Mazda adalankhula zothandizira polojekiti zingapo zomwe zikupanga mabulosi obiriwira olimira mitengo ya algae. M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kuyamba kumasulidwa kwake kwakukulu.
Yesetsani kupanga mafuta atsopano opangira injini zamagetsi zamkati zochokera kunyanja zam'madzi zikuchitika ndi University of Hiroshima ndi Tokyo Institute of Technology. Pakuphatikiza, mafuta amapanga kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umachokera mu mlengalenga ndi algae pakukula. Chifukwa cha izi, mafuta salowerera ndale pazinthu zina zowononga mpweya.
Kuphatikiza pa kukonda zachilengedwe, pakati pa zabwino zamtundu wina wamafuta, kudziwika kwa algae kumadziwika, komwe kumatha kukula m'magawo osagwirizana ndi mitundu ina yaulimi. Madzi abwino sofunikira pakuthirira kwawo. Mafuta omwe amapangidwira ndiwosinthika komanso osavulaza ngati kutayika.
Vuto lalikulu la biofuel watsopano kuchokera ku algae ndi mtengo wokwera wopanga poyerekeza ndi mafuta wamba ndi dizilo. Ngati zitha kuthetsedwa, ndiye Mazda akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta atsopano pa 95 peresenti yamagalimoto pofika 2030. Izi zimalola kupitiliza kupanga magalimoto okhala ndi ICE mpaka osachepera 2040s.
Mitundu yazopanga zamasamba
Zomera zadzulu zimagawika m'mibadwo.
Zovunda m'badwo woyamba ndi mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri, wowuma, shuga. Mafuta ophikira amasinthidwa kukhala biodiesel, ndipo ma starches ndi shuga zimasinthidwa kukhala ethanol. Popeza kusinthidwa kwanyengo kosagwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka, zinthu zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimawononga kwambiri nyengo poyerekeza ndi zomwe zitha kupewedwa chifukwa chosatentha mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchoka kwake kumsika kumakhudza mwachindunji mtengo wa chakudya. Pafupifupi mabulosi onse amakono oyendetsa zinthu amapangidwa kuchokera ku zopangira zam'badwo woyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zam'badwo wachiwiri kumayambiriro kwa malonda kapena kufufuza.
Zotsalira zopanda chakudya cha mbewu zobzalidwa, udzu ndi nkhuni zimatchedwa m'badwo wachiwiri zopangira. Kupeza ndikotsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kwa mbadwo woyamba. Zinthu zoterezi zimakhala ndi cellulose ndi lignin. Itha kuwotchedwa mwachindunji (monga momwe zimachitidwira ndi nkhuni), kusungitsidwa (kulandira magesi osakira), ndi kuponderezedwa. Zoyipa zazikulu za m'badwo wachiwiri wa zopangira ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe anthu ali nazo ndi malo obwerera ochepa.
M'badwo wachitatu zopangira - algae. Sifunikira malo okhala, amatha kukhala ndi zotsalira zazomera zambiri komanso kuchuluka kwambiri kwa kubereka.
Majini Awiri
Ma biofuel a mibadwo yachiwiri - mafuta osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za pyrolysis ya biomass, kapena mitundu ina yamafuta, kuphatikiza methanol, ethanol, biodiesel zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu za "m'badwo wachiwiri" zopangira.
Zomwe zida zopangira mafuta a mibadwo yachiwiri ndizopangira mafuta a ligno-cellulosic omwe atsala pambuyo poti ziwalo zopangira zida zoyenera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zichotsedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito biomass popanga mabulosi am'badwo wachiwiri cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. Zomera - zomwe zimapezeka mbadwo wachiwiri ndi monga:
- Algae ndizamoyo zosavuta kuzisintha kuti zizikula m'madzi oyipitsidwa kapena amchere (zimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo nthawi mazana awiri kuposa zomwe zimapezeka m'badwo woyamba, monga soya),
- Ginger (mmera) - womera mu tirigu ndi mbewu zina,
- Jatropha curcas kapena Jatropha - okukula m'madothi owuma, okhala ndimafuta 27 mpaka 40% kutengera mitundu.
Pyrolysis yachangu imakuthandizani kuti musinthe biomass kukhala madzi osavuta komanso otsika mtengo kuyendetsa, kusungira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kuchokera pamadzimadzi, ndizotheka kupanga mafuta amagalimoto, kapena mafuta azitsulo zamagetsi.
Mwa mafuta a mibadwo yachiwiri omwe agulitsidwa pamsika, otchuka kwambiri ndi a BioOil opangidwa ndi kampani yaku Canada Dynamotive ndi kampani yaku Germany CHOREN Industries GmbH.
Malinga ndi Germany Energy Agency (Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH) (ndiukadaulo waposachedwa), kupanga biomass pyrolysis kungathe kubweza 20% ya zosowa zamagalimoto zamagetsi ku Germany. Pofika chaka cha 2030, ndikupanga tekinoloje, biomass pyrolysis ikhoza kupereka 35% yamagetsi amagetsi aku Germany. Mtengo wopanga udzakhala wochepera € 0,80 pa lita imodzi yamafuta.
Pyrolysis Network (PyNe), bungwe lofufuza lomwe limagwirizanitsa ofufuza ochokera mayiko 15 a ku Europe, USA ndi Canada, lidapangidwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamadzimadzi zamatumbo a coniferous pyrolysis kumathandizanso kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza kwa 70% chingamu turpentine, 25% methanol ndi 5% acetone, ndiye kuti, zigawo zouma zouma zouma, zitha kugwiritsidwa bwino ntchito ngati m'malo mafuta a A-80 petulo. Kuphatikiza apo, kutulutsa, kutulutsa zinyalala pakugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito: nthambi, chitsa, makungwa. Zotulutsa zamagawozi ndizopanga ma kilo 100 pa toni zinyalala.
Bungwe Lachitatu La Maumboni
Ma biofu a m'badwo wachitatu ndi mafuta omwe amachokera ku algae.
Dipatimenti ya United States of Energy kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1996 inaphunzira mwapamwamba mitundu ya algae mu Aquatic Species Program. Ofufuzawo anena kuti California, Hawaii, ndi New Mexico ndizoyenera kupanga mafakitale a algae m'madziwe otseguka. Kwa zaka 6, zitsamba zamtchire zimalimidwa m'madziwe ndi malo a 1000 m 1000. New Mexico Pond Kwambiri Kugwidwa mu CO2. Zopanga zinali zoposa 50 gr. algae ndi 1 m² patsiku. Mahekitala 200,000 amadziwewa amatha kutulutsa mafuta okwanira kuti pachaka magalimoto 5 aku US azitha. Mahekitala 200,000 - awa ndi ochepera 0,1% a nthaka yaku US omwe ali oyenera kutengera algae. Ukadaulo ukadali ndi mavuto ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, algae amakonda kutentha kwambiri, nyengo yam'chipululu ndiyoyenera kupangidwa, koma kutentha kwina kumafunikira pakusiyana kwa kutentha kwausiku. Chakumapeto kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, ukadaulowu sunalowe mu mafakitale chifukwa chamtengo wotsika wamafuta.
Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwa algae mu dziwe lotseguka, pali ma tekinoloje okulitsa algae ang'onoang'ono bioreactors omwe ali pafupi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi. Kutentha kwakuthengo kwa chomera chamafuta kumatha kuphimba mpaka 77% ya kutentha kofunikira kuti pakhale algae. Tekinolojiyi sikufuna malo otentha achipululu.
Mitundu ya Biofuel
Ma biofuel amagawidwa kukhala olimba, amadzimadzi komanso amizimba. Chomaliza ndi nkhuni zachikhalidwe.
Mafuta okhala ndi ma alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol), esters, biodiesel ndi biomass.
Mafuta okhathamiritsa - mafuta osiyanasiyana amasakanikirana ndi kaboni monoxide, methane, hydrogen yomwe imapezeka ndi mphamvu yotentha ya zinthu zopezeka pamaso pa okosijeni (mpweya), yopanda oxygen (pyrolysis) kapena mwa kupesa chifukwa cha mabakiteriya.
Yotentha mafuta
Woodwood ndiye mafuta akale kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Pakadali pano, mdziko lapansi popanga nkhuni kapena biomass, nkhalango zamphamvu zimakulidwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yomwe ikukula mwachangu (popula, bulugamu, ndi zina). Ku Russia, matabwa ndi biomass makamaka ndi zamkati, zomwe sizoyenera kupanga matabwa.
Ma granles ndi mafuta opangira mafuta - zoponderezedwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zamatabwa (utuchi, tchipisi tamatabwa, makungwa, mitengo yabwino komanso yopanda matabwa, zotsalira podula mitengo), udzu, zinyalala zaulimi (mankhusu a mpendadzuwa, mtedza, manyowa, zitosi za nkhuku) ndi zotsalira zina. Ma granules amafuta amitengo amatchedwa ma pellets, ali mu mawonekedwe a cylindrical kapena spherical granules omwe ndi awiri a 8-23 mm ndi kutalika kwa 10-30 mm. Pakadali pano, ku Russia kupanga ma pellets amafuta ndi ma briquette kumakhala kopindulitsa mwachuma kokha ndi mavoliyumu akulu.
Mphamvu zopangira zochokera kwachilengedwe (makamaka manyowa, ndi zina) zimapangidwa, kuwuma ndi kuwotchedwa m'malo oyaka moto a nyumba zogona ndi mipando yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndikupanga magetsi otsika mtengo.
Zilonda zakubadwa kwachilengedwe - osakwaniritsa kapena osakwanira kukonzekera kuyaka: utuchi, tchipisi zamatabwa, makungwa, mankhusu, mankhusu, udzu, ndi zina zambiri.
Tchipisi cha nkhuni - chopangidwa pogaya nkhuni zabwino kapena kudula zotsalira mukakolola mwachindunji pamalo oduliramo kapena pokonza zinyalala pakupanga pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni opaka kapena kugwiritsira ntchito poyimitsa (shredders). Ku Europe, tchipisi tamatotoni timawotcha pamitengo yayikulu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagalimoto angapo.
Nthawi zambiri:
Bioethanol
Kupanga padziko lonse lapansi kwa bioethanol mu 2015 kunali malita 98.3 biliyoni, pomwe 30 anali ku Brazil ndi 56.1 ku United States. Ethanol ku Brazil amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku nzimbe, ndi ku United States kuchokera ku chimanga.
Mu Januware 2007, mu uthenga waku Congress, George W. Bush adapereka malingaliro 20 kwa 10. Malangizowa adaganiza zochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 20% muzaka 10, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta ndi 10%. 15% ya mafuta amayenera kusinthidwa ndi biofuel. Pa Disembala 19, 2007, Purezidenti wa US, George W. Bush, adasainira United States Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA ya 2007), yomwe imafuna kuti pakhale ma galoni okwana 36 biliyoni a ethanol pachaka cha 2022. Nthawi yomweyo, ma galoni okwana 16 biliyoni a ethanol anali oti apangidwe kuchokera ku cellulose - osati zopangira zakudya. Kukhazikitsa lamulo kwakumana ndi zovuta zambiri komanso kuchedwa, zolinga zomwe zafotokozedwazo zasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza pansi.
Ethanol ndi gwero lamphamvu “lopanda mphamvu” kuposa mafuta, mtunda wamagalimoto womwe ukuyendetsa E85 (osakaniza 85% ethanol ndi 15% mafuta, chilembo "E" kuchokera ku English Ethanol), pa voliyumu iliyonse yamafuta ndi pafupifupi 75% ya mileage yamagalimoto wamba. Magalimoto wamba sangathe kugwira ntchito pa E85, ngakhale injini zamagetsi zamkati zimagwira bwino E10 (magwero ena amati mutha kugwiritsa ntchito E15). Pa "weniweni" Mowa amangogwira ntchito mwakuti. Makina a "Flex-Fuel" (makina a "flex-mafuta"). Magalimoto awa amathanso kugwira ntchito zamafuta wamba (kuphatikiza pang'ono kwa Mowa kumafunikirabe) kapena kaphatikizidwe kamakina onse awiri. Brazil ndi mtsogoleri wopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nzimbe bioethanol ngati mafuta. Malo opangira mafuta ku Brazil amapereka chisankho E20 (kapena E25) mothandizidwa ndi mafuta wamba, kapena "acool", ethanol azeotrope (96% C2H5Madzi OH ndi 4%, kuchuluka kwa ethanol sikungapezeke ndi distillation distillation. Kutenga mwayi kuti ethanol ndi wotsika mtengo kuposa mafuta, othandizira kuwonjezera mafuta kuti achepetsa E20 ndi azeotrope, kuti ndende yake ikhoza kufikira 40%. Kutembenuza makina wamba kukhala osinthika mafuta ndizotheka, koma sizingatheke mwachuma.
Cellulose Ethanol Production ku USA
Mu 2010, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) idatulutsa zidziwitso zakupanga ma galoni okwana mamiliyoni 100 a cellulose ethanol ku United States, kutengera mawu ochokera kumakampani awiri. Mafuta opanga ndi Cello mphamvu. Makampani onsewa adasiya kugwira ntchito chaka chomwecho osayamba kupanga mafuta.
Mu Epulo 2012, kampani Mashuga abuluu adatulutsa ma galoni okwana 20,000, atatha izi.
Kampani INEOS Bio Mchaka cha 2012, idalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapangidwe opanga ma cellanose oyenda ndi ma galoni 8 miliyoni pachaka, "koma EPA sinatchule chilichonse chomwe chinapangidwadi.
Mu 2013, EPA idapeza zero cellulose ethanol yopanga ku United States.
Mu 2014, makampani anayi adalengeza zoyambira:
- Quad County Corn processers - Julayi 2014, galoni 2 miliyoni pachaka,
- MUTU - Seputembara 2014, magaloni 25 miliyoni pachaka,
- Abengoa - Ogasiti 2014, magaloni 25 miliyoni pachaka,
- Dupont - Ogasiti 2015, magiloni 30 miliyoni pachaka.
Malinga ndi EPA ya chaka cha 2015, ma galoni okwana 2.2 miliyoni adapangidwa, ndiye kuti, 3,6% ya zomwe zalengezedwa ndi makampani anayi omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa.
