Mbalame ya mkungudza - wankhondo wosatopa pakugawa mkungudza wa ku Siberia. Kodi mbalame yamkungudza imawoneka bwanji?? Tizilombo ta mapiko tating'onoting'ono tating'ono kuposa jackdaw kukula, ndi abale a mpheta ndipo ndi a banja la mpheta.

Wokhala ndi zimbudzi sangadzitame chifukwa cha kukula komanso kukula. Kutalika kwa mbalamezi ndi 30 cm, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 190 okha, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kocheperako. Mitengo yamkungudza imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, ndipo maula ake amaphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi mawanga oyera.

Wokhala ndi okhala ndi mchira waukulu wokwanira, masentimita 11 kukula kwake, wokhala ndi malire ndi mzere woyera. Mlomo wautali, woonda komanso miyendo ya mbalame zamtunduwu ndi utoto wakuda.

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame ya mkungudza musakhale okwanira popanda zowonjezera zina. M'mawonekedwe, mbalame zamphongo ndizosiyana ndi zazikazi, zomwe ndizocheperako komanso zazing'ono, ndipo zoyera za mapangidwe awo sizowoneka bwino ngati oyenda nawo.

Ndiwokhalamo nkhalango zamtchire, ndipo imapezeka kudera lalikulu kuyambira Scandinavia mpaka Kamchatka, kufalikira mpaka ku zilumba za Kuril komanso m'mphepete mwa Japan.

Mverani mawu a mbalame yamkungudza

Achibale apafupi kwambiri a mkungudza ndi anthu okhala ndi ubweya ku North America. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kwambiri tating'ono, tating'ono 25 cm.

Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa mkungudza

Mitengo yamkungudza yosawerengeka sichita mantha ndi madigiri makumi anayi, ndipo imatha kupirira pozizira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilengedwe awa, mbalame sizimawulukira nyengo yachisanu kukafuna kutentha, monga achibale awo ambiri okhala ndi tsitsi, koma zimakhala kwawo, komwe nthawi yozizira imakhala ndi zonse zomwe zimafuna.

Mbalame za paini yozizira zomwe zimapirira chisanu

Komabe, amapita maulendo ang'onoang'ono kukafunafuna chakudya, kufunafuna magwero atsopano azakudya ndi malo ena abwino. M'nthawi yovuta, chifukwa choperewera chakudya komanso kusakhala bwino, mitengo ya mkungudza imasamutsidwa kwambiri.

Mbalame ya mkungudza ali ndi machitidwe osangalala, ochitachita komanso ochitachita. Ndipo ngakhale mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha, ndizosangalatsa komanso zimakonda kuyenda zazing'ono, koma phokoso, gulu.

Kukhalapo kwawo konse kumapita kukafunafuna chakudya, ndipo ndikupeza, chikukhuta, zolengedwa zokhala ndi mapiko zili chothamanga ndikupanga zam'tsogolo. Ndili ndi gawo ili la zolengedwa zokhala ndichuma pomwe mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa zimalumikizidwa.

Kedari ndiwopambana kwambiri, motero sizipindulitsa nokha, koma chilengedwe chozungulira. Bwanji? Izi zikufotokozedwa pambuyo pake.

Chakudya Ceda

Kodi mbalamezi zimadya chiyani? Kuchokera ku dzina la wokhala ndi zofanana zofananira siziri zovuta konse kulosera. Mitengo yamkungudza imangokonda kudya mtedza wa paini, kuwaulula mwaluso mikwingwirima. Kuphatikiza apo, zipatso, beech, zipatso za hazel ndi ma acorn amadyedwa ngati chakudya.

Zilombo zamapiko zoterezi zimadziwika chifukwa cha chizolowezi chawo chosungira nthawi yozizira. Kedrovka amakonda kwambiri mtedza, ndipo amatola, amapaka zochuluka pansi, m'malo osungirako. Ndipo malo agalu amtengowo amathandiza kwambiri kukulitsa ndi kugawa mkungudza wa ku Siberia.

Mbalame zopanda uzimu zitha kuiwala mopanda kufufuza komwe zasiya ndi zomwe zasiya, zikusiya nthanga za paini waku Siberia m'nthaka yachonde. Ndipo m'malo osungira nkhokwe, patapita kanthawi, mitengo yamphamvu imakula.

Ntchito zachilengedwe ngati izi sizinadziwike ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Ndipo pokumbukira ntchito zodabwitsa za mbalame mu umodzi mwa mapaki a mzinda wa Tomsk ku Siberia, mtengo wamkungudza womwe adamangapo chipilala chopatsa chidwi, chopititsa patsogolo ntchito yake yosatopetsa kuti athandize chilengedwe. Kuzungulira chipilala chopanda chidwi chimenecho, mitengo ikuluikulu ya mkungudza ku Siberia imadziwonetsera yokha.

Mu chithunzithunzi chithunzi cha mkungudza ku Tomsk

Mbalameyi siimangophika pansi, komanso masamba m'miyala yamitengo, komanso imabisala pansi padenga la nyumba za anthu. Zachilengedwe, m'malo mothandiza kuti mbalamezo zizigwira ntchito molimbika, zapatsa mbalame mbalame zochulukirapo pazinthu zonse zofunikira pa izi. Senti yodziwika ndi gawo lomwe mtengo wamkungudza umaloledwa, kuti uisunge mpaka mazana mazana a mtedza wamkati mkati mwake.

Komabe, mbalamezo siziri zopepuka monga momwe zimawonekera. Luntha lawo labwino limawalola iwo kutaya zosafunikira, zowonongeka ndi zowola, ndikuyika pambali zabwino pokhapokha posonkhanitsa mtedza.

Mtedza wa paini amatha kusankha mitundu yabwino kwambiri yokha.

Anthu okhwima amaphunzitsanso mbalame mbalame izi. Mitengo yamkungudza ndi nyama sizinyansidwa ndi chakudya, mopanda tanthauzo kupha ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Ndipo m'malo osungira chakudya a mkungudza, omwe amasiyidwa m'nyumba za anthu, zidutswa za nyama zimapezeka.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nkhalango za payini ndi mtundu wa mbalame zomwe zimapanga maanja moyo. Amapangira zisa zawo pakati pa nthambi za conifers, akumayika nyumba zawo, zomwe zimakonzedwa ndi dongo, komanso zokhala ndi mabulangete ndi nthenga, osati patali ndi nthaka. Ntchito zomanga zotere nthawi zambiri zimayamba kumayambiriro kwa Epulo.

Makedari-mayi samangokhala, komanso kumaswa mazira kwa milungu iwiri ndi theka. Ndipo ana akabwera, makolo amadyetsa ziweto zawo mosamala, wokondedwa ndi nsonga zonse za paini, mtedza, komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

Mu chithunzi, chisa cha mkungudza

Pakupita pafupifupi milungu itatu, anapiyewo akuyenda kale kuthamangira pandege, posakhalitsa akuuluka kumwamba. Koma masiku ena ochulukirapo amamva chisamaliro cha makolo omwe amasamalira ana awo ndikuwadyetsa.

Ngakhale zili zazing'ono, mbalame zimakhala zazitali, nthawi zina zimafika zaka khumi kapena kupitirira.

