Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Gulu lalikulu: | Rodent |
Onani: | Hare |
Zayats-Rusak (lat. Lepus europaeus) - nyama yoyamwitsa yomwe imayitanitsa mtundu wa kalulu.
Mawonekedwe
Amakhala ndi ma hares akulu: kutalika kwa thupi 57-68 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 4-6, kawirikawiri mpaka 7 kg. Zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zosalimba. Kunja, rosace imasiyana bwino ndi yoyera yomwe ili ndi makutu aatali (9.4-14 cm), mchira wautali wozungulira (wamtali 7.2-14 cm) wamtundu wakuda kapena wakuda bii pamwamba. Maso ali ofiira. Zingwe zam'mbuyo ndizitali kuposa zoyera, koma matsogolo ndi afupikitsa komanso ochepera (phazi lalitali 13.6-18,5 cm), chifukwa roe amakhala m'malo omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala chosazama komanso chovuta. Mitundu iyi imasiyana ina iliyonse mwanjira yochizira nyengo yachisanu: imawoneka ngati mipira yolowa mu azizungu, ndipo yayitali pang'ono, yowumbika dzira, yokhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono m'mapanga
Makongoletsedwe a chilimwe ndi ocher-imvi, bulauni, bulauni, ofiira ofiira kapena maolivi, otuwa, osiyanasiyana. Mizere yayikulu yakuda yomwe imapangidwa ndi malekezero a tsitsi la undercoat ndi amodzi. Malekezero a tsitsi otsalawo ndi osafunikira. Chovala chija ndi chonyezimira, chofiyira, chodontha. Mmbali ndi yopepuka kuposa msana, m'mimba ndi loyera, lopanda mawanga. Kuzungulira maso ndi mphete zoyera. Malangizo a makutu amakhala akuda chaka chonse. Ubweya wa nthawi yozizira umakhala wopepuka pang'ono kuposa ubweya wa chilimwe (mosiyana ndi zipewa zoyera, ziphuphu sizikhala zoyera ngati chisanu nthawi yozizira), mutu, nsonga zamakutu ndi kutsogolo kumbuyo kumakhala kwamdima nyengo yachisanu. Kukongola kwamtundu wakuda sikunapezekepo. Pali ma chromosomes 48 mu karyotype.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Hare Rusak
Gulu longa hare lakhala pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni, chifukwa lidayamba kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya Tertiary. Iye adaphuka kuchokera ku nthambi ya zinyama. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anachokera ku makolo a anthu osaphunzira masiku ano. Kalulu wa bulauni, limodzi ndi m'bale wake wapafupi kwambiri, kalulu woyera, nthawi ina ankayimira mtundu umodzi woyamba. Koma pambuyo pake idagwera mitundu iwiri mothandizidwa ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana.
Khola ndi woimira banja la Zaitsev (Leporidae), wochokera ku fuko la Zaitsev. Ili ndi masamba angapo omwe ali ndi zinthu zakunja:
- Central Russian Rusak (L. e. Hybridus),
- Steppe Rusak (L. e. Tesquorum),
- European Rusak (L. e. Europaeus).
Rusak ndi woimira wamkulu wa hares. Kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 4-6, nthawi zina amafika 7 kg. Kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa, anthu otchuka ndi ochulukirapo. Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi masentimita 58-68. Thupi la kalulu ndi loonda, loonda, lopindika kuchokera kumbali.
Zodziwikiratu zazifupi kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zala pa iwo ndikosiyana: pali 4 kumbuyo, ndi kutsogolo 5. Pamiyendo yamiyendo, Rusak ili ndi burashi yakuda yaubweya. Mchirawo ndi waufupi - kuyambira 7 mpaka 12 cm, wotchulidwa kumapeto. Kutalika kwa makutu kuli pafupifupi 11-14 masentimita, iwo amapitilira kukula kwa mutu, ndipo m'makutu mwa makutu amapanga chubu.
Kanema: Bunny hare
Maso a bulauni ali ndi utoto wofiirira, amakhala olimba kwambiri ndipo amayang'ana kumbali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziona bwino. Khosi ndilofooka, koma limasinthasintha, chifukwa chomwe hare imatha kutembenuzira mutu wake mbali zosiyanasiyana. Nyama iyi ili ndi mano 28. Zipangizo zothungira za hare ndi zina zofanana ndi makoswe.