Abengoa mu 2015 adalengeza kuti bankirapuse.
Act of Energy Independent Independence and Security, yomwe idachitika mchaka cha 2007 ndi US Congress, idayitanitsa kuti apange magaloni 3 biliyoni ku US mchaka cha 2015. Chifukwa chake, ntchito zenizeni zidangokhala 0,073% yokha ya cholinga chomwe chinafotokozedwa ndi Congress, ngakhale kuti panali ndalama zambiri komanso thandizo la boma.
Otsutsa akuti kuyesayesa kopanda phindu kotsatsa kupanga ethanol kuchokera ku cellulose ku United States kunayamba zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo ndipo akubwerezedwa pafupifupi zaka 20 mpaka 30, ndipo pali zitsanzo pomwe kupanga kunaposa magaloni miliyoni miliyoni pachaka. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kumbuyo mu 1910, kampani Mowa wamba adalandira mowa kuchokera ku zinyalala zopangira nkhuni m'mabizinesi awiri okhala ndi magaloni 5,000 ndi 7,000 patsiku. Adagwira ntchitoyo kwa zaka zingapo.
Biomethanol
Ulimi wa mafakitale komanso kusinthika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zam'madzi phytoplankton sikunafike pamsika wamalonda, koma kumawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa malo olimbikitsa pakupanga mafuta a biofuel.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, mayiko angapo aku Europe adapanga limodzi ntchito yopanga madongosolo azigawo pogwiritsa ntchito malo a m'chipululu. Kukhazikitsa kwa polojekitiyi kudalephereka chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta.
Kupanga koyambirira kwa biomass kumatheka mwa kukulitsa phytoplankton m'malo obisalamo opangidwa pagombe la nyanja.
Njira zachiwiri ndi methane Fermentation ya biomass ndi hydroxylation wotsatira wa methane kuti apange methanol.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ma microscopic algae ndi awa:
- kuchuluka kwa phytoplankton (mpaka 100 t / ha pachaka),
- Nthaka yachonde kapena madzi abwino sagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.
- njirazi sizipikisana ndi ntchito zaulimi,
- mphamvu ya njirayi imafika 14 pa gawo la kupanga methane ndi 7 pa siteji ya methanol.
Kuchokera pakuwona pakupanga mphamvu, chilengedwe ichi chikhoza kukhala ndi phindu lalikulu lazachuma poyerekeza ndi njira zina zotembenuzira mphamvu dzuwa.
Biobutanol
Butanol-C4H10O ndi butyl mowa. Madzi osakhala ndi utoto wokhala ndi fungo labwino. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala opangira mankhwala mumakampani, ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta oyendera pamalonda. Ku United States, malita 1. mabiliyoni a butanol amapangidwa chaka chilichonse kwa pafupifupi $ 1.4 biliyoni.
Butanol idayamba kupangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 pogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya Clostridia acetobutylicum. Mu 50s, chifukwa cha kugwa kwa mafuta, idayamba kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zamafuta.
Butanol ilibe katundu wowononga, itha kupatsiridwapo gawo pazomwe zimachitika kale. Itha, koma sikuyenera, kusakanikirana ndi mafuta achikhalidwe. Mphamvu ya butanol ili pafupi ndi mphamvu ya mafuta. Butanol itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maselo a mafuta komanso ngati zopangira popanga hydrogen.
Nzimbe, beets, chimanga, tirigu, chinangwa ndipo, mtsogolo, mapadi amatha kukhala zida zopangira biobutanol. Ukadaulo wa biobutanol wopangidwa ndi DuPont Biofuels. Associated British Foods (ABF), BP ndi DuPont akumanga chomera cha ma biobutanol ku UK miliyoni kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira ku UK.
Dimethyl ether
Itha kupangidwa zonse kuchokera ku malasha, gasi lachilengedwe, komanso biomass.Kuchuluka kwa dimethyl ether amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zamkati ndi mapepala. Amamwa zakumwa zochepa.
Dimethyl ether ndi mafuta achilengedwe osakhala ndi sulfure, zomwe zimakhala za nayitrogeni m'magasi ogwiritsira ntchito ndizotsika ndi 90% kuposa mafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito dimethyl ether sikufuna zosefera zapadera, koma ndikofunikira kusintha zida zamagetsi (kukhazikitsa zida zamagesi, kukonza mapangidwe osakanikirana) ndi kuyaka kwa injini. Popanda kusinthika, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito pamagalimoto okhala ndi injini za LPG pazinthu 30% zamafuta.
Mu Julayi 2006, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (China) idatengera muyeso wogwiritsa ntchito dimethyl ether ngati mafuta. Boma la China lithandizira kukonza dimethyl ether ngati njira ina yothandizira dizilo. Mu zaka 5 zotsatira, China ikukonzekera kupanga matani 5,5 miliyoni a dimethyl ether pachaka.
Dipatimenti Yoyendetsa ndi Kuyankhulana yaku Moscow inakonzekeretsa chisankho cha boma la mzindawu "Pakukweza ntchito kwa dimethyl ether ndi mitundu ina yamafuta."
Magalimoto okhala ndi injini zomwe zikuyenda pa dimethyl ether amapangidwa ndi KAMAZ, Volvo, Nissan ndi kampani yaku China SAIC Motor.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel ndi mafuta ozikidwa ndi mafuta a nyama, zomera komanso michere yoyambira, komanso zinthu zomwe zimapanga. Kupeza biodiesel, mafuta a masamba kapena nyama amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zipangizo zawamba zimatha kugwiriridwa, soya, kanjedza, mafuta a kokonati, kapena mafuta ena aliwonse, komanso zinyalala zochokera kuzakudya. Matekinoloje akupangidwa kuti apange biodiesel kuchokera ku algae.
Bio petulo
Asayansi aku Russia ochokera ku Joint Institute for High Temperature (OIVT) ya Russian Academy of Science ndi Moscow State University adapanga ndikuyesa bwino chomera posinthira microalgae biomass kukhala bio-petulo. Mafuta omwe adasakanikirana ndi mafuta wamba amayesedwa mu injini ziwiri zamphamvu zamkati. Kukula kwatsopano kumakupatsani mwayi wokonza mitundu yonse yazomera, popanda kupukuta. M'mbuyomu kuyesa kupeza mafuta a bio kuchokera ku algae omwe amapangiratu malo oti aziyimitsidwe, omwe anali ophatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mpaka mphamvu yamafuta omwe amapezeka. Tsopano vutoli litha. Kukula kwachilengedwe kwamphamvu kwambiri kwamphamvu kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti dzuwa lizigwiritsa ntchito dzuwa komanso kaboni dayokosi kupita patsogolo pazomera zachilengedwe komanso mpweya wabwino kuposa momwe zimagwirira ntchito masiku onse, motero kupeza mafuta kuchokera kumzinthu zambiri kumakhala kopatsa chiyembekezo.
Methane
Methane amapangidwa pambuyo pakuyeretsa ku zinthu zonse zakuda pazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti zopangidwa mwachilengedwe kuchokera ku mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya wolimba monga malasha kapena nkhuni. Njira yotulutsirayi imachitika pa kutentha kwa 300 mpaka 450 ° C ndi kupanikizika kwa 1-5 bar pamaso pa chothandizira. Padziko lapansi pali mitundu ingapo yomwe yatumidwa kuti apange methane kuchokera ku zinyalala zamatabwa.
