kukhala ndi moyo wapamwamba motere sizidziwika bwinobwino.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Naked Digger

Chingwe chopanda maliseche ndi makoswe a banja la makoswe. Banja losazolowereka limaphatikizapo nyama zomwe zimayamwa ku Africa, asayansi adazindikira mitundu 6 ya mitundu ndi mitundu 22 ya akumba omwe amapangira. Popeza tidalowapo m'mbiri yonse, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti banja lodziwika bwino ili ndi makoswe ladziwika kuyambira Neogene woyamba, nthawi yayitali mitundu iyi ya makoswe idalinso ku gawo la Asia, komwe silipezekanso.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, makoswe amiseche adapezeka m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe wa ku Germany, Ruppel, yemwe mosakhalitsa adapeza chithunzithunzi ndikuchiwona ngati mbewa yakudwala yomwe idasowa tsitsi chifukwa cha matenda. Panthawiyo, palibe chidwi chapadera ndi digger, asayansi ena adangophunzira chikhalidwe chawo chachilendo. Njira zamakono zophunzirira mtundu wa genetic zitawonekera, asayansi adapeza zochuluka modabwitsa za makoswe amtunduwu.

Kanema: Naked Digger

Ndikukhalira kuti makoswe opanda maliseche samatha msinkhu konse, kukhalabe achangu komanso athanzi. Minofu yawo imakhala yolimba, mtima wawo umakhala wolimba, kugona kwawo kumagwiranso ntchito. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, machitidwe onse amoyo amakhala okhazikika, osawonongeka akamakula.

Chosangalatsa: Kutalika kwa moyo wa makoswe amaliseche kumakhala kotalika kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa kutalika kwa moyo komwe kumayesedwa ndi chibadwa china. Mwachitsanzo, makoswe amakhala zaka 2 mpaka 5, ndipo wojambula amatha kupulumuka onse 30 (ngakhale pang'ono), popanda kukalamba!

Kuwerenga zolengedwa zapaderazi, asayansi apeza zinthu zambiri zabwino zofufutira, zomwe mwa izi ndi:

• kusazindikira ululu
• kusaopa komanso kukana asidi (osawopa kutentha kwamoto ndi mankhwala),
• magazi-ozizira
• kukhala ndi chitetezo chopanda chitetezo (kwenikweni samadwala khansa, kugunda kwa mtima, stroke, matenda ashuga, etc.),
• kuthekera kopanda okosijeni kwa mphindi 20,
• moyo wautali wokhala ndi makoswe.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Naked digger mobisa

Miyezo ya tinthu tokhala tamaliseche ndiyocheperako, kutalika kwa thupi lake sikudutsa 12 cm, ndipo misa imachokera ku 30 mpaka 60 magalamu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa zazikazi, zomwe zimatha kulemera theka kuposa abambo awo. Thupi lonse la chowumbiracho limatha kutchedwa cylindrical, mutu wa ndodo ndiwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo miyendo yake yayifupi ndi yopindika.

Chosangalatsa: Kungoyang'ana koyamba pomwe mole imakhala yofanana ndi bald; komabe, ali ndi tsitsi lina lomwe limabalalika mthupi lake lonse, makamaka pamalo a mawondo, amawonekera bwino.

Chifukwa cha khungu lokwinyika, akatswiri ofukula miyala amatembenuka bwino malo, zimawoneka kuti timiyala timapinda. Zofukula zokhala ndi zinthu ngati chisel zotulutsa kunja kwa kamwa, kukhala kunja, nyama zawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba, monga zidebe zokumba. Zokumba pakamwa lapansi zimatetezedwa ndi makoko awo okhala kumbuyo kwa zoumba. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nsagwada yopanga bwino ya digger ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso imakhala ndi minofu yayikulu.

Zofukula ndi zakhungu pang'ono, maso awo ndi ang'ono kwambiri (0.5 mm) ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwala ndi mdima. Amatha kuyenda mu mlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi vibrissae, omwe samangokhala pamalo a muzzle, komanso thupi lonse, tsitsi loderali limakhala ngati ziwalo zowoneka bwino. Ngakhale ma auricles a makoko awa amachepetsedwa (ndiwodzigudubuza chikopa), amamva bwino, kutulutsa mawu osamveka bwino. Fungo la omwe amafukula nawonso ndilabwino kwambiri. Mwambiri, mawonekedwe achikopa thupi la wokumbiralo ndi pinki pamtundu ndipo onse amakhala amadzimadzi ndi makwinya.

Kodi khoswe wa maliseche amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Wovala maliseche wovala maliseche

Onse okumba pansi amakhala ku Africa kuno kotentha, komwe kuli gawo lakum'mawa, okonda madera akumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Nkhani ya maliseche amaliseche, imapezeka kwambiri ku savannah komanso dera lachipululu ku Somalia. Ojambula pansi amakhalanso ku Kenya ndi ku Etiopia, okhala m'malo owuma a zipululu zouma komanso zipululu. Asayansi adatha kudziwa kuti anthu akumba akakhala ku Mongolia komanso ku Israel, izi zimadziwika chifukwa cha nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'maiko amenewa. Masiku ano, opanga digger amakhala ku Africa kokha.

Monga taonera kale, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakhala m'malo otetemera (m'mphepete mwa chipululu), makatani amakonda mchenga komanso nthaka yosaloledwa, komanso amatha kukwera mapiri kutalika kwa kilomita imodzi ndi theka. Zamoyo zachilendo izi amazolowera kukhala m'matumbo a dziko lapansi, kukumba ma labraninths apansi panthaka ndi zida zawo zamphamvu, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma tayini ambiri okongoletsedwa, kutalika kwake kungakhale makilomita angapo.Zofukula pafupifupi sizimafikira pamtunda, chifukwa sizotheka kuziwona.

Nthawi zina nyama zazing'ono nthawi yakukhazikika zimatha kuwonekera panja. Ngakhale chokhala chouma kwambiri komanso chofanana ndi dothi la konkire sichimavuta kukumba maliseche, amatha kukumba (kapena m'malo mwake, kukukuta) mndandanda wonse wamatchu, atagwa pansi kuchokera pansi mpaka mita imodzi mpaka theka.

