Pofika mu Ogasiti, ma dipterans amayamba kukwiya ndikuyamba kuluma. Malinga ndi makolo athu, umu ndi momwe adawonetsera kusakhutira ndi nyengo yozizira komanso imfa yofulumira yomwe adadziwiratu. Koma sayansi yatsimikizira kuti mchitidwewu wa tizilombo sugwirizana ndi imfa yawo yomwe ili pafupi. Pofika kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa mitundu inayake ya anthu omwe amadziwika kuti nthawi yophukira kukuuluka kwambiri.
- Chifukwa chiyani ntchentche zimayamba kuluma
- Momwe mungazindikire chowuluka
Zambiri pandege
Akatswiri amawerengera ntchentche zoposa 120,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Amatha kupezeka m'dziko lililonse. Zoopsa kwambiri zimapezeka nyengo zotentha. Mu Russian Federation, mitundu yoluma ngati imeneyi imapezeka:
- Zhigalka. Nthawi yamoyo wa tizilombo ndi masiku 25 okha. Koma pali nthawi zina pomwe opepuka amakhala masiku 70. Kutalika kwa thupi osapitirira 8 mm. Zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi msana ndi kukhalapo kwa zingwe. Magawo ena onse amafanana ndi nyumba (yamkati) ntchentche. Mukawonedwa ndi chisamaliro chapadera, zikuwonekeratu kuti pali nsonga ya chitin pa proboscis. Panthawi yoluma, mankhwalawa am'matumbo amapezeka pansi pa khungu.
- Mahatchi ndi ntchentche zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimakhala kuzilumba za ku Europe. Amakonda dera lomwe mulingo winyontho umakwezedwa. Zimaluma ng'ombe, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mkaka. Mitundu ya mapikoyi imatha kulekerera matenda a leukemia ndi anthrax.
- Mawonedwe achilendo ndi denga louluka. Ali ndi maso opunduka ndi torso yakutali, miyeso yake imatha kukhala mamilimita atatu mpaka 50. Amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu woopsa komanso zolengedwa zina.
- Mtundu wachipinda ndizofala kwambiri. Amatha kunyamula matenda ofunda. Pambuyo pakuluma, matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya amakula. Phula limatalika mpaka 1.5 mm. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa munthu m'modzi sikapitilira 12 mg. Yaikazi ikamabereka imatha kubereka mazira pafupifupi 150. Mu moyo wake wonse, amapanga magawo anayi a 4-6.
- Magazi (agwape). Amatchedwa ectoparasites, popeza amalola matenda omwe ali ofanana. Munthu amamenyedwa kawirikawiri. Chifukwa chakuti mtundu uwu umatha kuponya mapiko, nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi nkhupakupa.
- Ntchentche yakuda (Epulo). Ntchentche zimakonda maluwa. Ndiotetezeka kwathunthu ku thanzi la munthu.
- Ntchentche ya Carrion ndi ntchentche yamtambo. M'moyo, umatha kutulutsa timabowo tating'onoting'ono tambiri 5 tomwe timapangidwa pamizimba, zinyalala za nyama kapena mabala otseguka.
- Mtundu wobiriwira umatha kuyambitsa matenda a parasitic. Mazira amayikidwa pamabala owonekera kapena pa mitembo.
- Pangozi ya mbewu ikuyimiriridwa ndi ntchentche zadothi. Amatha kuyambitsa kabichi, anyezi kapena kaloti.
Kodi kuluma kumachitika bwanji?
Ntchentche yowala kwambiri, monga tanenera, ili ndi chida chofunikira kuti magazi athu azitha. Mapapo ake ali ndi mawonekedwe owongoka, ndipo ngakhale m'mbali mwa nsonga yake pali mano ang'onoang'ono ofanana ndi fambo la msomali. Nthawi yomweyo, nsonga ya phenoscis imawoneka lathyathyathya, yofanana ndi mpeni wolowera.
Mothandizidwa ndi zovalazi, kachilomboka amapukuta chigawo chapamwamba cha khungu, kenako ndikulowetsa malovu owopsa m'malo oluma, kapangidwe kake komwe sikuloleza magazi kuvala mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, pakuboweka bowo pakhungu, munthu wamagaziyu amathira m'malovu magazi.
Kuopsa kwa munthu aliyense
Kwa anthu, ntchentche zamtundu womwe zaperekedwa ndizowopsa chifukwa zimatha kupangitsa kukula kwa matenda a parasitic ndi bacteria. Koma pali mitundu ina yomwe ikakulimbana ndi malovu a sumu. Chifukwa cha izi, edema ndi mkwiyo zimawoneka pakhungu.
