Sphenacodontia -? Kingdom Gulu la Sphenacodonts Gulu la Sayansi: Mtundu wa Zinyama: Kalasi ya Chord ... Wikipedia
Sphenacodontidae -? Kingdom Gulu la Sphenacodonts Gulu la Sayansi: Mtundu wa Zinyama: Kalasi ya Chord ... Wikipedia
Pelicosaurs -? S Pelicosaurus Skeleton of Dimetrodon, woimira gulu la asayansi la Pelicosaurus ... Wikipedia
Pelicosaurus -? † Pelicosaurus Mafupa a Dimethrodon, nthumwi ya pelicosaurs Gulu la Sayansi Kingdom: Zinyama Type ... Wikipedia
Dimetrodon -? Kingdom Dimetrodon Dimetrodon (womanganso) Gulu la Sayansi ... Wikipedia
Secodontosaurus -? † Secodontosaurus ... Wikipedia
Kukwatulidwa -? † Haptodus Haptodus garnettensis (wopangidwanso ... Wikipedia
Mndandanda wa mitundu ya nyengo ya Perm -Uwu ndiye mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi ntchito pakukweza mutu. Chenjezo si ... Wikipedia
Batignat -? † Batignat ... Wikipedia
Secodontosaurus -? Kingdom Secodontosaurus Gulu laasayansi Ufumu: Mtundu wa Zinyama: Gulu Lalikulu ... Wikipedia
Mtundu: Dimetrodon
Otsatira akale a mtundu wa Dimetrodon angelensis anali aatali kutalika kwa 4 ndipo amatha kulemera makilogalamu 200. Zolemba zazing'onoting'ono zazizilombo, ndipo woimira yekha Dimetrodon teutonis adapezeka, atha kulemera makilogalamu 25.
Mosiyana ndi zokwawa, ma Dimetrodons anali ndi mitundu iwiri ya mano - ma fang ndi ma incisors. Miyendo ya zokwirazo sizinakhazikike pansi pa thupi, monga zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, zimakula kumbali za chinyama, monga abuluzi.
Mtundu wa Dimetrodon.
Choyimira chowoneka bwino kwambiri cha Dimetrodon chinali "bwato". Imakhala ndi chotuluka pamsana wa nyama yomwe imakutidwa pakhungu.
Kapangidwe kakakulu kameneka kumbuyo kwa nyama yapaulendo kanali kothandizanso kuyendetsanso kutentha: kanthawi kochepa kamatenthetsa dzuwa, ndipo mumphepoyo zimathandizira kuziziritsa thupi. Nyumbayi idapatsa mwayi nyama zomwe zimadyera pang'onopang'ono komanso mosazengereza.
Awiri a Dimetrodon.
"Sitima" ngati imeneyi sinali kokha ndi Dimetrodon. M'mphepete mwake mumapezeka miyala yayitali ya Spinosaurus, pelicosaurus Edaphosaurus, ndi Platyhystrix wa ku exhiosa. Nyama zonse izi zimagwiritsa ntchito msana pa msana pokonza kutentha kwa thupi.
Paleontologists apanga mwapadera. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti nyama yokhala ndi magazi ozizira mothandizidwa ndi "bwalo" imatha kutentha kutentha madigiri 32 mumphindi 80, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito "bwato" imayenera kutenthetsa mpaka kutentha kwa mphindi 205.
Mafupa a Dimetrodon pomwe bwato lokwera modabwitsa limawonekera bwino.
Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka sikumangokhala kokha “sitimayo”. Kukula kotereku kumatha kuthandiza anyaniwa nthawi yakukhwima kukopa zazikazi, chifukwa anyamatawa anali akulu kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino kuposa oyimira amuna kapena akazi anzawo. "Sail" imatha kubisala bwino pakati pa mbewuzo, kutsata nyama, komanso ngati sitima yofunikayo kuti idutse dziwe.
Kukula kodabwitsa kumeneku pa msana wa chinyama cham'madzi kwakula moyo wonse. Zotsalira za achinyamata a Dimetrodon anapezeka, momwe njira zopangika sizinali zapamwamba. Mwakuthekera, nyama zapambuyo zazing'ono zimayenera kubisala m'nkhokwe za udzu m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Ndipo a Dimetrodons achikulire amatha kukhala m'malo oterera komanso m'nkhalango.
Awiri a Dimetrodon atsutsa mpikisano.