Chifukwa chiyani mole yopanda maliseche sakukalamba?

Zinapezeka kuti zonse mu genetics, chisinthiko chinasamalira maliseche amarisece ndipo, mosiyana ndi anthu, adamulola kuti apange jini lomwe limasowa njira zambiri zachikulire zomwe zimachokera mu nyama zina ndi anthu, ndipo pali majini omwe amathandizira anthu pankhondo iyi. Nyama wamba zomwe zimakhala ndi mwayi wakufa zaka zoyambirira zikatha kubereka sizikhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali - palibe chifukwa chosinthira kuti pakhale mtundu wina wofunika kwa moyo wautali ngati cholinga chachikulu ndikusiya ana musanadye nyama iliyonse.

Wopanda maliseche amakula pansi panthaka ndipo alibe adani achilengedwe - chifukwa chake, chisinthiko chapanga mtundu wake pantchito yokhala ndi moyo wautali komanso kuwongolera matenda. Njira zofananira izi zidapangidwa mu nyama zina zotetezedwa bwino kuzidyera, mwachitsanzo: njovu zimakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa nyama zambiri zofanana chifukwa chakuti zilibe adani achilengedwe, akamba akuluakulu amatetezedwa ndi zipolopolo ndipo chifukwa chake adapanga njira zodzitetezera ku ukalamba. Ndinalemba za kuchuluka kwa moyo wa nyama ndi anthu zomwe zalembedwa m'nkhani yoti:

Zambiri zomwe zapezedwa mu genetics maliseche amaliseche opangidwa ndi asayansi aku Russia, koma okwatirana omwe akukhala ku USA: Vera Gorbunova ndi Andrei Seluyanov, omwe amagwira ntchito labotale ya biology ya ukalamba ku Yunivesite ya Rotcher. Adasanthula maselo a makoswe amalisiti ndikufanizira kukula kwawo ndi makina ogawa ndi magawo omwe amapezeka m'maselo a mbewa wamba osakhala osaposa zaka zitatu. Anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa jini yomwe imawongolera kukula kwa maselo mu rat ya maliseche ndikuletsa kukula kwa khansa ndikupanga mtundu wapadera wa hyaluronic acid m'maselo. Malinga ndi asayansi, hyaluronic acid, yomwe tsopano ikugulitsidwa pamapiritsi, singayerekezedwe ndi asidi omwe amapangidwa m'maselo a cell wamisece.

Anthufe timafanana kwambiri ndi genome la maliseche amaliseche: palinso njira yotengera majini yomwe imatulutsa hyaluronic acid, koma ma enzyme omwe amachititsa njirayi siogwira ntchito mokwanira kotero siwosakhazikika mokwanira, mwina pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR waukadaulo kapena mankhwala wamba enzyme iyi - ndiye kuti munthu amathanso kuthana ndi khansa ndi ukalamba, ngati khoswe wamaliseche.

At maliseche amaliseche Pazonse, pali njira zingapo zomwe zimamuthandiza kuthana ndi ukalamba ndi khansa:

• Limagwirira kupanga kwambiri hyaluronic acid
• Limagwirira kupanga molondola mapuloteni ofunikira amoyo
• Njira yochotsera mapuloteni owonongeka ndi zinyalala zama cell kuchokera mthupi

Akatswiri azachilengedwe amamvetsetsa bwino njira zambiri za njirazi, kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kudzapangitsa kupanga majini azachithandizo matenda osachiritsika komanso kukalamba kukhala kothandiza komanso kwa anthu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Gwero lalikulu la zakudya za nyamazo ndi magawo a pansi pa mbewu, kuphatikiza mizu, mababu amadzimadzi ndi ma tubers amapita kukadya. Ofukula safuna madzi, madzi onse ofunikira amapita kwa iwo ndi chakudya. Anthu omwe ali mu ukapolo amatha kudya masamba ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana.

Maphwando amakumba zipatso.

Ofukula pansi pa yunivesite ya Moscow State

gulu la anthu ofukula maliseche aku Moscow State University

Palibe ofukula amaliseche ku Russia, koma adatibweretsa kudzaphunzira njira za kuthana ndi ukalamba mu Seputembara 2016. Tsopano ku MSU kuli magulu athunthu onse, okhala ndi machubu apulasitiki ochuluka, ngakhale kuti koloniyo si lalikulu kwambiri - anthu 25 okha, koma zakukonzekera kuti kukula kwa colonyyo kudzawonjezeka ndi nthawi 10 pachaka! Palinso mwayi woti muyang'ane osaka maliseche pa intaneti, adakhazikitsa makamera pa intaneti ku Moscow State University, yang'anani osaka maliseche pa intaneti.

Kubalana ndi moyo

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti makoswe opanda maliseche amakhala m'mabanja, nthawi zambiri mchitidwewu umakhala wachilengedwe njuchi kapena nyerere. Pamutu pa banja lonse pali mfumukazi yachikazi, ya umuna womwe umakhala wokhazikika 2-3 zomwe sizisintha pa moyo wonse wa mkazi.

Banja lalikulu laopanda amaliseche.

Amuna ena onse ali ndi ntchito monga: kuteteza kutuluka ndi kulowa, kupeza chakudya, kukumba ngalande komanso kuyang'anira ana.

Pakapita kanthawi, kugawa kwa ntchito za omwe akukumba kumasintha. Zachikazi zimayang'anira mwambo wosamala mwadongosolo. Kusamvera kulikonse kumalangidwa nthawi yomweyo. Mfumukazi ikamwalira, ndiye kuti malo ake amatengedwa ndi munthu wamphamvu kwambiri yemwe amapambana udindo wake pomenya nkhondo ndi omenyera anzawo. Dona watsopano wa wokumbirayo amawonjezera mtunda pakati pa vertebrae, akupeza kulemera mwachangu, pambuyo pake wamkazi amakhala wokonzeka kubadwa kwa ana.

Ana amabadwa patatha masiku 80 chonde chonde. Ngakhale kuti mzimayiyu ali ndi nipples 12 zokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa akhanda kungakhale 27, mkaka ndi wokwanira aliyense. Anthu ang'onoang'ono amadya mosiyanasiyana.