Mawonekedwe

Mitengo ya mkungudza imakhala ndi kusiyana kosiyana ndi kugonana, makamaka akuluakulu. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi osakhala akatswiri. Zachikazi zimasiyana ndi zazimuna kukula, ndizocheperako. Zambiri mwa izo ndizosalala kuposa zazimuna. Mitundu ya kuchuluka kwa matabwa a mkungudza imawalola pafupifupi kuphatikiza kwathunthu ndi chilengedwe - matayilo a taiga. Izi si mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, ngakhale zimabisala, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani. Kuuluka kwawo mkungudza ndilemera, mapiko ndi olimba. Chifukwa chake, amafunika kupumula, ngakhale atayenda pang'ono.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalamezi zimakonda kupuma panthambi zouma, zomwe zimapereka chiwonetsero chabwino.

Chifukwa chake, amasanthula madera awo kuti pakhale zilombo kapena alendo, omwe zolimba zazikulu zimakonda kudutsa.

Kedrovka ndi wa banja la ma corvids. Mbalamezi ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa ma jackdaw kapena ma jay. Kutalika kwa mkungudza kumakhala pafupifupi 30 cm kuphatikiza mchira, kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 11. Mapiko ake ndi apakati pa 55 cm.

Mosiyana ndi ma corvid ena ambiri, mtedza wa pine umapakidwa bulauni, osakonda kukhala wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera ambiri, ndipo pamalire pake pali mzere woyera. Mtundu wa paini wachikazi umalemera 150-170 gr, wamwamuna 170-190 gr. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya mbalameyo ndi yakuda kapena yakuda.

Zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe

Nkhalango za paini ndizobisalira komanso mbalame zopanda phokoso. Nthawi zambiri samapereka mawu omwe amawoneka ngati khwangwala. Chokha chopatula ndi nyengo yakukhwima ndi nthawi yosonkhanitsa mbewu zatsopano za mtedza. Ngati zokolola zili zofooka, ndiye kuti kulira kwa mitengo ya paini kumangokhala chete.

Kedrovka amapanga mtedza waukulu wam'madzi nthawi yanjala, ndipo malinga ndi asayansi, nthawi yotentha imawapeza ndi fungo, ndipo nthawi yozizira, pomwe chophimba cha chipale chofewa chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, ndizosatheka kupeza mbalame zobisika.

Ndizosangalatsa! Amakhulupirira kuti mkungudza umatha kupanga zikwizikwi zomwe amatchedwa mabulogu m'moyo wonse. Kenako m'malo oiwalika pomwe zakudya zimabisidwa, mitengo imakula nthawi yayitali.

Pali milandu yodziwika pamene kunali kotheka kugwiritsira ntchito nati ya pine yokhala ndi mtedza 165 m'thumba la mmero. Uwu ndi katundu wochititsa chidwi, chifukwa chakuti mkungudza ndi mbalame yaing'ono kwambiri.

Mbalamezi ndizolimbikira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri kapena mokhazikika, koma nthawi zina zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono koma phokoso. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mbalame zikauluka pandege kukasaka chakudya. Kukonda mtedza kumakhala kolimba kwambiri kotero kuti pakhala pali nthawi pomwe mitengo ya paini idayendetsa gologolo kuchokera ku mkungudza, pomwe pali ma cones ambiri odzaza ndi mtedza. Mapawiri a mkungudza wamoyo, ndiye kuti, ndi amodzi.

Moyo ndi moyo

Zikhadabo si mbalame zosamukira. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, akumapanga maulendo ochepa ndege kukafunafuna chakudya ndi magawo atsopano. Awa ndi anthu enieni okhala nyengo yovuta ya taiga, amatha kupirira nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Nkhalango za mkungudza ndi mbalame zam'mapiri, zimangodya zokha m'malire a gawo lawo, zomwe zimateteza mwachangu kwa alendo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalamezi zimakhala nthawi yayitali, anthu ena ali ndi zaka 10-12 kapena kupitilira. Muukapolo, nthawi zambiri samasungidwa ngati ziweto.

Ku malo osungira nyama, komwe malo abwino amapangidwira ndipo palibe adani achilengedwe, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15.

Habitat, malo okhala ndi mtedza

Kedrovka ndi anthu okhala ku taiga. Itha kupezeka nthawi zambiri ku nkhalango za ku Europe ndi Asia kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi ku Alps kupita ku Japan ndi China. Mbalame yaying'ono imeneyi imakonda nkhalango zowirira. Pano mtedza wa paini amapeza chakudya chake chachikulu - mbewu zomwe zimatengedwa paini, spruce ndi ma cesed ces.

Ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kukuchitika, mkungudza wa paini ukhoza kupezeka ngakhale m'nkhalango pafupi ndi Moscow, zomwe sizinali zaka 15-20 zapitazo. Komabe, izi ndi ngozi kuposa chizolowezi. Mwina mbalamezi zidayambitsidwa mwaluso, ndipo pambuyo pake zidazika mizu ndikukakhazikika m'magawo atsopano.

Zakudya, kodi mkungudza ukudya chiyani

Zakudya zambiri za mtedza zimapangidwa ndi mbewu za coniferous. Mukamaberekera komanso munthawi yodyetsa ana, tizilombo timawonjezera mtedzawu, motero zimadzipatsa chakudya pamodzi ndi ana. Munkhalango zomwe zili m'mapiri, nyengo zomwe mbalame zimakhala zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka kugwa, nthawi zonse pamakhala chakudya chambiri cha mitengo ya mkungudza, mtedza ndi zipatso zambiri zimacha, ndipo zimaswana tizilombo. Koma koposa zonse, mbalamezi zimakonda mtedza wa paini. Amadziwika kuti m'thumba la mmero pafupi ndi nati ya pine pamatha kukhala ndi mtedza wambiri kuposa momwe ungadye.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Munthawi ya chisa, mbalameyi imachita mobisa ndipo zimavuta kuiwona. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kuwona mkungudza wa paini pachisa nthawi yomwe akukola anapiye.

Zofunika! Mbalamezi zimakafika pomanga chisa mosamala, pogwiritsa ntchito masamba, masamba, dongo ndi nthambi ngati nyumba yomangira.

Zisa za mkungudza ndi zolimba kwambiri ndipo monga lamulo zimakhala pamtunda wa mamita 4-6. Koma sizipulumutsa nthawi zonse kwa adani omwe amatha kukwera mitengo, koma zimawateteza ku nthaka.

Kuswana ndi kubzala nthawi ya mitengo ya paini kumatenga mu Marichi mpaka Meyi. Yaikazi imagona 4-5, nthawi zina, mazira 7 amtundu wa buluu wopepuka wokhala ndi mawanga bulauni. Nthawi yolumikizira ndi masiku 18-22. Makolo onse awiriwo amawatchinjiriza, kupatsana mpata ndi kuwuluka kuti adye.

Nkhalango za payini ndi mbalame zoopsa zomwe zimapanga awiriawiri moyo. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amatenga nawo mbali podyetsa ana. Pakatha milungu pafupifupi 3-4, anapiyewo ali okonzekera kuuluka koyamba kuchokera pachisa. Makolo adakali motalikirana ndi momwe mbalame zimakhalira - zimadyetsa anapiye kwa miyezi itatu, ndikachoka chisa.

Adani achilengedwe

Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya paini pa nesting ndi adani awo achilengedwe - owononga ochepa. Pakadali pano, mbalame zachikulire zimayamba kugwidwa mosavuta, nthawi zambiri amawu ake kapena kuyikira dzira. Zoyipa kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ndi ma weasels, martens, ankhandwe ndi amphaka amtchire.

