Tonse tikudziwa (ndikukhulupirira tikudziwa!) Kuti akangaude ndi zinkhanira ndi ma arachnids okhala ndi miyendo isanu ndi itatu, a gulu la arachnids. Tikukulimbikitsani kuyankhula za mamembala osadziwika a gululi omwe mwina simunamvepo.

Chimachitika ndi chiani ngati muwoloka chinkhanira, kangaude, nkhanu ndi kuwonjezera zoopsa zoyipa pano? Pezani munthu wokongola uyu! Kukumana - phryn kapena kangaude wazakutsogolo (lat.Amblypygid).

Dzinalo Lachilatini "Amblypygid" limatanthawuza "bulu wosayankhula" chifukwa ma arachnid otentha alibe michira. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zinkhanira zopanda chingwe.

Moody amakoka woimira anthu am'derali mu kanema Harry Potter ndi Goblet of Fire mu kachitini, akuti: "Imperio!" - Ndipo frein amachita zoziziritsa kukhosi ndikugunditsa kuvina kwa bomba. Mufilimuyi, amamuwonetsa ngati cholengedwa chiphe chomwe chingaphe ndi kuluma kamodzi. Kodi zili choncho?

Amawoneka bwanji?

Freen nthawi zambiri imakhala yocheperako kukula ndikukula mpaka mainchesi awiri. Komabe, kutalika kwa miyendo yake amatha kufika mainchesi 20, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala akulu kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, zowonetsa kuphatikiza zakuda, imvi komanso zofiirira. Pakasungunuka, zimakhala zoyera kapena zobiriwira.

Matupi awo ndi osalimba. Akangaude oyenda ndi miyendo amakhala zaka 5 mpaka 15, zazikazi ndizochedwa kuposa amuna. Mphesa zimafunikira maulalo angapo asanakulire kukula kwawo, ndikusintha kukhala akulu.

Chopanda chopanda chingwe chimangokhala ndi miyendo 8 yokha, 6 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda, ndipo awiri akutsogolo (ana) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira chakudya. Pali zida zina ziwiri zowoneka ngati mkwapulo zomwe zimagwira ngati antennas ndipo ndizofunikira kuti akangaude azitha kuyendayenda ndikumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika kuzungulira. Izi zowonjezera ndizokumbutsa kwambiri za harnesses, chifukwa chake dzinali.

Kuphatikiza apo, thupi lamapazi lilibe mchira, lomwe limawasiyanitsa ndi zinkhanira zenizeni ndikufanana ndi dzina lawo - chinkhanira chopanda chingwe. Amayenda pamiyendo 6 mmbali, ngati nkhanu.

Kuswana

Usiku, akangaude azida zamiyendo amatuluka kuti azitsata nyama, komanso kufunafuna wokwatirana naye. Amalumikizana, kuvina ndi kumenya matupi awo ndi flagella. Zitatha izi, njira yoberekera imayamba.

Kangaude wamphongo amafikira chachikaziyo ndikuyika kachigawo kena kake. Amawongolera chachikazi kuti amalowerera umuna ndikuvomera umuna kupita kumaliseche kwake. Pambuyo pa izi, banjali limabalalika, ndipo mkaziyo amaikira mazira m'chikwama chapadera pansi pa m'mimba mwake.

Makanda omwe amaswa adzakhala kumbuyo kwake mpaka molt woyamba - ndiye kuti adzakhala okonzeka kuyendetsa okha. Ngati mmodzi mwa ana akewo alibe mwayi, ndipo agwera mwangozi, sadzalandira thandizo kuchokera kwa amayi ake kuti akwerere mmbuyo, adzafa.

Malondawo sanatchulidwe mpaka mtundu woyamba wa nyama utapezeka ndi Linnaeus mu 1758. Mpaka chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, mitundu yochepa kwambiri ya azungu idaphunziridwa, ndipo m'ma 1890, zidziwitso za kuchuluka zamitundu mitundu zidali zosiyanasiyana. Mpaka pano, mitundu yaanthu 136 yafotokozedwa ndipo kulosera kuti chiwerengerochi chidzakula ndikuphunzira kwina.

Amakondana!

Mwinanso chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kangaude waubwinowu ndikuti mitundu ina imakhala yochezeka komanso yamagulu ochepa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale yayikulu.

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mayanjidwe amitundu iwiri ya mapira adawonetsa kuti amalankhulana bwino (ma arachnids).

M'miyezi inayi yoyambirira ya moyo wawo, mitundu yonse iwiriyi mu phunziroli idakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo ndipo idawayandikira. Adawafunafuna mwachangu, ndikukhala m'gulululi ndipo adasokoneza ana ake mokoma mtima ndi aliyense - kwa mphindi zingapo. Ana nawonso atayankha.Mkazi m'modzi anali ndi magulu angapo a ana omwazikana pamayendedwe a ndege, ndipo ankakonda kuchezera aliyense wa iwo.

Akangaude achichepere akama miyendo adawonetsa kulumikizana komweku ndi abale ndi alongo awo mpaka atatha kutha. Abale ndi alongowo, pobwera, moni wina ndi mzake, mobwerezabwereza anangula.

Milandu yotsutsana yomwe nthawi zina imawonedwa inali yofatsa. Nthawi zina, ngati mlendo amalowa ndi gulu locheperako, mamembala amisonkhanowo samatha kumuwonetsa pang'ono, kuwulula kuwulula kwawo. Nthawi zambiri izi sizinatenge nthawi yayitali, ndipo posakhalitsa adayamba kumenya mwamunayo.

Pakawopsezedwa kuti awukira, ana achichepere mwachangu anasonkhana mozungulira amayi awo, nthawi zambiri amathamanga pansi pawo. Ofufuzawo akafuna kusamutsa mkaziyo ndi ana ake ku chisa china m'manja mwake, iye mwamphamvu (komanso moyenera) amateteza anawo pomenya ndi dzanja lowavulala ndi manja.

M'malo mwake, kuyesayesa kopanda kanthu kwa ofufuza kudzutsa kuchita zamtopola pakati pa Freens kunakhala koseketsa. Ataika buluzi m'ngalande ndi akangaude, palibe amene adavutitsidwa ndi izi. M'malo mwake, adayandikira buluziyo ndikuyang'ana sentimita iliyonse ya thupi lake ndi tinyanga yake. Ngakhale kangaude wazaka chimodzi adabwera molunjika kwa iye, adasuntha pafupifupi mphindi zisanu, kenako adachoka.

Mutha kuyankhula za chilichonse chaulere, koma muyenera kuvomereza kuti izi ndizinyama zosangalatsa. Amapereka zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ma arachnids ali nayo, ndizomwe zimachokera pamaonekedwe awo, ngakhale kuphatikiza kwa ma invertebrates oyipa kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Akangaude onyamula miyendo, ngakhale atakhala owopsa bwanji, ayenera kukondedwa ndi kuyamikiridwa ngati nyama ina iliyonse. Tikukhulupirira kuti mutawerenga nkhaniyi, simudzachita mantha kapena kuwanyansidwa mukamayang'ana.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe ake

Freen ndi woimira gulu la arachnid. Thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa 4.5 cm, thupi limakhala lathyathyathya. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda (wakuda, imvi, bulauni) wokhala ndi tint yofiirira kapena yachikasu.

Cholengedwachi chimakhala ndi cephalothorax yotakata, pomwe awiriawiri m'maso amakhala kumbali, pakati - maso awiri. Cephalothorax imakutidwa ndi chikopa. Mimba ndi lalifupi, komanso magawo 12. Chingwe cha mchira chikusowa.

Chifukwa cha izi, mwa anthu ena, kangaude walandira dzina laulere "chinkhanira chopanda chingwe." Dzinthawi yasayansi "Amblypygi" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "bulu wosayankhula." Zolemba pakamwa kapena chelicera zilibe zolakwika. Izi miyendo 5 miyendo. Ma miyendo oyamba mumapiniwo ndi atali, ntchito yawo ndi yogwira. Zitsulo zazikuru, zimagwira ntchito yochita nayo chidwi. Miyendo imakhala yotalika masentimita 25. Kutalika kwa miyendo kumatha kuyambira 40 mpaka 60. Makwerero atatu otsalawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda ndi afupikitsa pang'ono kuposa am'mbuyomu.

Onani mitundu ya akangaude.

Mitundu ina imakhala ndi makapu oyamwa, chifukwa chake imasunthira pamalo osalala omwe amakhala. Ma Phryni alibe tiziwalo timene timatulutsa poyizoni ndi ma cobwebs, ndiwo kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu kwa kangaude.

Amadziwika kuti pali mabanja 5, mitundu ya 21, ndi mitundu 136 ya mapira. Ambiri a iwo amafotokozedwa kale m'zaka za zana la 19.

Chodziwika kwambiri:

1. Phrynus kutalika. Mmodzi mwa oyimilira akuluakulu a mapinawa, omwe amatha kutalika masentimita 6. Mtundu wa thupi lake ndi imvi. Amakhala m'mapanga a Puerto Rico. Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, imatha kudya achibale ake.
2. Phrynus marginemaculatus. Mafupa ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi thupi mpaka masentimita 1.8 ndi miyendo mpaka masentimita 10. Malo omwe amakhala ndi madera akumwera ku Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti. Amakhala m'magulu.
3. Damon Medius. Plait mwendo-arachnid wokhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya kuyambira 3 mpaka 4 cm.Amakhala munkhalango zotentha za mayiko okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yam'mapiri.
4. Charon grayi. Miyoyo m'mapanga a Malaysia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Indonesia.
5. Damon diadema. Limbani ndi imvi yakuda, yokongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka ya bulauni.Habitat - nkhalango za Central Africa, Southwest Asia, Islands Islands.
6. Damon mosagatus. Ziphuphu zazikulu ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 5 ndi miyendo pafupifupi 28. Mtunduwu umatha kukhala m'mapanga komanso m'nkhalango. Imapezeka makamaka kum'mawa kwa Africa.

Habitat, malo okhala ndi moyo wawo

Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yam'madzi imakhala m'malo obiriwira mvula, omwe sasiya konse. Amatha kupezeka pansi masamba, nthambi, makungwa, pakati pamiyala. Mitundu ina imakhala m'mapanga. Atsitsa maso omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osavuta.

Mitundu ina imatha kukhala m'malo achisangalalo. Ziphuphu zimayendayenda ndi mtundu wa nkhanu - chammbali. Amakhala usiku kwambiri. Izi zokhala ndi maonekedwe zimakhala zowopsa, koma kwa anthu sizikhala zowopsa.

Sakonda kuona maso a munthu, pamaso pa anthu amayesa kuthawa ndikubisala. Ngati mungawakhudze ndi chala chanu, amadzichema, ndikuyika mbali zazitali pansi pa thupi.

Kanema: za akangaude oyenda miyendo

Zomwe zimadya kuthengo

Chakudya cha arachnid ichi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tambiri. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amazunzidwa ndi agulugufe, chiswe, ziwala. Omasuka awo akudikirira. Kuti agwire nyama yawo, gwiritsani ntchito mahema, kapena njira.

Kenako amang'amba mothandizidwa ndi zigawo za chelicera ndi ma pedipalps ndikumapukuta ndi nsagwada. Chochititsa chidwi ndi ma arachnids awa: amakonda kumwa madzi. Olemba ena amati akakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, amatha kusaka nsomba.

Kapangidwe kwakunja

Thupi la akangaude wanyanja lili ndi ma dipatimenti awiri (tagm) - mapira okhala ndi gawo limodzi ndi opistosome yaying'ono. Mapira amatha kukhala ndi cylindrical (Nympnon sp.) kapena discoid (Pycnogonium sp.) mawonekedwe. Kachiwiri, idakutidwa ndi mayendedwe a dorsoventral. Kutalika kwa Pantopod 1-72 mm, kuyenda kuchokera ku 1.4 mm mpaka 50 cm.

Mapira

Mapira amapangidwa ndimagulu anayi (kawirikawiri 5-6), oyamba komanso omaliza omwe ali ovuta kuwoneka bwino ndipo ali chifukwa cha kuphatikizidwa kwa ma metameres angapo. "Gawo" lakutsogolo limatchedwa department department. Mbali yakumasoyo ili ndi gawo lotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri - chakumapeto kwake, kumapeto kwake kwakumaso kotseguka pamilomo yokhala ndi milomo itatu (chimodzi chamkamwa ndi malo awiri), ndikuwonetsa zilembo zitatu zotsatana, zomwe ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuphukira. Zotsirizazo zimatha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - zokhala ngati cylindrical, conical ndi pipette zopangidwa ndi ma bloating m'chigawo cha proximal, chapakati kapena chakunja. Nthawi zina mawonekedwe opingasa amatha kuwonetsedwa pa proboscis, pomwe phula limatha kulipinda ndikugwada pansi pa mapira. Chikhalidwe cha phenoscis sichimveka bwino komanso chimayambitsa mikangano yambiri.