Panali nthawi zina pamene anthu ambiri anavutika ndi ndodo ya mliri. Ntchentche yaku Africa imatha kulolera matenda ogona, omwe amadzaza ndi kuphwanya kwamanjenje.
Tinalemba kuti ma dipterans amenewa amakhala oyipa kwambiri mu Ogasiti. Chiwerengero chawo ndizokwanira mwezi uno. Mwa akazi, nthawi yobereketsa imayamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake ntchentche iluma: amafunanso magetsi owonjezera. Ikalumidwa, matendawa amapanikizika malinga ndi matenda omwe adalandiridwa.
Mawonekedwe
Autumn nyere (Stomoxyscalcitrans) ndi mtundu wa ntchentche zenizeni, woimira gulu la diptera. Maonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kake ka ziwalo, kali pafupi ndi nthenga. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti tizilombo timasokonezeka, kudabwa ndi kupsa mtima kwawo m'dzinja. Wopepuka amakhala ndi thupi lotakasika lomwe limakhala lalitali 5.5-7 mm. Thupi ndi imvi, mikwingwirima yakuda pa chifuwa, mawanga akuda pamimba. Zingwe zinayi zakutsogolo pa mesonotum. Mutu ndi waukulu, mafoni. Pa masikono pamataya oyera oyera achikasu. Pali chingwe chamdima pamphumi. Antennae lalifupi, lakuthwa, lakuda.
Maso okhala ndi mutu wokhala ndi mutu. Amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa ntchentche. Tizilombo timadalira m'maso kuti tidye ndi kupulumutsidwa kwa adani. Thunthu ndi mutu zimakokedwa ndi phesi. Pamaso pawo paphimbidwa ndimtambo wakuda. Pothawa, mapiko amodzi owoneka amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali, yakuda.
Kuluma tizilombo
Aliyense amadziwa kuti ntchentche za m'nyumba sizitha kuluma, chifukwa zida zawo zamkamwa sizizololedwa izi. Phula la ma dipterans awa ndi ofewa kwambiri kuti alowe mkati mwa khungu la munthu, ndipo amapangidwira kudyetsa madzi ndi zamkati za zipatso, komanso zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zowola. Kuluma mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe idayamba mu August-Seputembara.
Zoyatsira Zapamwamba
Kuti mudziwe zomwe zimaluma ntchentche ndikuluma ndi zomwe sizikuchita, mawonekedwe ake angathandize. Zoyatsira (lat. Stomoxys calcitrans) ndizofanana ndi ntchentche zakunyumba, koma mapiko ake amatambasulidwa, osapezeka m'thupi. Mikwingwirima yakuda imawoneka kumbuyo kwa tizilombo, momwe mungadziwire ntchentche yolira. Pa nsonga ya prosto ndi bristles omwe amatha kubaya khungu la munthu kapena nyama.
Mu nthawi yophukira, kukhala m'dera lomwe kuli tizilombo tambiri, gwiritsani ntchito zida zoteteza
Tizilomboti timakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto, m'makola a ng'ombe kapena m'mkhola momwe timatha kudya magazi a nyama. Mu manyowa ndi udzu wambiri, wopepuka amaberekanso ana. Amadyetsa magazi okha m'magawo akuluakulu, omwe amatha kupitirira kulemera kwake ndi theka.
Kuluma ntchentche kumayambitsa kupweteka. Izi ndichifukwa choti chowaliracho sichimangoluma khungu kulowa mumtsempha wamagazi, komanso chimavulaza poyizoni, chomwe sichimalola magazi kuvala. Ndizinthu izi zomwe zimayambitsa kuyaka, ndipo pamene ikufalikira kudutsa thupi, imayambitsa kukwiya ndi kuyabwa. Thupi lawo siligwirizana ndi malungo ndi mseru nthawi zina. Amuna ndi akazi onse amaluma. Kuchokera pamalingaliro owawa panthawi yakumwa, dzina "Zhigalka" lidakhalako.
Kuzungulira kuchokera dzira kupita kwa munthu wamkulu kumatenga milungu itatu mpaka miyezi iwiri. Mu moyo wake, wamkazi amakwanitsa kupanga timatanda ta mazira zana limodzi. M'nyengo yotentha, mibadwo ingapo ya opepuka imatha kuonekera, ndiye pofika nthawi yophukira kuchuluka kwa magazi amtunduwu kukukula mwachangu.
