Chimbalangondo chofiyira, kapena chimbalangondo (mu Latin Ursus arctos horribilis) - ndi gulu la zimbalangondo zofiirira, imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu zomwe zimakhala makamaka ku Alaska ndi kumadzulo kwa Canada.

Pali mphekesera zambiri zokhuza zimbalangondo. Osaka amalankhula za kuuma kwa nyama iyi komanso kuopa kuti ikulimbikitsa. Koma kodi kwenikweni chimadziwika ndi chiyani chimbalangondo?

Mawonekedwe

Mwakukula kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake, chimbalangondo chachigiriki ndi chofanana ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka ku Siberia. Ndi wamkulu kwambiri, wolemera komanso wamphamvu. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi kupezeka kwa nsapato zazitali (pafupifupi 15 cm). Zipsera zotere zimamupangitsa kukhala msaki woopsa, koma sangathe kukwera mitengo.

Kutalika kwa thupi la grizzly pafupifupi ndi 2,5-2.8 m, koma anthu ena amatha kufikira mamita 4. Kulemera kwa chimbalangondo cha imvi ndi 500 kg pafupifupi, koma amatha kufikira 1 toni. Akazi amalemera pafupifupi 350 kg.

Thupi la chimbalangondo ndilamphamvu kwambiri, lamphamvu minofu, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Mtundu wa kumbuyo ndi phewa lamaso ndimaso amaso amaso, mbali zotsala za thupi ndi zofiirira. Kuchokera kutali, nyamayo imawoneka imvi. Chifukwa chake dzina la chimbalangondo cha grizzly, lomwe limamasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti "imvi."

Mutu wa grizzly ndi waukulu ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira. Kupukutira kwa nyama kumakweza pang'ono, kumapeto kwake ndi mphuno yakuda. Amawaganizira kwambiri. Maso ali kutsogolo kwa mutu, nawonso ndi ochepa.

Nsagwada za grizzly zimapangidwa bwino. Pali mano ambiri olimba mkamwa.

Miyendo ya chimbalangondo ndiyifupi, koma yolimba modabwitsa. Zolocha zazifupi komanso zazifupi kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Mchira wa nyamayo ndi wamfupi pang'ono kuposa uja wa chimbalangondo chofiirira.

Kufalitsa

Nthawi ina grizzlies ankakhala m'gawo kuyambira kumpoto kwa Mexico, komanso ku Alaska ndi Texas. Koma masiku ano, nyamazi zimatha kupezeka ku Alaska komanso kumadzulo kwa Canada. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala kumpoto kumapitilira kumpoto kwa Idaho (kumapiri a Rocky), kumadzulo kwa Montana ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Wyoming, komanso kumpoto kwa mapiri a Cascade (USA, Washington).

Khalidwe labwino komanso chizolowezi

Grizzlies amakhalanso ndi moyo wofanana ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira: amadyanso chakudya chambiri chambiri, ndipo amakhazikika nthawi yozizira.

Chifukwa cha nsapato zazikuluzikulu, zimbalangondo zachikulire sizimatha kukwera mitengo, koma muubwana wawo zimangokwera mpaka zikhomo zazikulu. Akuluakulu grizzly amatha kuwoloka mtsinje mosavuta. Izi zimabala nsomba, zimadya uchi, zomwe zimapeza, kuwononga ming'oma.

Chimbalangondo cha imvi sichichita mantha ndi aliyense. Amatha kupirira mosavuta ndi njati zodwala. Nyama zakutchire ndi zoweta, pochita chidwi kwambiri, zimamva kuwawa. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti grizzly alibe adani.

Ngakhale kuti pakhala pali zochitika zokhudzana ndi chimbalangondo pa anthu, mantha ena a anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chidakalipo. Pali nthawi zina pomwe chimbalangondo chidabisala, kununkhiza kununkhiza kwa munthu.

Muubwana wawo, ma grizzlies ndi zimbalangondo zoseketsa zosavuta kuzisintha. Amatha kusewera ndi anthu komanso kuwateteza. Moyo wovuta kumugwira ndende ndi wofanana ndi chimbalangondo wamba - nthawi yozizira chimagona mu khola.