Zimbalangondo - nyama zimakhala chete, nthawi zambiri sizipanga mawu. Amangolira chifukwa cha kuwawa, kuvulazidwa, kapena kusowa chiyembekezo ngati agwidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi kutulutsa phokoso mwakachetechete, yaikazi imatha kutcha akalulu ake. Ali ndi mantha, amapanga mawu akuwombera ndi mano awo.
Pakati pawo, akhwangwala amalumikizana ndikupenyerera ma thumba awo. Izi ndi zokumbutsa kwambiri Drum roll. Mahares ndi othamanga abwino - pamzere wowongoka amatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 60 km / h. Zochenjera zamtunduwu zimatha kusokoneza mayendedwe. Ndipo amalumpha motalika ndikusambira bwino.
Molting
Monga ndi ma hares onse, kusungunula mu makoswe kumachitika mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira. Kupukutira kwa masika nthawi zambiri kumayamba mu theka lachiwiri la Marichi ndipo kumatenga masiku 75-80, kutha pakati pa Meyi. Zimayamba mwachangu kwambiri mwezi wa Epulo, ubweya wake ukayamba kugwa. Maupangiri akutali kwambiri amachokera kumutu kupita kum mchira. M'dzinja, tsitsi la chilimwe pang'onopang'ono limayamba kugwa, ndipo ubweya wonenepa komanso wowuma wachisanu umakhala m'malo mwake. Kuwongolera kwa nyundo ya nyundo kubwerera kubwerera ku kasupe - kumayamba ndi chiuno, kenako ndikudutsira ku croup, ridge, kutsogolo ndi mbali. Ubweya wautali kwambiri wa chirimwe umakhala kumbuyo ndi pafupi ndi maso. Kukhetsa kumayamba mu Seputembara, kumatha kumapeto kwa Novembala, ngakhale kungachedwetsedwe mpaka Disembala nyengo yotentha.
Kugawa
Rusak ndi nyama yobadwira ku Europe, Western ndi Asia Minor, ndi North Africa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwake kumpoto mwina sikunakhale koyambirira kwenikweni kuposa pakati pa Quaternary. Pakadali pano, amagawidwa kumapiri, mapiri, tundra ndi malo otsika a nkhalango ku Europe, kumpoto mpaka ku Ireland, Scotland, kumwera kwa Sweden ndi Finland, kumwera - ku Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, kumpoto kwa Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan. Zinthu zotsalira zimadziwika kuchokera ku Pleistocene deposits of Azerbaijan and Crimea.
Pakati pa Russia, imapezeka kudera lonse la Europe kudzalo la kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Ladoga ndi Onega, Northern Dvina, ndiye kuti malire ogawa amadutsa ku Kirov, Perm, kudutsa mapiri a Ural, kudutsa Kurgan kupita kudera la Pavlodar ku Kazakhstan. Malire akumwera amadutsa Transcaucasia, Nyanja ya Caspian, Ustyurt, dera la kumpoto kwa Aral kupita ku Karaganda. Kuphatikizidwa m'magawo angapo a Kumwera kwa Siberia (madera kumapiri a Altai, Salair ndi Kuznetsk Alatau). Yopangidwa mu madera a Altai ndi Krasnoyarsk, m'malo a Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk ndi Chita. Kuphatikizidwa ku Far East: kumasulidwa ku Khabarovsk Territory mu 1963-1964 (Jewish Autonomous Oblast), mu 1965 - ku Primorsky Territory (Ussuri ndi Mikhailovsky). Ku Buryatia, kuyesa kupitiliza kupeza mayankho sikunaphule kanthu.
Mosakhazikika kukhazikika ku North America. Chifukwa chake, bambo wa bulauni adabwera ku New York State mu 1893 ndipo mu 1912 ku Ontario (Canada). Tsopano ikupezeka makamaka kudera la Great Lakes. Inatumizidwanso ku Central ndi South America, idalumikizidwa ku New Zealand komanso madera akumwera kwa Australia, komwe idasandulika tizilombo.