Pazithunzi zakumaso pamutu ndimomwe amadziwika kuti ocular tubercle. Mawonekedwe ake amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana - ma cylindrical, conical, flattened-conic, onyamula mitundu ingapo yanthawi yosiyanasiyana ndi ma spikes. Gawo lamkati la tubercle yamaso limakhala ndi maso anayi osavuta, awiri amayang'ana kutsogolo ndipo awiri amayang'ana kumbuyo. M'mitundu yambiri (i.e. Anoplodactylus petiolatus) adazindikira kuti mbali yakumbuyo ya ocelli ndi yayikulupo ndi yakutsogolo. Mumitundu yamadzi akuya, ma photoreceptors amachepetsedwa. Zitachitika izi, maso amayamba kuyamba, kenako thumba lakumaso limatsitsidwa kuti lithetsedwe kwathunthu (Nymphon procerus - malo ozama kuchokera pa 2500 m mpaka 6000 m). Chifukwa chake oimira Nymphon longicoxa, Heteronymphon sp., yomwe imatha kukhala pamtambo wosiyanasiyana, pali kusiyanasiyana kosiyana ndi zida zowoneka mkati mwa mitundu imodzimodzi. Mwa oyimilira omwe amakhala m'malo ozama, maso amakhala opanga bwino, koma m'mene kuya akuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala kumachepa, mitundu yamasoyo imatha, maso amakhala bwino kenako pamapeto amachepetsa kwathunthu.

Kuphatikiza pazapangidwe zomwe tafotokozazi, mapira amanyamula miyendo yambiri yolumikizana.

Awiri oyamba - heliphores - amaikika kolimba, kumbali za proboscis, pamunsi pake. Muli zigawo 2-3.Magawo awiri oyamba a heliphor iliyonse amapanga chovala chenicheni (Nymphon sp.), yemwe chala chake chamkati chimasunthidwa ndipo chala chakunja sichigwedezeka. Nthawi zambiri, munthu amatha kukhala wopanda, kenako cheliphorous imawoneka ngati palp yaying'ono yazigawo ziwiri (Achelia sp.), kapena atha kukhala kwathunthu (Pycnogonum sp.). Ngala, ngati ilipo, itha kukhala ndi mano onyunda (Pseudopallene sp.). Kuchepetsa kwa mahipi kumakhala kowoneka bwino kuposa mbali zina za thupi.

Awiriwo - palps - miyendo ing'onoing'ono yomwe imamangirizidwa podutsa pansi pamunsi pa phenoscis. Chiwerengero cha magawo chimasiyana kuchokera awiri kapena eyiti. Monga mahipo, ma kalulu amatha kutalika (Achelia sp.) kapena ndifupikitsa (Neopallene sp.) ndi phenoscis, ndipo mwina itha kutsitsidwa kwathunthu (Phoxichilidium sp., Pallene sp.). Izi zimachitika mu majeremusi komanso mitundu yaulere. Cholinga chakuchepetsa kwawo sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mwabwino, ma kanjedza ndizovala zowoneka bwino.

Awiriwo - miyendo yoberekera dzira - zolumikizana zolowa zokhala patrly, pafupi ndi njira zapafupipafupi, pomwe awiri oyambayo amayenda. Mitundu ingapo imawonetsera kugonana. Pali amuna amtundu wamitundu yonse yomwe ikudziwika, ndipo amatha kupangidwa mpaka magulu osiyanasiyana mwa akazi. Momwemonso mwa akazi Phoxichilidium sp. palibe miyendo yopanda dzira konse, koma mwa akazi Nymphon sp. alipo, ngakhale atha kukhala ochepera kuposa amphongo amtundu womwewo. Ntchito ya miyendo iyi ndi kupangira mazira ndi ana, omwe amachitidwa ndi amuna okhaokha. Kuphatikiza apo, miyendo ya mazira imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akangaude panyanja kuyeretsa thupi la fouling ndi detritus. Malinga ndi wofufuza wina wa ku Moscow, a Bogomolova, ntchito yomalizayi iyenera kuonedwa ngati yoyambira pazinthu zomwe zikuwunikiridwa.

Miyendo yotsalira ikuyimiridwa ndi miyendo yoyenda, yomwe imamangirizidwa ndi mapangidwe ena apadera a mapira. Chiwerengero chawo chachikulu kwambiri ndi eyiti. Komabe, pakati pa akangaude akakhala mitundu isanu (Pentanymphon sp., Pentapycnon sp., Decalopoda sp.) ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (6)Dodecalopoda sp) awiriawiri oyenda miyendo.

Mwendo woyenda wamba uli ndi zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu. Amasankhidwa motere - ndichizolowezi kuyitanitsa magawo atatu kuti "coxae" ndikuwapatsa zolemba zogwirizana kuyambira chimodzi mpaka zitatu, kuyambira ndi proximal, kenako "femur", ndiye magawo awiri otsatirawa amatchedwa "tibia" ndi indices imodzi ndi iwiri, yodziwika bwino ndi " Tariso ”ndipo gawo lakutali kwambiri ndi" propodus ". Malo olumikizirana mwa akazi amatupa. Kutuluka kwa gonad kulowa mbali iyi ya mwendo. Nthawi yakuswana, mazira amawonekera bwino ndikupeza mtundu wa lalanje kapena wachikasu chifukwa cha yolk yomwe ali nayo. Pa gawo lachiwiri loyanjana la mwendo uliwonse woyenda kapena mbali yake pali magawo ang'onoang'ono otsegula maliseche (gonopores) omwe amatsekedwa ndi kapu yapadera (opercum).

Gawo laling'ono la mwendo woyenda limakhala ndi zolowa zingapo, pakati pomwe imodzi yayikulu (yayikulu) ndi zingapo zowerengeka (zazing'ono) ndizosiyanitsidwa. Ndi thandizo lawo, kangaude wam'madzi amatha kumamatira ku zinthu zowazungulira ikasuntha. Kuphatikiza apo, ziphuphu zimaloleza kuti zizikhala pamtunda wokhala ndi gawo lamphamvu.

Tsitsi zambiri zimakhala pamiyendo yoyenda ndi pa kangaude wa panyanja. Ziwerengero zawo zimawonjezeka kumadera akumatanthana. Tsitsi ili limayenera kumapeto kwa mitsempha. Mwinanso, mawonekedwe awa ndi mechanoreceptors.

Pakati pa akangaude oyenda panyanja, anthu amatha kupezeka omwe miyendo yoyenda ili yaying'ono komanso yowala kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ena onse. Zikuwoneka kuti izi ndi zotsatira za kusinthika. Pycnogonida, atataya miyendo ingapo, amatha kubwezeretsa mosavuta. Kutha kusinthanso miyendo ndi chinthu choyambira. Chifukwa chake wosimagawo, yemwe adayendetsa imodzi mwa miyendo yoyenda, samatha kusinthanso watsopano, womwe ndi umboni wa gulu lake lalikulu.

Opistosome

M'mazipi onse amakono am'madzi, gawo ili la thupi silikhala logawanika.Ili ndi mawonekedwe acylindrical. Nthawi zambiri pang'onopang'ono pang'ono kumbali ya dorsal. Sanyamula miyendo iliyonse. Kumapeto kwake kwakumapeto ndi anus.

Fossil mitundu monga Palaeisopus problematicus ndi Palaeopantopus maucheri, anali ndi khungu logwera kunjaku, koma analibe miyendo.

Matumbo oyenda

Mimba yogaya ya kangaude imayimiridwa ndi chosasiyanitsidwa bwino kudzera mu chubu. Ili ndi gawo limodzi lokhazikika mu gulu ili - kukhalapo kwa diverticulum, komwe kumachitika pambuyo pake pamatumbo. Amalowa mgumbo lililonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawombera moto, ndipo nthawi zina amawalasa mpaka gawo lomaliza - womupangira.

M'matumbo, ndimakonda kusiyanitsa ma department atatu - kunja, pakati komanso kumbuyo. Amasiyana osati morphologic, komanso amaikidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana panthawi ya embryonic. Njira yokumba yakunja ndi yam'mbuyo imayikidwa monga zotumphukira za ectoderm, ndipo pakati ndikuchokera koyambira.

Matumbo akunja amayamba ndi kutsegula pakamwa pa Y yokhala kumapeto kwa prooscis. Chida chapadera cha minofu chitseka chotsegula pakamwa pamene pecnogonid sichidyetsedwa. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kamkamwa kakang'ono kamkamwa. Itha kufotokozedwa pamlingo wina kapena wina. Ndiye inu Pseudopallene ma sapota uku ndi uku kumawerengedwa bwino pa kukonzekera kwa mbiriyakale. Pa makoma otumbikika mumakhala mipiringidzo yambiri, yomwe malekezero ake amatha kutuluka pakamwa. Potsatira pali pharynx yokhala ndi zida zovuta kwambiri zosefera, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mano ambiri odukaduka, omwe malekezero a mbali zake amayang'ana kukatsegula pakamwa. Samalola tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya kulowa m'zigawo zotsatirazi zamatumbo. Pharynx imatsatiridwa ndi esophagus yaifupi yokhala ndi colar epithelium.

Tsamba limakhala pakati pa thupi. Tizilombo totsatirana - diverticula - kuchoka pakatikati pake. Palibe zofunsa zapadera zomwe zidapezeka. Khoma la dipatimenti iyi limapangidwa ndi epithelium yokhala ndi gawo limodzi. Maselo amakhala ndi zochulukirapo, zomwe zimayatsidwa ndi bromo-phenol buluu ndi Sudan wakuda B, zomwe zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha mapuloteni-lipid pazomwe zili muzolemba zotsalazo. Ma cell a cell cell nthawi zambiri amakhala osasiyanika. Kuphatikiza apo, pali maselo mu cytoplasm omwe kuchuluka kwa ma vesicles sikokwanira kwambiri, nyukiliya imakhala yokhazikika ndi Ehrlich hematoxylin. Maselo amatha kupanga pseudopodia ndikugwira chakudya.

Gawo lakumbuyo ndi lalifupi kwambiri. Ndi chubu kumapeto kwa distal komwe kuli anus. Malire pakati pa kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo m'mimba amadziwika ndi minyewa yolimba.

Chimbudzi pamodzi - m'mimba komanso okhudza maselo ena. Maselo ambiri achinsinsi amatseketsa michere yam'mimba. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo amodzi amatenga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi pseudopodia. Zotsalira zopanda mafuta zimachotsedwa kudzera mwa anus.

Machitidwe amanjenje

Mitsempha yamaulalo yam'madzi, monga ma arthropod ambiri, imayimiriridwa ndi supralopharyngeal ganglion (ubongo), ganglion ya pharyngeal ndi cell ya nerve yam'mimba (BNC).

Gululi la supralopharyngeal la kangaude ndi gawo limodzi, gawo lakumapeto kwake lomwe limapangidwa ndi matupi amitsempha yama mitsempha (ma neurons), ndipo gawo lapakati mwa machitidwe awo, omwe amapanga otchedwa neuropil. Pharyngeal ganglion ili pansi pa khungu tubercle, pamwamba pa kum'mero. Misipu iwiri (ya Pseudopallene) kapena inayi (nymphon rubrum) ya maso (Optic) imachoka muubongo wa ubongo. Amatumizidwa kwa maso omwe amapezeka pa tubercle yamaso. Gawo lakumisalo la mitsempha imapanga kukokoloka. Itha kukhala gulu lowoneka.Mitsempha yowerengeka yowerengeka imachoka kutsogolo - gawo limodzi la dorsal proboscis, mitsempha iwiri yomwe imalowetsa pharynx, ndi mitsempha ina yomwe imathandizira othandizira.

Pharyngeal ganglion ndi neuromer wa magwero ovuta, okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi kuchepa kwa miyendo yolingana. Mitsempha iwiri yolozera kumanja imachoka kutsogolo kwake, ndipo mitsempha yochokera kumbali yamkati yomwe imalowa mkati mwendo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitsempha iwiri yomwe imathamangira mu proboscis, ikutumikira minofu ya pharynx.

Mitsempha yam'mimba ya ma spider okhala ndi ma kangaude imakhala ndi ma cell angapo (4 mpaka 6) omwe amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zazitali zam'mitsempha (zolumikizana). Kuchokera mbali zam'magulu onsewo, msempha waukulu umachoka, womwe umagwira miyendo yoyenda. Gululi womaliza wa mafomu 4 ganglia m'matumbo amtsempha am'mimba ndilovuta ndipo limakhala ndi ma neuromers atatu. Opistosomeyi imadziwika mkati mwa ganglion yomaliza; ilibe minyewa yake.