Grizzlies ndi zimbalangondo chimodzi. Amayendayenda nthawi zonse, kupewa mitundu yonse yolumikizana ndi oyimira ena amtundu wawo. Mikangano ya chimbalangondo cha grizzly ndi zimbalangondo zina zimatha kuchitika pakukhwima.

Ikangonyamuka chimbalangondo chitanyamuka, chimanyamuka. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kufunafuna chakudya. Mu nthawi yophukira, ma grizzlies amadya kwambiri kuti asonkhanitse mafuta ambiri, omwe angakhale okwanira nyengo yonse yachisanu. Kenako amayamba kukonzekeretsa khomalo nthawi yachisanu. Chifukwa cha izi, phiri laling'ono ndilabwino kwambiri, lomwe nthawi yozizira imabisa pansi pa chisanu. Kukhazikika kwa chimbalangondo chachikulu sichimadziwika kuti kugona kwambiri, kumakhala ngati kugona pang'ono. Nthawi imeneyi, kutentha kwa thupi la nyama kumachepa.

Tambala ukayamba, chimbalangondo chimachoka pakhomopo ndipo chimapita panja kukafunafuna chakudya. Koma ngati chisanu chikuyambiranso, ma grizzly amabwerera kuphanga, komwe amakhalako mpaka nthawi ya kutentha.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zimbalangondo zimakhulupirira kuti ndizopha anthu okhetsa magazi, koma makamaka zimakonda kudya zipatso ndi zipatso. Amakhala m'gulu la adani, koma ndi opatsa chidwi. Mano a grizzly amasinthidwa ndi zakudya zosakanikirana.

Kuchokera ku zakudya zam'mera, ma grizzlies amagwiritsa ntchito mphukira zazing'ono zazomera, mtedza, zipatso ndi zipatso, algae, mizu. Nthawi zina chimbalangondo chachingwe chimatha kudya mazira am'madzi, nsomba, zokwawa ndi achule, komanso tizilombo tokhala ndi mphutsi. Amadyapo zovunda. Amanunkhiza iye kutali ndi 28 km.

Nyama zikuluzikulu zimasakidwanso ndi grizzlies. Nthawi zambiri, omuzunzawo amakhala okalamba, odwala, kapena achinyamata osadziwa zambiri.

Chimbalangondo chokulirapo chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kotero kuti chikamenyedwa mwamphamvu ndi zibwano zake, chimatha kupha mbawala. Izi zimupatsa chakudya kwa sabata lathunthu. Pambuyo posaka ndi kudya, chimbalangondo chimapuma. Amachita izi m'miyala yamiyala kapena m'ngalamo yocheperako yokhala ndi udzu.

Kutulutsa kwa nsomba kumapezeka, ma grizzlies nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kuyesa kugwira nsomba. Ndipo popeza amasambira bwino, ngakhale mitsinje yamkuntho siimawopa. Kuti agwire nsomba, amaika muzizungulira mumtsinje ndikugwira nsomba ndi pakamwa pake, kapena kumuphwanya ndi paw. Zimbalangondo zina zimakhala ndi luso kwambiri kwakuti zimatha kugwira nsomba pa ntchentche zikadumphira m'madzi. Zimbalangondo zimagwira nsomba makamaka m'magulu, chilichonse chimakhala ndi chiwembu chake.

Zimbalangondo za grizzly zimakondanso kuwononga njuchi komanso kudya uchi.

Chotuluka

Nthawi yakukhwima kwa zimbalangondo zaimvi zimagwera mu June. Pakadali pano, champhongo chimatha kununkhira chikazi ngakhale patali makilomita angapo. Pamodzi, banjali limangokhala 3-4, kutalika kwa masiku 10 (okwanira umuna), kenako kumabalalika.

Yaikazi imasamala ana kwa masiku pafupifupi 250, ndipo m'mwezi wa Januware kale, ana amabadwa. Nthawi zambiri ana obadwa 2-3 amabadwa. Amalemera 400-700 g.Maberekera abala amabadwa amaliseche, akhungu komanso opanda mano, motero kwa miyezi ingapo amayi amawayang'anitsitsa.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo amatuluka m'phanga la ana kumapeto kwa kumapeto (kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi). Amayi pang'onopang'ono amawazolowera kuti apeze chakudya. Ana obadwa pang'onopang'ono amatsatira mayi kulikonse. Koma nthawi zina pamsinkhu uwu, abambo akuluakulu amatha kuzunza ana.