Moyo
Pamakhala malo otseguka, nkhalango-steppe, steppe, malo owoneka achipululu. Malo omwe amakhalamo m'nkhalangozi ndi malo otseguka: minda, madambo, m'mphepete, mitengo yambiri, mitengo yamoto, ndi moto. Mukuzama kwa ma coniferous masifiti ndizosowa, zofala kwambiri m'nkhalango zowuma, ngakhale zimakonda malo amtchire kuno. Malo omwe malo olimapo amasinthana ndi timapepala tating'ono, tchire, komanso makina amphepete mwa mitsinje ndi maenje amatemwa kwambiri ogulitsa. M'malo okhala m'nkhalango ndi steppe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, malo osefukira am mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa malo osungira mbewu ndi mbewu za tirigu. M'mapiri, limafikira ku mapiri a mapiri, osakhala mapiri okha, komanso nkhalango. M'nyengo yotentha imakwera m'mapiri mpaka 1,500-2,000 m, nthawi yozizira imatsika. Kulikonse komwe kumakakhala malo okhala (makamaka nthawi yozizira), komanso m'malo osungira madzi.
Nthawi zambiri, makoswe ndi nyama yokhazikika. Kutengera ndi kupezeka kwakaderako, kumatha kukhala pamalo amodzi, kumakhala 30-50 ha. M'madera ena, ntchentche zimayendayenda tsiku lililonse kuchokera kumalo ogona kukafika kokadyetsa malo, kuyenda makilomita ambiri. Kusunthika kwa nyengo kumachitikanso; nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri nyengoyi imasamukira pafupi ndi malo okhala, kunja kwa nkhalango komanso kumadera ena kumene kuli matalala ochepa. M'mapiri, amagwera m'madzi osefukira nthawi yophukira, ndipo nthawi yamapiri imayambukira m'mapiri. M'malo osavomerezeka (chivundikiro chachikulu cha chipale chofewa, kutumphuka kwa ayezi), zomwe zimasokoneza kupeza chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa, kuphulika kwakukulu kumawonedwa. M'madera akumwera, mayendedwe a grouse adalembedwa nthawi yamasika-chilimwe ndipo amagwirizana ndi zochitika zachuma cha anthu.
Ogwira ntchito kwambiri nthawi yamadzulo ndi usiku. Pokhapokha panthawi yokonzekera ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimawonedwa kulikonse. Ntchito yayikulu imachitika theka loyamba la usiku komanso m'mawa. Kwa zhirak imodzi, tchire limayenda mtunda wautali makilomita angapo, nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo opambana nthawi zambiri zimadutsa kuposa kukhazikika kumapeto kwa nkhalango ndi kuthengo. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, a Rusak sangathe kutuluka masiku ochepa. Kugona nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri chimakhala chongokumbidwa pansi pa chitsamba, mtengo wakugwa kapena mpanda waudzu utali. Nthawi zambiri amangokhala pansi pa chitsamba kapena m'malire a mundawo. Zimbudzi zokhazikika sizikhuta, nthawi zina zimakumba masiku osakhalitsa obisalamo kutentha kwambiri. Nditha kupumula mu mbola zotsalira za akatumbu, nkhandwe ndi marimu. Malo omwe malo achitetezo a Rusak amatengera nthawi yazaka ndi nyengo. Mu kasupe, mabedi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otentha; nyengo yamvula, phokosoli limasungidwa pamapiri ouma, m'malo mwake, m'malo otsika. M'nyengo yozizira, kugona pa chipale chofewa kumakonzedwa m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo, m'malo okhala ndi chipale chofewa, grouse nthawi zina amakumba mabowo mpaka kutalika kwa 2 m. Grouse nthawi zambiri amakhala m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira m'matumba, pafupi ndi nyumba kunja kwa malo.