Pakukula kwa mphutsi, kutentha kwa chilengedwe sikuyenera kutsikira pansi + 35, C, chifukwa chake, wamayi amasankha malo otentha kwambiri mu udzu ndi humus, ndipo nthawi zina amaikira mazira m'mabala a nyama. Ngati matenthedwe ochulukira agwera mpaka 10 ° C kapena kutsika, ntchentcheyo imakhazikika nthawi iliyonse, akhale dzira, mphutsi kapena munthu wamkulu.
Ntchentche zimatha kuyikira mazira ambiri. Chofunika kwambiri ngati malo ndi nyama
Ikayamba kuzizira kunja, zowunikira zimayamba kufunafuna malo otentha mnyumbamo, chifukwa chake ntchentche imaluma ikangogwa. Pofika pano, ziwerengero zawo zikuchulukirachulukira. Popanda zakudya zina, amayamba kuukira anthu. Kulumwa kumakhala kowopsa makamaka kwa makanda, olumala ndi okalamba, popeza sangathe kuyendetsa tizilombo kutali.
Mitundu ina ya ntchentche
Mtundu wina wa ntchentche zoluma ndi chiwombankhanga (lat. Tabanidae). Ndizokulirapo kuposa kukula kwa ntchentche wamba, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika masentimita 3. M'mimba mwa kachilombo kamazunguliridwa ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira, komwe ndizosavuta kuzindikira. Amakhala pafupi ndi msipu ndi malo osungira. Dzinali limachitika chifukwa choti ikaluma buluzi limasowa chochita, ngati kuti ndi wakhungu.
Ziluma kwambiri anthu
Pali mahatchi achikazi okha omwe amadya magazi kuti abereke ana. Amatha kuyamwa mpaka 200 mg yamagazi nthawi. Amuna amatha kutchedwa azinyama, chifukwa amangodya timadzi tokoma.
Moshkara amakonda kulimbana ndi gulu la anthu ambirizomwe zimapangitsa kupweteka, komanso kusamva bwino komanso kutupa kwambiri. Ntchentche izi zimaluma mu Ogasiti. Njenjete zimayikira mazira m'malo osungira, pafupi ndi pomwe magulu awo amapezeka. Akazi okha ndi omwe amadya magazi kuti abereke. Matenda awo ndi afupiafupi, motero amasankha malo kuluma, komwe khungu limakhala lochepa - miyendo yotseguka, mphuno, matope.
Cholinga chachikulu cha gulugufe ndi ziweto. Kwa moyo wamfupi wazaka zazikazi, zazikazi zimayikira mazira pansi pa khungu la omwe amazizunza. Pamene mphutsi zimaswa, zimadzetsa mavuto kwa nyamayo. Ma Gadflies samakonda kuvutitsa anthu, koma ngati izi zikuchitikabe, munthu amatha kupanga edema. Kenako muyenera kufunafuna thandizo mwachangu.
Ntchentche yoopsa kwambiri ndi tsetse, yemwe amakhala ku Central Africa. Amadwala matenda otchedwa kugona, omwe anthu masauzande ambiri amakumana nawo chaka chilichonse. Matendawa ndi osachiritsika, ndipo ambiri omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amamwalira.
Sikuti ntchentche zonse zimawombera anthu ndi nyama. Osaluma:
- Ntchentche yobiriwira, kapena carrion, yomwe imasefukira wokongola kwambiri. Amakhumudwitsa, koma siziwopseza anthu.
- Mikondo. Kunja kofanana kwambiri ndi mavu, kukhala ndi mapiko owoneka bwino ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pamimba.
Kuopsa kwa kuluma
Kuphatikiza pa zowawa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuluma, ntchentche zimakhala pamtunda wonyansa ndi ndowe, zimatha kuluma nyama zodwala komanso ngakhale kudya zovalazo ngati kulibe magazi atsopano.
Matenda angapo omwe tizilombo timene timanyamula amathanso kufa
Chifukwa cha izi, amakhala onyamula matenda oopsa:
- anthrax,
- tularemia,
- trypanosomiasis,
- sepsis
- polio
- chifuwa chachikulu
- kamwazi.
Thandizo loyamba
Patsamba la kulumalo, redness imawoneka ndi edema, pakati pomwe pali dontho lomwe lili ndi magazi owoneka, kuyabwa kumachitika. Ndi zovuta matupi awo, chizungulire, mseru, kusanza, khungu mumaso, ngakhale kugwedezeka kwa anaphylactic ndikotheka.