Ndi nyengo yozizira pomwe, chimbalangondo chimayamba kufunafuna khola latsopano, lalikulu, kwa banja lake lalikulu. M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, ana amasiyira amayi awo ndikukhala odziimira pawokha.

Kutha msambo kwa akazi kumachitika zaka zitatu, ndipo amuna - pa zaka 4. Grizzlies anaphatikizana ndi mitundu ina ya zimbalangondo. Chifukwa chake, pamene grizzly idayambitsidwa ndi zimbalangondo, polimbirana chonde (chokhoza kutulutsa ana) chidakwera - ma grizzlies.

Mtengo wa grizzlies kwa anthu

Chimbalangondo chachikuluchi ndi amodzi mwa zilombo zazikulu kwambiri ku North America, zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa cha nkhanza zake. Asayansi amatcha izi subspecies horribilis (ndiye kuti, "zowopsa, zowopsa"). Mphekesera zakuti chimbalangondo sichimaopa konse anthu. Amatha kupita kukamenyana ndi munthu, ngakhale atakhala ndi zida.

Kuchuluka kwa nyama zimenezi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino kwachuluka kwambiri kotero kuti chiwerengero chawo chatha kupitirira anthu 100,000. Anayamba kuukira ziweto, ngakhale anthu omwe. Kuti adziteteze komanso kuweta ziweto kwa alimi, alimi ambiri adayamba kuwombera grizzlies, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwawo kutsike kwambiri (pafupifupi nthawi 30).

Masiku ano, zimbalangondo zachisoni zimalandira chitetezo. Amatha kupezeka makamaka m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe aku US: Glacier, Mount McKinley, Yellowstone, kuchokera komwe amapangidwanso kumadera ena a USA. Mpaka pano, zimbalangondo zimakwana anthu pafupifupi 50,000. Komabe, m'malo ena, grizzlies adachulukana kwambiri kotero kuti adaloleza kusaka kwakanthawi. Chimbalangondo chimakhala zaka pafupifupi 30.

Milandu yobwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza yomwe munthu amakhala nayo imadziwika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatha pomwalira. Makamaka omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito anali alendo omwe amabwera mozungulira nthawi yomwe chimbalangondo chimafuna chakudya. Asayansi amati chimbalangondo chimatha kuukira munthu chikadasokonekera ukuudya.

Kuopsa kwa chimbalangondo chachikulu kwa anthu ndikuti chimbalangondo ndi champhamvu kwambiri: chimatha kupha ndi kumenya kamodzi. Koma milandu ngati imeneyi siisowa. Munthu akaombera chimbalangondo ndikumuvulaza - chilombocho chimakhala chowopsa kwambiri. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuthawa kwa iye, chifukwa, ngakhale ali ndi chidwi, grizzly imathamanga mwachangu ndikusambira mokongola.

Ku North America (pakati pa Amwenye) chimawerengedwa ngati mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kuyeza mphamvu ndi grizzly. Munthu amene wagonjetsedwa ndi chimbalangondo cha imvi amalandira mkanda wamakutu ndi mano ngati mphotho.

Kanema wanyimbo

Nkhondo ya anthu omwe amadyera m'zigwa za Yellowstone National Park ku United States. Eni ake a pakiyo modzikweza amakumana ndi omenyera kumene omwe amabwera kuchokera kumpoto - mapaki a mimbulu. Tsamba ndi kanemayo: zimbalangondo za grizzly ndi mimbulu.

Onaninso kanemayo:

• Grizzly Bear Fight - Awiri omwe amadyera nyama zazikulu akuganizira ubale.
• Nkhondo ya zimbalangondo za grizzly - kanema kuchokera pa Animal Planet chingerezi (Chingerezi).
• Nkhondo ya ma grizzly bear No. 2 imatsutsidwa popanda kulimbana pakati pa ma grizzlies awiri.
• Filimu ya Grizzly Bear - Austin Stevens wapaulendo akujambula zimbalangondo modabwitsa m'nkhalango za Western Canada.
• Grizzly Bear vs. Polar Bear - Kanema wochokera pagawo la Wild America.
• Grizzly agwira njati - kanema wamankhwala kuchokera ku Yellowstone Park.