Zosangalatsa

Zida zowonekera za kangaude wam'madzi zimayimiriridwa ndi maso anayi apakati omwe ali pakatikati pa diso. Diso lirilonse limakhala ndi galasi la pigment, mandala a cuticular ndi maselo a retina. Maso ali ngati amtundu wotayika, monga ma arthropods ena onse (mawonekedwe owoneka ali pamtunda wa maselo otulutsa). Bungwe la diso lotere lidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi M. Heb, R.R. Melzer ndi U.Smola pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo Anoplodacylus petiolatus (sem. Phoxichilidiidae) Dongosolo la epidermis limapezeka mwachindunji pa cuticle (m'mabuku akale mawu akuti "hypodermis" nawonso ndiofala). Nthawi zambiri, cuticle amalengeza lenticular thickenings. Pansalu ya epidermis, wosanjikiza wa tapetum amatha kugona, momwe maselo a retinal amapezeka. Gawo la apical cell lililonse la retinal limakhala ndi zida zambiri zamagetsi zokhala ngati ma elekitrojeni, zomwe zimazunguliridwa ndi akasinja a ESR. Pakati penipeni pa cell mukuwunikirako pali nyukiliya yokhala ndi nyukiliya yayikulu komanso kuchuluka kwa mitochondria. Gawo loyambira limayimiridwa ndi rhabdom (kuchuluka kwa maselo otuluka - microvilli). Mchitidwe wamatsenga umachokerako, ndikupanga magawo anayi a maselo a pigment ndipo, ngati gawo lalikulu la mitsempha yotulutsa m'maso, umapita ku gulu la zigawenga zapamwamba. Maselo agalu amapanga kapu yofotokozedwera bwino, yomwe imakhala ndi utoto wochokera ku bulauni mpaka pafupi wakuda. M'mitundu ingapo yomwe imakhala m'malo akuya kwambiri, maso ndi khungu lanu amachepetsa.

Zida zowonekera za kangaude wam'nyanja, mwachiwonekere, sizipanga zithunzi zowoneka. Akangaude azinyanja amatha kuyendera mfundo ya "mhunzi-yowala", kusiyanitsa madera omwe amawunikira kosiyana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, oyimira kubadwa Nymphon sp. ndi Pycnogonum sp. okhala ndi chithunzi chabwino cha Phototaxis, chomwe chimasinthidwa ndi zoipa ngati chiwalitsiro chipitilira kuyipa (chifukwa Pycnogonum litorale - 15 lux).

Palibe ziwalo zopumira zapadera.

Dongosolo lozungulira limakhala ndi mtima wochokera kufupi ndi gawo lam'mimba ndipo umaperekedwa ndi awiriawiri awiri omalizira, ndipo nthawi zina umakhala wosavala kumapeto kwenikweni. Ziwalo zowoneka bwino zili mu gawo la 2 ndi 3 la miyendo ndikuwatseguka gawo lawo la 4 kapena 5.

Amuna ndi akazi ndi osiyana, ma testes amawoneka ngati matumba ndipo ali mumtolo m'mbali mwa matumbo, ndipo kumbuyo kwa mtima amalumikizidwa ndi jumper, mu gawo la 4 mpaka 7 la miyendo imapereka machitidwe omwe amafika kumapeto kwa gawo lachiwiri, pomwe pa 6 ndi 7 awiri (kawirikawiri pa awiriawiri) komanso lotseguka potsegula maliseche, akazi amtunduwu ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma machitidwe awo amafikira gawo la 4 la miyendo ndikutseguka kunja gawo lachiwiri la miyendo yambiri, amuna amuna gawo lachinayi la 4 mpaka 7 miyendo pali mabowo mumtundu wotchedwa simenti gland womwe umatchinga zakutchire chanu, chomwe maimuna achimuna ndi ma testicles oikidwa ndi akazi mu mipira ndikuchigwirizanitsa ndi miyendo yake chachiwiri.

Kukula

Mitundu ya kugonana imawonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana miyendo mwa amuna ndi akazi, komanso kukula kwamphamvu kwaimuna. Dzira ndi lolemera kwambiri pa yolk, kugawanika kwake kumakhala kofanana komanso kofananira, blastoderm imapangidwa mwanjira yofanana ndi kununkhira, mphutsi imasiya chipolopolo cha dzira m'mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zoyambirira za miyendo, kawirikawiri ndi zonse, ndipo pang'onopang'ono imapeza kupumula pambuyo pa molts angapo, Mitundu ina ya mphutsi imamatira pama hydrogens.

Ecology

Ma Pantopod ndi ma arthropods am'madzi okha. Amapezeka m'malo ozama osiyanasiyana (kuyambira pansi mpaka kumapeto). Mitundu yoyera ndi yodutsa imakhala m'nkhalangozi za zofiirira zofiirira komanso zofiirira, pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Thupi la akangaude azinyanja nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo limodzi mwa zolengedwa zambiri zangokhala (sedentary polychaeta), foraminifera (Foraminifera), bryozoans (Bryozoa), ciliates (Ciliophora), masiponji (Porifera), ndi zina). Kusungunuka kwakanthawi kumalola kuti thupi lizichotsa zokhumudwitsa, koma anthu okhwima mwakugonana (osakhetsa) alibe mwayi wotere. Mazira, ngati alipo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa thupi.

Pazinthu zachilengedwe, kangaude zam'madzi pang'onopang'ono zimayenda pang'onopang'ono pansi kapena mwala, kumamatira zolala zopezeka mbali yomaliza ya mwendo uliwonse. Nthawi zina akangaude azinyanja amatha kusambira mtunda waufupi, kuyenda m'mphepete mwa madzi, kukankhidwira mbali ndi manja ndikuwayendetsa pang'onopang'ono. Kuti amire pansi, amatenga mawonekedwe a "ambulera", ndikugwedeza miyendo yonse yosuntha pamlingo wachiwiri kapena wachitatu coxal (coxa1 ndi coxa2) kumbali ya dorsal.

Zangaude zam'madzi ndizambiri zomwe zimadyapo. Amadyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhala ngati kukhala mkati kapena kutha kosakhazikika - polychaetes (Polychaeta), bryozoans (Bryozoa), matumbo (Cnidaria), nudibranch mollusks (Nudibranchia), crustaceans pansi (Crustacea), holothurians (Holothuroidea). Kujambula Pantopoda m'malo awo achilengedwe kunawonetsa kuti chithandizo chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi ma anemones a nyanja. Mukamadyetsa, akangaude a panyanja amagwiritsa ntchito ma sapulaya, kumapeto kwake komwe kumakhala kansalu weniweni. Nthawi yomweyo, kangaude wam'madzi samangogwira nyama yake, amathanso kung'amba zidutswazidutswa ndikuyambitsa pakamwa. Mafomu amadziwika omwe ma sapoti awo amachepetsa. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa pakuchepa kwamitundu (Amothella sp., Fragilia sp., Heterofragilia sp), kusowa kwa nsapato (Eurycyde sp., Chandana sp.) komanso ngakhale (Tanystilla sp.) wa miyendo yonse. Zikuwoneka kuti, kuchepetsa kumeneku kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa proboscis (wotchedwa compensatory effect). Palibe chomwe chimadziwika pazokhudza thanzi la mitundu yotere.

Njira yodyetsa kangaude wam'nyanja Nymphon, Pseudopallene ndizosavuta kuwona mu labotale, koma musaiwale kuti zinthuzi zimatha kufa ndi nthawi yayitali (mpaka miyezi ingapo) popanda kuwonongeka kwa thupi. Kusungitsa chikhalidwe cha kangaude wam'nyanja, ma hydrogen a ma koloni ndi ma anemones ang'onoang'ono am'nyanja amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.

Komanso nthawi zina, akangaude am'nyanja amatha kukhala othandizira kapena majeremusi. Chifukwa chosowa malire pakati pa izi, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti ndi ubale uti womwe umamangirira zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, mayanjano a pantopod Anoplodactylus ophiurophilus ndipo zabwino Ophiocoma imawonedwa ndi Sloan monga chitsanzo cha parasitism, komabe, palibe zoyipa zilizonse zomwe zidapezeka ndi kangaude kapena ndi ophiura. Ngakhale wolemba amadziwa kuti ma pycnogonides amayenda pafupi ndi kamwa Ophiocoma, ndipo mwina gawo la chakudya cha ophiura limapita kwa akangaude.

Chitsanzo cha mayanjano a akangaude azinyanja ndi ma holothurians (Lecythorhynchus hilgendorfi ndi Holothuria lubrica motsatana). Katswiri wofufuza ku Japan Hiroshi Oshima amamufotokoza kuti ndi chitsanzo cha parasitism. Wofufuzayo yemweyo adafotokoza za ubale wina - pakati pa ma pycnogonids amtunduwu Nymphonella tapetis ndi opikisana ma bollve Paphia philippinarum. Potere, ma pycnogonides, omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo amatha kufika 8-10 mm, amapezeka mwachindunji pamalaya ovala. Akangaude azakudya amatha kudyedwa ndi nyama zomwe zimadyedwa - mitundu ina ya nsomba ndi ma crustaceans, monga zikuwonetsera ndi zomwe zili m'mimba zam'mbuyo.

Zinthu zonse za mikhalidwe zomwe zalongosoledwa pamwambapa ndi zitsanzo za maubwenzi apakati zimagwirizana makamaka ndi mitundu yamtundu wamtambo ndi wamagawo. Zachilengedwe za anthu okhala ku Batial ndi Abyssal sizikudziwika.

Phylogeny

Gulu la Pantopoda silikhala lomveka bwino m'tekisi. Pali malingaliro angapo pankhaniyi.

• Akangaude azambiri ngati gulu logwirizana ndi chelicerata (Chelicerata).

Ofufuza ambiri amakono amatsatira izi. Ndipo lingaliro ili linapangidwa ndi Lamarck mu 1802, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazo, adayikanso gulu Pycnogonides ku Arachnida, poganizira za akangaude oyambira padziko lapansi, omwe adasinthanso moyo wam'madzi. Komabe, a Lamarck sanapereke umboni weniweni wa izi, kupatula kufanana kwenikweni.
Pambuyo pake, mu 1890, Morgan, akuwunika kukula kwa maimidwe a oimira gulu la Pantopoda, adazindikira kuti pali zofanana zambiri pakupanga kangaude wapadziko lapansi ndi akangaude azinyanja (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ndi kakulidwe kazinthu zam'mimba - myxocephalus, kapangidwe ka maso, dongosolo logaya masisitimu - kukhalapo diverticulum). Kutengera ndi izi, akuwunikiranso lingaliro lokhudza ubale wapakati pa nyanja ndi akangaude.

Kupitilira apo, mu 1899, Meinert adawunikanso za kuphulika kwa spider zam'nyanja ndi kangaude wa akangaude, komanso tinthu ting'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timakhala ndi ma spider am'madzi komanso ma gland a poizoni. M'tsogolomu, zowonjezereka zatsopano zidawonekera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni wa ubale wa magulu omwe afotokozedwawa. Ndipo wofufuza aliyense, yemwe dera lake lidachita chidwi mwachindunji kapena m'njira yosamveka ndi gulu lachirendoli komanso lophunzitsidwa laling'ono, adawona kuti ndi udindo wake kupereka umboni umodzi ku banki ya nkhumba. Mwachitsanzo, zidawonetsedwa kuti thupi la akangaude apanyanja ndi Chelicerata yamakono imakhala ndi magawo ochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo lamanjenje limadziwika ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa ganglia kwamatumbo amitsempha yam'mimba komanso kusowa kwa deutero-cerebrum (gawo lapakati la pharyngeal ganglion). Komabe, kukhudzika kwa mawu omaliza kuyenera kukumbukiridwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamaphunziro amakono a neuroanatomical, oyimira onse a Chelicerata ali ndi deutero-cerebrum, mosiyana ndi malingaliro akale pankhani yochepetsedwa kwake. Gawo ili laubongo limagwira mkati mwendo ndi miyendo yoyamba - ma helimpeni mu ma pycnogonids ndi chelicera mu chelicerae. Kuphatikiza apo, ndichizolowezi chosinthika miyendo ya akangaude ndi ma arachnids. Kuchokera pamenepa, kangaude wam'nyanja akufanana ndi chelicerae, ndipo palps imagwirizana ndi ma pedipalps. Chiwerengero cha miyendo yoyenda m'magulu onsewa ndi eyiti. Komabe, ofufuza amadutsa zovuta zingapo zowonekera. Miyendo yooneka ngati mazira ya kangaude wam'madzi alibe ma nyumba mu ma arachnids. Amadziwikanso kuti mu nyama za akangaude zam'madzi muli mitundu ndi isanu (Pentanymphon sp.) komanso ngakhale asanu ndi mmodzi (Dodecalopoda sp.) awiriawiri miyendo yoyenda, yomwe singagwirizane ndi lingaliro ili konse. Kuphatikiza apo, sizikudziwikiratu kuti magawo omwe ma opistosome omwe amagawika kale anali ndi magawo angati, kaya anali ndi zowonjezera zilizonse. Mwachidziwikire, maziko a kuchulukana kwa kangaude wam'madzi ndi chelicerae amafunika kupitiliza kukonzanso. Mkhalidwe waposachedwa wa malingaliro awa wasintha pang'ono. Gulu la Chelicerata limaphatikizapo magulu awiri odziyimira pawokha - Euchelicerata (Merostomata ndi Chelicerata s.s.) ndi Pantopoda palokha. Maziko a izi ndi kufanana kwa tagmosis - kukhalapo kwa prosomas ndi opistosomes m'thupi, komanso kusakhalapo kwa antennals.
Kuphatikiza paumboni wazamakhalidwe, zidziwitso za maselo zimapezeka zomwe zikuwonetsa ubale wa kangaude ndi chelicerae. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa majini osungidwa a elongation factor EF-1a, EF-2, polymerase II, 18S ndi 28S rRNA, 18S ndi D3 ya dera la 28S rDNA, histones H3 ndi U2 snRNAs, akangaude aunyanja ndi gulu la mlongo wa chelicerae.