Kutsutsa
Otsutsa pakukula kwa bizinesi ya biofuel ati kukwera kwa mafuta a biofuel kukukakamiza alimi kuti achepetse malo omwe amalimidwa ndi chakudya ndikuwapatsanso mwayi wogulitsa mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, popanga ethanol kuchokera ku chimanga chodyetsa, bard amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku. Popanga biodiesel kuchokera ku soya kapena raped, keke imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya cha nyama. Ndiye kuti, kupanga michere ya biofuel kumapanganso gawo lina pakukonza zida zachilengedwe zaulimi.
- Malinga ndi akatswiri azachuma ku yunivesite ya Minnesota, chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa biofuel, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi njala padziko lapansi kudzawonjezeka kufika pa anthu mabiliyoni 1.2 pofika chaka cha 2025.
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) mu lipoti lake la 2005 likuti kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito za biofuel kungathandize kusiyanitsa ntchito zaulimi ndi nkhalango ndikupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chokwanira, zomwe zimathandizira chitukuko cha chuma. Kupanga mafuta a biofuel kudzapanga ntchito zatsopano m'maiko osatukuka ndikuchepetsa kudalira kwa mayiko omwe akutukuka pakugulitsa mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga mabulosi amoto kulola kuti pakhale malo omwe sakugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mozambique, ulimi umachitika pamahekitala 4,3 miliyoni a mahekitala 63,5 miliyoni a malo oyenera.
- Pofika chaka cha 2007, mbewu zonyamula masamba 110 zinali kugwira ntchito ku United States kupanga ethanol ndipo zina 73 zinali zikumangidwa. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008, zida zopangira ma ethanol ku US zinafika maliloni 11.4 biliyoni pachaka. M'mawu ake ku mtunduwu mu 2008, a George W. Bush adapempha kuti akweze kupanga bioethanol kupanga magaloni 35 biliyoni chaka chilichonse pofika chaka cha 2017.
- Mu The Commander-in-Chief's Thoughts (03/28 / 2007), Fidel Castro Rus adadzudzula Purezidenti wa US, George W. Bush, yemwe "atakumana ndi opanga magalimoto akuluakulu aku America adafotokoza malingaliro ake okhudzana ndi kupanga mafuta kuchokera ku chakudya ... Mtsogoleri wa ufumuwo adadzitamandira kuti United States ikugwiritsa ntchito chimanga ngati zopangira, tsopano akhala woyamba kupanga mowa padziko lonse lapansi, "a Castro adalemba. Ndipo, potengera ziwerengero ndi zowona, adawonetsa kuti njira yotereyi imakulitsa zovuta zakupezeka kwa chakudya m'maiko achitatu, omwe anthu ambiri amakhala ndi njala.
- Ku Indonesia ndi Malaysia, gawo lalikulu la nkhalango yamvula lidadulidwa kuti lipange minda ya kanjedza. Zomwezi zidachitikanso ku Borneo ndi Sumatra. Cholinga chake chinali mpikisano wopanga biodiesel - mafuta ngati njira ina yopangira mafuta a dizilo (mafuta omwe amagwiriridwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta mwa mawonekedwe oyera). Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wotsika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa - zomwe mukufuna kuti mupange mafuta ena ochokera ku mafuta amisala ochepa.
Kukula masankho
Bioenergy nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati cholakwika chachikulu chakutulutsa mpweya m'malo mwake. Mwachitsanzo, International Energy Agency imawona kuti bioenergy ndi gwero lamphamvu zoposa 20% zamagetsi pofika 2050, lipoti lochokera ku UNFCCC Secretariat likuyerekeza kuthekera kwa mayeso pa 800 exajoules pachaka (EJ / chaka), omwe ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwapadziko lonse. Pakadali pano, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito matani 12 biliyoni a mbewu pachaka (kuchepetsa zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka padziko lapansi ndi 23,8%), mphamvu yake yamafuta ndi 230 EJ yokha. Mu 2015, biofuel idapangidwa ndi mphamvu yonse ya 60 EJ, yomwe ndi 10% ya mphamvu yoyamba yofunikira. Zochita zomwe zilimo ndi nkhalango zomwe zilipo sizikukulitsa chilengedwe padziko lapansi, zimangogawikanso kuchokera ku zachilengedwe mokomera zosowa za anthu. Kukwaniritsa 20-50% ya mphamvu yamagetsi chifukwa cha biofuel kungatanthauze kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazomera pazomenyedwa ndi katatu. Pamodzi ndi izi, anthu ochulukirachulukira adzafunika kupatsidwa chakudya. Pakadali pano, ulimi womwe ulipo pakadali pano umakhudza 75% ya dziko lapansi lopanda zipululu ndi madzi oundana, zomwe zimapangitsa kukakamizidwa kwachilengedwe komanso kuperewera kwakukulu kwa CO2 . Kutha kulandira zochulukirapo zochulukirapo m'tsogolo ndizovuta kwambiri.
"Kusalolera kwa Carbon" wa bioenergy
Lingaliro la "kulowererapo kwa kaboni" la bioenergy ndilofala, potengera kuti kupangidwa kwa mphamvu kuchokera kuzomera sikupangitsa kuwonjezera pa CO2 m'mlengalenga. Malingaliro awa amatsutsidwa ndi asayansi, koma amapezeka pamalemba ovomerezeka a European Union. Makamaka, imapereka chitsogozo chakuwonjezera gawo la bioenergy mpaka 20% ndi ma biofuel oyendetsa kupita ku 10% pofika 2020. Komabe, pali gulu lokhazikika la umboni wa asayansi lopangitsa kukaikira pa lingaliro ili. Zomera zomwe zimakula kuti zitheke zimatha kupangitsa kuti nthaka ichotsedwe ndikuzimitsa zina zomwe zitha kutulutsa kaboni m'mlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, magawo ambiri azomwe zimapangidwira kupanga michere ya biofuel imapangitsanso mpweya wa CO.2. Ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito, zoyendera, kukonza zinthu zamankhwala, kusokonekera kwa nthaka kumayendera limodzi ndi mpweya wotuluka2 m'mlengalenga. Kusala kotsiriza nthawi zina kumakhala koipa kuposa pakuwotcha mafuta. Njira ina yopangira bioenergy imaphatikizapo kupeza mphamvu kuchokera kuzakudya zosiyanasiyana zakumapulogalamu, kupangira matabwa, ndi zina. Kutanthauza kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zowonongeka zachilengedwe, pomwe munthawi ya zochitika, kaboni wokhala momwemo, monga lamulo, amatha kudutsa m'nthaka nthawi yowola. M'malo mwake, imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga mukayatsidwa.