Zofunika! Popeza mkungudza umalemera pamtengowo ndipo umanyamuka pang'onopang'ono, ulibe mwayi wothawa mano a marten kapena nkhandwe.

Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yamkungudza imakhala nyama yosavuta nthawi yomweyo ikakumba mtedza womwe wasungidwa kuti ugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.. Kenako mbalameyo imakhala tcheru, kuiona ndi kumva bwino, kenako imakhala yosatetezeka ngakhale itakhala kuti ilibe nyama yoopsa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Nkhalango zowongoka ndi malo okondedwa a nkhalango za paini, nthawi zonse zimavutika ndi moto wachilengedwe komanso wopangidwa ndi anthu, zimadula mitengo mwachisawawa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri malo okhala mbalamezi. Mosakayikira, izi zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya paini. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya payini pakadali pano sikuli pachiwopsezo ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kumakhazikika.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Nkhalango za Cedari, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina 120 ya mbalame yochokera kubanja la corvidae, ali ndi makolo akale, omwe ndi mabwinja akale kwambiri omwe adapezeka ku Germany ndi France. Adakhala zaka zina 17 miliyoni BC. M'mawonekedwe ake, mitengo yamkungudza imafanana ndi khwangwala, koma yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mbalameyi.

Pali gawo logawika m'magawo asanu ndi anayi osiyana maonekedwe, mtundu wa chakudya ndi malo okhala, koma akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala amakonda kuzichulukitsa m'magulu awiri: mitundu yakumpoto ndi yam'mwera. Amapezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana a Eurasia.

Kanema: Kedari

Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mtundu wina womwe umakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za North America - Nucifraga columbiana kapena Clark's nutcracker. Mbalamezi ndizocheperako kuposa anzawo ku Europe ndipo zimakhala ndi imvi, kuwala kwamapweya, ndipo mapiko awo ndi mchira wake ndi zakuda. Amakhala chisa m'nkhalango zamapine ndipo ali ndi zofanana zambiri ndi oimira ena ma corvid - Podoces kapena jay jives.

Kutengera ndi mtundu wa chakudya, mbalame zimagawidwa mtedza - omwe ali ndi ma hazelnuts ndi mtedza wa pine muzakudya. Mtedza uli ndi mlomo wamphamvu kwambiri koma wamfupi. Ku Siberia, anthu amapezeka ndi wowonda kwambiri komanso mulomo wautali, wogwirizana ndi kudya mtedza wa paini.

Malo okhala ku Europe ndi nkhalango:

• anadya wamba
• Pine waku Swiss
• nkhalango zosakanizika,
• paini wamba,
• paini wakuda
• Pine ya ku Makedonia
• Hazel (Corylus).

Nzika zaku Siberia ndi Far East zimakonda:

• mkungudza,
• Pine ya ku Siberia
• Mkungudza waku Japan
• Sakhalin fir.

Anthu okhala Tien Shan amakopeka ndi nkhalango za Tien Shan spruce. Ku Himalaya, malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe, mitengo ya mkungudza, paini wamtambo, pini ya pini, fashiti wa Himalayan, Morinda spruce wokhala ndi nthenga za Rhododendron.

Macaw parrot

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame

Kedari ndi mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi mlomo wochepa thupi komanso wautali. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo mpaka 30 cm, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi pafupifupi 11 cm. Unyinji wa anthu akuluakulu umachokera ku 125 mpaka 190 g. Mafuta a pine nati ndi amdima, amtundu wonyezimira komanso amtambo yoyera omwe kulibe kumtunda kwa mutu. Kutha kwa mchira kumakonzedwa ndi malire owala. Zachikazi sizimasiyana ndi zazimuna, zimakhala zowala pang'ono pamtundu wa maula, ndipo mawanga oyera samatanthauzika kwambiri.

Muli mitengo ya mkungudza yopatsa thanzi

Maziko a zakudya za mtedza wa paini ndi nthanga zakucha, komanso ma acorn, mtedza wa beech, spruce ndi mbewu za paini, zipatso, ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono ndi tizilombo.

Mtedza wa paini umakhalabe chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri pa mtedza wonse wamapine. Akayamba kukhwima, mbalamezo zimasonkhana pagulu ndikupita kukatola chakudya kuthengo. Mitengo yam mkungudza imagwira ntchito kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo kupanga nkhokwe zokwanira chisanu chonse, nthawi yachisanu yozizira, kudzipangira zokha ndi ana awo.

M'nyengo yachilimwe ya ku Siberia, mtedza umodzi wamapine umakhala ndi nthawi yosankha mtedza wa paini pafupifupi 70,000. Nthawi imodzi, mbalameyo imanyamula mtedza woposa 100, chifukwa chaichi imakhala ndi thumba lapadera la hyoid. Koma, kuphatikiza ndi chopereka chokha, mtedza uyenera kusunthidwa ndikubisidwa m'malo otetezeka.Ndizowopsa kubisa zakudya zonse zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu dzenje limodzi kapena m'maenje a mkungudza, chifukwa nthawi yachisanu msuzi wokoma ndi wopatsa thanzi umatha kusangalatsa ndi mavuvu, mbewa zam'munda, ndi zimbalangondo. Chifukwa chake, nati ya paini imapangitsa malo ambiri obisala, kukumbukira malo awo mwangwiro.

Kufalikira kwa mbalame

Malo okhala mitengo ya mkungudza amaphatikizapo nkhalango za taiga ku Europe ndi Asia, kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi Alps kupita ku Kamchatka, zilumba za Kuril, Primorye, Japan ndi China. Ku Siberia, mkungudza ndi womwe umagulitsa mkungudza wambiri (mtengo wa paini wa ku Siberia). Mbalameyi imakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira, komanso mitengo ya mkungudza ndi mkungudza. Muli m'nkhalango zachuma kuti chakudya chachikulu cha mkungudza chikukwanira - mbewu za paini, spruce ndi cesedes ces.

Kedrovka amakonda kukhala pamtunda ndipo nthawi zambiri sagonjetsa matupi amadzi oposa 3 km mulifupi. Mbalame imatha kupita kuzilumba ndi mkuntho kapena namondwe, nikhala komweko.

Mitengo ya mkungudza imakhala yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa zakudya zomwe amapangira nthawi yozizira zimawalola kupulumuka kuzizira popanda kusuntha posaka chakudya.

Ngati kulephera kwa mbewu za mtedza wa paini ndi mbewu za conifiring kumapezeka mu Sibiga ya taiga, ndiye kuti mitengo ya mkungudza imawulukira kwambiri kumadzulo kuti ikapeze magawo atsopano. M'masiku otopetsa amenewa, magulu akuluakulu a mtedza wa paini amapezeka ku Eastern ndi Central Europe.

North America Walnut (Nucifraga columbiana)

Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumachokera pa masentimita 27 mpaka 30. Mafutawa amapakidwa utoto wa imvi, kupatula mapiko akuda ndi oyera ndi nthenga zapakati pake. Mlomo ndi miyendo yakuda.

Mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za paini za m'mapiri a Rocky. Amadyetsedwa makamaka ndi njere zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pine, yomwe imabisala pakati pa chaka, ndikupanga zosungira nyengo yachisanu. Mtundu waku North America umamangapo zisa pamutu pamipini.

Kufalitsa kwa mkungudza

Nkhalango za payini ndi mbalame zoopsa zomwe zimapanga banja limodzi moyo. M'nyengo yakukhwima, mbalame zimayesetsa kuti zisakodwe ndi aliyense, ndipo zimachita zinthu mwachinsinsi m'malo omwe zikufotokozedwa mosamala.