Chizindikiro pa kuluma, redness pakhungu ndi kuyabwa. Pali chiopsezo cha anaphylactic mantha.
Mukakuluma, muyenera kusamba bala ndi madzi a sokosi kapena hydrogen peroxide, ndiye kuti muthane ndi ayodini. Kuti muchepetse kutupa ndi kupweteka, mutha kuthira paketi oundana. Monga lamulo, tsiku lotsatira chilondacho chikuyamba kuchira. Ngati kutupa sikuchoka, ndipo thanzi lanu limayamba kulipa, muyenera kufunsa dokotala nthawi yomweyo.
Njira zopewera
Maukonde a udzudzu amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa ntchentche kuti zisalowe mnyumbamo. Komabe, ngati tizilombo talowa m'nyumba, matepi okuomerera azithandizira kuwathetsa. Potseguka, zovala zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi malaya ataliitali komanso zopangira zingathandize munthu kudziteteza ku kulumwa kowopsa.
Ntchentche ndizovuta zambiri ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala magwero oopsa.
Gwiritsani ntchito ma bite zoteteza omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa.
Pamafamu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amayala nyama ndi milu ya ndowe. Ndi njira yolamulirayi, onse akuluakulu ndi mphutsi zimamwalira. M'mafamu akulu, zidzakhala zofunikira kuthandiza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadya tizirombo ndi mphutsi zake. Iyi ndi njira yopanda vuto lililonse yothana ndi ntchentche, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwawo.
Nanga bwanji ntchentche zimaluma makamaka kugwa
1. Ndi nthawi yophukira ndendende kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchentche zachilengedwe zimafika pachimake, chifukwa nthawi yotentha, m'malo abwino, zimatha kubereka, chifukwa mkazi aliyense amabweretsa mazira pafupifupi 400 m'moyo wake.
2. Zowunikira sizimakonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake, pakugwa kwake zimafunafuna malo otentha, imodzi mwazo ndi malo okhala munthu.
3. Ntchentche imafunikira mapuloteni ambiri m'dzinja, omwe amafunikira kuti apulumuke pakadali pano, komanso ngati nkhokwe yozizira, kuti, nthawi yophukira, atabereka ana, abereke ana.
4. Ntchentche amayankha kuzizira ndikukonzekera kuti zinthu zikuchulukirachulukira moyo komanso kubalanso kwa kachiromboka, chifukwa chake zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi olowawa zitha kuchitika.
Ndipo mukuganiza kuti pachifukwa chani ntchentcheyo imaluma chifukwa cha kugwa?
Zochitika m'miyoyo ya ntchentche zoluma
Ntchentche ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi mitundu 5000 ya mitundu yawo amadziwika. Kuchulukaku kumadalira pa kuyamwa kwazomera, zipatso zowola ndi zinthu zina organic, ndowe, manyowa. Kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka tizilombo timene timaluma. Ntchentche zamagazi zimatha kuukira anthu ndi nyama. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi ntchentche.
M'mawonekedwe ndi zachilengedwe, zowunikira ndizofanana kwambiri ndi ntchentche zapakhomo, ndichifukwa chake amakhulupirira kuti nyumba imawuluka. Izi ndi tizilombo ta mtundu wa imvi 5-7 mm kutalika. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku mitundu ya ntchentche zomwe sizinadye zomwe zili mu kapangidwe ka phenoscis. Ntchentche wamba sizimaluma munthu kapena nyama, chifukwa maubweya wawo ndiwofewa komanso sangathe kubaya khungu. Kuwala kwa zowunikira kumakhala kotakata ndipo "muli" ndi zida zolimba zautinous, mothandizidwa ndi kudula khungu lakumenyedwa. Akazi onse amuna ndi amuna omwe amakhala ndi tizilombo timene timadya magazi (motero amaluma). Nthawi zambiri omwe amawazunza ndi nyama ndipo nthawi zina anthu. Zimalowa pansi pa khungu, ntchentche zazikazi zimabaya malovu m'zilonda, motero kuluma kwake kumayambitsa kupweteka kwambiri ndi kuyabwa.