Zamoyo zomwe zimadyetsedwa pazamoyo zilizonse zomwe zimatha kugwira. M'masiku oyamba a Permian, kuchuluka kwa adani ndi herbivores anali chimodzimodzi. Ofufuzawo anena kuti a Dimethrodons nthawi zina amatha kudya nsomba. Izi zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi. Gulu la akatswiri omwe amatsogozedwa ndi R. Becker mchaka cha 2008 adapeza zisonyezo zokhazikika kuti nyama zokhala ndi "bwato" zimadya xenacanthides, shaki zamadzi oyera. Ndizotheka kuti shaki zimatha kukhala zodyedwa ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa nthawi inauma.
Kusaka Dimetrodon shaki.
Dimethrodon ankakhala kudera la North America, komwe mafupa ake otupa anapezedwa. Ofufuzawo sangatchule chifukwa chenicheni chomwe chinazimiririka ndi “bwato”. Komabe, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kuwonekera kwa nyama zotukuka kwambiri padzikoli kungachititse kuti ma Dimetrodons, omwe sakanatha kuyimitsa mpikisano nawo.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Wikipedia
Ctenospondyl (Ctenospondylus) - kapangidwe ka njira zopangika ndizapakatikati pakati pa sphenacodone ndi dimethrodone. Kutalika kopitilira 2 metres, mitundu iwiri kuchokera ku Permian Texas koyambirira. Ma sphenacodonts otsala amadziwika makamaka kuchokera kumitengo ya nsagwada:Bathygnathus- - kuchokera ku Perm yaku Polar Canada koyambirira, neosaur (Neosaurus- - kuchokera ku Perm yoyambirira ya France, macromerion (Macromerion) - kuchokera ku Late Carboniferous aku Czech Republic. Khachikat (Pangapond) kuchokera "pakati" Permian waku Texas akufotokozedwa ndi zotsalira kwambiri ndipo atha kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu ya dimetrodon.
Sphenacodonts ndizosangalatsa monga makolo akale a therapsid. Palibe mitundu yapakati yapakati yomwe idapezeka pakati pawo, koma mawonekedwe ake onse amawonetsa kukhalapo kwa mafomu amenewo. Mwina ankakhala kumadera omwe maliseche azinthu zakale anali osatheka, pomwe pafupi ndi malo onse okhala ntchifuwa panali malo otentha komanso magombe a madzi.
Kumasulira: Sfenakodontyi
Kumbuyo kumawerengedwa kuti: ytnodokanefs
Sphenacodonts imakhala ndi zilembo 12
Kusanthula magawo olankhula
Kenako, tiwunikenso mbali zina zilizonse zolankhulidwa mchilankhulo cha Russia ndi zitsanzo. Malinga ndi zinenedwe za chilankhulo cha Russia, pali magulu atatu magawo 10 a malankhulidwe, malinga ndi zomwe zimadziwika:
1. Magulu olankhula:
- dzina (onani maimidwe achilengedwe),
- mawu:
- Mgonero
- Mgonero,
- zolankhula
- manambala
- Matchulidwe
- malangizo
2. Gawo lazolankhula:
3. Kupembedzera.
Palibe pagawo lililonse (malinga ndi dongosolo la morphological) la chilankhulo cha Russia lomwe limagwera:
- mawu oti inde kapena ayi ngati amachita ngati ziganizo zoyimira pawokha.
- mawu oyambira: momwe, mwa njira, athunthu, ngati sentensi yapadera, komanso ndi mawu ena angapo.
Kusanthula kwamamembala
- mawonekedwe oyamba mu maina osankhika, amodzi (kupatula maina omwe amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pazochulukirapo: lumo, ndi zina),
- zanu kapena dzina lodziwika
- chamoyo kapena chosaoneka bwino
- jenda (m, f, cf.),
- chiwerengero (unit, pl.),
- kukana
- mlandu
- gawo lachilengedwe mu sentensi.
Kusanthula kwamamembala
"Mwanayo amamwa mkaka."
Kid (amayankha funso la ndani?) - dzina,
- mawonekedwe oyamba - mwana,
- otchulidwa amoyo okhazikika: ophatikizika, wamba, konkriti, abambo, kukana 1,
- zosagwirizana pamakhalidwe: mayina osankhidwa, ochepa,
- polemba sentensi, imakhala ngati mutu.
Kupenda kozama kwa mawu oti "mkaka" (kuyankha funso la ndani? Chiyani?).
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi mkaka,
- mosalekeza morphological Khalidwe la liwuli: zopanda pake, zopanda pake, zinthu, dzina wamba,
- zilembo zosinthika:
- Chowonjezera ndichowonjezera.