Chisa cha Cedari ndi mulu wosokonekera wa mitengo, udzu, mbewa, zonyansa zomwe mbalameyo imagwirizira limodzi ndi dongo. Zisa zoterezi zimapezeka pa conifers pamtunda wa 4 mpaka 6 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka. Popeza mkungudza umakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira m'nyengo yozizira, mbalameyo imayamba kusowa m'mawa. Chifukwa chake, amayamba kumanga zisa za mkungudza pakadali matalala ndipo matenthedwe a mpweya amakhala pansi pa ziro.

M'mwezi wa Marichi kapena Epulo, mayi wa paini wachikazi amaikira mazira obiriwira 3-4 obiriwira. Onsewo akuchita zothandizirana, chifukwa chachimuna sichimadziwa komwe mkazi amakhala kuti adasungira.

Mitengo ya mkungudza yazipatso imadyetsa anapiye atsopano omwe amasungunulidwa kale. Mitolo ikapangidwa kuti nthawi yachisanu ithe, mitengo ya paini imabweletsa anapiye ake.

Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha, koma makolo awo amawadyetsa miyezi ingapo.

Liwu la Kedari

Nkhalango za paini ndi mbalame zamkokomo. Kuyimbira kwakukulu, kulira ngati muli ndi nkhawa komanso nthawi zina, kumveka ngati kukuwa kwambiri "Kerr-Kerr." Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi imatulutsa mawu ogwirizana osiyanasiyana: "Tew", "Kev", "Kip", matchulidwe afupiafupi ofanana ndi mawu akudziyimbira a mbuzi. Kumapeto kwa dzinja, mutha kumva kuyimba kokoma kwa mkungudza - mabatani okongola, ophatikizika ndikumveka koseketsa, kutulutsa mawu komanso maphokoso, komanso nyimbo zaphokoso.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za mbalame

• Mpaka 12 mtedza amayikidwa m'mimba mwa pine nati. Koma mu crease pansi pa mulomo - nthawi zina 10-15, chomwe ndi chida chabwino kwambiri kuti muzitha kuyendetsa mtedza pamtunda wautali. Mtedza wam mkungudza umakumba mtedza m'nthaka mkati mwa 2 mpaka 4 km kuchokera mkungudza, chifukwa chomwe mtengo wapaderawu umafalikira mwachilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, sizikudziwika kuti mitengo ya paini imakwanitsa bwanji kupeza komwe imabisala. Mwina mbalamezo zimatsogoleredwa ndi fungo, koma njirayi singagwire ntchito ndi chipale chofewa. Mwina mbalame zimatha kukumbukira malo omwe zimapangira "mapiko" awo.
• Mu 2013, chipilala chamtengo wa mkungudza chinaululika mumzinda wa Tomsk waku Siberia.

Kodi mkungudza umakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Kedrovka ku Russia

Palibe malo okhalitsa a nati za paini ku Eurasia, makamaka ku gawo la ku Europe. Zimatengera kukhalapo kwa nkhalango zomwe zimatha kupereka chakudya chachikulu cha mbalamezi - mtedza. Kedrovka imapezeka kumadera ambiri kumpoto kwa Africa, komwe amakhala kum'mwera pakati pa Europe, m'chigawo cha Tien Shan komanso kum'mawa kwa zilumba za Japan. Zimapezeka kumayiko a Scandinavia ndi mapiri a Alpine kumpoto kwa Italy, mwina ku Pyrenees.

Malire akumwera amadutsa a Carpathians, akukwera kumwera kwa Belarus, amadutsa m'chigwa cha Kama. Ku Asia, malire akum'mwera amatsika kumapiri a Altai, ku Mongolia amadutsa Hangai ndi Kentei, Greater Khingan, ku China - mapiri a Zhangguangtsailin, akukwera kumwera kwa Primorye. Kumpoto, malire ali paliponse amagwirizana ndi malire a nkhalango ndi zigawo za tundra. Malo okhala kutali ndi mapiri a Tien Shan, Dzhungar Alatau, Ketmen, Kyrgyz Range, mapiri a kumadzulo kwa Talas Massif, kumapiri akum'mawa kwa mapiri a Altai.

Ku Kashmir, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a pine waku Siberiya, amasintha kukhala N. Multipunctata. Mbalameyi ndi yokulirapo komanso yakuda, koma malo owala ali ndi mawonekedwe akulu. Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Himalaya, ma subspecies ena amapezeka - N. hemispila, wofanana ndi Kashmir payekhapayokha, koma mtundu wawo waukulu ndi wopepuka ndipo malo awo oyera ndi ochepa. Mtundu wa mbalamezi umagwira kwambiri mapiri a Himalaya, kum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi madera akumwera kwa China, kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan mpaka ku Peninsula ya Korea.

Kedrovka amayenda pang'ono m'malo, amakonda kukhazikika. Amachita manyazi makamaka ndi madzi. M'zaka zovuta, mbalamezi zimakakamizidwa kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amakhulupirira kuti umu ndi momwe mitengo ya paini idafikira kuzilumba za Kuril ndi Japan, Sakhalin.

Chosangalatsa: Kusunthika kwakukulu kwa mtedza wa paini kunawonedwa mu 1885 kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Russia (zigawo za Arkhangelsk ndi Perm) kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Ural. Popita kum'mwera chakumadzulo, mbalamezo zidadutsa ku Poland ndi Hungary, zidasamukira ku Germany ndi Belgium, Holland, France, ndi Southern England. Gawo laling'ono la mbalame ndi lomwe linabwerako. Ochuluka adamwalira, ena adatsalira kumadera atsopano.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame ya mkungudza imakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.

Kodi mkungudza umadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Kedari nthawi yachisanu

Mbalamezi m'zakudya zake zimakonda kwambiri mtedza wa paini, koma m'malo ambiri omwe nkhalango zotambalala zimakonda, zimadya ma hazelnuts, mbewu za beech ndi mbewu zina. Conifer ena amathanso kukhala gawo la zokonda za munthu wokhala m'nkhalango. Mbalame kugwa zimapanga zokonzekera zambiri, kusonkhanitsa mtedza m'malo obisala.

Mlomo wamphamvu umathandizira kupeza zipatso za mtedzawu kwa ogulitsa m'nkhalango. Kedrovka pang'ono amatsegula ndikumenya chipolopolo. Zotsatira zimagwera pamfundo ziwiri nthawi imodzi ndikuphwanya chipolopolo. Ngakhale walnuts adapezeka mum mitengo yamkungudza; mulomo wamphamvu amatha kugawa zipolopolo zawo.

Chosangalatsa: Pini wa mkungudza umagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula masheya pogwiritsa ntchito chikwama chaching'ono, momwe mumatha kukhala pafupifupi mtedza wa paini zana.

Mitengo yam'madzi imabisidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka amakonda kuchita izi m'malo otsetsereka. Ngakhale nthawi yamasika, mbalame zamtendere zimapitilirabe kusaka zakudya zawo ndikudyetsa anapiye awo. Amakumbukira bwino malo amkhwalawa ndipo amapezeka mosavuta pansi pa chipale chofewa. Mbalame yaying'ono, yomwe sifikira magalamu 200, imatha kupeza masheya nthawi yozizira mpaka 60 makilogalamu, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 90 makilogalamu a mtedza wa paini. Ndipo m'mimba mwake amaikidwa ma 10-13 nucleoli.