Kafukufuku wophatikizidwa waumisiri wopanga ma bioenergy amatengera zotsatira zosiyanasiyana kutengera kuti masinthidwe achindunji ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane amatengedwera, mwayi wopeza zogulitsa (mwachitsanzo zoweta), gawo lowonjezera la nitrous oxide pakupanga feteleza ndi zina. Malinga ndi a Farrell et al. (2006), mpweya wa michere kuchokera ku mbewu ndi wotsika 13% kuposa mpweya wamba. Kafukufuku wa US Environmental Protection Agency akuwonetsa kuti ndi "zaka" zosakhalitsa zaka 30, biodiesel poyerekeza ndi mafuta wamba zimapereka kuchokera pakuchepetsa kwa 26% mpaka pakuwonjezeka kwa 34% kutengera zomwe mukuganiza.
Ngongole Yapa Carbon
Kugwiritsa ntchito biomass pamakampani opanga magetsi kumabweretsa vuto linanso la kusaloŵerera m'malo mwa kaboni, komwe sikumachitika mwazomwe zimachitika mabizinezi. Monga lamulo, pankhaniyi tikulankhula za nkhuni zopsereza. CO2 kuchokera ku nkhuni zowotcha zimalowa mlengalenga mwachindunji pakuwotcha, ndipo kutulutsa kwake m'mlengalenga kumachitika mitengo yatsopano ikakula kwa zaka makumi ndi mazana. Nthawi imeneyi nyama zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "ngongole ya kaboni", chifukwa nkhalango za ku Europe zimafika zaka mazana awiri. Chifukwa cha izi, "kusaloŵererapo kwa mpweya" wamatabwa ngati biofuel sikungatheke mu nthawi yochepa komanso yapakatikati, zotsatira za mawonekedwe a nyengo zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kuchepetsedwa kwakanthawi kotulutsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yomwe ikukula mwachangu kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi njira zina zaukadaulo wamafakitale aulimi kumayambitsa kulowetsa m'malo mwa nkhalango ndi minda yomwe ili ndi mpweya wocheperako kuposa zachilengedwe. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo olimapo kumapangitsa kuti zachilengedwe ziziwonongeka, kutsirizika kwa dothi komanso mavuto ena azachilengedwe ofanana ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa tirigu.
Zotsatira Zachilengedwe
Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe adalembedwako Sayansikuyambitsa CO yopangira2 kuchokera ku mafuta okumba pansi, kwinaku akunyalanyaza mpweya wakuthambo, kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe pofika chaka cha 2065 zidzasandutsanso nkhalango zonse zachilengedwe, mitengo ndi zina zambiri zachilengedwe kukhala minda yazomera. Ndalama tsopano zikuwonongedwa chifukwa cha mafuta. Kufunika kowonjezereka kwa ma pellets kumabweretsa kukulitsa kwa malonda apadziko lonse (makamaka ndi katundu ku Europe), ndikuwopseza nkhalango kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, wopanga magetsi ku Chingerezi Drax akufuna kuti alandire theka la mphamvu yake ya 4 GW kuchokera ku mabulogu. Izi zikutanthauza kufunika koitanitsa matani 20 miliyoni a mitengo pachaka, kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa komwe amakolola ku UK komwe.
Mphamvu ya Biofuel Mphamvu
Kuthekera kwa ma biofuel kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati gwero loyamba la mphamvu zimadalira phindu lake, ndiye kuti, kuchuluka kwa omwe alandila mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mphamvu zamagetsi amphaka amakambirana mu Farrell et al. (2006). Olembawo akuti mphamvu yamafuta amafuta amtunduwu ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga. Komabe, Pimentel ndi Patrek, amaganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi 29% kuposa mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kusiyanaku kumakhudzana makamaka ndi kuwunika kwa zinthu zamzinthu zatsopano, zomwe, malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyenera, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto komanso kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kupanga soya.
Zovuta pa Chitetezo cha Chakudya
Popeza, ngakhale akhala akuyesetsa zaka zambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kupanga mafuta kuchokera ku algae sikungachotsedwe kunja kwa labotale, mafuta a mafuta amafunikira kuchotsedwa kwa minda. Malinga ndi IEA ya 2007, kupanga pachaka 1 EJ ya magetsi a biofuel pachaka kumafunikira mahekitala 14 miliyoni a malo olimapo, i.e. 1% ya mafuta oyendetsa amafunikira 1% ya nthaka yazaulimi.
Kugawa
Kuyerekezedwa ndi Worldwatch Institute Mu 2007, ma batire mabiliyoni 54 a mafuta opanga mafuta padziko lonse lapansi anapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuimira 1.5% yamafuta amadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Kupanga kwa Ethanol kunakwanitsa malita 46 biliyoni. United States ndi Brazil zimatulutsa 95% ya ethanol apadziko lonse.
Mu 2010, kupanga mabulosi amadzimadzi padziko lapansi adakula mpaka malita biliyoni 105, omwe ndi 2.7% yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi m'mayendedwe. Mu 2010, malita 86 biliyoni a ethanol ndi malita 19 biliyoni a biodiesel anapangidwa. Gawo la United States ndi Brazil popanga ma ethanol apadziko lonse lapansi latsika mpaka 90%.
Opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a tirigu ku USA, opitilira theka laanthu omwe agwiriridwa ku Europe, ndipo pafupifupi theka la nzimbe ku Brazil amapita kukapanga biofuel (Bureau et al, 2010).
Ma biofuel ku Europe
European Commission yakhazikitsa cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi osachepera 10% yamagalimoto pofika 2020. Palinso cholinga chele cha 5.75% pofika chaka cha 2010.
Mu Novembala 2007, Renewable Fuels Agency idakhazikitsidwa ku UK kuti iyang'anire kukhazikitsidwa kwa zofunika zamafuta zosinthidwa. Komitiyi idayendetsedwa ndi a Ed Gallaher, yemwe anali mkulu wamkulu wa Environmental Agency.
Kutsutsana pamphamvu yakuchulukirachulukira kwa nyengo ya 2008 kudadzetsa kafukufuku wachiwiri wokhudza vutoli ndi bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi Gallagher. Mavuto osagwirizana ndi ntchito yamafuta akapangidwe kazakudya, kusiyanasiyana kwa mbewu zomwe zakulimidwa, mitengo ya chakudya ndi malo azaulimi adayesedwa. Ripotilo linalimbikitsa kuti achepetse mphamvu zakuyambitsa kwa mabulogu kupita ku 0,5% pachaka. Zolinga za 5 peresenti mwanjira imeneyi siziyenera kukwaniritsidwa kuposa momwe zidalili mu 2013/2014, patadutsa zaka zitatu kuposa momwe zidalili kale. Komanso, kukhazikikanso kuyenera kutsatana ndi lamulo lofunikira kuti makampani azigwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje aposachedwa omwe amayang'ana pamafuta am'tsogolo.
Kuyambira pa Epulo 1, 2011, mutha kugula injini yatsopano ya dizilo m'malo oposa 300 a magetsi aku Sweden. Sweden idakhala dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi momwe ndizotheka kulimbikitsa magalimoto okhala ndi dizilo ya eco, yopangidwa pamaziko a mafuta a paini aku Sweden. "Ichi ndiye chitsanzo chabwino chogwiritsira ntchito nkhalango zambiri zamtengo wapatali komanso momwe golide wathu" wobiriwira "angapangire ntchito zambiri komanso malo abwino" - Minister of Agriculture Eskil Erlandsson / Eskil Erlandsson.