Tambuku limathamanga kwambiri kuposa loyera, kulumpha kwake ndikutali. Panjira yocheperako, imatha kuthamanga kuthamanga mpaka 50-60 km / h mzere wowongoka. Amasokoneza mapazi. Amadziwa kusambira bwino. Monga nsapato zonse, agalu ndi nyama zaphokoso, kokha zikagwidwa kapena kuvulazidwa, zimakuwa kwambiri. Yaikazi ikufuna kalulu, ndikupanga phokoso chete. Chule chowopsa chimadula mano, ngati makoswe ambiri. Mtundu wina wolumikizirana ndiwogundana ndi ma paws, wofanana ndi kugogoda pa Drum.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
M'chilimwe, roe amadya mbewu, mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo ndi zitsamba. Nthawi zambiri imadya masamba ndi zimayambira, koma imathanso kukumba mizu, imadya masamba theka lachiwiri la chilimwe (imathandizira pakugawa kwawo, chifukwa si mbewu zonse zomwe zimayamwa). Kuphatikizidwa kwa chakudya chamadyedwe a chilimwe kumakhala kosiyanasiyana - mitundu yayikulu-yakula (dandelion, chicory, tansy, kumtunda kwa mbalame, colza, clover, alfalfa) ndikulimidwa (mpendadzuwa, Bewwheat, mbewu monga chimanga). Modzipereka amadya zamasamba ndi ma gour.
M'nyengo yozizira, mosiyana ndi galu woyera, amapitilabe kudya nthangala ndi udzu, mbewu za nthawi yozizira, zotsalira za mbewu zam'munda, kukumba pansi pa chisanu. Ndi chivundikiro chachikulu cha chipale chofewa, chimasinthira kudya nkhuni ndi shrub (mphukira, makungwa). Amakonda kwambiri mapulo, thundu, hazel, tsache, komanso apulo ndi peyala, katsitsulo ndi msondodzi, wokondedwa wokondedwa, amadya kangapo. Hare yozizira digging amakonda kuyendera gawo laimvi, omwe sangathe kuthyola matalala okha.
Zinthu ndi malo okhala hare
Choyamwa kwambiri cha mtundu wa hare chimakhala chodziwika, choyambirira, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu: kutalika kwa thupi lopitilira theka la mita, nthawi zina kufika 70 cm, ndi kulemera: akalulu kuyambira 4 mpaka 5 kg, ndikugundika mpaka 7 kg.
Hare zili ponseponse pamakontinenti onse, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, amaphunzitsidwa bwino ndi asayansi komanso akatswiri azachilengedwe, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi zizolowezi zake amadziwika kwambiri ndi okonda zachilengedwe. Maonekedwe a hare wa bulauni mwamakhalidwe, ndipo sizovuta kusiyanitsa ndi achibale - oyimira kalulu wotsogola.
Maso a nyamayo ali ndi mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira. Thupi la nyamayo ndi yosalimba, makutu ake, miyendo ndi mchira wake (wamdima pamwamba komanso wowoneka bwino) ndizofunikira kusiyanasiyana kwa Rusak kuchokera hare yoyera.
Mitundu ya nyamayi imakhala yosangalatsa mosiyanasiyana, chifukwa nyamazo zimawomba ndikusintha mtundu wake kawiri pachaka. Monga mukuwonera chithunzi cha hareM'chilimwe, chovala chake chofiirira komanso chonyezimira chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya bulauni, ya maolivi, yofiirira, yofiirira komanso yofiirira.
A hare yozizira kwambiri yoyera. Komabe, silikhala loyera ngati chipale chofewa, lomwe limadziwika kwambiri m'malo amdima a ubweya wakutsogolo, komanso mtundu wa ubweya pamakutu ndi pamutu wakuda.
Kusintha kwa mawonekedwewa ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zambiri zomwe kalulu wofiirira amatha kusiyanitsidwa pamsonkhano, mwachitsanzo, ndi kansalu yoyera, yomwe nthawi yozizira imakhala ndi utoto woyera-wokhala ndi chipale chofewa, kupatula malangizo a makutu akuda m'malo achitetezo chipale, chifukwa momwe choyera ndichoyera imakhala yosaoneka bwino pakati pa nyengo yozizira.
Wojambulidwa ndi kalulu nthawi yachisanu
Pali magawuni a bulauni, onse ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku Australia ndi South America. Iwo adakwanitsa kupitiliza madera ena ndikuzika madera ena kumpoto kwa America komanso ku New Zealand, komwe adayambitsa kuti aziswana.