• Akangaude ofanana ndi gulu logwirizana ndi crustaceans (Crustacea).

Malinga ndi kunena kwachiphiri chachiwiri, kangaude wa gulu la Crustacea.Lingaliro ili lidawonekeranso koyambirira kwa zaka za XIX. Mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa izi ndi a Savigny, omwe amati akangaude am'madzi ndi ma crustaceans, akunena kuti kangaude wa panyanja ndi wodziwika bwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, akangaude azinyanja adasiyanitsidwa ndi wofufuza wina, Edward, kukhala m'magulu ena a gulu lakale, Araneiformes. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimatsimikizira izi ndi kufanana kwina pakati pa mphutsi za ma pycnogonids (protonymphon) ndi crustacean nauplius. Ochirikiza lingaliro ili akuti Crustacea ndi Pantopoda ndi mbadwa za kholo limodzi lokhala ndi mphutsi zamiyendo isanu ndi umodzi. Pambuyo pake, kholo ili lidatulutsa nthambi ziwiri - crustaceans zamakono ndi kangaude. Zoyambazo zimadziwika ndi mphutsi zopanda moyo zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi (nauplius), ndipo yotsirizira ndi mphutsi yomwe inasinthidwa kuti igwirizane pa hydroids (protonymphon). Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti malekezero a nauplius ndi protonymphon sakhala ophunzitsana wina ndi mnzake. Mu woyamba, miyendo yoyamba ya miyendo imayimiriridwa ndi tinyanga tating'ono (tinyanga tating'onoting'ono), chachiwiri ndi chachitatu - ndi miyendo yosambira (antennas yachiwiri ndi mandibles). Pofotokozera, miyendo yoyamba imayimiriridwa ndi ma heliphor, omwe amasungidwa mwa munthu wamkulu, ndipo awiriawiri otsalawo akuimiridwa ndi miyendo yopepuka, yomwe imatsika pakukula. Chifukwa chake, lingaliro ili limangokhala ndi mbiri yakale monga gawo lina pakukonzekera kwa malingaliro za ubale wa akangaude wanyanja ndi amodzi mwa magulu a arthropod.

• Akangaude azambiri ngati gulu logwirizana ndi nkhupakupa (Acari).

M'malo mwake, malingaliro awa ndi zitsanzo zapadera za zoyambayo, komabe, ndizofunikira kuyibweretsa payokha. Monga umboni waukulu, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mphutsi zamiyendo isanu ndi umodzi a nkhupakupa ndi protonymphon amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kufanana kwa tagmosis - kukhalapo kwa mapira ndi opistosome. Komabe, ngakhale woyamba kapena wachiwiri sangakhale wokwanira kuvomereza izi. Nkhupakupa ndi apadera kwambiri, ochepa gawo. Ndipo ndi akangaude am'madzi atha kukhala olumikizana ndi njira yamoyo, yomwe imadziwika kuti imadziwika ndi gawo la nkhupakupa. Kupanda kutero, magulu awa alibe zilembo zodziwika bwino zomwe zingawapangitse kuyandikana.

• Zangaude zam'nyanja ngati gulu loyima palokha la arthropods.

Awa ndiwowonera kwambiri nkhaniyi. Yofotokozedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 lolemba Zrzavy (1998). Kutengera zakukula komanso maselo, wolemba amatchula gulu la Pantopoda pagulu la gulu lodziyimira pawokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano pakati pa ogwirizana ndi ubale wa Chelicerata ndi Pycnogonida ndi omwe analemba izi. Ndipo tsopano, patatha zaka zoposa 10, yankho lomaliza la funsoli silinapezeke.

Gulu

Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mitundu isanu ya akangaude:

• Cambropycnogonon klausmulleri Waloszek, Dunlop, 2002 kuchokera ku Late Cambrian deposits of Sweden,
• Haliestes dasos Siveter et al., 2004 kuchokera ku malo a Silurian a British Isles,
• Palaeisopus problematicus Broili, 1928 kuchokera kumiyeso yoyambirira ya Greece.
• Palaeopantopus maucheri Broili, 1929 kuchokera kumiyeso yoyambira ku Greece ya Germany.
• Palaeothea devonica Bergstrom et al., 1980 kuchokera ku malo oyambilira a Devonia aku Germany,
• Flagellopantopus blocki Poschmann, Dunlop, 2006 kuchokera ku malo oyambilira a Devonia a Germany.

Olemba amakono (Dunlop & Arango, 2005) amaika Pycnogonida mwina kunja kwa Arachnomorpha (Chelicerae + Trilobites) ngati mtengo woyambira wa Euarthropoda kapena ngati gawo la Chelicerata. Gulu laling'ono lino silikuphunziridwa bwino, ndipo gulu lake silinapangidwe. Pafupifupi mitundu 1300 ndi genera 68 amadziwika, omwe amagwirizana m'mabanja angapo:

Kodi ndizowopsa?

Akangaude oyenda ndi miyendo yokhala ndi matupi ang'ono ndi miyendo yayitali, poyang'ana koyamba, amawoneka owopsa. M'malo mwake, alibe mavuto komanso odekha. Freen ilibe zotulutsa zapoizoni. Choyipa chachikulu chomwe chingachitike ndikuti amakukhomani ndi ana ake, koma osati zochuluka.

Kangaude uyu samaluka ukonde, sangaphe munthu wake pothandizidwa ndi poyizoni. Pakusaka, amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake, yofanana ndi nkhupakupa ndi nthenga, kuti, pogwira nyama yawo, adye pang'onopang'ono. Ngati kangaude wakwiya, kununkha kunjenjemera kumatha kukhala kowawa.

Mabwana a dziko lapansi

Amati katswiri wina wofufuza zachilengedwe wa Chingerezi dzina lake John Haldane (John Burdon Sanderson Haldane) nthawi ina adatulukira mgulu la akatswiri azaumulungu, ndipo adamufunsa funso: Kodi ndi zinthu ziti za Mlengi zomwe zimawonekera mukamaphunzira za chilengedwe? Haldane, wodziwika chifukwa cha malingaliro okonda chuma, adandaula: "Kukonda kwambiri nsikidzi» (“Kukonda kwambiri kachilomboka", Yotchulidwa monga: G. E. Hutchinson, 1959. Kuyanjana kwa Santa Rosalia kapena chifukwa chiyani pali mitundu yambiri ya nyama?). Yankho lokometsa, komabe, linazikidwa pa zenizeni zenizeni. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kachilomboka, kapena kafadala, ndizomwe zimapezeka kwambiri mu ufumu wonse wa nyama. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikufanizira kachilomboka ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya kachilomboka ikuposa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimaberekana nthawi zopitilira 72. Ndipo izi ngakhale zili choncho kuti zolengedwa zoyamwitsa sizinthu zaphokoso, koma gulu, ndiye kuti, gulu lambiri kwambiri.

Zomwe zidanenedwa za nsikidzi zitha kupitilizidwa kwa achibale awo omwe adasintha - kuchokera pafupi ndi kutali. Beetles ndizilombo, zomwe, ndi mtundu wa arthropod. Zosiyanasiyana zamtunduwu ndizabwino kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwamakono, zoposa 80% ya mitundu yonse yazinyama zamitundu mitundu ndi arthropods. Nthambi ina yopambana kwambiri yosintha chilengedwe sinachilengedwe ayi. Buku labwino kwambiri la Edward Wilson (Edward Osborne Wilson), gawo lofunikira lomwe limafotokoza za kutukuka kwa mabungwe azikhalidwe mu arthropods, popanda chifukwa chotchedwa "The Masters of the Earth."

Mosadabwitsa, kusintha kwa ma arthropod kumakhala mwa ofufuza ambiri. Nkhaniyi imathandizidwa ndikuti mbiri yakale ya ma arthropods ndi olemera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, "kuwerenga" kwake ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Malingana ndi mfundo yeniyeni yeniyeni, zomwe zili pano ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse zakale. Makamaka, lingaliro lililonse lokhudza zanyama zakale liyenera kukhala loti liziwoneka pazolemba zamakono - pokhapokha wofufuzayo alibe chilichonse chodalira. Pankhani ya arthropods, mfundo iyi imagwira ntchito bwino, chifukwa asayansi ali ndi mitundu yambiri yamakono ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zakale, yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo anakonza zochulukirapo kapena zochepa malinga ndi pulani imodzi. Izi ndi zofunikira kwambiri kwa paleontologist, ndipo mwachilengedwe kuti ofufuza ofukula zinthu zakale amagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira (onani: mwachitsanzo: Paleoentomology ku Russia).

Ma arthropod ndi gulu la zolengedwa zomwe ndizoyenera kuyesa mitundu yonse yamaganizidwe pazomwe zimachitika. Mwachitsanzo, kodi unyinji wam'magulu akulu amakono a zinyama udatulukiradi nthawi ya kuphulika kwa ku Cambria, kapena kodi mawonekedwe awo mwadzidzidzi kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Cambrian adalumikizidwa ndikupanga mafupa olimba, ndipo "mizu" yeniyeni yakusintha kwambiri? Kuyesera kuti mupeze izi potengera zofunikira pa arthropods zachitika kale (onani Arthropods amatsimikizira zenizeni za kuphulika kwa Cambrian, Elements, 11/17/2013). Koma kusinthika kwa arthropods, makamaka koyambirira, kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri pakokha - ngati nkhani yomwe akatswiri awo ndi zinthu zambiri zopanda moyo zomwe sizachilendo kwenikweni kuchokera pamalingaliro athu amakono. Paleontology ya zaka za zana la 21 yakwaniritsa zomwe zapeza m'derali. Komabe, padakali zovuta zokwanira zosakonzedwa pano, monga nthawi zonse.

Antennae, mandibles ndi chelicerae

Malinga ndi deta yamakono, mtundu wa arthropod uli ndi nthambi ziwiri zazikulu zakusintha.

Nthambi imodzi ndi Chelicerata, yomwe imaphatikizapo arachnids, nkhanu za kavalo ndi kangaude. Alibe tinyanga, koma ali ndi ma chelicerae - zapakamwa zapafupifupi zamkamwa zomwe zimatha ndi zikhadabo, zibowo kapena stilettos. Ma chelicerae ambiri, mulimonse akuluakulu, amadyera, chifukwa zida zawo pakamwa sizoyenera kudyera ena.

Nthambi yachiwiri ya arthropods imatchedwa mandible (Mandibulata). Zida zawo zapakamwa zimaphatikizapo nsagwada - kuphatikiza mandibles, omwe amatchedwanso mandibles - omwe si kanthu kuposa miyendo yoyenda yosinthika kwambiri. Mbola izi ndizosiyana ndi chelicerae, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi miyendo yawo. Zipangizo zokhala ndi pakamwa zowoneka bwino, zokhala ndi nsagwada, zimathandiza munthu kudziwa njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera zakudya, zomwe timawona pa zitsanzo za mamembala a gulu lino - milili, makoswe, makamaka tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma tendr ndi mawonekedwe apadera, kapena antennas, - awiri kapena awiri.Monga tanenera kale, antennae a cheliceric satero.