Pa Marichi 8, 2013, ndege yoyamba yakuwala yodutsa yomwe inamalizidwa idamalizidwa. Ndegeyo idayendetsedwa ndi KLM Boeing 777-200 panjira Amsterdam - New York.
Ku Finland, mafuta amitengo amapereka pafupifupi 25% ya mphamvu zamagetsi ndipo ndi gwero lake lalikulu, ndipo gawo lake limakulirakulira.
Chomera chachikulu kwambiri champhamvu padziko lapansi pano chikumangidwa ku Belgium. Bee mphamvu njondayomwe idzagwira ntchito pa tchipisi thuni.Mphamvu yake yamagetsi ikhale 215 MW, ndipo mafuta ake adzakhala 100 MW 107, omwe apereka magetsi kwa mabanja 450,000.
Biofuel ku Russia
Malinga ndi a Rosstat, mu 2010, mafuta ochokera ku Russia omwe amatenga mafuta ochokera ku mbewu (kuphatikiza udzu, mafuta amkati, tchipisi ta nkhuni) amapitilira matani 2.7 miliyoni. Russia ndi amodzi mwa mayiko atatu omwe akutumiza mafuta mumsika waku Europe. Pafupifupi 20% yokha ya mafuta mabulosi omwe amapangidwa ndi Russia.
Zomwe zimatha kupanga ku biogas ku Russia ndizopitilira 72 biliyoni m³ pachaka. Kupanga kwa magetsi kuchokera ku biogas ndi 151,200 GW, kutentha - 169,344 GW.
Mu 2012-2013, akukonzekera kuyitanitsa zoposa 50 zamafuta amagetsi m'magawo 27 a Russia. Zoyikidwa pa station iliyonse zizikhala pa 350 kW mpaka 10 MW. Kuchuluka kwa masiteshoni kupitirira 120 MW. Mtengo wokwanira wamapulojekitiwo uchokerako ma ruble 58,5 mpaka 75.8 biliyoni (kutengera magawo a kuwunika). Kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi kumachitika ndi GazEnergoStroy Corporation ndi BioGazEnergoStroy Corporation.
Malo osiyidwa ndi mtundu wa biofuel
Malinga ndi lingaliro lodziwika, zotsatira zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a biofuel zitha kupewedwa ngati zida zobiriwira zazingidwa pamalo otchedwa "osiyidwa" kapena "osiyidwa". Mwachitsanzo, Britain Royal Society mu lipoti lake imafuna zisankho zandale zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zisunthire "kumayiko achisumbu omwe ali ndi zachilengedwe zochepa kapena malo osiyidwa." Pakufufuza kwa Campbell et al 2008, bioenergy padziko lonse lapansi yomwe ingathe kukhala malo osiyidwa ikuyembekezeka kukhala yochepera 8% ya magetsi oyambira pano omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mahekitala 385-472 miliyoni. Kupanga kwa malo awa kumadziwika pa 4,3 tani pa hekitala iliyonse pachaka, zomwe ndizotsika kwambiri poyerekeza kale (mpaka matani 10 pa hekitala iliyonse pachaka). Kafukufuku wa Field et al (2008), malingana ndi momwe mahekitala 386 miliyoni alili, atha kukhala chitsanzo cha njira yodziwira malo olimidwa omwe ali oyenera kupanga mafuta a biofuel. Malo aliwonse omwe akhala akulimapo kuyambira 1700 ndi pomwe, malinga ndi zithunzi za satelayidi, osalimidwa tsopano, amawonedwa ngati "osiyidwa" ngati kulibe nkhalango kapena nyumba zawo. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe zoyesayesa zowunika momwe nzika zakomweko amagwiritsire ntchito msipu, kusonkhanitsa, kusamalira dimba, ndi zina. Chifukwa chake, wolemba ndemanga khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zolemba za Goeran Berndes biofuel zomwe zingatheke, "mayiko omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndiye maziko akumidzi. ” Olembapo angapo olemba pamutu wakupanga kwa biofuel akupitilizabe kubwereza lingaliro la "malo opanda anthu" komanso kuphatikiza madera akuluakulu ku Latin America, Africa ndi Asia pagulu lino. Amaganiza kuti kusintha kwa ulimi wamphamvu padziko lonse lino ndi mwayi kwa anthu omwe akukhala pano, ndipo moyo wawo waposachedwa, wopangidwa ndi zomwe mibadwo yambiri ya makolo awo ali nayo, alibe ufulu wopitiliza kukhalanso ndi moyo. Lingaliro ili latsutsidwa ndi oteteza moyo wamakolo ngati kulowerera kwazikhalidwe zakumunthu komanso kusalemekeza ufulu wa anthu amderalo. Amanenanso za kufunikira kwa chidziwitso chazikhalidwe ndi miyambo yomwe imathandizira kuti chilengedwe chizikhala chokhazikika. Malinga ndi bungwe la International Lands Coalition, pakadali pano 42% ya malo onse padziko lapansi amapangidwa kuti apange mafuta a mabulosi. Opangawo amakonda kugawa ma mahekitala mamiliyoni mazana ambiri kumwera kwa dziko lapansi ngati "osiyidwa" komanso "otha kutukuka", amanyalanyaza mfundo yoti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amakhala kumayiko amenewa ndipo amapeza zofunika pamoyo. Zowonongeka zamitundu mitundu nthawi zambiri sizigwiritsidwanso ntchito. Zithunzi zimapangidwa chifukwa chakuti malo awa nthawi zambiri amakhala a anthu akumidzi, omwe ufulu wawo umakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro azikhalidwe zakomweko ndipo sizikhala zovomerezeka. Phindu la nzika zakomweko pantchito yopanga ntchito nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda phindu chifukwa kukula kwa njira zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndikupanga kusagwirizana kwa anthu am'deralo m'mabizinesi awa. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa renti ndi mulingo wa malipiro zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya maphwando omwe akuchita nawo zochitika, ndipo mwayi, monga lamulo, uli kumbali ya agribusiness yamayiko ena. Colchester (2011) ikuwonetsa kuti ntchito yokakamizidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta a kanjedza. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zomwe zidalonjezedwa kumaderamo monga njira yosinthira malo nthawi zambiri zimachotsedwa m'zaka zochepa chabe (Ravanera and Gorra 2011). Mwambiri, zochitika za kudalira kopanda chiyembekezo kwa nzika zakumidzi pazovuta zazikulu sizowopsa kwa iwo. Ku Brazil, kufunafuna kwa alimi osamukira kudziko lina kuti “adzigwirire okha popanda womuyang'anirayo” kumadziwika kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwonongeka kwa nkhalango za Amazonia (dos Santos et al 2011).
Miyezo
Januware 1, 2009 ku Russia GOST R 52808-2007 "Maukadaulo omwe si achikhalidwe. Energy biowaste. Migwirizano ndi matanthauzidwe. " Order No. 424-st pakukhazikitsa muyezo wavomerezedwa ndi Rostekhregulirovanie pa Disembala 27, 2007.