Malo abwino ozama kwambiri mu dzenje ndi abwino kwambiri kugona tulo.

Kudyetsa ana kumatenga pafupifupi milungu 4, koma amayamba kuyesa zakudya zolimba kuyambira sabata lachiwiri la moyo. Pofuna kugaya masamba, ana amadya ndowe za akuluakulu omwe amagwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, zimapanga maluwa. Chaka chotsatira, achinyamata ali okonzeka kubereka.

Mwa makoswe, makoswe osavala amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Azimayi akhala m'tchire kwa zaka 18, ndipo zolembedwazi zidalembedwa m'ndende pomwe nyama izi zidakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 26 ndipo munthawi imeneyi sizinakhalepo ndi zaka.

Mtengo wa makoswe amaliseche

M'malo awo, nyama izi ndizambiri. Nthawi zina, zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa mbewu zaulimi. Nthawi zambiri, mbewuzi zimavutika ndi minda yomwe mbatata imamera.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kodi wakumba maliseche akuwoneka bwanji? Chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Nthawi zina makoswe amariseche amaliseche amatchedwa "makoswe am'chipululu," koma mawonekedwe akunja omwe ali ndi izi ndi ochepa, mwina, mchala wautali ndi wadazi chabe.

Chinyama sichili chachikulu, kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri sichidutsa 12 cm, chimalemera magalamu 30-60 okha.

Thupi limapangidwa mozungulira lokhala ndi mutu wamkulu komanso mikono yayifupi yazifupi.

Zofukiza zimawoneka ngati dazi, koma zidakali ndi tsitsi lina lomwazika thupi lonse komanso miyendo.

Khungu lopakidwa limawapatsa mwayi woti azitha kuzungulira momasuka m'malo otetezedwa: nyamayi imatha kugwa mkati mwa khungu lake pakasinthasintha. Makoswe amatha kusunthira mmbuyo mosavuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasunthira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo osagwedezeka.

Chisel ngati zothandizira kutuluka kuchokera mkatikati mwa pakamwa, nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba. Kuti nthaka isagwere pakamwa panu, pali milomo yomata yophimba tsitsi kumbuyo kwa zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, pakamwa chimatseka, kumbuyo kwa mano akuguduka.

Wofuula wamaliseche pachithunzichi akuwonetsa mano ake apadera.

Monga oyenda akukhala mumdima wathunthu, maso awo ndi ang'ono. Samawona chilichonse, koma amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuunika ndi mdima. Kukhudza ndikofunikira kuti mupeze njira mkati mwa bowo, chifukwa chaichi, tsitsi losamala - vibrissae, lomwe limakula m'thupi la nyama mosokoneza - amatumikirani ndendende. Amakhala ndi fungo labwino ndikumva m'mayendedwe otsika (ngakhale auricle amachepetsa ndikutchinga chikopa).

Zojambula zachilengedwe

Nyama zimakhala m'makola mobisa. Amakumba mayendedwe ovuta, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kufikira makilomita angapo. Kuphatikiza pakupereka zisa, ma pantries ndi zimbudzi, cholinga cha mabowo achilengedwe ndi kusaka chakudya.

Wokumba akakumba ngalande, amasunthira pansi ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo pansi pake. Kenako nkuwuka miyendo yake yakutsogolo, amanyamula miyendo yonse yakutsogolo kutsogolo kuti agwiritse pansi ndikubwezera kumbuyo. Mulu ukaunjikana, nyamayo imasunthira mbali ina, ndikukankhira pansi kumbuyo kwake. Kuchokera pabowo lotseguka, dzenjelo limaponya ngati chitsime chadothi, ndipo dzenjelo likapangidwa limawoneka ngati volcano. Nyama zingapo zitha kugwirira ntchito limodzi: chimodzi chimakumba, chinacho chimasuntha dothi, ndipo chachitatu chimachiponya kunja kwa dzenje. Zotsirizira, mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri zimagona ndi njoka.

Ndiosavuta kukumba pansi pamene nthaka ndi yofewa komanso yonyowa. Chifukwa chake, mvula ikadzala, akumba amafunitsitsa kwambiri: m'mwezi woyamba mvula itatha, gulu la nyama limatha kukumba ma kilogalamu 1, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kutaya dothi loposa matani awiri!

Kutentha kwakubowo kumatatha tsiku lonse, nthawi zambiri kosiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa kutentha. M'malo obisalamo, kutentha kwa dothi kumatha kufika 60 ° C, ndipo mu dzenje lakuya 20 cm pansi pake nthawi zonse kumakhala kokhazikika - 28-30 ° C. Zotsatira zake, nyamazo zatsala pang'ono kutaya kuyang'anira kutentha kwa thupi, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kuchoka pabowo. Ngati ofukula akufunika kusintha kutentha, amasonkhana mulu kuti atenthe, kapena beseni pamabowo. Pakutentha kwambiri, amakonza malo okhala m'makona ozizira kwambiri a nyumba zawo.

Zakudya

Ofukula osakidwa ndiwo nyama zamasamba. Amadyera kokha pamizu ndi ma rhizomes a mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Amapeza zonsezi osakwera pamwamba pomwe akukumba ngalande.

Mukamadya, opukutira amagwira chakudya ndi mawaya awo akutsogolo, ndikugwedeza panthaka, kuwadula ndi zofunikira, kenako kutafuna mano awo.

Ubwenzi wapabanja

Makoswe opanda mbewa amapanga magulu achikhalidwe chofanana ndi nyerere. Coloni imakhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 80, ndipo mutu wake ndi mfumukazi yachikazi, yomwe imakhala yayikulu ndi theka mpaka kawiri kuposa mamembala ena am'banja. Pamodzi ndi ena ambiri osagwira ntchito komanso anthu ambiri, amakhala nthawi yayitali chisa. Zowona, pamene ogwira ntchito akapereka alarm, kampani yonse imayimiliranso gulu.