M'nyengo yotentha, nyali zimapezeka zochuluka m'malo osungiramo nyama - pamabusa ndi minda, komwe zimakhala ndi chakudya komanso kubereka. Pa nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo, mayi mmodzi amaikira mazira 400 amtundu yoyera mu manyowa kapena zinyalala zovunda, ndipo nthawi zina m'mabala a nyama. Mphutsi zimatuluka mazira pambuyo masiku 1-5, kutengera kutentha kwake. Mu gawo lazous, ntchentche yamtsogolo imakhala milungu iwiri, kenako pupa imapanga. Pakadutsa masiku ena 7 mpaka 26, kubala kwatsopano kumabadwa komwe kumatha kuyikira mazira pafupifupi masiku 10-15. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa ntchentche kuchokera pa dzira kupita kwa kachilombo kumatuluka milungu itatu kapena isanu ndi itatu. M'miyezi yotentha, mibadwo ingapo yowunikira ili ndi nthawi yotuluka, ndikuchulukitsa ziwerengero zawo. Pofika nthawi yophukira, chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu chimafika.
Njira yamakina yolamulira ntchentche ndiyosavuta kwambiri komanso yopanda vuto lililonse, koma siyothandiza
Kapangidwe ka proboscis
Kuti athe kubowola khungu la nyama, owunikira adapeza proboscis yokhala ndi mbale zapadera. Chiwalo ndi cholimba, chochepa thupi komanso chachitali, chimatulutsira kutsogolo. Zimatha ndi mbale zapadera zoyamwa zokutira ndi mano a chitinous. Panthawi yoti nyamayo ilandidwe, mbalezo zimasuntha, ndipo mano ambiri amaphwanya khungu. Mtundu wa Proboscis wakuda wokhala ndi mafunde ochepa.
Mphutsi
Pakumera kwa mbewa, ana a opepuka ndi oyera. Pazaka zoyambirira zimakhala zowonekera, kutalika kwa thupi losinthasintha ndi 1.2 mm. Pofika m'badwo wachitatu iwo amakula mpaka 11-12 mm. Thupi limakhala ndi magawo 8. Mphete yaung'onoting'ono imakhala pachifuwa. Pakamimba, kuyambira lachiwiri mpaka lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndikukula kwambiri. Zowunikira pagawo lachisanu ndi chitatu. Mphutsi yopanda miyendo, imayenda mothandizidwa ndi ma tubercles ndi ma spikes.
Zizindikiro ndi Chithandizo
Ntchentche zimadziwonetsa bwino nthawi yomwe njuchi zimatola uchi. Pofuna kuti tisasokoneze kulumidwa ndi tizilombo ndi njuchi, ndikofunikira kudziwa zizindikiridwe ndi mawonekedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza:
- Kuchulukitsa kwapaderalo.
- Kutupa pang'ono.
- Kuyipitsa ndi kuyabwa.
- Kuchepa kwa dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo.
Mwa mwana, mawonekedwe amawonekera: mawonekedwe amafalikira kukula ndikuyamba kukhala ofiira. Pamene tsetse liziwuluka, zithupsa zimawoneka.
Zilonda zingapo ndizopweteka kwambiri. Ntchentche ikaluma chakumapeto kapena m'mimba, kutupa kumachitika. Kuchokera pamenepa, chikhalidwe chamunthu chitha kufalikira komanso kutha kuoneka, komanso kutupa kwa minofu yofewa.
Ndikofunika kuchitira mabala ndi antiseptic: ayodini kapena zelenka, mowa. Ndikwabwino kwa ana kumayambitsa kuwonongeka ndi othandizira omwe alibe mowa: hydrogen peroxide kapena chlorhexidine. Kuti muchepetse kuwonetseredwa kwamachitidwe amderalo, mafuta onunkhira omwe ali ndi phokoso komanso ozizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti musakhale ndi vuto lililonse, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti "Diazolin" kapena "Zodak" akutsikira.
Chiwopsezo chotenga matenda ogona chilipo pomwe Tsetsetsetse yayuma. Tizilombo timeneti, limodzi ndi malovu, timatulutsa tiziromboti pafupifupi 400,000. Zotsatira zakupha, ngakhale kuluma kumodzi ndikwanira. Koma chifukwa chakukula pang'onopang'ono kwa matendawa, ilipo nthawi yothandizira mwachangu, yomwe ichotse chiopsezo cha moyo. Poyamba, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito Nifurtimox ndi Eflornithine. Ngati matendawa alibe, mungathe kuchiritsa kunyumba.