Ku Russia, nyama ndizofala ku madera onse a ku Europe, mpaka kumapiri a Ural, ndipo zimapezekanso kudera la Asia: kuchokera ku Siberia kupita kumadera akutali a Far East. Amakhala m'mapiri ndi mapiri, zimadzalanso m'mapiri komanso m'malo okhala nkhalango.
Ngakhale koposa zonse amakonda malo otseguka, omwe ali ndi khalidwe chizindikiro cha hare. Koma koposa zonse, nyamazi zimakonda kukhazikika kumtunda waulimi wokhala ndi mbeu zambiri za tirigu.
Makhalidwe ndi kakhalidwe ka hare
Kudzipereka kumalo omwe munasankhidwa kale ndi mawonekedwe ambiri harepi, ndi mafotokozedwewo Moyo wa nyama izi uyenera kuyamba ndi mawu oti nyamazo sizimasamuka komanso maulendo ataliatali.
Amakhala m'madela ang'onoang'ono (osaposa mahekitala 50), amakhazikika pamenepo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kupatula kuti okhawo omwe amakhala m'mapiri amatsika nthawi yozizira, ndipo matalala amasungunuka, amawukanso.
Amatha kukakamizidwa kuchoka pamalo omwe amakhala pokhapokha ngati kwasintha kwambiri nyengo, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso zochitika zina zadzidzidzi. Nyama zimakonda kukhala ndi usiku kukakhala masana.
Ndipo masana, nyama zimabisala m'makola awo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ofanana ndi zitsamba ndi mitengo. Nthawi zina nyamazo zimakhalanso munyumba zosiyidwa za nyama zina: marmoti, badger ndi nkhandwe.
Monga nthumwi zonse za genus ya genital, grouse molt kuyambira kumutu mpaka ku miyendo kawiri pachaka. Spring ndi yophukira molt, yomwe imatenga masiku 75 mpaka 80, imasinthiratu mtundu wa hare, zomwe zimathandiza nyamazo kuphatikizana ndi chilengedwe chozungulira, kutengera malo owazungulira a nyengo zosiyanasiyana, komanso kukhala osazindikirika kwa adani awo, komwe miyendo yayitali yokha imapulumutsa makoko.
Kuthekera kuthamanga kwambiri ndi mwayi wina wa nyama izi. Ndipo pazabwino kuthamanga kwa kalulu, yomwe amatha kuyilima mokhazikika panthaka yabwino komanso yolimba, imafika mpaka 70-80 km / h. Mu banja la ma hares - uwu ndi mtundu wa mbiri.
Mukuthamanga kwamiyendo, makulidwewo amapitilira mchimwene wake - kalulu, akusunthira mofulumira kwambiri kuposa iye ndikudumphira kutali kwambiri. Komabe, grouse satha kuzolowera nyengo zovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri masheya awo amachepetsedwa kwambiri nyengo yamvula.
Haremonga ndi hare, akhala akufuna kwambiri kusaka malonda ndi masewera. Zambiri mwa nyamazi zimaphedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha nyama yake yokoma ndi zikopa zotentha.
Kuswana
Kutalika ndi nthawi ya msuzi wa grouse zimasiyanasiyana kutengera gawo la magawo. Chifukwa chake, ku Western Europe, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Seputembala, pomwe nthawi imeneyi azimayi 75% amatha kubweretsa ana 4, ndipo zaka zotenthera bwino komanso koyambirira kwa nyengo yophukira - 5. chilichonse. akalulu oyamba amawonekera mu Januware. Kumpoto kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a ana 1-2.Chapakati pa Russia, mpikisano woyamba umachitika kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Marichi (amuna akhala akuchita izi kuyambira Januware), wachiwiri - mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, wachitatu - mu June. Mimba imatenga masiku 45-48, kotero kuti akalulu oyamba amawonekera mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ana achiwiri - kumapeto kwa Meyi - June (kuswana nsonga), chachitatu - mu Ogasiti. Amaberekanso mzawo pambuyo pobadwa, ndipo nthawi zina asanabadwe. Pafupifupi, chithunzithunzi cha grouse sichosangalatsa ngati chimbalangondo, kotero zazikazi zazikazi ndi ma hares zimatha kuwonedwa kale komanso mochedwa kuposa nyengo wamba.