Mfumukazi imodzi yokha imabereka ana, ndipo abambo awo ndi amuna awiri osankhidwa ndi iye. Omwe atsala samaswana, tsogolo lawo ndi logwira ntchito ndikuonetsetsa kuti banja lili lotetezeka.

Anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amagwira ntchito amakhala ochulukirapo. Udindo wawo waukulu ndikukumba, kukonza mabowo, kupeza chakudya ndi zinthu zomanga.

Anthu onse m'banjamo amasamalira ana obadwa kwa mfumukazi, ndipo atatha kudyetsa ana ake amalowa m'magulu antchito. Anthu ena amakhalabe ogwila ntchito moyo wawo wonse, ena pomaliza amakhala okulirapo kuposa ena ndikukhala oteteza nkhondoyi. Kuchokera mwa anthu akuluakuluwa kuti pambuyo pake wina adzakhale mfumukazi, ndipo ena adzakhala okonda ake ndi makolo a ana ake. Mfumukazi ikamwalira, mkangano woopsa ndipo nthawi zina umayamba pakati pa akazi angapo, mpaka mmodzi wawo atatenga udindo.

Thupi la mfumukazi wamkazi limadalirana kwambiri (ma vertebrae amawonjezeredwa panthawi yapakati), ndipo izi zimathandizira kuti zizolowere kukhala ndi ana akuluakulu amtunduwu. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amabereka ana 11-12, koma kukula kwa ana amatha kufikira 28.

Ombawo amazindikira mamembala am'mabanja awo mwa kununkhira, amatsutsana ndi alendo.

Adani

Ofukula malo amakhala m'malo otetezeka, otetezedwa, chifukwa chake ali ndi adani ochepa kuposa makoswe amtunda. Nthawi zina nyama zokhazokha zimatha kuthamangitsidwa ndi njoka mobisa, koma nthawi zambiri zibwezeretsa zimangodikirira pamwamba. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, agalu amasama mbewa pamakoswe atulutsa dziko lapansi m'dzenjemo. Chokwiracho chimaponyera mutu wake mdzenje ndikuyembekezera kuti nyamayo ionekere ndi gawo latsopano la dziko lapansi.

Kukumba kochenjera kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto azachuma, kuwononga mbewu zamizu ndi mbewu za chimanga. Anthu amachitapo kanthu poyesera kuti awononge zomwe zimayambitsa mavutowa. Kumbali inayo, makoswe, monga ma moles, ali ndi phindu pa chilengedwe: ndiofunika kutenga nawo gawo pokonza dothi komanso kumanganso nthaka.

Zowoneka mwapadera zakakumba maliseche

1. Makoswe opanda njuchi amakhala ndi moyo wapamwamba kwambiri wokhala ndi makoswe (mpaka zaka 30). Ndipo pamsika wolemekezeka, nyama zimakhala zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa chifukwa cha mano kapena nyama zina.
2. Nyamazo zimakhala ndi chitetezo chodzidzimutsa modabwitsa ndipo sizimadwala khansa. Kuphatikiza apo, mikwingwirima, vuto la mtima, matenda ashuga ndi matenda ena zimadutsa. Ndipo matupi awo samazimiririka nthawi ndi nthawi.
3. Tambala wamaliseche ndi cholengedwa chokhacho chomwe sichimva kupweteka komanso sichimayankha kutentha kwa mankhwala ndi mankhwala.
4. Ndipo amatha kuchita popanda oxygen kwa mphindi 20!

Ofufuzawo onyenga posachedwapa akhala akuwunikidwa ndi malingaliro asayansi. Ndi zolengedwa zapaderazi, asayansi akuyesera kuti athetse chinsinsi cha unyamata wamuyaya.

Kuwombera molondola - mumakhala nthawi yayitali

Pazitsanzo za agogo athu, tikudziwa kuti munthu, atadutsa mzere wa zaka 50-60, nthawi zambiri amayamba kukalamba ndikulekerera ntchito zake zonse. Nyama zambiri zimakhala ndi njira zofananira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ukalamba: zimakhala zocheperachepera, zokhala ndi dazi, kuyang'ana m'maso ndi mano, kudwala atherosulinosis, kumva ululu wolumikizana. Koma, monga zidakwaniritsidwa, mwa mitundu yambiri yomwe ikukalamba molingana ndi malamulo onse, pali zolengedwa zapadera zomwe zimafooka chifukwa cha kutengera kwa nthawi. Ndipo malo awa, opatsa moyo wautali, adagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti ntchito yamitundu yachilengedwe iliyonse ndiyo kusiya ana, kusamutsa majini ake kuti akhale mibadwo yamtsogolo. Nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimakhala m'malo omwe nyama zodyera zimazifunafuna mwachangu ndipo zimakhala zazifupi. Chitsanzo wamba ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono omwe amatulutsa modabwitsa ndipo amakhala moyo waifupi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Chilombo chachikulu komanso champhamvu, chomwe chimakhala ndi adani ochepa komanso chotalikirapo kuposa nthawi yayitali. Mtunduwu ukhoza kutsatiridwa momveka bwino: mbewa imakhala zaka zitatu, kalulu - zaka 12, nkhandwe - zaka 16, galu - 25, chimbalangondo chakuda - 30, mvuu - 40, njovu - 70. Choyimira moyo wautali pakati pa amayi omwe akuvala unyolo uwu ndi nangumi wankondo, ilibe adani achilengedwe konse ndipo imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 200. Akamba akuluakulu, ngakhale ali ang'ono kuposa chinsomba, nawonso alibe adani (chifukwa cha chipolopolo chosangalatsa) ndikukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zana kapena kupitirira. Onse omwe apeza minga yapoizoni, mapiko, zipolopolo zamphamvu ndi mikanda yayitali akuwonetsa kutalika kwa moyo.

Ngwazi yathu ilibe mapiko ndi zibwano, sangadzitamandire ndi chipolopolo (alibe ubweya) komanso kukula kochititsa chidwi (kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 30 g kutalika kwa 10 cm). Koma adatha kupeza yankho lomwe lidamupatsa chitetezo kwa ozunza komanso moyo wautali. Monga akhristu oyamba kuzunzidwa ndi maulamuliro achi Roma, iye adapita mobisa, komwe palibe amene akanamupeza.