Muyeso womwe udakhazikitsidwa ndi Laborator of Renewable Energy Source of the Geography Faculty of Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov ndikuyika mawu ndi matanthauzidwe a malingaliro oyambira m'munda wa biofuel, motsindika za mafuta amadzimadzi ndi magesi.
Ku Europe, kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2010, muyezo umodzi wama biofuel EN-PLUS ukugwira.
Ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti European Commission ikufuna kulimbikitsa mayiko omwe akutenga nawo gawo kusamutsa magalimoto ku biofuel mu 10% yonse. Kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, makhonsolo apadera ndi ma komishoni adapangidwa ndipo akugwira ntchito ku Europe, zomwe zimalimbikitsa eni magalimoto kuti akonzenso injini zawo komanso kuwongolera mtundu wa mafuta operekedwa m'misika.
Kuti padziko pano pakhale zotsalira, mabungwewo amaonetsetsa kuti mbewu zomwe ndi zopangira popanga zinthu zimachulukanso komanso kuti sizisinthidwa ndi mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zitheke. Kuphatikiza apo, mabizinesi omwe amapanga mafuta opanga mafuta mabulosi ayenera kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wawo ndikuwonetsetsa popanga mafuta am'badwo wina.
Mafuta zenizeni ku Russia komanso padziko lapansi
Zotsatira za ntchito yogwira ntchito motere sizinatenge nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, malo opangira mafuta 300 anali atayamba kale kugwira ntchito ku Sweden, komwe mutha kudzaza thanki ndi biodiesel zachilengedwe. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a mitengo yotchuka ya paini yomwe ikukula ku Sweden.
Ndipo mchaka cha 2013, chochitika chidachitika chomwe chidasinthika pakupanga matekinoloje opanga mafuta amagetsi. Ndege yodutsa ngati nthenga yomwe ili ndi ma biofuel idatuluka ku Amsterdam. Ku Boeing kumeneku kunafika mosatekeseka ku New York, motero kuyala maziko ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta achilengedwe komanso otchipa.
Russia imatenga malo osangalatsa motere. Ndife opanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafuta, tili pamalo achitatu pamlingo wa omwe amatumiza mafuta kunja! Koma mkati mwa dziko lathu, timatha mafuta osakwana 20%, pomwe tikupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yamtengo wapatali.
Madera 27 a Russia adakhala malo oyesera komwe zitsamba zamagetsi zopangidwa ndi biogas zimapangidwira ndikuyambitsa. Ntchitoyi idawononga pafupifupi ma ruble 76 biliyoni, koma ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi masiteshoni zimaposa izi nthawi zambiri.
Mphotho Yowunikira
Zolimbikitsa kwambiri ndi matekinoloje opangira zinthu zosinthika mwatsopano mu mafuta a mabulosi ndi magetsi, komanso njira zothetsera ma biopolymer ma CD. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amenewa kumathandizira kuti azikonzanso, i.e., kubwerezanso muzinthu zatsopano zopanga zinthu (makamaka, zigawo za maselo amafuta ndi bioplastics).
Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje awa ku Russia ndikokwera kwambiri. Kukula ndi kukhazikitsa kwawo kudzatsogolera pakatikati kuti achepetse kudalira kwachuma cha dziko pazachuma, zinthu zina zakunja ndi matekinoloje, ndikupanga misika yatsopano.
Zotsatira
Kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha gawo la zamayendedwe, kuchulukitsa kuchepa kwachilengedwe ndi kukwaniritsa zosowa zamafuta zomwe zikukwera.
Kuchepetsa kukula kwa mpikisano pakati pa malo aukadaulo ndi malo ogulitsira (chifukwa cha kulima kwa microalgae mu phytoreactors, vortex akuyandama aquarium reactors, malo osungirako otseguka).
Kukhazikitsa madera okhala ndi mavuto azachuma komanso kuchepa kwa kudalira kwawo mafuta ochokera kunja.
Kupeza mapuloteni, ma antioxidants, mitundu ya chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunikira kuchokera ku microalgae.
Ziwerengero zamsika
Pofika chaka cha 2030, kupanga mafuta mabulosi padziko lonse lapansi kudzawonjezeka mpaka matani miliyoni miliyoni a mafuta ofanana, ndikumakwera pachaka kwa 7-9%. Gawo lake lidzafika ku 4-6% ya mafuta onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayendedwe. Ma bulugamu a algae amatha kulowetsa m'malo oposa 70 biliyoni a mafuta osungunulira pachaka chaka chilichonse. Pofika chaka cha 2020, msika wa biofuel ku Russia ukhoza kukula kuposa nthawi 1.5 - mpaka kufika pamatani miliyoni miliyoni pachaka. Mawu omwe mwina akuwonekera pazomwe zikuchitika: 2025–2035.
Madalaivala ndi Zopinga
Ndondomeko zachilengedwe zamayiko otukuka kuti zichepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Kufunika kopangira ndalama zambiri pomanga biodiesel mbewu, kusintha kwa njira zaumisiri.
Kudalira kwa mphamvu ya kukula kwama microalgae pamphamvu yakuwala kwa dzuwa (mukakula m'madzi otseguka).
Zamagetsi Zachakudya
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zitha kuphatikizidwa ndikupanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri ngakhale magetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera - ma cell Microbial mafuta (MTE) - zidatheka kupanga magetsi kuchokera ku zinyalala mwachindunji, kudutsa magawo a mapangidwe a biogas ndikusintha kwake kukhala magetsi.
Ma MTE ndi bioelectric system. Kuchita kwake kogwira ntchito kumadalira mphamvu ya mabakiteriya yomwe imasokoneza ma organic (zotayidwa) ndikusuntha ma elekitron kumalo oyendera magetsi omwe adamangidwa mu dongosolo lomwelo. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa mabakiteriya kotereku kumatheka mwa kuwazika mu tekinoloje yamadzi otaya zinyalala zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi organic, kuphulika komwe kumapereka mphamvu.
Pali kale zochitika zapabotale zomwe zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito MTE kukonzanso mabatire. Ndi kukula komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa njira zamatekinoloje, ndizotheka kupereka magetsi kumabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ma MTE omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri pamakina ambiri mpaka malita masauzande ambiri amapereka mwayi wodziyimira pawokha kuchipatala.
Kusanthula kwamapangidwe
Zonenedweratu pamsika wa biofuel padziko lonse lapansi: 2022 (%)
Zamagetsi Zachakudya
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zitha kuphatikizidwa ndikupanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri ngakhale magetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera - ma cell Microbial mafuta (MTE) - zidatheka kupanga magetsi kuchokera ku zinyalala mwachindunji, kudutsa magawo a mapangidwe a biogas ndikusintha kwake kukhala magetsi.
Ma MTE ndi bioelectric system. Kuchita kwake kogwira ntchito kumadalira mphamvu ya mabakiteriya yomwe imasokoneza ma organic (zotayidwa) ndikusuntha ma elekitron kumalo oyendera magetsi omwe adamangidwa mu dongosolo lomwelo. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa mabakiteriya kotereku kumatheka mwa kuwazika mu tekinoloje yamadzi otaya zinyalala zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi organic, kuphulika komwe kumapereka mphamvu.