Chiwerengero cha akalulu omwe ali mu ana amachokera pa 1 mpaka 9. Mikhalidwe yambiri imakhudza kukula kwa ana. Mwapadera, ana ndi okulirapo m'malo omwe mavu ali ndi mayendedwe ochepa obereka. Zima, nyengo zoyambilira ndi nthawi yophukira ndizocheperako kuposa ana a chilimwe - mumakhala masheya 1-2 mwa iwo. Akalulu ambiri amabweretsa akazi azaka zapakati. Asanabadwe, zazikazi zimapanga zisa zaudzu zakale, kukumba mabowo kapena, pamalo otentha, malovu osaya. Akalulu amabadwa amawonedwa ndi ubweya, wolemera 80-150 g.ikazi imabwera kudzadyetsa ana kamodzi patsiku, ndipo nthawi zina nthawi zambiri - mpaka nthawi 1 m'masiku anayi. Kuyambira tsiku la 5 la moyo, akalulu amayamba kuyenda pafupi ndi komwe adabadwira, pakatha milungu iwiri amayamba kulemera kwa 300-400 g ndipo amadya kale udzu, ndipo pakatha milungu 3-4 amakhala akudzilamulira. Pali milandu yodziwika yodyetsa akalulu a alendo kwa akalulu, pokhapokha ngati ali amsinkhu womwewo, koma izi sizachilendo kuposa kalulu yoyera. Zovala zimakonda kukhwima mchaka chotsatira, kawirikawiri, kumadzulo kwa mitundu, zazikazi zimayamba kubereka m'chilimwe chomwecho. Zophatikiza za grouse ndi azungu zimadziwika - cuffs. Anapezeka onse mwachilengedwe ndipo amalandiridwa ndikusunga akalulu ku malo osungirako nyama. Akasungidwa mu ukapolo, ma cuffs amatha kubereka.
Kutalika kwa nthawi ya grouse ndi zaka 6-7 (mwapadera, anapulumuka zaka 10- 12), nyama zambiri sizipitilira zaka 4-5.
Chiwerengero komanso kufunika kwa bambo
Mwambiri, kalulu ndiye mtundu wofala kwambiri, womwe chiwerengero chake chimafikira mamiliyoni ambiri. Kuchulukaku kumachitika mosinthika pazaka zambiri kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana: ma epizootic, nsomba, ndi zina zambiri, komabe sizowala ngati bulawu. Kum'mwera kwa masinthidwe, kusinthasintha kumachitika pafupipafupi komanso kosasinthika.
Rusak ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, chinthu chosangalatsa ndi masewera. Amatulutsidwa pachaka zochulukirapo chifukwa cha nyama ndi zikopa. Zikopa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chofunikira popangira zovala zapamwamba kwambiri, sizimakonda mitundu ya ubweya.
Itha kuvulaza mbewu zozizira, minda yazipatso ndi malo odyera: usiku umodzi, kalulu amatha kumata mitengo ya zipatso 10-15. KuArgentina, Australia, ndi pang'ono pang'ono, ku North America, oyendetsa ndege omwe adayambitsidwa ndi tizirombo taulimi. Mermaids amadwala matenda angapo. Ngakhale iwo, mosiyana ndi azungu, satenga matenda a pulmonary-helminthic matenda ndipo sakonda kutenga kachilombo ka hepatic trematode, coccidiosis ndi yofala pakati pawo, makamaka pakati pa nyama zazing'ono. Imfa zambiri za matendawa zimachitika pakati pa milungu isanu ndi miyezi isanu. Ma epizootic a pasteurellosis, tularemia, nkhumba brucellosis ndi matenda ena opatsirana amadziwika, ndipo amachititsa toxoplasmosis. Mermaid imakhala yocheperako kuposa yoyera chifukwa cha nyengo zoyipa. Makamaka owopsa kwa iwo ndi chipale chofewa, chipale chofewa chomwe sichimalola kuti ma shares azitha kudya mwachizolowezi, komanso akasupe osasunthika omwe amasinthasintha thaws ndi chisanu pomwe ana oyamba kufa. Udindo wina pakusintha kwamanambala umaseweredwa ndi omwe amadyera. Ankhandwe, mimbulu, lynxes, mphungu zimadyera nsomba zazinkhanira.