Chochititsa chidwi: Amakeki okhala ndi masheya osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitengo ya mkungudza amachititsa kuti mitengo yamkuwa ya mkungudza yamphamvu ikhale mtsogolo. Mbalameyi ndiyoigawa kwambiri pine ya ku Siberia komanso mkungudza wamapiri kumtunda kwa mapiri mpaka kumpoto. Mbewu za mitengo imeneyi zimatha kupezeka m'miyala yamipini patali kwamakilomita anayi.

Ngakhale pafupi ndi tundra zone ndi char, munthu amatha kuwona mbande za mkungudza zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi mkungudza wopanda ntchito. Mphukira sizimakhala m'mavuto otere ndipo zimafa zaka zingapo. Koma mbalame zambiri mwazomwezi zimapangidwa kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi, m'mphepete mwa mitengo yamisala, yomwe imathandizira kutuluka kwa mphukira zatsopano za mkungudza wamphamvu.

Menyu yamkungudza imaphatikizaponso:

• zipatso
• mbozi ndi mphutsi,
• oyang'anira malo,
• mazira a mbalame zina.

Mtengo wa mkungudza umatha kuukira mbalame zazing'ono mosamala, ndipo ukapambana, choyambirira, imaluma bongo kuchokera pamauku ake. Nthenga ndi zovalazo sizinyansidwa, zimatha kudya nyama yomwe yakodwa mumsampha kapena m'chiuno. Mtengo ukakhudzidwa ndi mphutsi za tizilombo, ndiye kuti mbalame zimasonkhana mozungulira kuti zitheke. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kuti achotse tizilombo tomwe timakhala pansi mobisa kuti tiziwaloza.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Cedari

Zamoyo zamtchire zamtchirezi zimasiyana nthawi zosiyana pachaka. Nthawi ya chisa, imapeza ngodya zobisika m'nkhalango ndipo sichimachoka pamalire a gawo laling'onoli. Ngati panthawiyi munthu akabwera pafupi ndi malowa, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imabisala mwachangu, ndikuikidwa m'mutu mwa mitengo.

Nthawi zina pachaka, mbalamezi zimakonda kucheza, sizimachita mantha ndi anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi nyumba, podziwa kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala zopindulitsa. Nthawi zambiri, mitengo ya paini imatha kuwoneka kumapeto ndi m'malire, m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje.

Chosangalatsa: Kedrovka, monga mabodza ena, ndiwopangika kwambiri. Akatswiri a Ornithologists adawona momwe amachepetsa mbozi za paini mu Novembala mwachindunji kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndikupanga malembedwe oyaka mu chipale chofewa.

Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pamitengo yotsika yam mitengo, zimatulutsa nthangala kuchokera ku ma cones. Akaona zoopsa, amatha kuuluka ndikubisala pamwamba pa mtengo umodzi wapafupi. Nthawi zina mbalame imalola munthu kuti ayandikire.

Mitengo yamkungudza imapanga mawu osangalatsa. Amatha kufananizidwa ndi kulira kwa khwangwala, koma osati mosangalatsa, kuli ngati kulira kwa jay. Maimbidwe awo akhoza kumveka ngati "khwangwala", ngati ali ndi nkhawa, akuwopa, ndiye kuti "cr-cr". Nthawi zina phokoso laphokoso limatha kutchedwa kuti nyimbo.

Mitu Yotchuka Yamauthenga

• Tsiku la Umodzi Padziko Lonse
  Tsiku la Umodzi ku Russia ndi tchuthi chapagulu. Nthawi zambiri amakondwerera pa 4 Novembala. Palibe amene akugwira ntchito lero. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zidadziwika za iye mu 2004. Ndiye tchuthi ichi chomwe chimathandiza mayiko onse kuti agwirizane
• Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Baroque
  Pafupifupi palibe aliyense wa anthu omwe adakhalapo mu nyimbo yemwe amadziwa zomwe Bach ndi Handel adachita munthawi yomwe adatcha "bizarre." Panthawi imeneyi, mawu akuti "baroque" adayamba, ndipo nthawi, kupatula "zodabwitsa", amatchedwanso "ngale"
• Pazomera zilizonse kuchokera m'buku lofiira
  Inde, kakombo wamadzi oyera ngati chipale chofewa amatha kupezeka kuti ndi banja la Kuvshinkov. Kukhazikika kwawomwe kumakhala kukula bwino ndikukula kwake ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso malo okwanira amadzi ambiri. Ndi malo abwino, amatha kukula onse

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mkungudza kunkhalango

Nkhalango za mkungudza zimatha kutchedwa mbalame zapagulu, kupatula nthawi yakusanja. Ngati mukuwona mbalame imodzi, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala mwayi wokumananso ena pafupi. Vapors mawonekedwe kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndipo zisa zimakonzedwa ngakhale chisanu chomaliza chisanasungunuke. Chisa cha m'nkhalangozi chimatha kukumana kawirikawiri, m'makutu osamva kwambiri, ngati panthawiyo munthu akakumana ndiini ya mkungudza, amafunafuna kuti asiyirepo. Kutengera nyengo ya nyengo, mbalamezi, zazimuna ndi zazimuna, zimagwira nawo ntchito yomanga zisa zawo kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Meyi.

Ichi ndi chopangidwa chachikulu kutalika kwa masentimita 30 ndi mpaka 15 cm. Pankhaniyi, thireyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri: pafupifupi masentimita 10-15. Chidacho chimakhala pamwamba pamitengo yamipiri kapena ma coniferiya ena, m'malo omwe nthambi imasiya. Nthambi zouma zophimbidwa ndi ndere zimayikidwa pansi pake, nthambi za birch zimatsata gawo lotsatira, chisa chimakhala ndi udzu, ulusi wamakungwa, zonsezi zimabwera ndi kuphatikizika kwa dongo, ndipo pamwamba pake amaphimbidwa ndi udzu wouma, moss, ndi pansi.

Mbalame zimagona 3 mpaka 7, koma nthawi zambiri mazira 5 amakhala oyera-bwino kapena ofota. Madontho a azitona kapena ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa violet amapita kumbuyo kwa chigolacho. Nthawi zina pamakhala zokonda zochepa ndipo zimatengedwa kumapeto. Mazira a oblong mawonekedwe ali pafupifupi masentimita atatu, ndi masentimita awiri ndi theka kudutsa.

Onse awiri makolo amatenga nawo gawo. Nthochi zimawonekera patatha masiku 19. Choyamba zimadyetsedwa tizilombo ndi zipatso, zipatso za mtedza. Pakatha milungu itatu, anapiyewo amatuluka kale chisa ndipo amatha kupeza chakudya pawokha. Koma ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri sizibisikanso, mokweza makolo kuti abweretse chakudya, ndipo mbalame zachikulire zokhala ndi kulira kwambiri zimathamangira aliyense amene amazungulira ana. Pambuyo pa anapiyewo, mbalame zakale zimapsa. Ana akakhala olimba, magulu amitengo ya paini amasamuka m'malo osamva kupita kwina. Kukula mu mbalamezi kumachitika pofika chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.

Mbalame ya mkungudza. Makhalidwe ndi malo okhala mkungudza wa paini

Ceda ndi mbalame yaying'ono, yomwe kudzera pantchito yake imathandizira kwambiri kukulitsa nkhalangoyi. Mitengo yam mkungudza imatulutsa njere m'nthawi yachisanu, koma nthawi zambiri amaiwala zaiwo. Zotsatira zake, mitengo yaying'ono imamera m'malo obisala.