Kukhazikika kwa mbewa yamaliseche ndi East Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia ndi Somalia). M'dothi louma komanso lomangira simenti, opanga maliseche amakumba ma tchuthi apansi panthaka yotalika mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka awiri ndi malo athunthu a bwalo lalikulu la mpira, ndikukukutula ndi mano awo akutsogolo. Amakhala m'malo okhalamo anthu 300, pafupifupi osabwerako ndipo samamwa madzi konse, akupereka chinyezi kuchokera kumagwero awo a chakudya - tubers chomera Pyrenacantha malvifolia.

"Scouts" omwe atumizidwa kuti akafufuze masamba osiyira zakudya kuti apite kwa abale awo, ndipo atapumira pamatumba, osawaukira msanga, koma perekani mawu omveka: "Agogo, chakudya!". Chiwerengero cha ma siginolo ojambulidwa ndi asayansi okhala ndi zojambula zopanda maliseche, momwe amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake, ndi chachikulu: mitundu yopitilira 20.

Amaganiziridwa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano kwa osakongola amaliseche kumayambira ndi msonkhano wachikazi ndi wamwamuna ochokera kumalo osiyanasiyana omwe achoka kunyumba ya abambo awo ndikuganiza zoyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mulimonsemo, ali mu ukapolo, nyama izi zimakonda kusankha zibwenzi kuti zibereke osati kwa "abale", koma kuchokera kumadera ena, popewa kugonana ndi agogo.

• Kapangidwe ka gulu la akumba ndi gawo la eusocial (kutanthauza kuti gulu lapamwamba kwambiri) ndipo limafanana ndi mabanja a njuchi ndi nyerere. Alimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi kuthandizirana, komanso kusasiyana pakati pamagulu, magawano. Bzaambiri mwa omwe akukumba mderalo ndi "antchito" ndi "asirikali", omwe mwayi wawo ndikugwira ntchito ndikufa, kuteteza abwenzi awo. Adani akuluakulu komanso pafupifupi okhawo omwe ali ndi mbewa zopanda mbewa ndi njoka. Asayansi akukumana ndi umboni wa kulimba mtima kwakukulu kwa anthu okumba maliseche, zachilengedwe mwa iwo: pakuwopsa, "msirikali" wolembayo amatumiza chizindikiro kwa abale ake kuti atseke khomo lake, ndikutseka njira kuti abwerere, kenako ndikugonana ndi mdani .
  
• Kuphatikiza pa omwe amagwira ntchito, pali amuna angapo - monga lamulo, awiri kapena atatu pazokhazikika zonse zomwe zikuyenera kubereka. Pamwamba pa piramidi iyi yachikhalidwe pali mfumukazi yachikazi yomwe ikubala ana a makoswe amariseche. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timachulukana kwambiri, ndipo wamkazi amatha kubereka katatu mpaka sikisi pachaka, timabatani tiwiri tating'ono kwambiri kuposa gramu. Waukulu wamkazi wogwira ntchito maliseche analemba mbiri ya ana obadwa muukapolo - ma 900 ana azaka 11.
  
• Wobadwa mwachilengedwe, ofukula amatengedwa ndi akazi angapo omwe amachita nawo bizinesi iyi. Mu Okutobala 2015, asayansi aku Japan adasindikiza lipoti la ntchitoyi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti amveke chifukwa chomwe osabereka amayi okumba mwadzidzidzi amadzakhala "nannies" ndikuwonetsa kudera nkhawa kwambiri ana a anthu ena. Zinapezeka kuti amadya ndowe za mfumukazi yachikazi, yomwe imakhala ndi mahomoni ambiri achikazi.
  

Achimwene a Gene

Ndipo chuma chenicheni cha phukusi ili ndi kusakhalapo kwathunthu kwaukalamba mwa chizolowezi cha mawu. Makoswe osagonjetsedwa samakalamba, samadwala atherosulinosis ndi matenda ashuga, samalani chitetezo chokwanira, komanso minyewa ndi ntchito yobereka. Pafupifupi masiku otsiriza amakhala ndi mphamvu ngati paubwana wawo. Ndipo amafa chifukwa chamikwingwirima ndi mdani, kapena monga anthu omwe akhala ndi moyo wautali nthawi zambiri amafa - kuchokera kumangidwa kwamtima komwe kwatulutsa gwero.

Mu 2011, gulu lalikulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri waku Russia wakuthambo, Vadim Gladyshev, adalemba mtundu wa woyambitsa maliseche. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti adadzilekanitsa ndi "abale" ake oyandikira kwambiri, mbewa ndi makoswe, zaka 75 miliyoni zapitazo, kuchokera pamzere wa akalulu - miliyoni 86, kuchokera kwa anthu - zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Pakuchulukitsa, genome yake ndiyofanana ndi genomes a mbewa ndi anthu: DNA ya maliseche amaliseche imakhala ndi mitundu 22 561 yolembera, 22 389 amitundu yotereyi mwa anthu, 23 317 mbewa, ndi 93% ya majini ali ofanana.

Koma kusiyanitsa koyenera kunadzakhala kofunika. Chifukwa chake, mu genome la maliseche amaliseche panali mitundu yocheperako yamamitundu kuposa zolengedwa zina. Chithunzichi chimapangitsa kuti matupi awo azikhala osagwirizana ndi zosintha zoyipa zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mayendedwe awo (zambiri za mafoni a Popular Mechanics No. 4, 2015).

Ngakhale khungu la makoswe amaliseche sakhala ndi tsitsi lowonda, ngati makoswe ena, iwo amakhala ofowoka chifukwa cha zolimbikitsa zakunja. Asayansi anachita pakhungu la ofukula asidi ndi tsabola wowotcha, ndipo anapirira "kuzunzidwa" koteroko, kwinaku akuchitapo kanthu poyeserera (jakisoni ndi kunong'ona)

Pafupifupi mitundu yatsopano 200 idapezekanso yomwe idawoneka m'makoswe atalekanitsa mizere yawo kuchokera ku mbewa ndi makoswe. Panasinthanso mitundu ya protein ya UCP1 ndi neuropeptide P, yomwe imayang'anira kupatsirana kwa nyama yamagazi ozizira ndikupangitsa kuti isamve kuwawa. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimayamwa, zokumbira sizitha kukhalabe ndi kutentha kwa thupi (ndiye kuti, zimakhala ndi magazi ozizira) motero zimakakamizika kusunthira pansi, mofunafuna malo oyenera.