Kanemayo wokhudza chimbalangondo

Malo otsetsereka otsetsereka komanso nkhalango zachikazi za Alaska ndi Canada amakhala anthu omwe amakhala ndi zikhalidwe zodziwika bwino kwambiri, zomwe ndi abale apachibale achimbalangondo. Ziwombankhangazi zimakhala m'malo osungira nyama ku United States.

Ichi ndi chilombo chachikulu chomwe chiribe adani kuthengo. Lilinso ndi gawo lake lokhazikika. Ngakhale kuti alibe adani, amayesa kupewa kukumana ndi osafunikira ndi abale ake kapena nyama zazikulupo. Nthawi zambiri masika amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yachilimwe ndi nthawi yachilimwe akungofuna chakudya. Imayesetsa kwambiri kupewa mikangano, komabe munthawi yakukhwima - kumenya nkhondo ndi gawo limodzi la moyo wa chimbalangondo. M'mikangano yotere, amuna akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amapambana. M'nyengo yozizira, ma grizzly bear hibernates. Ndiye chifukwa chake nthawi yophukira amayesetsa kudya kwambiri momwe angathere. Izi zimamulola kudziunjikira mafuta kuti athe kugona kwa miyezi yayitali. Panthawi yopumira, thupi la chimbalangondo limazizira madigiri ochepa chabe. Zochitika m'moyo zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, izi zimalola zimbalangondo kupulumuka nyengo yozizira kugona. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zolusa, nyengo yozizira isanayambike, kukumba nyumba zawo, ndipo ena amapeza malo okhala. Dziko lapansi litakutidwa ndi "bulangeti" loyera la chipale chofewa, pokhapokha grizzlyyo imakwera m'phanga lake ndikugona mpaka kumapeto.

Kubisala kumatha pokhapokha mutayamba masiku ofunda ndikuwotha nthaka. Akazi osalemedwa ndi ana amuna ndi amuna amakhala oyamba kusiya “zipinda” zawo nthawi yachisanu. Zokhazokha zokha nyengo ndi malingaliro a nyama payekha makamaka zimatengera nthawi yakumalizidwa hibernation. Ntchito yoyamba ya grizzly, pambuyo hibernation, ndikupeza chakudya.

Chimbalangondo chofiyira

Juni ndiye nthawi yamasewera a chibwenzi chimbalangondo chomvetsa chisoni. Asanakhwime, mwamunayo ayenera kunyengerera wamkazi. Amangodekha pang'ono ndikuyesa kukhudza kumbuyo kwa thupi lake ndi mphuno yake. Kwa masiku 180 mpaka 250, mayiyo amanyamula mwana pansi pamtima wake. Kukula kwa dzira m'mimba sikungoyamba pomwepo, koma kumapeto. Izi ndichifukwa choti mayi wamtsogolo amafunika kupeza mafuta ofunikira podyetsa mwana wamtsogolo. Nthawi iyi ya bere imatchedwa latent. Ana obala zimbalangondo nthawi zonse amapezeka m'miyezi yozizira pamalo otentha okhaokha. Ang'ono kutalika ndi masekeli 500 okha, akhungu, opanda mano ndi ana aubweya amabadwa.

Kwa miyezi ingapo, wamkazi amadyetsa ana mkaka okha ali mgulu. Masitepe oyamba akukhazikika kwa ana amphaka, pamodzi ndi amayi awo, amatengedwa pakati pa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, kusiya makhoma a nyumba. Nthawi imeneyi, anawo amakhala ndi amayi awo okha, omwe amadziphunzitsa okha kupeza chakudya. Amuna aamuna okhaokha nthawi zambiri amakhala opha ana, ngakhale amayi amawasamalira nthawi zonse.

MUKUDZIWA KUTI ...

• Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, potengera zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, akuti zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka kudera lamakono la Europe ndi za zimbalangondo zomwe zinkakhala zaka zoposa 13 miliyoni zapitazo.