Mbalamezi ndi "zoyenera" kwambiri mpaka adapambana chipilala. Imayima paki ya Igumen yamzinda wa Tomsk, wozunguliridwa ndi nkhalango za mkungudza.

Cedars adalandira mphothoyi chifukwa chokhacho omwe amagawa mitengo ya mkungudza ku Siberia (paini wa ku Siberia).

Mbalamezi zimachita izi, inde, osati chifukwa cha kukhudzika kwachilengedwe, mwanjira imeneyi amapanga masheya amnyengo yozizira, nkuwayika pansi, kenako kuiwala komwe m'matangadza awo.

Kodi mkungudza umaoneka bwanji?

Popereka lipoti kapena polankhula mkalasi pamutu wankhani, muyenera kulankhula za momwe mungazindikirire mbalame pakati pa ena.

Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono, yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa jackdaw, kunja kofanana ndi ma corvids ena. Kulemera kwa Kedrovka ndi pafupifupi 150-170 g; Amuna ndi olemera pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi lopanda mchira ndi 20-30 cm.

Mbalameyi imakhala ndi maula bulauni omwe amakhala ndi zoyera. Kupanga utoto ndi chibadwa mthupi. Pamwamba pamutu mulibe banga. Mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi zakuda ndi tint yobiriwira. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndi imvi yakuda, maso ndi a bulauni.

Mlomo ndi wolimba, wolimba, wautali mokwanira, wowonda komanso wokongola kwambiri kuposa ma corvids ena. Mlomo wotere umakupatsani mwayi wofika pini mtedza muma cones.

Matata amtundu wamphamvu, akuluakulu, okhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu, zomwe mbalameyo imasunga mosavuta ma cones akuluakulu pakudya.

Maanga ndi mawanga omwe amapezeka mumwambowu amathandizira kuti mbalame zisagone kwambiri chifukwa cha nthambi. Kedrovka simapanga maulendo ataliatali; zopinga zamadzi zopitilira 3 km mulitali sizingagundike.

Mbalame zimatha kulowa zilumbazi ndi typhoon, kapena nthawi zazikulu zosamuka chifukwa cha zolephera.

Kodi chimadya chiyani?

Mitengo ya mkungudza imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zipatso, zipatso, zipatso, njere. Mbewu za conifers ndi mtedza womwe amadya ndizopatsa mphamvu kwambiri kuposa tizilombo. Tizilombo tambiri, monga zakudya za nyama, timakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, koma kuti tizitha kukhalako nthawi yachisanu chisanu, mbalame zimafunikira mphamvu yomwe zimapeza kuchokera ku chakudya chamagulu. Mitengo ya paini yomwe imakhala kumwera kwa Scandinavia Peninsula amadya makamaka ma hazelnuts.

M'malo ena, mbalame zimadya nthangala za coniferous - nkhalango zamapine za alpine, mwachitsanzo, ngati mtedza wa paini. Kupeza mbewu zokoma kuchokera ku ma cones ndi ma kernel si kovuta kwa mkungudza. Amatulutsa njere pamiyeso yokhala ndi mulomo wocheperako, ndikumenya mtedza pamtengo kapena pamwala.Mu mbalame zina, chifukwa cha kudya kwakutali, mbewu za mbewu zina zimapanga mtundu wapadera wa mulomo. Anapiye a mkungudza amafunika mapuloteni a nyama, chifukwa chake makolo amawadyetsa ndi tizilombo.

Kufotokozera kwa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, kusiyana kwawo

Akazi, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbalame, ndi ochepa komanso opepuka kuposa amuna.

Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa chachikazi ndi chachimuna, komabe, izi zitha kuchitika mwa kulabadira kuchuluka kwa malo oyera mu manambala. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madontho ochepa poyerekeza ndi amuna.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za mkungudza

Pali nkhani zomwe mkungudza kutchire umatha kuthana ndi agologolo ndi makoswe ena kuti achotsere pine.

Kusunthika kwakukulu kwambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kakhalidwe kakang'ono ka mtedza wa paini, kunachitika mu 1885. Malinga ndi malipoti a asayansi achilengedwe omwewo, magulu a mbalame adasamukira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa gawo la Europe la Russia kupita kumwera-kumadzulo kupita ku Poland, Belgium, France ndi Germany. Gawo laling'ono la mitengo ya paini linabweranso, ambiri anamwalira, ndipo omwe anapulumuka adayamba kuchuluka m'malo okhala.

Mkungudza wa Taiga sunalembedwe mu Red Book la dera lililonse. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, chiwerengerochi nchokhazikika ndipo sichikuyandikira njira zobisika.

Zingwe za mkungudza zosungidwa ndi mitengo ya mkungudza ndi njira ya m'nkhalango ya mkungudza yomwe imateteza chilengedwe chotizungulira. Zomwe sizidzadyedwa ndi mbalame ndi makoswe zimayambitsa kukongola kwatsopano kwa taiga - mikungudza.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Moyo

Nkhalango za paini zimangokhala. Khalani nokha kapena ochepa. Ndiwaphokoso ndipo amagwira ntchito. Mbalame zonse zam'chilimwe zimasunga nthawi yozizira, kubisala chakudya m'malo obisika. Nthawi zina amayenda mtunda waufupi kukafunafuna chakudya.

Momwe chakudya cha mkungudza chimakhalira ndi nthangala za "mkungudza waku Siberia" (kutanthauza pine) ndi ma conifers ena, komanso ma acorn, nthangala za beech, zipatso, ndipo zimamwa ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono.

Pali nthawi zina pamene masamba a mtedza amapezeka m'mimba ya pine nati. Monga tanena kale, mbalamezi zimadzipangira zokhazokha patsiku lamvula, osati kungodziika m'munda, komanso kubisala m'maenje, pansi pa madenga a nyumba.

Malo abwino kwambiri osungira chakudya ndi thumba la hyoid, momwe mtedza wa pine umatha kukhala ndi mtedza wa paini zana. Luso lotola mbewu ndi kusungitsa achinyamata ang'onoang'ono amaphunzira kwa makolo awo.

Monga ma corvids ena, nkhalango za paini zili ndi nzeru zapamwamba. Kutola mtedza, amataya zodetsa ndi zovunda ndikusiya okha athanzi. Mbalame izi ndi zipatso za hazel zimadya.

Mkungudza ikuphwanya nati, ndikugunda pamgobera. Pakadali pano, mulomo ndi wotseguka pang'ono, kotero kuti kuphulikako kumachitika nthawi yomweyo pamalo awiri oyandikana. Pambuyo pa izi, chigombacho chimasungidwa mosavuta. Mitengo ya mkungudza imayamba kusonkhanitsidwa ngakhale panthawi yomwe sinakhwime kwathunthu ndikukhala mwamphamvu pabedi.

Kodi maziko azamagetsi ndi ati?