Nayi chitsanzo china cha momwe mungapangire kusanthula kwa mayina amisala kwachokera pa zolemba:
"Amayi awiri adathamangira ku Luzhin ndikumuthandiza. Adayamba kugubuduza chovala chake ndi dzanja. (Chitsanzo kuchokera:" Chitetezo cha Luzhin, "Vladimir Nabokov)."
Madona (ndani?) - dzina,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi dona,
- otchulidwa morphological: ambiri mayina, makina, konkriti, wachikazi, ine ndikana,
- wosakwiya morphological Khalidwe, lodziwika, genitive,
- gawo la syntactic: gawo la nkhani.
Luzhin (kwa ndani?) - dzina,
- mawonekedwe oyamba - Luzhin,
- zoona morphological Makhalidwe ake: dzina loyenerera, makina amoyo, konkriti, masisitini, kukana kosakanikirana,
- makonda osagwirizana ndi dzina loti: limodzi,
- udindo wa syntactic: kuwonjezera.
Palm (chiyani?) - dzina,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi kanjedza,
- mawonekedwe osakhazikika: achikazi, opanda moyo, mayina wamba, konkriti, ndimakana,
- chosagwirizana morpho. Zizindikiro: chimodzi,
- udindo wapadera pankhani: Wothandiza.
Fumbi (chiyani?) Ndi dzina,
- Mawonekedwe oyamba ndi fumbi.
- otchulidwa morphological: ambiri mayina, zakuthupi, zachikazi, zina, zosintha zomwe sizinafotokozedwe, III declension (dzina loti zero kutha),
- wosakwiya morphological machitidwe: otukwana,
- udindo wa syntactic: kuwonjezera.
(c) Chovala (Chifukwa?) - dzina,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi chida.
- Nthawi zonse zolondola morphological Khalidwe: Mawu oyambira, odziwika bwino, konkriti, osadziwika, osavomerezeka
- Zizindikiro zakukula mwatsatanetsatane ndizosagwirizana: kuchuluka kwa nkhani sikungadziwike kuti kuli ndani,
- ntchito ya syntactic ngati membala wa chiganizo: kuwonjezera.
Kupenda kwa morphological kwa kofananira
Dzinalo ndi gawo lofunikira pakulankhula. Kuyankha mafunso O uti? Ndi uti? Ndi uti? Ndi ziti? ndipo imatanthauzira mawonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe a phunziroli. Mndandanda wamankhwala oyambira:
- mawonekedwe oyamba osankhidwa, osakwatiwa, achimuna,
- mawonekedwe osakhazikika a morjological:
- kutulutsa, malinga ndi mtengo wake:
- - apamwamba (ofunda, osalankhula),
- - wachibale (dzulo, akuwerenga),
- - wokhala ndi (hare, amayi),
- kuchuluka kwa kuyerekezera (koyenera, komwe izi zimakhalapo mosasintha),
- mawonekedwe athunthu / afupikitsa (apamwamba kwambiri, omwe mawonekedwe awa ndi okhazikika),
- zosagwirizana ndi morphological zomwe zimapangidwira:
- maupangiri apamwamba amasiyana pamlingo wofananizira (poyerekeza digirii mawonekedwe osavuta, abwino - ovuta): wokongola-wokongola-wokongola kwambiri,
- mawonekedwe athunthu kapena amafupikitsika (zongokhala zapamwamba kwambiri),
- mkhalidwe wamtundu (umodzi wokha),
- nambala (yogwirizana ndi dzina)
- mlandu (wogwirizana ndi dzina)
- udindo wapadera mu sentensi: kogwirizira ndi tanthauzo kapena gawo la cholumikizira chophatikizika.
Kupenda kwa morphological kwa kofananira
Kenako mwezi wathunthu unayamba.
Zodzaza (chiyani?) Cholimira,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ali odzala,
- mawonekedwe osasintha a dzina lofananira: choyimira, mawonekedwe athunthu,
- mikhalidwe yosagwirizana ndi morphological: pamlingo wabwino (zero) kuyerekezera, chikazi chachikazi (chogwirizana ndi dzina), mlandu wopatsa chidwi,
- pokhazikitsa masamba - membala wocheperako wa chiganizo, amagwira ntchito yamatanthauzidwe.
Nayi gawo lonse lolemba ndi kusanthula kwa dzina la adjective, ndi zitsanzo:
Mtsikanayo anali wokongola: wocheperako, woonda, wamaso amtambo, ngati safiro awiri odabwitsa, adayang'ana mu mzimu wako.