Nthawi zambiri hyperemia ndi ziwengo zimatha kupezeka pamitundu yosavuta ya tizilombo. Dera lowonongeka litatupa, ndikofunikira kuziziritsa malowo ndikuchiza ndi mankhwala antiseptic. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuthira mafuta ngati mafuta a Fenistil kapena Nezulin m'derali. Pofuna kuti musavulaze mwana kwambiri, ayenera kufunsa dokotala wa ana. Pankhaniyi, "Wopulumutsa" ndi "Bepanten" ndi othandizira osakwaniritsidwa.
Zambiri Zofalitsa
Amuna ndi akazi a m'dzinja opepuka amasiyana pakakhalidwe ka maliseche ndi mphumi. Amuna ali ndi mphumi wopendekera, chifukwa cha 2/3 ya utali wa maso. Akazi amakhala ndi mulifupi wokwanira, pafupifupi wofanana kukula kwa maso. Ntchentche ndi tizilombo tosinthika kwathunthu. Nthawi yawo yozungulira ndi masiku 5-20 okha. Pakadutsa masiku awiri atachokapo, akulu ndi okonzeka kukhwima komanso kubereka. Poyikira mazira, zazikazi zimasankha malo omwe chinthu chachilengedwe chimawola - manyowa, milu ya kompositi, malovu.
Pa malo amodzi pali mazira oyera 100 mpaka 130 okhala ndi mawonekedwe. Nthawi yonse yamoyo, mkazi m'modzi amapanga ndodo za 5-7. Zisanachitike mphutsi, maola 10-24 akudutsa. Pa kukula, amasungunuka kawiri ndikusintha zaka zitatu. Pa kutentha kwa ntchentche (+ 27-30 ° C) patatha masiku 4-5, mphutsi zimasanduka pupa. Chophimba cha m'badwo wachitatu chimawuma ndipo chimakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira. Kunja, pupa ndi ofanana ndi kapisozi, kutalika kwake mpaka 6 mm. Pa tsamba la mutu, kukulapo pang'ono. Kupumira kumapezeka pamphepete mwa gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri. Kutentha, magawo onse kuyambira dzira kupita kwa wowala wamkulu amapita masiku 6.
Pamaso pa nyemba, mphutsi zimasamukira ku manyowa ndi chinyezi choposa 20-40%. Kuzungulira kwakukulu kumawonedwa m'malo ndi kutentha kwa + 25 °. Pupa imatha kukhala yakuya mpaka masentimita 50. Kutentha konyentchera ndi chinyezi sikusokoneza mkhalidwe wake. Kukula kwa pupa kumatenga masiku 4-7; ndipo ntchentche yopangidwa imatuluka kuchokera ku coco.
Chidwi Mphutsi za maluwawa zimafa pa kutentha kwa + 52 ° C.
Zotsatira ndi zovuta
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tonsefe tikakuluma nthawi ya kugwa, palibe nkhawa iliyonse, chifukwa ndi chisanu choyambirira timawuluka. Koma kulumwa ambiri kumatha kupangitsa kuti matenda a pakhungu aphatikizidwe komanso chifuwa. Koma ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Tsetse ntchentche, zotsatirapo zake zimatha kuchitika patatha milungu kapena miyezi wothandizirayo atalowa m'thupi.
Matendawa amatha kudutsa zaka 5. Mukadwala ndi trypanosomes, nthawi ya hematolymphatic imachitika, pomwe kutentha kumawonedwa.
Chowonadi chakuti zotsatira zakupha zimachitika ndikuwonetsa kukhumudwitsidwa, kukhumudwa kwa miyendo ndi ataotic gait. Pambuyo pake, wovutikayo amatha kugwa.
Moyo
Mitundu ya ntchentche zenizeni za Stomoxys imaphatikizapo mitundu 18 ya ectoparasites zosiyanasiyana za nyama. Autumn opepuka Stomoxyscalcitrans ndiye mtundu wokhawo womwe umapezeka kulikonse ndipo ndi synanthropic. Tizilombo touluka timatchedwa tizilombo ta m'midzi chifukwa chokonda ziweto. Ntchentche zimasankha malo okhalamo ng'ombe - ng'ombe, busa. Magawo akuluakulu a flage flares amawonedwa m'malo owala. Amakhala pamipanda ya paddock, mitengo yamtengo, pansi. Ntchito ya diptera imawonetsedwa masana okha.
Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa ntchentche ya m'dzinja kukuchuluka kangapo. Munthawi yotentha, zimatha kuonekera pa mibadwo isanu ndi iwiri ya kachilombo koyipa. Kupikisana kwa magulu ankhondo kumakhala ntchentche kuti zikafufuze magawo atsopano. Nthawi imeneyi, zimawonekera pafupi ndi anthu, ndikulowera mnyumbamo. Pokhala mtundu wa thermophilic, amasiya kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwa + 8 ° C. Amachoka kukazizira nyengo iliyonse - mphutsi, pupa, ndi imago. M'malo abwino, kutentha kwambiri kwa + 15 ° C, kusintha kumeneku kumapitirira popanda kusokonezedwa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kwa moyo, tizilombo amafunika kudya masiku onse awiri ndi atatu. Kuyamwa magazi kumatenga mphindi 15. Nthawi yomweyo, m'mimba mwa ntchentche imagwira madzi ambiri, imakhala yolemetsa, imayenda movutikira. Ma nyali amakonda kudya m'mawa ndi madzulo, nyengo yozizira - pafupi masana. Panyengo yophukira, kagayidwe kazilombo kamachepa ndipo kamaudya pang'ono, amatha kufa ndi njala mpaka masiku 10.
Zambiri. Mu nyama zazikulu, zowunikira zimasonkhanitsidwa pamiyendo ndi m'mimba. Magazi a galu amayamwa ndikukhala m'khutu. Anthu amaluma ndi miyendo ndi miyendo.
Njira zopewera
M'zaka zaposachedwa, matenda okhudzana ndi kugona adachepa kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha njira zabwino kwambiri zodzitetezera. Anthu amayesa kupewa momwe angathere malo omwe mitundu iyi ya mapiko imakhala: malo aulimi ndi zitsamba zotentha.
Pomwe pakakhala ntchentche yolumikizana mchipinda chochezera, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito olemba omwe amakhudza anthu osiyanasiyana. Komanso, kuchokera kulumidwa ndi Tsetse ntchentche, kukonza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito permethrin kumathandizadi. Koma mutha kuthamangitsa tizilombo tokhala mchipinda chochezera komanso mothandizidwa ndi njira zodalirika zomwe zimapezeka kwa aliyense: msampha wa viniga kapena viniga.
Adadzilimbikitsanso:
- Tepi yolimba.
- Msampha wopepuka.
- Mafuta ofunikira okhala ndi mafungo a lavenda, basil kapena cloves.
Ngati zitsukidwa mnyumba nthawi zonse, ma dipterans angachepetse kwambiri. Adzakhala osasangalatsa komwe madimbidwe oyera ndi pansi, palibe zotsalira za chakudya ndi zinyalala zina zomwe angadye.
Popewa kukula kwa matenda oopsa, ndikofunikira kulimbana ndi ntchentche osachepera m'nyumba ndi muofesi.
Zowopsa ndi ziti?
Gawo la chitukuko cha ntchentche.
Apa, tikuyambiranso kuti kuluma kwa wopepuka ndizopweteka kwambiri. Kupatula apo, palibe chifukwa kuti mtundu uwu wa ntchentche adalandira dzina lake. Panthawi yoluma, munthu amamva kuwawa kwambiri.
Uku sikuluma kwa udzudzu wopanda vuto, komwe kumangopezeka nthawi yochepa, ayi. Zochita zopepuka, tinene, zamwano kwambiri. Udzudzu pafupi ndi ntchentche ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali m'munda wake.
Kuphatikiza apo,, kupweteka kowawa ndi proboscis, chowuluka-ntchofu, pambali pake, chimabweretsa malovu kumalo omwe akhudzidwa, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yotupa pamalowo.
Ntchentche.
Kuphatikiza pa zowawa ndi kutupa pamalo opumira, tizirombo tokhala ndi mapiko awiriwa, monga ntchentche zonse, ndizonyamula zoipa za mitundu yonse yamatenda owopsa.
Munthu akhoza kungolingalira kuti kangati kachilombo kameneka kogwiritsa ntchito zida zopyoza nthawi yayitali, komanso kuluma kwa chonyamuliracho kumakhala kovuta bwanji kwa munthu.
Mwa zina mwa matenda omwe titha kulipeza ndikuluma kwa magazi amtunduwu, tikuwonetsa izi:
- typhoid
- sepsis
- anthrax,
- chifuwa chachikulu
- kamwazi
- polio
- trypanosomiasis.
Ndipo iyi si mndandanda wonse wa "ntchito zaulere" zomwe tizilombo timene timapereka mwaufulu komanso mwaulere kwathunthu kutipatsa.