Pamtima pa tchuthi chilichonse cha chakudya pamakhala zomangamanga zopatsa thanzi ndi mphamvu, zomwe zimapangidwa mwa kudya nthumwi imodzi ya zinyama (kapena zomera) kupita ku imzake. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe zalandiridwa, ogula atha kukhalabe ndi moyo, koma nawonso amadalira chakudya chawo (chakudya cham'malo). Mwachitsanzo, pamene mandimu otchuka amasamukira, kukhala chakudya cha nyama zosiyanasiyana za ku Arctic: nkhandwe, nkhandwe za arctic, kadzidzi, kuchuluka kwa milomo yokha (kuphedwa kwakukulu panthawi imodzimodziyi) komanso zilombo zomwe zimadya masamba a lemm zimachitika, ndipo zina mwa izo zimasamukira. ndi iwo.

Kusaka ndi kusodza m'chigawo cha Tver

Mawonekedwe. Mbalameyo ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa njiwa, yofiirira (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi yakuda) m'mizere yoyera yoyera, mutu wake, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda, mathero a mchira ndi chovala ndi choyera, mulomo ndi wautali, wakuda, wopindika pang'ono kunsi. Kuuluka kwawo ndi kolemera, mapiko ndi ofupikirapo komanso osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamitengo yoyendera kapena pamwamba pa mtengo wouma. Hoarse mrefu “rezh” kapena “m'mphepete”. Zizolowezi. Imakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowononga. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Amamadya kwambiri nthangala za mkungudza, hazel, oak. Kedari imadziwika ndi chizolowezi chobisala mbewu m'malo obisika. Mbalameyi siyikumbukira zambiri za "maluwa" awa, ndipo mbewuzo zimaphukira. Mwina, pakadapanda mbalamezi pakadakhala kuti palibe mitengo yambiri yamitengo ya mkungudza ku Siberia - chifukwa mtedza wa paini, mosiyana ndi mbewu za ma conifers athu ena, sungatengeke ndi mphepo. Nesting. Zomera pamiyala kapena pamiyala. Mu clutch mazira 4-5 amakhala obiriwira ndi mawanga amdima. Kufalitsa. Kugawidwa pafupifupi kudera lonse la nkhalango. Mu zaka zina, kulephera kwa mtedza wa paini, magulu akulu a mtedza wa paini amasamukira kunja kwa malo okhala. Ku Central Europe, komwe zimawonekera patadutsa zaka makumi angapo, mbalamezi zimadziwika kuti ndi nkhondo, miliri ndi njala. Zisanu. Masamba pafupifupi m'nkhalango yonse, m'malo okhala nkhalango ndi tundra. Mtengo wachuma. Kedrovka ndiye okhawo amene amagulitsa mkungudza (Sibinean pine) ku Siberia.