• M'mbuyomu, zaka za XX, anthu opitilira 90,000 anali ku North America. Masiku ano, pali mitundu masauzande 5,000 yokha yamtunduwu omwe amakhala ku Alaska ndi Canada. Ku USA kulibe nyama zopitilira 300.

• Nyama imatha kuthamanga mpaka mamita zana limodzi pa liwiro lofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa akavalo akuthamanga. Ngakhale adagundana kwambiri komanso akuchedwa, mwina sizingatheke kuthawa mdani wokwiya.

Grizzly Chimbalangondo Hunt

Zimbalangondo za grizzly ndizopatsa chidwi ndipo zakudya zake zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Sikuti nyama yokha ndiye gwero lalikulu la zakudya. Nyama imadya zipatso, udzu ndi zipatso zamtchire mosangalala. Nsagwada za nyama zimatha kutafuna chakudya chokha, komanso chakudya chanyama. Komabe, pofuna kudzikundikira mafuta, zofunika panthawi yachisanu, nyamayo imayenera kudya nyama.

Mphamvu ya kununkhira kwa nyama yolusa imatha kugwira fungo lautali makilomita 28. Pofunafuna chakudya, chimbalangondichi sichimanyansidwa ndikuwotcha komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Posoŵa chakudya, samangokumba mizu ndi kudya algae, komanso amasangalala ndi zipatso ndi mtedza kunkhalangoyi.

Ngati chiweto chodwala kapena chofooka, komanso chaching'ono, chikuwonekera pa njira yolusa, chizayamba kusaka ndi kupha, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake. Kudya kwakukulu kwa masiku asanu kumatha kukhala chakudya chodalirika cha chimbalangondo chokhala ndi ana aang'ono. Wachibale wapamtima wa chimbalangondo chachikulu ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Ndikokwanira kwambiri (Ursusarctosmiddendorffi) okhala pachilumba cha Kodiak ndi Alaska. Zidyamakanda nazonso ndi asodzi abwino kwambiri. Salimoni ikasunthira kumtunda, samaphonya mwayi wawo. Kwa milungu ingapo, nsomba ndiye gwero lalikulu la zakudya.

Kodi ma grizzlies amadya chiyani?

Usodzi ndi luso lomwe chimbalangondo chilichonse chazikuluzi zimayenera kukhala nacho kuti chikhale ndi moyo. Akuluakulu komanso anthu olimba amatenga malo abwino kwambiri. Amapita m'madzi pamapu am'madzi ndikuwombera miyendo yawo kuyesera kuponya nsomba kumtunda kutuluka m'madzi. Ndi zimbalangondo zazing'ono zokha komanso zopanda nzeru zambiri zomwe zimatsala popanda kugwira. Amangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo mopanda kuthamangitsa nsomba m'madzi. Nthawi zina nyama zolusa zimakhazikika pagombe pakati pa mtsinje ndipo zimangoona nsomba, zimangodumphira pomwepo. Ndi njira iyi ya usodzi, amayesa kuigwira ndi mano awo.

Chimbalangondo chomangirira sichimangokhala chokha. Pokhapokha pa nthawi yosuntha kwa nsomba pomwepo amakumana pamalo amodzi. Izi zimangolankhula za mpikisano wowopsa ndipo olimba kwambiri amapeza malo opindulitsa kwambiri posodza. Ochepera, achichepere kapena achikazi omwe ali ndi ana amphongo amakhala okhutira ndi malo osapindulitsa kwenikweni.

Grizzly chimbalangondo

Matumba Amabadwa kakhumi mopitilira kutalika kwa chimbalangondo.

Poyerekeza: Kukula kwa mwana wobadwa mwa anthu kumachepera katatu kokha kuposa kukula kwa munthu wamkulu.

Paws: kumaliza ndi zolimba zolimba. Chimbalangondo chachikulucho chimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yayitali posambira komanso pomenya nkhondo. Mphamvu yodabwitsa mumitseko, pakugwira, ikhoza kupha nyama yayikulu.

Awa ndi mawu anga 3,000 omwe ndimafuna kugawana nawo owerenga.