Kunena zowona, mtundu wopanga maubulo ndi ma cheliceraids amatchedwa Euarthropoda (euartropoda, "arthropods weniweni"). Dzinali, lolondola kwambiri kuposa "arthropods", linapangidwa mu 1904 ndi katswiri woteteza zinyama ku England dzina lake Ray Edwin Ray Lankester. Zina mwazizindikiro za euartropods ndikugawana momveka bwino m'magulu (ma tags) ndi kupezeka kwa miyendo yolumikizana, mkati mwake momwe mumalumikizana.

Nyama zomwe zilibe ndipo sizinakhalepo ndi ziwalo zolimbira sizikhala za euartropod, ngakhale ndi zizindikilo zina zambiri zimakhala pafupi nazo. Pali magulu awiri a nyama zotere: onychophores - zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi, zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa "mphutsi za velvet" (mphutsi za velvet), ndi ma tardigrades, okhala m'madzi ochepa kwambiri (onani, mwachidule: Kufupikitsa thupi la tardigrades kumalumikizidwa ndi kutayika kwa mitundu ya Hox, "Elements", 03/04/2016). Onse onychophore ndi tardigrade ali ndi gawo logawanikana pafupifupi lofanana ndi arthropod, koma miyendo yake ilibe gawo. Chifukwa chake, sizikugwirizana ndi kuzindikira kwa Euarthropoda, komanso tanthauzo lenileni la mawu akuti "arthropods".

Komabe, onychophores ndi tardigrade, zachidziwikire, ndi abale apamtima a euartropods. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ma euartropods, onychophores ndi ma tardigradan adalumikizidwa mwanjira yopanga Panarthropoda (kwenikweni "onse arthropods"). Panarthropods ndi nthambi yayikulu yosinthika, yomwe, ndi gawo la gulu la nyama zosungunula (Ecdysozoa, onani, mwachitsanzo: Chinese paleontologists apeza nyongolotsi yakale kwambiri ya cephalopod, Elements, 06/04/2014). Awa ndi malo a arthropods machitidwe a nyama.

“Chuma euartropoda”

Pakadali pano, polankhula za arthropods ndi abale awo, tangotchulapo magulu amakono. Komabe, pakumvetsetsa kwathunthu pazosintha zomwe zidapanga mitundu yambiri ya ufumu wa nyama, ndikofunikira kulingalira zolembedwa zakale, ndipo koposa zonse, zolembedwa za nyengo ya Cambrian, pomwe pafupifupi nthambi zonse zazikulu za chisinthiko zidapangidwa. Ku Cambria, zolengedwa zokondweretsa zimapezeka zomwe sizimasiyana kwathunthu ndi abale awo amakono (ambiri aiwo sangatchulidwe ndi mtundu wamtundu wamakono - osakhala ndi kutambasuka kwodziwikiratu). Chovuta ndikuti zolengedwa "zokhala zofewa" zomwe sizikhala ndi mafupa am'madzi kapena zipolopolo ndizosowa kwambiri pazinthu zawo, ndipo izi, alas, zimagwiranso ntchito kwa arthropods. Pa maliro awo, miyala yotsalira ndiyofunikira - miyala yamchenga yamiyendo yomwe imapangidwa pansi pa mpweya wochepa (pomwe pali mpweya wambiri, nyama zomwe zikutuluka zimalowa mu dothi, zomwe zimaphwanya kapangidwe ka matope opangidwa, onani A. Yu. Zhuravlev, 2014. Mbiri yakale ya Metazoa - mawonekedwe a paleontologist ) Burgess Shale, nsomba yaku Canada komwe zofukulazi zachitika zaka zoposa zana limodzi, ndizodziwika bwino monga gwero la michere ya ku Cambrian yotsekedwa ku Lagerstätt. Burgess shale fauna ndiyotchuka kwambiri kotero kuti malo omwe ali ndi mtunduwu wamtunduwu amasungidwa muzolemba zasayansi ndi cholembedwa cha BST - Burgess Shale-mtundu, "Mtundu wa Burgess Shale". Paleontology lero ikupanga mwachangu, ndipo malo ambiri a BST amadziwika, ndipo mwa ena mwa iwo kusungirako kumangodabwitsa. Izi zidaloleza kuphunzira kwabwino kwa achibale akale a arthropods, monga akunena, kumawunikira komwe adachokera. Zowona, chithunzi chotsegulidwa sichingatchedwe chosavuta. Koma ndizosangalatsa kwambiri.

Onani mtengo wakusintha. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo, omwe mu nkhani iyi akugwirizana bwino ndi detaontological, abale "achi" akunja kwambiri omwe adalipobe mpaka pano ndi onychophores. Ma Onychophores - kapena, mulimonse, mafomu apafupi nawo - amapezekanso pazosungidwa zakale. Zowona, mu nthawi ya Cambrian anali asanakhale pamtunda, koma zam'madzi (onani. Aysheaia) Awa ndi zolengedwa zokhala ngati mbozi zomwe zimayenda pansi pansi pamiyendo yambiri yayifupi ikutha mu zikhadabo.Zingakhale kuti makolo akale a euartropod ndi onychophore anali ofanana nawo.

Chith. 2. Mtengo wosinthika wa arthropods ndi abale awo. Tardigrades, malo omwe amakhalabe otsutsana ndipo mwanjira iliyonse ali nthambi yapadera kwambiri, sanaphatikizidwe pano. Muvi wa lalanje imalozera woimira "tsinde euartropods." Amatha kuwona kutuluka kwakuthupi pathupi, maso amtali komanso mautali, ophatikizika amkamwa ((zizindikirozi zalongosoledwa pansipa)

Komabe, onychophores nkovuta mwachindunji makolo a euartropod (mulimonsemo, euartropod mokhazikika ndi chikhalidwe chamawu). Apa ndipomwe zosangalatsa zimayambira. Pamtengo weniweni wosinthika pakati pa nthambi ya onychophore ndi nthambi ya euartropod, pali gulu lonse la nthambi zosapiririka, zomwe mamembala ake anali ndi zilembo za "euartropod", koma sanapeze zovuta zonse, monga momwe tikuwonera mu kangaude, centipede kapena kuuluka. Nthambi izi zitha kutchedwa zosinthika, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'malo momwe zimakhalira ndi nthawi yake, nyama iliyonse yokhudzana ndi izo inali chamoyo chokwanira, cholembedwa bwino mu cholengedwa china cha chilengedwe (mwanjira ina sichikanakhala cholembedwa). Ngakhale, zowonadi, kuchokera ku malingaliro athu amakono, mamembala ambiri a "nthambi" zosinthazi amawoneka odabwitsa kwambiri.

Malo a "stem euartropods" pamtengo wazinthu zosinthika akuwonetsedwa ku mkuyu. 2. Ngati tisiyiratu kanthawi kochepa, titha kunena kuti "stem euartropods" ndi gawo lomwe limapanga gawo la mtengo pamwamba pa onychophore ndi pansi pa euartropod munjira yopapatiza. Nanga zidatani pamlingo wakukusinthaku?

Ndipo zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zidachitika kumeneko. "Stem euartropods" ikhoza kukhudza malingaliro a wina aliyense - mawonekedwe ake ndiwachilendo komanso osiyanasiyana (onani Matanthauza 1 ndi 3). Mafumbo awo okhala m'magulu nthawi zambiri ankakongoletsedwa ndi mizere ya mapiko, ngati mapiko kapena masamba omwe amatha kukhala ngati zipsepse. Chikopa chamutu cha Chitinous chidawonekera, chomwe m'magulu ena chidakhala chopikisana. Miyendo yoyenda inkasiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuyambira “papillae” wakale (kapena kusakhalapo kwawo) mpaka miyendo yayitali, yopindika, ndipo nthawi zina imapangidwa, ngati crustaceans. Zolemba pafupi ndi pakamwa zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana modabwitsa: zojambula kapena zopanda, zokongoletsa kapena zamphamvu kwambiri, zazifupi kapena zazitali, zanzeru kapena zosefera, nthawi zina zimakhala za nthambi, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zikhadabo, zibowo, zokometsera, kapena zojambula. Pomaliza, mumitundu yambiri maso owoneka ovuta amawuka, ofanana ndi amakono, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala pamitengo. Ndipo zizindikiritso zonsezi zidalowa m'magulu osiyanasiyana pakati pawo, nthawi zambiri zosayembekezereka kwa akatswiri amakono azamanyama.

Chith. 3. Panarthropods ochokera ku ma Burgess mavu. NDIPO - pafupi ndi onychophores amakono Aysheaia. B — Opabinia, yemwe ali ndi chuma chotseguka bwino, maso opindika ndi thunthu lolumikizana, pamenepa amakhala pansi pa thupi. C — Hurdia, kuchokera komwe zida zam'kamwa zokha ndizojambulidwa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mano a chitinous (mu arthropods weniweni, palibe monga izi zimachitika). D — Anomalocaris. Zolemba zazitali zapafupi ndi pakamwa zimawonekera bwino. E - imodzi inanso Anomalocaris. Mivi yoyera sonyezani minofu yamagawo zakuda - pa kutulutsa glandular kwamatumbo. F — Leanchoilia. Zolemba za Okolorotovye ndizitali komanso zophukira, nthambi izi zimagwira ngati ma probes. G — Perspicaris, Mwini chishango cha mutu wampikisano. H,Ine,J — Helmetia, Sidneyia ndi Emeraldella, achibale a trilobites. Kutalika kwa magawo ake: 5 mm kupitirira A10 mm pa B–F ndi H–J ndi 3 mm kupitirira G. Chithunzi chochokera munkhani yomwe takambirana mu PNAS

Njira yosintha kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zomwe zakhala zikupanga "stem euartropods" ikufotokozedwa bwino ndi mawu oti "arthropodization" omwe a Alexander Georgiaievich Ponomarenko (A.G. Ponomarenko, 2004. Arthropodization ndi zotsatira zake zachilengedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zizindikilo za ma arthropods zidayambika nthawi imodzi munthambi zambiri (zokhudzana) ndi kusinthika, kumvera, kumbali imodzi, kubadwa kwa makolo, ndi kumbali ina, zofunikira zachilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha komweku kumadziwika nthawi zambiri mzere wosinthika, poyamba, munjira zosiyana, ndipo chachiwiri, m'njira zosiyana pang'ono. Izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithe kusiyanitsa pang'onopang'ono zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano zamtundu watsopano "wokhala ndi zida" - monga Athena, yemwe adatuluka atanyamula mitu yonse kuchokera kumutu wa Zeus.

Mwachitsanzo, ochita kafukufuku ena amakhulupirira kuti m'magawo awiri osiyana a "stem euartropods" omwe ali ogwirizana pakamwa pafupi ndi pakamwa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofananizana, amakhala magawo osiyanasiyana amutu - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti adadziyimira okha ndipo sangakhale achifundo kwa wina ndi mnzake ( DA Legg, J. Vannier, 2013. Zogwirizana ndi arthropod wachilengedwe chonse Issoxys ndi tanthauzo lake kwa chiyambi cha ma arthropods). Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri: Umu ndi momwe ndondomeko ya kukokoloka kwa malumikizidwe imayenera kuwonekera, ngati tiyambira kuchokera ku malingaliro azowonadi, zotsimikiziridwa ndi deta yamagulu ena omwe apanga chisinthidwe chofananira (chitsanzo choyambirira cha gulu lotere ndi zolengedwa ngati zinyama, abambo).

"Korona euartropoda"

Kutsiriza chithunzichi, akuyenera kuwonjezera kuti ma euartropods omwe amadziwika kuti "Ray-Lancaster" amatanthauza kwambiri kapena amagwirizana ndi malingaliro amakono a "gulu la euartropods", kapena "korona euartropods" (korona-Euarthropoda). Pazovuta zamisonkho zamakono, gulu la korona ndi gawo la mtengo wakusinthika womwe umaphatikizapo kholo lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri onse opulumuka lero mamembala a gululi, pamodzi ndi mbadwa zake zonse (zilibe kanthu kuti akukhala kapena anazimiririka, tawonani, akale akale azithunzi amawoneka ngati brachiopod, "Elements", 02/26/2016). Ndipo gulu la tsinde ndi gawo la mtengo womwe nthambi zake sizimafika pano (onani mkuyu 2).

Pali gulu limodzi la ma arthropod omwe sitinatchulepo kale. Ndi trilobite-ngati (Trilobitomorpha). Trilobites ndi nyama zodziwika bwino za Paleozoic zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi mbewa zamatabwa, koma zinali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe (onani R. Forti, 2014. Trilobites. Mboni za chisinthiko). Amagawika thupi kukhala ma tag, komanso tinyanga tating'ono komanso miyendo yolumikizidwa bwino. Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro za euartropod. Akatswiri amakono azomwe amati trilobites ndi gulu la korona wa euartropods, ngakhale atakhala kuti palibe. Zowona, kwa iwo omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi gulu la korona - kwa chelicera kapena kwa owuma - sizikumveka. Njira zamamolekyulu zomwe zimathetsa vutoli mosagwirizana sizigwira ntchito pamenepa: pambuyo pa zonse, ma trilobites omaliza adasowa mu nthawi ya Permian, ndipo palibe DNA yomwe idatsala.