Kufotokozera kwa Buturlin. Magulu a mitengo yamkungudza ya paini kwambiri amathandizira kwambiri ku Siberian kapena ku North European taiga. Ambiri a iwo amaphiri. Mitengo yayikulu ya mkungudza imatalika mpaka kuthambo, mpaka kukafika kumapiri, ndipo imasiyidwa. Zimphona izi ndizabwino kwambiri pafupi ndi malire kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi. Pali ufulu wambiri pamtengo uliwonse, iwo amakula modabwitsa, m'zaka zapitazi zopatsa mitundu yambiri ya cones ndi mafuta amchere okoma a pine. Apa ndipamene moyo wovuta wa nthawi yophukira wa mitengo ya paini ukuyenda. Far adamva kukuwa kwake. Imatha kudumphadumpha pamwamba pa chimphona cha m'nkhalangomo ndipo kuchokera pamenepo imayang'ana pansi modabwitsa, kulandira mokweza mawonekedwe anu m'mapiri omwe mulibe, kenako imawuluka mumtambo wakutali, ndikudumphira kuchokera ku mfundo imodzi kupita ina. Kedari ndi mbalame yaying'ono, yayifupi pang'ono kuposa jackdaw. Kutalika kwa mkungudza ndi masentimita 30, mchira 11 masentimita. Iwo utoto Mtundu wakuda woderapo wokhala ndi timadontho tambiri tambiri tomwe timabalalika pafupifupi thupi lonse, kupatula mutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi. Chovala chovalachi ndi choyera, nthenga za mchira, kupatula zomwe zili pakati, zimakhala ndi malangizo oyera. Mlomo wake ndi waukulu, wolimba, koma wowonda, ukutha bwino. Amasenga mochenjera mitengo yaini paini ndikupukutira pakhungwa la mitengo. Miyendo nthawi yomweyo imawonetsa kuti mtedza wa pine ndi wa ma corvid: ndi khumi, ali ndi zala zamphamvu ndi zibwano zazitali. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi ndizosalala komanso zofewa, monga zimakhalira ndi mitundu yamitengo. Yaikazi imasiyana pang'ono ndi yamphongo. Ndizowala pang'ono, ndipo mawanga oyera sanadulidwe kwambiri. Achichepere, atavala chovala choyambirira, ali opepuka kuposa achikulire, ndipo madontho pazinthu zawo amapangidwa bwino. Kedari - wokhala nkhalango zachuma. Kumpoto, imafika ku tundra, ndiko kuti, mpaka kumalire a nkhalango yowonongera. Malire akum'mwera a chisautsa adutsa kudzera kumadera a Kalinin ndi Moscow komanso Tatarstan. M'nthawi yonse ya taiga, kuyambira ku Urals kupita kum'mawa mpaka pagombe la Pacific, njira zapadera zimagawidwa - otchedwa pine wonenepa kwambiri. Ku Europe mbali ya Russia, komanso ku Western Europe, timakumana ndi mitengo ya mkungudza wamba. Nthawi nesting mbalame imachita mobisa komanso mwakachetechete. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, komanso ngakhale koyambirira, atadula awiriawiri, mitengo yamkungudza imayamba kupanga chisa. Nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pamwamba kuchokera pansi (mamita 4-8), pafupi ndi mtengo waukulu. Chisa chachikulu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi nthambi zomwe mbewa zimayikidwa. Thireyi yayikulu yokhala ndi udzu wouma ndi zopera. Kuyika kwathunthu kumakhala ndi mazira 3-4, nthawi zina - ochulukirapo, mpaka 7. Amapakidwa utoto wonyezimira kapena wachikasu, wokhala ndi timabowo tofiirira. Mkazi m'modzi agwira, ndipo yamphongo im'bweretsera chakudya. Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 18. Pakatha masiku 25 atasiya mazira, anapiyewo amakhala pachisa. Munthawi imeneyi, makolo amawadyetsa, kubweretsa chakudya chanyama ndi mtedza wa paini. Amatolera mphutsi ndi pupae wa tizilombo, nyongolotsi, nkhono, nthawi zina ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono. Poyamba, akachoka pachisa, mitengo ya mkungudza imakhala pafupi ndi iyo, pamitengo yamitengo yambiri, ndiye, atakulirakulira, amalimba mtima ndikupitabe patsogolo. Amamatirana ndimwana ndikuyamba kuyendayenda. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe anapiye amakula pang'ono, ndikungokhala chisa, amakhala ndi phokoso kwambiri: amalira ndi kukumana ndi makolo awo omwe amabweretsa chakudya. Mbalame zakale zimalekanso kubisala, ndipo ndikulira zimatsutsana ndi mbalame zouluka, kuyesera kuti zizithamangitsa kuchisa. Zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana mawukuti mbalame imalengeza. Amalira mokweza komanso mokuwa, nthawi zambiri amabwereza china chake ngati khwangwala. Koma nthawi zina, mbalame zingapo zimayitanizana wina ndi phokoso komanso modekha. Anthu akamawonekera pachithaphwi, ataona china chatsopano, mtengo wamkungudza umamveka mawu oti munthu wopanda nzeru sangavomereze mawu ake: mwina ndi mphaka womwe ukuchepetsa, kapena mbalame ya mtundu winawake kapena kukuwa kwa mbalame. Mtedza ukangoyamba kucha, mtengo wamkungudza umatulutsa zitsime ndikuchotsa zokoma kuchokera pamenepo - mtedza. Amagogoda pansi zigawo zambiri zakale. Kuyambira mu Ogasiti, mtedza ukapsa ku Altai komanso m'nkhalango za Narymsk Territory, ma conine a pine anathetseratu ziphuphu. Ndipo pansi pamitengo mungapeze zambiri zakuwombera kwa mbalameyi - zotsalira, mitengo yamikungudza yosiyidwa paliponse. Mafuta amtunduwu omwe mbalameyo sanathe kutuluka imadyedwa ndi makoswe ochepa ndi mbewa zamtchire, ma voles ofiira ndi ma chipmunks. Kedari amadyetsa nyama ndi mbalame zambiri pazaka zokolola. Agologolo, ma chipmunks, ndi mbewa amapita kwa iye. Mu nkhalango za mkungudza mungapeze chimbalangondo chomwe chimadya mtedza pamodzi ndi chipolopolo. Kanyumba kakang'ono, kamene kamakoka nati kuchokera kumtengo yam mkungudza wosweka, kumawuluka ndi iye mpaka mpaka ndikumenya kwanthawi yayitali mpaka kukafika ku nyukiliya. Capercaillie amauluka kuno kuti azikola mbewu zamafuta. Onse amadya pa mkungudza, kukola mafuta m'nyengo yozizira. Chaka china, kulikonse komwe mungayang'ane m'nkhalango ya mkungudza, zitsulo zofiirira zimapanikizana milu paliponse panthambi, zimakhazikitsa nthambi. Mosangalala pamtima wophatikizira alimi-wogulitsa: padzakhala chopereka chabwino cha mtedza. Zikwangwani za paini kumapeto, zinthu mkamwa katundu nyengo yachisanu, kufalikira pamiyala ya mtengo ndikukhomedwa pansi pamiyendo, ndikuyika m'manda. Inde, mbalameyi imayiwala komwe adabisa mtedza, koma sizimuwopsa iye: apeza mafuta omwewo ndipo adzakhuta, ndipo azigwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zake. Chifukwa chake, kudzipangira okha, mkungudza umadyetsa maluso awo onse. Mukakolola bwino, nkhokwezi zimakhala zokwanira osati nthawi yozizira, komanso chilimwe chotsatira. Koma kukolola kwa mtedza wa paini sikuchitika nthawi zonse, ndipo zaka zina chithunzi chikusintha. Makilomita mazana ndi mazana adzadutsa taiga ndipo simudzawona zitsamba kulikonse pa mitengo ya mkungudza. Amakhala osabereka, atangovala ubweya wonyezimira wowoneka bwino wa singano zazitali. Ndipo izi zimachitika motsatizana kwa zaka zingapo. Kenako tsoka limayambira nyama ndi mbalame zambiri. Gologoloyu amakakamizidwa kuchoka m'malo oterowo kukafunafuna chakudya kwinakwake, ndipo mkungudza umawulukira. Kusuntha mbalame yathu m'zaka izi ikukula kwakukulu. Pine wovuta kwambiri wa paini ku Siberia nthawi yozizira amawoneka ambiri ku mbali ya ku Russia; amawulukira ku Ukraine ndikupitanso ku Western Europe, mpaka ku England. Kudziko lachilendo, amadya acorns ndi tizilombo, amawasonkhanitsa pansi. Tsopano, mbalame yamtunduwu imachita zinthu mosiyana kwambiri. Ali chete, ndipo pambali, atasiya kusamala konse, amawulukira pafupi ndi munthu. Kale ku Europe, kuwoneka kwakukulu kwa mbalame yakuda iyi, yosawopa chilichonse, kumadziwika kuti ndi vuto. Posamvetsa chifukwa chomwe akuukira, adayikidwa mokhudzana ndi matenda oyamba (mliri), nkhondo kapena njala. Kukhazikika kwa sayansi yachilengedwe kwatifotokozera zifukwa zomwe mbalame zimayendera motere. Tsopano sikuti timangodziwa iwo, koma titha kuyanjana nawo zochitika zina ndikufotokozera zina zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, kuchoka kwa mitengo yamkungudza kumatilola kudikirira kusuntha kwa agologolo ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo. Kodi tsogolo la mbalame zomwe zapita kutali kwambiri ndi malo okhala chisa nkupezeka kuti zili malo atsopano? Kuwona kwa akatswiri azachilengedwe aku Western Europe akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi mitengo yonse ya paini yomwe idayamba ulendowu. afa ndipo osabwereranso. Malo obisika obadwa nawo amakhala pang'onopang'ono ndi zokolola zatsopano za mkungudza. Kuyambira 1812 mpaka 1931 ku Europe ku Russia kunali pafupifupi makumi atatu otere zigawenga Pine wamwala wa ku Siberia. Zowukira ku Europe zidadziwika kale, kuyambira 1753, makamaka panali mitengo ya paini yambiri mu 1844. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mitengo ya mkungudza imachoka mbali zosiyanasiyana: kumadzulo, kumwera - Central Asia - komanso kumpoto. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mtedza wa paini kumabweretsa mtengo wamatanda wosakayikira komanso wowoneka kuvulaza. Imakhudzanso mbalame zazing'ono. Amatha kukwera mu chisa cha nsalu yabwino kwambiri kapena mazira, kuwononga mazira kapena kuwononga anapiye. Kupha wom'gwirira, choyamba amalembera bongo. Nthawi zina amasokoneza msampha wa alenje omwe akodwa mumsampha. Cedare imalimbana ndi gologolo molimba mtima ndipo imachotsa ma cones a mkungudza. Koma kuphatikiza ndizovuta zomwe mbalameyi imabweretsa, ndikofunikira kuti izisonyeza zabwino za ntchito yake. Akusonkhanitsa mtedza wambiri wamapine, amawakoka m'nkhalangomo ndikuwabisala m'nthaka, mtedza wakuiwalika, motero mbalameyo imathandiza kufalitsa mtengo wofunikira pamtunda wawutali. Nkhalango imayatsidwa ndi malo obisalamo omwe amakhalanso ndi mkungudza pokhapokha kudzera mwa mbalame yosokosera iyi. Nthawi zina mbande za mkungudza zimapezeka m'malo otenthedwa, makilomita 5-8 kuchokera pamitengo yapafupi kwambiri ya mtunduwu. Pakawonongeka mitengo yamtchire ndi gulugufe wamtundu wina, mitengo ya mkungudza nthawi zambiri imawonekera m'malo ambiri ndikusonkhanitsa tizirombo osati pamitengo, komanso kukumba milomo yawo kuchokera pansi, komwe mbozi zimapita kukasambira. M. D. Ruzsky akuti mitengo ya paini inaimitsa mbozi za pine mu Novembala ngakhale kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, pomwe adapanga ndimaulo akuthwa kwa chivundikiro.

Mitundu wamba ya mkungudza

Rod Kedrovka amaphatikiza mitundu iwiri yokha:

Kedari (Nut) - Maonekedwe a ku Europe.

Nut ku North America - Mitundu yaku North America. Oyimira zamtunduwu ndi ang'ono, maula a aspen, mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi akuda. Amakhala munkhalango zamapiri.