Pali kale zochitika zapabotale zomwe zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito MTE kukonzanso mabatire. Ndi kukula komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa njira zamatekinoloje, ndizotheka kupereka magetsi kumabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ma MTE omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri pamakina ambiri mpaka malita masauzande ambiri amapereka mwayi wodziyimira pawokha kuchipatala.
Zotsatira
Kupititsa patsogolo ubale wa chilengedwe pamapangidwe opanga ndi magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa kudalira kwamagetsi akunja, kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira komanso mtengo wopeza matekinoloje azithandizo.
Kuwongolera momwe zinthu ziliri m'malo opanda magetsi, kukulitsa mpikisano wawo pogwiritsa ntchito MTE.
Kuthekera kwa kupanga kwayekha kwa magetsi pazinthu zopanda mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono).
Ziwerengero zamsika
70% - gawo la zinyalala lomwe lidzakonzedwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamabizinesi liziwonjezeka ndi 2020 ku Russia poyerekeza ndi 2012. Ku European Union, gawo lamagetsi ochokera ku biogas lidzakhala pafupifupi 8%. Mawu omwe mwina akuwonekera pazomwezi: 2020–2030.
Madalaivala ndi Zopinga
Kuwonjezeka kwa zinyalala zachilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa magetsi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma bioreactor monga MTE pamagetsi osiyanasiyana opangira mphamvu, kuphatikiza madzi akumwa.
Kusakwanira ndalama zofunika kuphatikiza MTE mu njira zamatekinoloje, nthawi yayitali yolipira.
Kufunika kolumikizira bioreactors ndi malo owononga.
Zabwino kwambiri pazomwe zikugwira ntchito pakupanga mafakitale a bioreactors amtundu wa MTE.
Kusanthula kwamapangidwe
Kafukufuku wama kachitidwe kakang'ono ka electro-elekitirodi ndi mtundu: 2012 (%)
Phukusi lolowera biodegradable
Kuchulukitsidwa kwa ma CD opangidwa ndi ma polima opangira (matumba, mafilimu, makontena) kumayambitsa kukulira kwa vuto lakuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe. Itha kutha kusinthidwa ndikusintha kwanyamula zinthu kuchokera kuma polima ma biodegradable omwe atha kusinthika mwachangu komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
M'mayiko ambiri otukuka, chizolowezi chomanga ma CD chimayala kwambiri kuti azichotsa kwambiri komanso kwanthawi yayitali (mpaka zaka mazana angapo) ma polima opanga ma CD (okhala ndi nthawi yowerengeka ya miyezi 2-3). Kuchulukitsa kwapachaka komwe amamwa ku Western Europe kokha kuli pafupifupi matani 19,000, ku North America - matani 16,000. Nthawi yomweyo, kwa zisonyezo zingapo, zida za biopolymer zimangotsalira pazomwe zimapangidwa kale.
Tekinoloje yopanga zinthu za biopolymer zochokera ku polylactic acid kuchokera ku mbewu ya chimanga ndi mbewu ya shuga imalola kuyika maulamuliro ndi zinthu zambiri: yosinthika komanso yolimba, yolimbana ndi chinyezi komanso mankhwala ankhanza, yopanda fungo, yokhala ndi zotchinga komanso nthawi yayitali komanso kuwola msanga . Kuwongolera matekinoloje ndikuti athandize kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo pazakuthupi komanso mphamvu.
Mbadwo wachiwiri wa biofuel
Zovuta kupanga ndizakuti zimafunikira zinthu zambiri zomera. Ndipo pakukulitsa, malo amafunika, omwe, ngati adalidwa bwino, azigwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula mbewu. Chifukwa chake, matekinoloje atsopano adapangidwa kuti apange ma biofuel osachokera pachomera chonse, koma kuchokera ku zinyalala zochokera ku chinthu china. Tchipisi thuni, udzu mutapuntha tirigu, mankhusu a mpendadzuwa, makeke amafuta ndi keke yazipatso, ndipo ngakhale manyowa ndi zina zambiri - izi ndi zomwe zimasanduka zinthu zopangira mafuta a m'badwo wachiwiri.
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha mabatire a m'badwo wachiwiri ndi mpweya wa "sewer", ndiko kuti, biogas yopangidwa ndi kaboni dayoksidi ndi methane.Kotero kuti biogas ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, mpweya woipa umachotsedwa, mwanjira yake, zotsalira za biomethane zimatsalira. Munjira yomweyo, bioethanol ndi biodiesel zimapezeka kuchokera kwachilengedwe.
Momwe mungapangire biodiesel
Kuti mupange biodiesel, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa mafuta a masamba. Kuti muchite izi, glycerin imachotsedwa mmalo mwake, ndipo mowa umayambitsidwa m'mafuta m'malo mwake. Njirayi imafunika kusefera zingapo kuti muchotse madzi ndi zosafunika zina. Kuti tifulumizitse ntchitoyi, chothandizira chimawonjezeredwa kumafuta. Mowa umaphatikizidwanso ku chisakanizocho. Kuti mupeze methyl ether, methanol imawonjezeredwa ku mafuta; kupeza ethyl ether, ethanol imawonjezeredwa. Asidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira.
Zida zonse ndizosakanikirana, ndiye zimatenga nthawi kuti zikhale zotuluka. Wosanjikiza wapamwamba wa thankiyo ndi biodiesel. Wosanjikiza wapakati ndi sopo. Pansi pake pali glycerin. Zigawo zonse zimapita kukapanganso. Onse glycerin ndi sopo ndizopangira zofunika zachuma. Biodiesel imadutsa kuyeretsa zingapo, umatsitsidwa, umasefedwa.
Ziwerengero zakupangidwaku ndizosangalatsa: mafuta amodzi omwe amalumikizana ndi mowa wa makilogalamu 110 ndi ma kilogalamu 12 amathandizo amachititsa ma lita 100 a biodiesel ndi magilogalamu 150 a glycerin. Biodiesel imakhala ndi chikasu cha amber chikasu, ngati mafuta okongola a mpendadzuwa watsopano, glycerin wamdima, ndipo kale 38 digiri. Mtundu wabwino wa biodiesel suyenera kukhala ndi zosayera zilizonse, tinthu, kapena kuyimitsidwa. Kuti muthane ndi mtundu wowongolera mukamagwiritsa ntchito biodiesel, mafayilo amafuta ayenera kuwunika.
Kupanga kwa Bioethanol
Fermentation ya zipangizo zopangidwa ndi shuga ndizomwe zimapangira bioethanol. Njirayi ikufanana ndi kumamwa mowa kapena kuyang'ana mwezi. Kucha kwaphika kumasanduka shuga, yisiti imawonjezeredwa kwa iyo, ndipo phala limapezeka. Mafuta oyera amapezeka mwa kulekanitsa zinthu zomwe zimapsa, izi zimachitika m'makola apadera. Pambuyo pakufota kambirimbiri, imawuma, i.e. madzi amachotsedwa.
Bioethanol yopanda zodetsa zamadzi imatha kuwonjezeredwa mafuta. Kuyeretsa kwachilengedwe kwa bioethanol ndikuwongolera kwake pang'ono pam chilengedwe kumayamikiridwa kwambiri m'makampani, kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa biofuel yomwe idayamba ndi yanzeru kwambiri.