Ma arthropod oyamba

Tsopano taphunzira mokwanira kuti tithokoze ndemanga yosangalatsayi yomwe idatulutsidwa mu kasupe wa 2018 ndi gulu la ana anayi achichepere koma odziwika kale (wolemba m'modzi amachokera ku Canada, ena atatu ochokera ku Britain). Onsewa ndi akatswiri pazinthu zakale zakuthambo, abale awo ndi komwe adachokera. Funso lalikulu lomwe alembawo anali nalo ndi lotani: kodi euartropods (onse "korona" ndi "tsinde") angatiuze chiyani ngati tiziwona ngati umboni wa kuphulika kwa Cambrian?

Kuti timvetsetse nkhani yake, tikufunika angapo. Malinga ndi chibwenzi chaposachedwa kwambiri, nthawi yaku Cambrian idayamba zaka 541 miliyoni zapitazo. Zotsalira za arthropods sizimawoneka mwachangu kumayendedwe aku Cambrian. Mpweya woyamba wa "gulu lachifumu" wopezeka mu zinthu zakale zamtunduwu ndi utoto wam'madzi, mabwinja oyambira kwambiri omwe ali ndi zaka 521 miliyoni.Kuphatikiza apo, zimapezeka pafupifupi nthawi imodzi padziko lapansi: kuwonekera kwambiri, ma trilobites adalandira kufalikira kwapadziko lonse (mwachidziwikire, osachepera chifukwa anali ndi mphutsi za planktonic pazinthu zawo m'moyo zomwe zitha kunyamulidwa mosavuta ndi mafunde am'nyanja). Ponena za "stem euartropods", woimira wawo wakale ndi cholengedwa cha gulu lomwe limapezeka komwe kuli mawonekedwe apafupi ndi pakamwa (AC Daley, DA Legg, 2015. Kufufuza mozama komanso kopanda ulemu kwa wakale wakale wosalocaridid ​​wa ku Lower Cambrian of Poland ) M'badwo uwu wapezeka pakadali pano wokhazikitsidwa pafupifupi zaka 519-520 miliyoni. Pambuyo pake, zaka 518 miliyoni zapitazo, wotchedwa Chengjian biota akulowa m'malo momwe "stem euartropods" amapangidwa mwaulemerero wawo wonse. Ndipo pamapeto pake, zaka miliyoni 514 zapitazo, zotsalira za ma crustaceans oyamba zimawonekera m'maboma. Pambuyo pa miliyoni miliyoni, pali crustaceans ambiri - fauna akuyandikira zamakono, kuphulika kwa Cambrian kuseri.

Kodi masiku onsewa amatipatsa chiyani? Choyambirira, pali mfundo yodabwitsa kuti: "tsinde euartropods" zimapezeka m'zakale zakale pambuyo pakekuposa "korona". Kunena zowona, makolo akale amawonekera pambuyo pake m'mabuku a mbadwa (ngakhale pambuyo pake). Zikutanthauza chiyani? Palibe amene, amakayikira kuti "korona euartropods" amachokera ku imodzi mwa "tsinde". Koma chosakayikitsa ndichakuti kwanthawi yayitali magulu awiriwa adakhala pamodzi. Mwambiri, chidziwitso ndichakuti "stem euartropods", moyenerera, amaimiridwa kwambiri m'maboma: ma cuticle awo sanali olimba kwambiri kuposa amtundu wa trilobites ndi crustaceans, chifukwa chake matupi awo (kapena mbali zina zamthupi) sakhala otsalira m'munsi. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti onychophore, yomwe sichikhala pachabe yotchedwa "mphutsi za velvet", cuticle imakhalabe yofewa, yosalala, yotambasuka, - osati monga ya crustaceans kapena tizilombo.

Pali njira ina, komabe. Nanga bwanji ngati ma trilobites sakhala “korona euartropods,” koma amodzi mwa gulu la "tsinde" lomwe lafika pa "euartropod" chisinthiko chodziyimira palokha? Izi ndizotheka, koma zimafunikira umboni wamphamvu, womwe suupezeka.

Monga mukuwonera, mzaka makumi awiri zoyambilira za Cambrian, "stem" kapena "korona euartropods" sizinapezeke (mulimonsemo, pakali pano, musaiwale kuti paleontology ikupitilirabe ndikupanga zopezeka zatsopano zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse). Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti amapezeka m'maboma mwadzidzidzi? Ayi. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi ngati izi, zopezeka m'manda (kapena zomata) zimayambitsidwa ndikupeza zinthu zakale zomwe amati zimasiyidwa ndi zomwezo. Ili ndi mutu woyeneranso kuphunzira. Pali sayansi yonse yazosanjidwa zamiyala zakale - paleo-teknoloji. Chifukwa chake, muzosamba zoyambira ku Cambrian pali njira zambiri zakale zokumbira pansi, zomwe zina mwakuti, ndizoyambira "stem euartropods", ndipo zina za "korona". Achikulire kwambiri ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 537 miliyoni.

Nanga, ngakhale zinali bwanji? Gawo lonse la mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi, koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Cambrian, limatchedwa Precambrian. Molunjika ndi Cambrian kuchokera pansi - kuchokera kumbali yakale kwambiri - nthawi ya Ediacar, ya nthawi ya Proterozoic, m'malire. Zinyama zamtchire za Ediacaria ndizopadera. Ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zamtchire za ku Cambria. Zotsatira za arthropods - "tsinde" the Ediacaran - Kusintha kwa Cambrian: Kusintha kwachidziwitso ndi mapangidwe a chilengedwe). Komabe, izi sizodabwitsa kwambiri, kutengera lingaliro lokhazikika lomwe ma arthropods analibe panthawiyo.

Zofunikira

Kuti akhale cholengedwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuti amupatse malo okhala ndi makhoma okwanira masentimita 25 ndi voliyumu ya malita osachepera 40 (kwa munthu m'modzi). Ngati makoma ali otsika, ndiye kuti mitundu ina imatha kuthana nayo mosavuta. Malo ochitira masewerowa amayenera kukhala ndi chivindikiro komanso mabowo omwe mpweya umalowamo.

Popeza phryn amakonda kubisala masana, ndiye kuti zigawo za coconut kapena masamba owuma, peat moss iyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa nyumbayo, ndipo miyala, mabatani, nthambi ziyenera kuyikiridwa. Gawo lapansi liyenera kukhala lomwe limasunga chinyontho bwino bwino.

Zofunika!Malo ochitira masewerowa amafunika kukhazikitsidwa m'malo osungika. Magetsi a dzuwa, ngakhale ochepa, amawopsa.

The Microclimate mu terarium iyenera kuthandizidwa pazizindikiro:

• kutentha kwa mpweya - 23-25 ​​° С,
• chinyezi ndi 75-80%.

Ndikofunika kupangira nyumba ya arachnid ndi thermometer ndi hygrometer kuti muwongolere kuziziritsa. Ndi kuchepa kwa chinyezi, ndikofunikira kupopera gawo lapansi lomwe lakhazikitsidwa pansi ndi mfuti yoluka.

Pakuunikira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nyali yowala mwezi. Freen amatha kukhala m'malo otetezedwa okha, ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena pagulu la amuna 1 ndi akazi awiri.

Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugona amuna amuna awiri m'gawo lomwelo - izi zimatha kuyambitsa mikwingwirima ndikulimbana kwa utsogoleri.

Mutha kudziwa yemwe ali patsogolo panu - wamkazi kapena wamwamuna, kukula kwa thupi la arachnid. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amakhala akulu kuposa akazi, ndipo amakhala ndizovala zazikulupo pazomera.

Amuna, kutalika kwa njira yolowera ku “nsonga” kuli chimodzimodzi ndi kutalika kwa miyendo yoyenda (nthawi zina pang'ono). Akazi, kutalika kwa miyendo mpaka kumapeto kwa "mikono" ndi kufupikitsa kuposa mtunda kuyambira pachifuwa mpaka miyendo yamiyendo yogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Musanalandire arachnid iyi, muyenera kuganizira komwe mugule kapena kugula chakudya.

Kunyumba, kwa ma fizi, mapacha, ziwala, ma crickets, agulugufe, mphutsi zamtengo wapatali zimakhala zabwino kwambiri. Chakudya chitha kuikidwa pamtunda kapena kutumizidwa ndi ma tweezers. Chiwerengero chokwanira chakudyetsa - 2 kawiri m'masiku 7.

Chofunikira kuvomerezeka mu terarium ndi mbale yakumwa. Madzi adzafunika kusinthidwa tsiku lililonse komanso momwe thankiyo imaperewera.

Zofunika!Pambuyo molting, amene amapezeka nthawi 5-6 m'moyo wa arachnid, muyenera kudikira osachepera masiku atatu musanamupatse chakudya. Kupanda kutero, Frina imakhala yovuta kuyigwira ndikuyigwetsa ndi maulendo osalimba.

Chifukwa chake, maungu ndi miyendo ya ma arachnids okhala am'malo otentha, omwe ndi abwino kuwasunga ngati chiweto chachilendo. Kusunga iwo otetezeka komanso osavuta.

Chachikulu ndikupanga zinthu zofunika ndikupereka chakudya chofunikira. Ngati mukumva bwino, azikhala pafupi nanu kwa zaka pafupifupi 12.

Akangaude a Barefoot a Frina (lat.Amblypygi)

Akangaude opindika okhala ndi miyendo yayitali (lat.Amblypygi), okhala m'malo otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, amapanga okha, malo ena, omwe dzina lawo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chi Greek kuti "kukhala ndi bulu wosayankhula."

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• Adakhala ndi dzina loyipa chifukwa chosapezeka "mchira" kwathunthu, kuperewera kwa mapiniwa kudalipidwa ndi miyendo iwiri yabwino kwambiri yomwe mlenje aliyense wochokera ku kalasi ya Arachnids angachitire kaduka.
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Mwa miyendo isanu ndi itatu, pawiri la miyendo yakumbuyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapesi pazolinga zawo - poyenda, ndipo mbali yakumayo imakhala ndi tinyanga tating'ono tomwe timamva nthaka pansi pawo ndikuyang'ana tizilombo. Kutalika kwa anangula oterewa kumatha kutalika kangaude wawo.

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2. Zisumbuzi zimatsogolera moyo wachinsinsi, ndipo masana zimabisala pansi pamakungwa a mitengo, masamba onyowa kapena pansi pamiyala, nthawi zina m'mapanga.
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4. Makulidwe awo amakula ndi okulirapo - kuyambira ang'ono, pafupifupi osawoneka, akangaude kupitirira masentimita asanu, kupita ku zimphona zazikulu wokhala ndi phazi lalitali masentimita makumi awiri ndi asanu mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
5. 

Ngakhale mawonekedwe awo owopsa, mapasa ndiotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu. Mendo wawo wamtali wolimba komanso miyendo yamphamvu yokhala ngati ma tick, okonzeka kuthana ndi munthu wopanda chitetezo pamphindi zochepa, nthawi zina amasocheretsedwa ndi nzika zam'deralo zomwe zimaganizira kuti a Frines ndiwopanda magazi.

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• M'malo mwake, akangaude awa amabweretsa zowopsa kwa tizilombo tokha, monga chiswe, njenjete, zitini ndi ziwala.
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• Musanadye, nyama ya ku Phrynian yomwe imapezeka imasungidwa mosamala ndikuyigwira pafupi ndi kamwa yanu momwe mungathere ndi miyendo yayitali yakutsogolo, ndikuyang'amba ndi zidutswa zooneka ngati mbedza, kenako ndimatchetechete amphamvu amapera pogwira.
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• Mapasa omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri amatha kusintha usodzi, ndikuwatulutsa kuchokera kumadzi.
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Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya akangaude, ma frins sangathe kuluka ukonde, chifukwa alibe tinthu ting'onoting'ono, ndipo mafungo owopsa nawonso sapezeka. Zida zawo zokhazokha ndizida zazitali zokhala ndi ma spikes akuthwa.

Akapita kokasaka, akangaude awa amayenda chammbali, ngati nkhanu, kuwulula nyerere za mwanjira inayake, ndipo chachiwiri ndikusanthula dothi pozungulira. Pakakhala ngozi, zoyambirira zomwe zimachitika phryne ndikuti amasuke pompopompo, koma ngati pali mwayi wothawa, adzagwiritsadi ntchito.