Chemistry ya unyamata

Koma, zowonadi, izi sizomwe zidasangalatsa asayansi poyamba. Vadim Gladyshev ndi anzawo adakwanitsa kupeza mitundu yodziwika yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ukalamba mwa anthu, mbewa ndi makoswe opanda maliseche, omwe adagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi m'badwo m'mitundu itatuyi. Mwinanso chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri mu rat maliseche ndi kusintha kwa ntchito ya majini a p16 ndi a SMAD3, omwe amachepetsa kuchulukitsa kwa ma cell osagwirizana ndipo amagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma pathologies ambiri okhudzana ndi zaka. Kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito ya majini awa, makoswe amariseche osavulaza konse samakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo. Jini lina, CYP46A1, lomwe limayang'anira thanzi la maselo am'mitsempha, muubongo wamunthu limachepetsa ntchito yake ndi zaka, ndipo muyezo wamiseche wamiseche, m'malo mwake, amawonetsa kuwonekera kwambiri.

Pambuyo pa ntchito zaupainiya izi, asayansi ena adayamba kutengera mtundu wa maliseche amaliseche. Mu 2013, akatswiri azamtundu waku Russia ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Rochester (New York), Vera Gorbunova ndi Andrei Seluyanov ndi anzawo, adapezeka m'maselo amtundu wa cell wa maliseche, fibroblasts, kuchuluka kwa polysaccharide hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid). M'maselo a ofukula, chinthuchi chinadzakhala chowonjeza kasanu kuposa anthu kapena mbewa. Hasmuronic acid yayikulu kulemera kwambiri inali ndi zofunikira zambiri mu minofu ya wamaliseche wosavala chifukwa choti ma enzymes omwe amachititsa kuti chiwonongeko chake chikanaponderezedwa. Ndipo enzyme yopanga asidi awa, hyaluronansynthase-2 (HAS2), m'malo mwake, adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa makoswe.

Zinaonekanso kuti ma man ndi amaliseche a ma rat hyaluronans, chifukwa cha masiyanidwe osiyana a maselo (moleyoyo imakhala ndi zochulukirapo kasanu), amakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi thupi. Aang'ono aanthu (ndi mbewa) hyaluronans amalimbikitsa kutupa ndi magawano, pomwe ma hyaluronans akuluakulu amisece yamaliseche, m'malo mwake, amachepetsa kutupa ndi kugawanika kwa maselo, kuletsa kukula kwa khansa.

Kupezeka kwa hyaluronic acid mu tinthu timene timakumba dolo kunathandizira kufotokozera kwathunthu kukaniza kwa makoswe awa machitidwe a mitundu yogwira mpweya wa okosijeni (ROS). ROS imapangidwa m'zinthu zambiri monga zopangidwa ndi ntchito ya oxygen komanso pazokhathamira kwambiri (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika mu ukalamba) zimatha kuwononga ma cell ndi ma DNA, ndikupha khungu.

Katswiri wathu

Vadim Gladyshev,
Pulofesa, Harvard Medical School (USA):

Makoswe amisece ndi nyama yodabwitsa. Ine ndi anzanga anzanga tidazigawana ndi genome, ndipo zidamuwoneka kuti akupeza njira yake yopita ku moyo wautali. Kuti timvetsetse bwino izi, tapenda pang'onopang'ono majini a wachibale wake wapamtima, khola ya Damar, yomwe ndi makoswe "abwinobwino", komanso zolengedwa zina zokhala ndi nthawi yayitali: Brandt's nightlight (bat) ndi grey whale. Pa chisinthiko, kusintha kwa majini kunachitika mu nyama iliyonse, zomwe zinakhudza moyo wawo wautali. Ndipo tinazindikira kusintha kumeneku. Tsopano tikuyenera kudziwa ngati nyama zina zidzakhala motalikirapo ngati masinthidwe omwewo asinthidwa ku majini awo. Ntchitozi tsopano zikugwiridwa m'mabotolo angapo, kuphatikiza athu.

Kodi makoswe amaliseche amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: African Naked Digger

Palibe chovuta kutcha makoswe ogulitsa makoswe, chifukwa m'zakudya zawo muli zakudya zomwe zimachokera ku chomera chokha. Zosintha za digger zimakhala ndi ma rhizomes ndi ma tubers a mbewu, zikhalidwe komanso zakutchire.

Chosangalatsa: Zikuchitika kuti, kupeza tuber, yemwe amakumba amangodya gawo lokhalo, ndipo m'mbuna yomwe adadya, makolowo amathira pansi kuti mbatata zikule patsogolo, kotero wanzeru wanzeru amayesetsa kudzipezera chakudya cham'tsogolo.

Izi makoko amapeza ndalama zawo mobisa. Nyama zimapezanso chinyezi chomwe amafunikira kuchokera kumizu ndi ma tubers, motero safuna malo othirira. Kuletsa nthaka kuti isalowe m'mphuno mwa zokumba pakasaka zakudya, imatetezedwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi khola lapadera la khungu, lotchedwa "mlomo wabodza". Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti digger ilibe mlomo wapamwamba.

Makoko apadera awa ali ndi kagayidwe kochepa kwambiri, chifukwa khalani ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri kwamthupi kwamadigiri 30 mpaka 35. Pankhaniyi, nyama sizifunikira chakudya chochuluka, poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina zofanana. Makoswe opanda maliseche akakhala ndi chakudya, monga ma hamsters amatha kusunga zokhwasula zawo m'manja. Musanayambe kudya, iwo amasisita pansi, kudula pakati pawo ndi zidutswa zakuthwa, kenako kutafuna bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mano awo ang'onoang'ono.