Chokongola (chiyani?) Cholankhulira,
- Mawonekedwe oyamba ndi okongola (pamenepa),
- chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe: apamwamba kwambiri, afupi,
- Zizindikiro zosagwirizana: mulingo woyipa, kuyerekezera, ukazi,
- gawo la syntactic: gawo la zolengedwa.
Wofatsa (chiyani?) - dzina lofanizira,
- mawonekedwe oyambawo ndi ochepa,
- mawonekedwe akakhazikika:
- osagwirizana morphological mawonekedwe a mawu: kwathunthu, mulingo woyenera kuyerekezera, umodzi, wachikazi, mlandu wopatsa chidwi,
- udindo wa syntactic mu sentensi: gawo la nyama.
Zochulukitsa (chiyani?) Cholimira,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi ochepa,
- mawonekedwe osinthika okhala: quality, athunthu,
- chosasintha chofananira ndi choyimira: choyimira chabwino, kuyerekezera, chimodzi, chachikazi,
- gawo la syntactic: gawo la zolengedwa.
Buluu (chiyani?) - cholankhulira,
- mawonekedwe oyamba ndi amtambo,
- Mndandanda wazithunzi zonse za dzina la wofanizira: woyenera,
- machitidwe osagwirizana:
- Udindo wa syntactic: tanthauzo.
Zodabwitsa (chiyani?) - dzinalo ndi chiphaso,
- mawonekedwe oyambawo ndi odabwitsa
- mawonekedwe osatha:
- zosagwirizana morphological: zochulukirapo,
- udindo wa syntactic mu sentensi: gawo la zochitika.
Makhalidwe amtundu wa mneni
Malinga ndi morphology ya chilankhulo cha Russia, mneni ndi gawo lodziyimira. Ikhoza kutanthauzira kuchitapo kanthu (kuyenda), katundu (limp), malingaliro (ofanana), dziko (kusangalala), kusaina (kuyera, kuwonetsa) pamutuwu. Verbs amayankha funso kuti achite chiyani? kuchita chiyani? chimatani anachita chiyani kapena atani? Magulu osiyanasiyana amitundu yamawu amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso mawonekedwe a galamala.
Mitundu ya morphological:
- Mawonekedwe oyambilira a verb ndi opanda tanthauzo. Amatchulanso mawonekedwe osasintha kapena osasinthika a verebu. Palibe mawonekedwe osagwirizana a morphological,
- mitundu yolumikizidwa (yamunthu komanso yosachita),
- Mitundu yosagwirizana: yotenga nawo mbali komanso yotenga nawo mbali.
Kupenda morphological
- Fomu yoyambayo ndi yopanda chiyembekezo,
- okhazikika morphological mbali ya mneni:
- kusintha:
- chosinthika (chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayina omunamizira popanda chowiringula),
- wosazungulira (osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi liwu mu mlandu popanda chifukwa),
- kupezeka:
- zosabwezeka (inde, inde)
- zosasinthika (ayi, -s),
- malingaliro:
- opanda ungwiro (chochita?)
- mwangwiro (choti achite?)
- kupangana:
- Ndimalimbitsa (ndichita, chita, chita, chita, chita, chita / chit),
- II conjugation (zana limodzi, zana limodzi, zana limodzi, zana limodzi, zana / kapena),
- mawu onyoza (ndikufuna, kuthamanga),
- Zizindikiro zosakhazikika za mneni:
- mtima:
- zikuwonetsa: chiyani? anachita chiyani chimatani nditani?
- zikhalidwe: akanatani? ukanatani?
- chofunikira: chita!,
- nyengo (zikuwonetsa: zakale / zamakono / zamtsogolo),
- munthu (pakali pano / mtsogolo, zodziwitsa komanso zofunikira: munthu wa 1: Ine / ife, munthu 2: inu / inu, anthu atatu: iye / iwo),
- jenda (m'mbuyomu, m'modzi, zikuwonetsa komanso zofunikira)
- chiwerengero
- gawo lachilengedwe mu sentensi. Wopanda chinyengo akhoza kukhala membala aliyense wa sentensi:
- nenani: Khalani tchuthi lero,
- Phunziro: Kuphunzira kumakhala kothandiza nthawi zonse,
- kuwonjezera: Alendo onse adamupempha kuti adye,
- Tanthauzo: Anali ndi chidwi chosafuna kudya,
- Zochitika: Ndinapita kokayenda.