A Freens ndi m'modzi mwa oimira ochepa a kalasi ya Arachnid, akuwonetsa zikhalidwe pamakhalidwe. Zinaonedwa kuti ngati ana a makolo ena atayikidwa pamalo osayenerera, amayang'anana wina ndi mnzake ndikuyesera kumamatira limodzi. Wamkazi amathanso kusamalira ana ake mwa kuwavula ndi tinyanga yake.

Komabe, ana obadwa kwa amayi achikulire amadalira zabwino kuchokera kwa mayi, ndipo iwo omwe angobadwa kumene ali pachiwopsezo chodyedwa ndi amayi awo omwe ngati siwabwino ndipo amachokera kumbuyo kwake osadikirira molt wawo woyamba. Iwo amene adzapulumuke adzafika zaka zitatu zokha.

Kodi kangaude kapena waya wa miyendo ndi ndani?

Masamba ake ndiwopadera chifukwa ali ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi yoyendera, pomwe enanso a arachnine ali ndi eyiti.

Gulu

Mawangaude opanda miyendo (osatchedwa phryne) mwasayansi amatchedwa amblypigids chifukwa ndi amtundu wa Amblypigi. Amadziwikanso kuti zikwapu zopanda chingwe kumayiko olankhula Chingerezi chifukwa chosowa mchira (telson). Kwenikweni, amblypigid amatanthauza bulu wosayankhula.

Masamba ndi arachnids. Spider, zinkhanira, nkhupakupa ndi magulu ena ocheperako (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) ndi abale awo apamtima.

Gulu la akangaude oyenda miyendo

Masamba ake ndiwopadera chifukwa ali ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi yoyendera, pomwe enanso a arachnine ali ndi eyiti. Cholinga cha izi ndikuti akangaude opondera miyendo anali oyamba mwa ma arachnids kusintha miyendo yoyenda kukhala ziwalo zam'malingaliro.

Izi zazitali zazitali zitha kukhala zazitali kuposa thupi, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira chilengedwe.

Popeza kuti mabala amagwira ntchito momwe dzuwa lambiri limalowa, miyendo yosinthika iyi ndiyofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo ngati chida chothandizira kumvetsetsa dziko lozungulira.

Chochititsa china chosiyanitsa ndi kupendekera kwawo mwanjira yamisala. Zomerazi zimagwira ngati miyendo ya chovala chodziwika bwino cha zovala kapena zovala. A Frins amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti agwire nyama, yomwe kenako amazipaka ndi pakamwa pawo, kotchedwa chelicera.

Kugawa kangaude wamiyendo miyendo

Pakadali pano, okhometsa misonkho amasiyanitsa mabanja asanu, 17 genera ndi mitundu 136 ya mapira, omwe amakhala padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko otentha ndi madera otentha. Pali mphekesera zambiri za iwo ndipo nkhani zambiri zalembedwa ndi olemba aku Europe ndi America. Zomwe zidachitika izi zinali zachilendo kwambiri komanso kusapezeka kwawo konse kumayiko okhala nyengo yotentha.

Freens nthawi zonse anali osamveka komanso osasangalatsa kwa anthu wamba, kotero pali zambiri zopeka za iwo.M'malo ena kumene kangaude amaponda miyendo, anthu akumaloko amawopa ndikuwawona ngati owopsa.

Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yomwe amakhala ku Seychelles mu 1872, nzika za m'deralo zidauza katswiri wina wa sayansi kuti pambuyo pakuluma kwa thupi, kutupa kwa thupi, kupweteka ndi kusanza kumachitika, ndikuti ngati wodwalayo samachiritsidwa ndi ammonia, pamapeto pake zimadwala nthawi yayitali. kapena imfa.

Ngakhale asayansi ena adawopa kuyang'ananso zofanizira za ma arachnid omwe adabweretsedwa ku Europe, tsankho lawo linali lalikulu. M'modzi mwa olemba oyamba omwe adafotokoza zamadzimadzi adanena kuti zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri munthu mothandizidwa ndi ma pedipalps, omwe amatha kupha munthu pambuyo pakuluma.

Komabe, sakanalemba za zolengedwa izi, koma sizovulaza konse. Mapasa amatayidwa mwayi woluma kapena mwanjira iliyonse kuvulaza munthu. Akangaude opondaponda miyendo sakhala ndi poizoni, ndipo njira zawo zowopsa amazigwiritsa ntchito kuti agwire nyama zing'onozing'ono, monga tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tokwawa timitengo tamitengo.

Ngakhale masiku ano, atolankhani sanachitepo kanthu kuti afookeze bodza lakuti ma Freezer ndi owopsa kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mu kanema wa Harry Potter ndi Goblet of Fire, akangaude atali ndi miyendo amadziwika kuti ndi nyama “zakufa” zotembereredwa ndi Diso Lonse. Mapasa ndi alendo osowa pa TV chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo "odabwitsa". Mu chiwonetsero cha "mantha Factor", ophunzira adakakamizidwa kudya zolengedwa izi, kutsimikizira kuti anthu ndiowopsa kwa akangaude oyenda miyendo kuposa momwe timakhalira.

Khalidwe labwino:

Ambiri mwa mapasa ndi usiku. Amakhala tsiku lowala mumiyala yamitengo kapena pansi pa miyala. Akangaude ena oyenda miyendo amakhala okha m'mapanga.

Kulimbana kwamwambo kumachitika pakati pa amuna:

Amuna ali ndi njira zosangalatsa kwambiri zopezera amene akutsogolera pakati pawo. Amuna awiri akagundana, amatenga nawo gawo pamasewera a "nkhondo". Amakonda kuwombana ndi ma pedipalps, ndikuyesera kugonja ndi miyendo yawo yayitali yakutsogolo.

Nthawi zina ndewuzi zimasinthika kukhala ndewu zenizeni, ndipo anyani amakumbatirana ndi kukankha. Nkhondo zimatha pomwe Chimodzi cha Freen chikuthawa kunkhondo kapena kupatsa mwayi wotsutsana naye. Ngati wopambana ndi wothayo ali limodzi nkhondo ikatha, wolephera azipewa wopambanayo ndipo adzaonetsa kudzichepetsa kwake polankhula kuti apewe nkhondo ina.

Ntchito:

Freens ndi makolo osamala. Ndipo kuwaonera panthawiyi ndikosangalatsa kwambiri. Mwana wobadwa kumene amasala m'mimba mwa amayi awo kwa masiku angapo atabadwa. Kenako amasungunuka ndikusiya chisamaliro cha amayi awo. "Khanda" la kangaude wa miyendo imakhala yoyera mukangobadwa, motero limawonekera nthawi yomweyo pamene phoenix idabereka.

Ndani amachititsa kafukufuku wokhudza moyo wa mapasawo?

Zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika ndi kangaude wa miyendo. Pali pafupifupi asayansi khumi ndi awiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatenga nawo mbali pophunzira zamakhalidwe awo.

Kangaude waulere. Moyo ndi malo okhala kangaude

Phryne - Mwendo wa kangaudezomwe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino, zimayambitsa mantha kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, ndizotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa chiwopsezo kwa tizilombo tomwe timene timadya.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo achilendo, oimira gulu lachifumu la arachnid adalandira dzina kuchokera kwa Agiriki akale, omwe, atamasuliridwa molondola ku Russian yamakono, amamveka ngati "eni bulu wosayankhula."

Zinthu ndi malo a kachilomboka

Frins - arachnids, omwe ali nthumwi za malo ochepa kwambiri, omwe amapezeka kokha m'malo a dziko lapansi okhala ndi nyengo yotentha.

Ngakhale kuti kutalika kwa matupi awo sikudutsa masentimita asanu, ndiiwo omwe ali ndi miyendo yayitali mpaka 25 sentimita.Cephalothorax imakhala ndi chipolopolo choteteza, chomwe chimakhala chozungulira ndi maso awiri olimba komanso awiri kapena atatu a maso ofanana nawo.

Ma Pedipalps ndi akulu ndipo amakulitsa, okhala ndi ma spikes ochititsa chidwi. Mitundu ina ya akangaude imakhala ndi makapu oyamwa mwapadera, chifukwa chomwe amatha kusunthira kosunthika kosalala.

Kodi munthu angadziwe bwanji poyang'ana chithunzi cha kangaude, iwo, monga mitundu yonseyo, ali ndi miyendo isanu ndi itatu ndi m'mimba yogawana. Magawo achiwiri ndi achitatu amakhala ndi mapapu awiri. Kangaudeyu amagwiritsa ntchito mbali ziwiri za miyendo mwachindunji poyenda, ndipo mbali yakumaso imakhala antennas oyambirirawo.

Ndi thandizo lawo kuti amasunthira dothi pansi pamapazi ake ndikugwira ntchito yofufuza tizilombo. Miyendo yayitali ya kangaude imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa flagella, komwe, mwakutero, adamupatsa gulu la alendo.

Akangaude awa amapezeka kokha m'malo otentha komanso otentha padziko lathuli, okhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kangaude frina imapezeka ku India, kumayiko aku Africa, ku South America, Malaysia komanso kumayiko ena otentha.

Nthawi zambiri amamanga nyumba zawo pakati pa mitengo yakugwa, nthawi yomweyo pansi pa makungwa a mitengo ndi m'miyala yamiyala. M'mayiko ena otentha, amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri amakwera pansi padenga lanyumba, potere amadzawonetsa oyendera alendo ndi oyenda kuti akhale ovuta.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa kangaude

Kangaude wobiriwira zimasiyana ndi oimira ena amtunduwu pakalibe mabowo a arachnoid ndi poizoni. Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti sangangokulitsa intaneti, koma wopanda vuto kwa anthu. Atangoona anthu, amakonda kubisala pamaso pawo. Ngati mungayatse nyali, ndiye kuti imayimitsidwa m'malo mwake.

Komabe, pakukhudza koyamba, adzayesa mwachangu kupita kumalo otetezeka. Ma arachnidswa amasuntha chammbali kapena chammbali, ngati nkhanu. Monga nkhanu, akangaude awa nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku. Masana, amakonda kukhala m'malo obisika, koma pakumdima amachoka pothawira kwawo kukasaka.

Akuyenda m'gawo loyandikana nalo, mothandizidwa ndi luso loyatsogola, amafufuza tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tomwe timagwira molondola ndikusenda pang'onopang'ono tisanadye.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti akangaude azithunzi amasiyana ndi oimira ena amtunduwu pokhapokha ngati pali zofunikira za poizoni komanso chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ukonde, komanso kuwonongeka kwa "chikhalidwe chamagulu". Mitundu ina imakonda kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndipo ngakhale gulu lonse, lomwe limapezeka pazolowera kumapanga ndi m'makola akulu.

Amachita izi kuti achulukitse chitetezo cha ana awo. Akazi a Frin nthawi zambiri amawonetsa chisamaliro chambiri kwa akangaude, akumadula miyendo yayitali ndikuwapatsa chitonthozo chachikulu.

Komabe, zazikazi zimawonetsa mkhalidwewo kwa akangaude omweakula kale. Makanda obadwa kumene amatha kudyetsa makolo awo ngati atachokapo.

Damon yosintha yosinthika

Damon yosinthika ndi amodzi mwa oimira wamkulu wa akangaude oyenda ndi miyendo. Malo omwe amakhala amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha za East Africa - Kenya ndi Tanzania. Kukula kwamtundu wamtunduwu ndi 4-5 cm, kutalika kwamiyendo mpaka 25 cm.

Ma arachnidswa amatha tsiku lonse m'malo obisalamo amdima - pansi pa khungwa, m'miyala yamiyala kapena m'mapanga, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo ikafika amasaka. Mosiyana ndi ma arachnid ena ambiri, ana, monga lamulo, samawonetsa mkwiyo kwa abale awo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka m'misasa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.

Ngakhale maonekedwe ake amawoneka okongola, maulendowa ndi osavulaza.Alibe poizoni, koma mopanda chiyembekezo amatha kugwira mdani ndi zopeka zawo zakuthwa. Komabe, izi zimachitika kawirikawiri - nthawi zambiri zimakhala pachiwopsezo, eni ufulu amayesa kuthawa ndi kukabisala pobisalira. Amuna amatha kupanga mikangano pakati pawo.

Pambuyo pamwambo wamoni, amayamba kuyandikana ndikuyamba kugwirana wina ndi mnzake. Wotayika monga chizindikiro cha kugonjera amachotsedwa.

Pofunafuna nyama, ziphuphuzi zimayenda pang'onopang'ono kudutsa mitengo ndi zitsamba, kwinaku ndikumva pamwamba ndi miyendo yawo yayitali, yopindika ngati kutsogolo kwa miyendo.

Mtambo umodzi wamtchire ukangolowera nyama, nyamayo imakhala pamalo oti ikawukireko ndikuigwira mwachangu ndi zipatso zake zazitali zazitali.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi zake ndi chakudya chathu cha ma invertebrates.