Kuipa
Magazi a nyama amayamwa amuna ndi akazi. Amapha nyama zosiyanasiyana:
Kulumwa kumapita kwa agalu ndi anthu. Ziweto zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuukira kwa ntchentche zamagazi. Mukamadyetsa, tizilombo timataya timatulutsa tiziwalo tating'ono. Malovu opepuka, omwe amalowa m'matumba awiriwa, ali ndi poizoni. Eni ziweto amayenera kuonanso mobwerezabwereza momwe nyama zimamenyera ziboda zawo, tonde, ndikudzipukusa mutu kapena mchira. Ataluma, mahatchiwo adawapweteka ndikutupa mawondo awo. Zimakhala zovuta kuti nyama ziyime. Ng'ombe, zipatso zamkaka zimachepetsedwa ndi 40-50%.
Anthu amalekerera kuluma kwa nthawi yophukira m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kwa ena, iyi ndi jekeseni lalifupi, pomwe ena akumalilanso kuti ayambe kuzunzidwa pakhungu kwanthawi yayitali. Zosasangalatsa komanso kusasangalala sikungovulaza kwa ntchentche zokha. Tizilombo toyamwa magazi timakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Pakulumwa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda matenda oopsa amalowa m'magazi: sepsis, tularemia, anthrax, chifuwa chachikulu.
Chidwi Akaukira nyama zokhala ndi zowunikira zambiri za nthawi yophukira, amachepetsa thupi. Kukwiya pafupipafupi komanso kupweteka kumakhudza thanzi.
Ndani akuluma?
Sitingabise kuti pakati pa zovuta zooneka ngati zovulaza zazilombo zoyandikana, monga ntchentche, pali zilombo zambiri. Sitikhala pamitundu yachilendo monga tsetse ntchentche kapena Siberian heinous, koma tizingolankhula za zathu zokhazokha, zapakhomo, tikhoza kunena, mtundu wa ntchentche zoluma, zomwe ndi yophukira yophukira
Kuphukira kowala: kufotokozera.
Yophukira mopepuka ndi kachilombo kuchokera ku banja la ntchentche zowona. Kunja, m'dzinja limawuluka mosiyana sikasiyana ndi linzake, chipinda chomwecho chikuuluka. Komanso ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake, imafikira kutalika nthawi zambiri yosaposa 5-8 mm. Imakhala ndi imvi yowoneka bwino ndi dera louma pang'ono komanso lachiberekero pang'ono, pomwe mumatha kuwona madontho akuda.
Chochititsa chidwi chachikulu cha tizilombo ndi kutchuka kwawo. Awa ndi ma magazi ngati udzudzu kapena mileme a vampire. Zida zawo zapakamwa zimakhala ndi mtundu wa phenoscis, zomwe zimaloleza magaziwo kubaya khungu laminyama yokhala ndi magazi ofunda ndikuyamwa magazi omwe amakhala chakudya cha nyama zodyerazi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe
Mankhwala achikhalidwe sakhala chida chokhacho chokhacho chopangidwa kuti athane ndi kuluma kwa midge. Ngati palibe matupi awo amawonetsa kuwonda, pakuthandizira mankhwalawa, mankhwala osiyanasiyana odziwika amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe angalepheretse chizindikiro chamtunduwu ndikuchotsa kutupa.
- Thirani madzi kuchokera tsamba loyambira
Masamba ofewa, makamaka "aang'ono",
slurry wopangidwa kuchokera ku tsamba labichi kabichi
mutu wa anyezi
mandimu ofunikira.
Kuonetsetsa kupewa, makamaka usiku, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musagwiritse ntchito mafuta onunkhira onunkhira bwino, komanso kuti musamavale zovala zopepuka kwambiri. Pazenera muyenera kuphatikiza ukonde wa udzudzu.
Habitat
Gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha zowunikira ndi ziweto. Mphutsi zophuka zimayamba kumera manyowa. Chifukwa chake, kakhalidwe kachulu kakang'ono ka ntchentche ndi malo oweta ziweto. Popeza ng'ombe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'bwalo lomwelo lokhalamo nyumba, zowunikira zimatha kuwuluka m'nyumba zomwe zimagunda munthu.
Chifukwa chakusuta kwanyumba ya anthu, idalandira dzina lowonjezera "ntchentche yam'mudzimo." M'malo mwake, mtundu uwu mulibe. Ili ndiye dzina la mitundu iliyonse ya ma dipterans, osungidwa pafupi ndi midzi ndi midzi.