Kwa mwana wokalamba

Mu Juni 2015, gulu la akatswiri amisala ochokera ku Austria, Sweden ndi USA, lotsogozedwa ndi a Tibor Garcani, adapeza kuti makoswe opanda maliseche amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri yodzikongoletsa: ubongo wawo umawoneka kuti "sunachedwe" kukula, kukhala mwana wosakhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa cha izi, maselo awo am'mitsempha amayamba kugonjetsedwa ndi njira za neurodegenerative. Kutengera izi, komanso kusowa kwa tsitsi ndi zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chofufuzayo chizioneka ngati kakhanda ngakhale atakula, asayansi amaika patsogolo lingaliro la neoteny - kusunga mawonekedwe aubwana ndi kuchedwa kopitilira muyeso (zambiri za neoteny zitha kupezeka mu Mechanics No. 9, 2012).

Pali zinthu zingapo za ojambula amaliseche omwe akuyembekezerabe kufotokozera kwawo. Uwu ndiye mawonekedwe achilendo a RNA wa nthiti (cell organelle momwe mapuloteni opangidwa kumene) amapangidwira), komanso kusintha kwa insulin, chifukwa chomwe digger imatsimikizira shuga mwa kudutsa insulini, ndi zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake, mwa kulumikizana kophatikizidwa kwa ofufuza ambiri, chithunzi chofunikira chodabwitsa chathanzi ndi moyo wautali wodabwitsa kwambiri wamakedzana, chomwe chibadwa ndi kusinthika kwa ena, pomwe adasankha ngati zomwe amakonda, zopatsidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana apadera, zimayamba pang'onopang'ono. Titha kuganiza kuti posachedwa zinthu zina zatsopano zitha kuoneka zothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda okalamba.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Naked Digger

Makoswe a ma Naked mole amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zachisangalalo, i.e. ali ndi gulu lapamwamba kwambiri pamagulu azikhalidwe; munjira yawo ya moyo ali ofanana ndi tizilombo (nyerere, njuchi). Magulu abisika am'mbali mwa mapira amenewa amakhala pafupifupi 70 mpaka 80 nyama.

Chosangalatsa: Pali umboni kuti asayansi adawona magulu ofukula, pomwe nyama pafupifupi 295 zidakhalamo.

Kutalika konse kwa ma labyrinths apansi panthaka, omwe ndi malo okhala koloni imodzi, amatha kufalikira mpaka 3 km. Dziko lapansi, lomwe limaponyedwa kunja kukumba ngalande, limafikira unyinji wa matani atatu kapena anayi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri, mumphangayo mumakhala mulifupi mwake masentimita 4 ndipo umakhala wozama mamita awiri.

Mizere imagwiritsidwa ntchito yolumikizana:

• makamera a nesting
• zipinda zodyeramo
• zimbudzi.

Kukumba ngalande zapansi panthaka ndi ntchito yophatikizira, amayamba kugwira ntchito molimbika munyengo yamvula, nthaka ikayamba kufota ndikuyamba kuvundikira. Chingwe cha 5 kapena 6 okumba chikuyenda mosavutikira, kutsatira woyamba wogwira, ndikuluma incidor m'nthaka, zomwe zimathandiza kukhomera makoswe pambuyo pa nyama yoyamba. Nthawi ndi nthawi, woyamba kukumba amasinthidwa ndi nyama yotsatira kumbuyo.

Onse okumba omwe amakhala m'mudzimo omwewo ndi abale. Mutu wakukhazikikaku ndiwopanga wamkazi mmodzi yekha, yemwe amatchedwa chiberekero kapena mfumukazi. Mfumukazi imatha kukwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi amuna atatu, amuna ena onse ammuna wawo (wamwamuna ndi wamkazi) ndi ogwira ntchito, satenga nawo mbali pakubala.

Kutengera ndi magawo akulu, ntchito zingapo ndizachilengedwe kwa antchito. Akuluakulu ali m'gulu la asitikali omwe achitapo kanthu kuti ateteze nzika zawo kwa anthu opanda nzeru. Kukumba kwazing'ono kuli ndi ntchito yothandizira ngalande, kuyamwitsa ana, ndi kupeza chakudya. Zochita za anthu apakati pazoyambira ndi zapakatikati, pakati pa nyumba zopembedzera palibe kusiyana kowonekera, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyerere. Mfumukazi yachikazi pamoyo wake wonse imangokhala ndi kubereka, kubala ana opitilira zana.

Chosangalatsa: Kuchokera pakuwona kwina, zimadziwika kuti m'zaka 12 chiberekero chinapanga pafupifupi 900 digers.

Ndizoyenera kuwonjezera kuti makoswe opanda maliseche apanga kulumikizana kwakukulu, m'mawu awo opanda mawu 18, omwe ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi makoswe ena. Kusunga kutentha kwa thupi konse kwa ofukula simunthu, kutentha (kutentha) kumasinthasintha, kutengera kutentha kwa chilengedwe. Kuti achepetse kutentha, ofukula pansi amasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndipo amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali m'makola oyandikira padziko lapansi. Kuyika mphamvu pang'onopang'ono kumathandizira kupulumuka kwa ma digger komwe kumakhala kusowa kwa mpweya m'matumbo a dziko lapansi komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya woipa, womwe umapha zinthu zina zina.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Ofukula pansi pamadzi

Monga tanena kale, mkazi wotchedwa mfumukazi kapena chiberekero ndi amene amachititsa kuti ana azisamba m makoswe. Pokwatitsa, amangogwiritsa ntchito abambo ochepa achonde (nthawi zambiri awiri kapena atatu), onse okhala m'mabiseche mobisa satenga nawo mbali pantchito zobereketsa. Mfumukazi yachikazi sasintha abwenzi, imasunga ubale wokhazikika ndi amuna osankhidwa awa kwa zaka zambiri. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi masiku pafupifupi 70, chiberekero chimatha kubereka ana atsopano masiku 80 aliwonse. Pakhoza kukhala ndi malita asanu opita pachaka.