Fryn (kangaude wa zokolola): mawonekedwe ake, momwe amakhalira, malo okhala, okhutira

Freen ndi woimira gulu la arachnid. Thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa 4.5 cm, thupi limakhala lathyathyathya. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda (wakuda, imvi, bulauni) wokhala ndi tint yofiirira kapena yachikasu.

Kodi mumadziwa? Zotsalira zawo zimapezeka, zomwe paleontologists amati nthawi ya Carboniferous ya nthawi ya Paleozoic. Nthawi iyi idayamba miliyoni 358 zapitazo ndipo idatenga zaka 65 biliyoni.

Cholengedwachi chimakhala ndi cephalothorax yotakata, pomwe awiriawiri m'maso amakhala kumbali, pakati - maso awiri. Cephalothorax imakutidwa ndi chikopa. Mimba ndi lalifupi, komanso magawo 12. Chingwe cha mchira chikusowa.

Chifukwa cha izi, mwa anthu ena, kangaude walandira dzina laulere "chinkhanira chopanda chingwe." Dzinthawi yasayansi "Amblypygi" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "bulu wosayankhula." Zolemba pakamwa kapena chelicera zilibe zolakwika. Izi miyendo 5 miyendo.

Ma miyendo oyamba mumapiniwo ndi atali, ntchito yawo ndi yogwira. Zitsulo zazikuru, zimagwira ntchito yochita nayo chidwi. Miyendo imafikira masentimita 25. Kutalika kwamiyendo kumatha kuyambira 40 mpaka 60 cm.

Miyendo itatu yotsalira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda ndiyofupikirapo kuposa yakale.

Onani mitundu ya akangaude.

Mitundu ina imakhala ndi makapu oyamwa, chifukwa chake imasunthira pamalo osalala omwe amakhala. Ma Phryni alibe tiziwalo timene timatulutsa poyizoni ndi ma cobwebs, ndiwo kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu kwa kangaude.

Amadziwika kuti pali mabanja 5, mitundu ya 21, ndi mitundu 136 ya mapira. Ambiri a iwo amafotokozedwa kale m'zaka za zana la 19.

1. Phrynus kutalika. Mmodzi mwa oyimilira akuluakulu a mapinawa, omwe amatha kutalika masentimita 6. Mtundu wa thupi lake ndi imvi. Amakhala m'mapanga a Puerto Rico. Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, imatha kudya achibale ake.
2. Phrynus marginemaculatus. Mafupa ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi thupi mpaka masentimita 1.8 ndi miyendo mpaka masentimita 10. Malo omwe amakhala ndi madera akumwera ku Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti. Amakhala m'magulu.
3. Damon Medius. Plait mwendo-arachnid wokhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya kuyambira 3 mpaka 4 cm.Amakhala munkhalango zotentha za mayiko okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yam'mapiri.
4. Charon grayi. Miyoyo m'mapanga a Malaysia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Indonesia.
5. Damon diadema. Limbani ndi imvi yakuda, yokongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka ya bulauni. Habitat - nkhalango za Central Africa, Southwest Asia, Islands Islands.
6. Damon mosagatus. Ziphuphu zazikulu ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 5 ndi miyendo pafupifupi 28. Mtunduwu umatha kukhala m'mapanga komanso m'nkhalango. Imapezeka makamaka kum'mawa kwa Africa.

Freen (kangaude) - chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Kangaudeyu ndi wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi pano, monga momwe zimatsalira ndi nyama zomwe zatsala padziko lapansi zaka zopitilira 358 miliyoni. Oyimira amoyo kuchikumbukiro amabwerezanso mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi za abale awo omwe atha ndipo nthawi zambiri amawawopsa munthu wamakono chimodzimodzi momwe amawopsyezera makolo athu.

Thupi la chipondacho poyerekeza ndi ma arachnids ena ali ndi kukula kocheperako: kuchokera pa 5 mm mpaka 4.5-5 cm ndipo amasiyanasiyana mawonekedwe.Nyama imawoneka yopanda pake ndi miyendo yayitali, yotalika kutalika kwa thupi ka 5 ndikukula mpaka 25 cm kapena kupitilira. Kutalika kwa miyendo ya anthu ena kumaposa 40-60 cm.

Utoto wa kangaude, kutengera mtundu wake, umatha kukhala wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda, wachikasu, imvi, bulauni kapena ofiira. Masamba obadwa kumene asanachitike molt woyamba amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wowala.

Mtundu wobiriwira mutatha molting

Mimba yaying'ono yamipakoyi ili ndi magawo 12 ndipo imalumikizidwa ku cephalothorax ndi gawo losunthika, lopapatiza. Cephalothorax wokulitsidwa amakhala ndi korona ndi maso awiri amodzi ndi awiri awiri amaso amtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mitundu ina yamapanga, ziwalo zam'maso ndizotayika kwathunthu.

Nsagwada (kapena chelicera) zamapikozi zimafupikitsidwa ndikutha ndi njira zooneka ngati mbedza.

Bulangeti yokhala ndi miyendo yopondera imakhala ndi manja awiri. Zipatso zakutsogolo ndizitali kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi thunzi tosasintha tating'ono tating'ono tofanana ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikugwira: ndi miyendo yawo yovutikayo, mapikawo, ngati opanga nsipu, amamverera mwanjira ndi zinthu zozungulira.

Mawili achiwiri a miyendo ya manja (kapena ma pedipalps) ali ofanana ndi zibwano zomwe zimakhala ndi ma spikes ndikugwira ntchito yabwino. M'mitundu ina, miyendo imakhala ndi zomata zomata, zofanana ndi zoyamwa, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wosunthika.

Mbali zitatu za miyendo yakumbuyo ndi zazifupi kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi azungu pazolinga zawo - poyenda.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa zipewa ndi akangaude ndi kusowa kwa zotupa za arachnoid ndi poizoni. Mwa mawonekedwe awo onse owopsa, mapesedwewo alibe vuto lililonse ndipo amabweretsa ngozi kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadyedwa.

Kodi kangaude wa miyendo imakhala kuti?

Mapasa ndi nyama zotentha komanso zowoneka bwino. Chifukwa chake, malo okhala anali osankhidwa kukhala nkhalango m'maiko a Africa, Australia, India, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, Florida, Florida, Haiti, Cuba, Malaysia, Indonesia ndi mayiko ena ambiri okhala ndi nyengo zotentha komanso zam'madera otentha.

Cherry pamwamba kuvala bwino kuti mukolole

Friny - mitundu, zithunzi ndi mayina

Kugawidwa kwaposachedwa kumagawanitsa ma kangaude oyenda ndi miyendo m'mabanja 5, omwe akuphatikizapo 21 genera ndi mitundu 136. Mitundu yambiri idapezeka zaka za m'ma 1900. Mwa mitundu yamaphunziro omwe amaphunziridwa kwambiri, zotsatirazi ndizodziwika:

• Phrynus longipes Phrynus ndi woimira wamkulu wa akangaude oyenda ndi miyendo: kutalika kwa phryn kumafika mpaka 5-6 masentimita, ndipo kupindika kwa mwendo kumatha kupitilira masentimita 20-25. Monga phrynos, thupi la anthu amtunduwu ndi lathyathyathya, miyendo ndi yayitali kwambiri ndipo m'malo mwake ndi yopyapyala . Ma miyendo ataliatali amagwira ntchito yowoneka bwino, ma pedipalps ndi ofanana ndi zibwano ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi ma spikes ofulumira. Freen imakhala ndi imvi, yomwe imakulolani kuti muphatikize kwathunthu ndi mitundu ya makhoma mumapanga onyowa komanso amdima, pomwe kangaude amakonda kukhala pafupifupi moyo wake wonse. Habitat - Puerto Rico. Oimira amtunduwu amachita zamatsenga, kudya abale awo ndi chilakolako.

• A Fryn Phrynus marginemaculatus amakhala kumwera kwa Florida, Bahamas, Cuba ndi Haiti. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi thupi lalitali masentimita 1.8, kutsogolo kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Omwe amakonda kukhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo akazi 3-5 ndi ana amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale ana okulirapo sagawana ndi amayi awo, amasamalira bwino abale awo, koma kwa osawadziwa, mamembala onse a gululi amakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo amateteza malo awo osakhala alendo.

• Phryne Damon mkhalapakati. Kukula kwa thupi la kangaude wamiyendo ndi masentimita atatu, ndipo malekezero ake amakhala a 25 cm.Fine zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya komanso miyendo yopyapyala. Amuna, maleelezedwe ake ndi aatali kwambiri, ndipo maulendo ataliatali amakhala achitali kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Amadyanso tating'onoting'ono.A Freen Damon Medius amakhala kudera la Benin ndi Guinea, amapezeka munkhalango za Liberia, Cameroon, Ghana ndi Mali, nthawi zambiri nthumwi zake zikaoneke ku Nigeria ndi Senegal, Democratic Republic ya Sao Tome ndi Pripeipe, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, ku Sierra- Leone.

• Freen Charon grayi ndiofalikira ku Malaysia ndi Philippines, amakhala ku Solomon Islands ndi Indonesia, nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Singapore, Palau ndi Papua New Guinea. Monga akangaude ena oyenda ndi miyendo, imakonda moyo wosaka usiku, kukhala wokangalika mumdima wamapanga onyowa.

• Phryn Damon diadema. Kukula kwa thupi la kangaude kumasiyana kuyambira 4 mamilimita mpaka 3 cm, pomwe mwendo umafikira masentimita 20. Mtundu wakuda wamtunduwu umapambana mu utoto wa mivi, motsutsana ndi maziko ena pamakhala milozo yopingasa ya kamvekedwe ka bulauni. Mimba imakhala yowonekeratu kuposa cephalothorax. Kangaudeyu wa miyendo imakhala ku Central Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Yemen, ku Somalia.

• Various frein (lat. Damon mosagatus) - imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri. Kukula kwa thupi la arachnid ndi masentimita 4.5-5, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 25 mpaka 28. Thupi la phinolo ndi lathyathyathya, monga momwe ziliri ndi akangaude ena oyenda miyendo. Freen amakhala m'mapanga amdima, otentha a East Africa, makamaka ku Tanzania.

Spider lifanpan imadalira mitundu

Mitundu ya akangaude sangathe kukhwima kwa zaka zingapo. Akangaude azisamba ku South America ndi ku Africa amatha kukhala ndi zaka 15. Ulamuliro wa kangaude, monga lamulo, sukhala nthawi yayitali kuposa zaka zitatu, ngakhale pazoyenera zachilengedwe.

Kodi pali akangaude angati? Kwambiri pafupifupi chaka, ndi miyezi isanu kapena isanu ndi umodzi nthawi zambiri amathera nthawi ya dzira. Komabe, ma tarantulas ena amatha kukhala ndi zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri. Mbiri imadziwa za milandu yomwe oyimira m'modzi mu ukapolo adakhalako zaka makumi atatu. Ndipo kangaude wamalo otentha amakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu kapena kuchepera.

Kodi akangaude amafunanji mnyumba ya munthu?

Akangaude safuna zochuluka - malo aulere pang'ono ndi chakudya. Ngakhale kuti amakonda chisakanizo ndi zowondera zambiri, amatha kupezeka mzipinda zoyera komanso zopumira. M'nyumba ndi m'zipinda za anthu, akangaude amasankha malo ozizira komanso amdima, nthawi zambiri awa ndi ngodya za zipupa mu zipinda, chimbudzi, kanjira, pakhonde, kumbuyo kwa zipinda ndi zina.

Tibetan Terrier: Kufotokozera kwa mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi chithunzi

Malo abwino ndi kusowa kwa nyama zakuthengo, chifukwa ukapolo umawonjezera moyo wawo. Komabe, zimatengera momwe amasamalilidwira. Kupatula apo, munthu amathanso kuopseza kangaude wakunyumba.

Zamoyo Zankhondo Zankhanza

Poyamba,, m'malo azachilengedwe, akangaude samakhala okalamba kwambiri. Pano, kupezeka kwawo kukuwopsezedwa ndi zilombo, nyengo yovuta komanso kusowa kwa chakudya. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizovuta kuti asayansi adziwe kuti ndi akangaude angati omwe amakhala kuthengo. Makamaka pankhani ya oyimira ang'ono a banja lino omwe amatha kufa ndi mphepo yamphamvu.

Ndipo, komabe, adatha kudziwa zinthu zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, ndizodziwika bwino kuti akangaude akulu amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa ang'ono. Lamuloli limagwiranso ntchito kwa ma arachnids omwe amapezeka madera louma - malo awo apamwamba okalamba ndiwokwera kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi okhala kumalo otentha.