Makoswe okhala ndi manyani amatha kutchedwa kuti prolific, poyerekeza ndi makoswe ena, kuchuluka kwa ma litala imodzi kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 27 anthu. Kulemera kwa mwana aliyense ndizochepa kuposa magalamu awiri. Ngakhale ana amabadwa amatha kupitilira khumi ndi awiri nthawi imodzi, wamkazi amakhala ndi ma nipples 12 okha, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti gawo lina la mbewu limafa. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa asayansi aku America, zinadziwika kuti makanda a makoswe amaliseche amadyera nawonso, chifukwa mayi mayi ali ndi mkaka wambiri. Chifukwa cha njira yodyetsera ana, ana adakali aang'ono kwambiri amazindikira kufunikira kwa ubale wamtundu wina.

Amayi a Mfumukazi amaphunzitsa ana mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi, ngakhale amayamba kudya zakudya zolimba ali ndi zaka ziwiri zokha. Ng'ombe zimakonda kudya ndowe za antchito ena, chifukwa chake zimapeza tinthu tambiri tambiri tomwe timafunikira kuti timere mbewu zomwe timadya. Pakupita milungu itatu kapena inayi, ofukula achichepere akuyamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo makoswe amakhala okhwima kwambiri pafupi ndi chaka chimodzi. Monga tawonera kale, akatswiri ofukula miyala amakhala ndi makoswe kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri - pafupifupi zaka 30 (nthawi zina zochulukirapo).Asayansi sanadziwebe chifukwa chake njira yapaderayi yokhala ndi moyo wautali ikugwira ntchito.

Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale ndizopambana kukhala mfumukazi yachikazi, iwo amakhala ocheperako poyerekeza ndi olemba ena ntchito. Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti nthawi yayitali ya chiberekero imasiyana kuyambira zaka 13 mpaka 18.

Kanema wa digger wosakidwa

Ndikupangira kuwonera vidiyo yosangalatsa yofutukula wamaliseche pa njira ya YouTube "zonse zili ngati nyama"

Kutsiliza: makoswe amaliseche nyama yodabwitsa, yomwe ili mtundu woyenera wa majini athanzi kwa moyo wautali - imagwirizana ndi khansa ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zidutswa ndi njira za chibadwa chake posachedwa, ndizotheka kuthana ndi vuto la khansa ndikuchepetsa kukalamba kwa anthu.

Adani achilengedwe a tambala wamaliseche

Chithunzi: Naked Digger Rodent

Chifukwa chakuti moyo wa ofukula pansi panthaka komanso mobisalira, iwo safika pamtunda, palibe adani ochuluka kwambiri a makoswe awa, chifukwa sizovuta kupeza wopukutira m'matumbo a dziko lapansi, pomwe amatsika mpaka pansi mpaka mamita awiri. Ngakhale atakhala otetezeka ndi otetezedwa ndi makoko awa, adakali ndi vuto. Adani akuluakulu a digging amatha kutchedwa njoka. Sizachilendo, koma zimachitika kuti njoka yomwe ili pansi panthaka imayesetsa kumangoyendetsa payekha, ikumamufunafuna pomakumba. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri njoka zimateteza nyama pamtunda.

Njoka za mtundu wa Mole zimasaka makoswe amaliseche panthawi yomwe makoswe amataya pansi zochulukirapo. Dona wonyengerera wobisalira amayembekeza mawonekedwe akumba, atapukusa mutu wake mdzenje. Makoko ake akaoneka kuti akutulutsa pansi, amaugwira ndi mphezi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale makoswe akuluakulu amakhala akhungu, amatha kununkhiza bwino, amatha kuzindikira achibale awo osawadziwa, ndipo nyamazo zimatsutsana kwambiri ndi izi.

Kwa adani a makoswe amiseche, munthu amathanso kukhala m'gulu la anthu omwe amawaganizira kuti ndi tizirombo ta mbewu ndikuyesa kutulutsa magazi. Inde, opukusa amatha kuwononga mbewu podya mbewu ndi mizu, koma musaiwale kuti iwo, monga timadontho-timadontho, timathandizanso dothi, kulipatula ndikumadzaza ndi mpweya.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Naked Digger

Poyang'ana koyamba, zitha kuwoneka kuti makoswe amiseche amaliseche ndi zolengedwa zopanda chitetezo, chifukwa samawona chilichonse, ali ndi miyeso yaying'ono, amakanidwa ubweya. Kumverera kumeneku ndikosocheretsa, chifukwa mogwirizana ndi mphamvu zake, makoswe awa amatha kutsutsana ndi nyama zina zazitali. Polankhula za kuchuluka kwa makoswe amariseche, ndibwino kudziwa kuti mu kuchuluka kwawo komwe amakhala, nyama zachilendozi sizachilendo ndipo zimapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mbale makoswe amaliseche samawopsezedwa kuti atha, makoswe amakhalabe ambiri, omwe sangasangalale. Malinga ndi IUCN, mtunduwu wa makoswe umakhala ndi chitetezo chomwe chimayambitsa nkhawa pang'ono, mwa kuyankhula kwina, olemba zovala amaliseche sanalembedwe mu Red Book ndipo safuna njira zapadera zotetezera.

Zifukwa zingapo zinayambitsa kukhazikika kotereku pazokhudza kuchuluka kwa nyama izi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo:

• mobisa, moyo wobisalira ndi wotetezeka wa akumba, otetezedwa ku zisonkhezero zakunja zakunja,
• kukana kwawo matenda owopsa.
• makulidwe osagwirizana ndi ululu komanso mphamvu pakakhala zovuta zosiyanasiyana,
• njira yapadera yokhala ndi moyo wautali,
• fecundity mwachilendo.

Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera, makoswe amariseche osakwanira adatha kupulumuka, kwinaku akusamalira ziweto zawo zochulukazo pamlingo woyenera. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zipitilira mtsogolo.

Mapeto ake, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti chilengedwe sichitopa chodabwitsa, chifukwa cha zolengedwa zokhazokha komanso zapamwamba monga maliseche wamaliseche. Ngakhale kukopa kwakunja si malo awo olimba, makokawo ali ndi mphamvu zina zapadera zomwe nyama zina sizingadzitamande nazo. Nyama zodabwitsazi zimatchedwa kuti zoyambira zikuluzikulu ndi zoyambira zam'madzi.