Mtundu
Oimira mtunduwu ali ndi chovala chokongola cha silika. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya hare ndi mtundu. Zimaphatikizika ndi zosakanikika zosakanikirana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fawn, chikasu chamaso, chofiyira chofiyira ndi ripple yooneka, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri kumbuyo. Ubweya wapa malowa ndi wopotana ndipo umawoneka ngati merlushka wabwino (wotchedwa ubweya wa nkhosa). Chonde dziwani kuti kumadera akumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa omwe kale anali Soviet Union, ma hares omwe amakhala m'derali sasintha mtundu chaka chonse. Madera akumpoto ndi kummawa, grouse amangodziyera pang'ono, makamaka kuchokera kumbali. Kutali yakumpoto nthawi yozizira, mavu amakhala oyera, mzere wakuda okha kumbuyo. Malangizo ndi mkombero wamakutu, komanso kumtunda kwa mchira nthawi zonse kumakhala kwakuda.
Kumva ndi kununkhiza
Nyama imasinthidwa bwino kuti ikhale m'malo otseguka. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe, khwawa la bulauni limakhala ndi maso okongola ndipo limatha kusiyanitsa zoopsa pamtunda wa 300-400 m.Mawu akuti kolowayo "wawona pang'ono" ndikulakwitsa, nthawi zambiri imayamba chifukwa chakuti nyamayo imafunitsitsa kudziwa ndipo siyingadziwe nthawi iliyonse yoopsa. Mwina pa chifukwa ichi, tambala akhoza kutseka osaka. Mphamvu zake za kununkhiza komanso kumva sizinachite zambiri, zomwe zimamuthandiza kuyenda mwanzeru m'chilengedwe. Pali zitsanzo zambiri pamene nyama ikuwonetsa kupirira, luso, kuchenjera. Malo okhala grouse nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi anthu. Zizolowezi zambiri za akulu zimakonda za wachikazi wake mwachangu, mwachitsanzo, ngati ali pachiwopsezo nthawi zambiri amafunafuna chipulumutso m'midzi kapena kubisala m'gulu la ng'ombe.
Malo okhala Habitat hare
Kalulu wamtunduwu amakhala makamaka m'chigawo chonse cha Europe mdziko lathu - kuchokera ku Arkhangelsk kupita m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian, kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kupita ku Trans-Urals. Kukhazikika kwake kukukulirakulira, mwachitsanzo, pazaka 50-60 zapitazi, malirewo adasunthira kummawa pafupifupi 1000 km. Rusakov adachoka komwe sanakhaleko kale, awa ndi madera a Western Siberia ndi Far East. Dziwani kuti kuyesa kwa asayansi kuyamikirako nyama mdera la Buryatia kunatha. Mermaids amadzipereka kumalo omwe asankhidwa kamodzi. Kupatula okhawo omwe amakhala kumapiri. M'nyengo yozizira, amatsikira kumapazi, ndipo matalala atasungunuka, amawukiranso kumapiri. Nyama iliyonse imasunga malo 50 mahekitala. Rusak ndi njira yopondera, motero, nthawi zambiri imasankha malo okhala, ikhoza kupezeka pafupi ndi minda yobzalidwa ndi mbewu zosiyanasiyana, m'mapiri, matalala, minda, mitengo, kunja kwa nkhalango, m'matanthwe.
Zizolowezi
Ngakhale ndi kukula kwake, kalulu amatha kuthamanga kwambiri - mpaka 60 km / h. Komabe, tikuwona kuti amatha kusunthira motakasuka kwakanthawi kochepa. Pathawiyi, rookie amachita kudumpha kwakanthawi ndipo mwadzidzidzi amasintha njira. Amadziwa kusokoneza tsatanetsatane, amathamangira m'mabwalo akulu, akumazungulira pamalopo, potero amasocheretsa owatsata. Chifukwa cha kayendedwe kameneka, nyamayo imatha kuthawa kwa adani omwe amaitsata.
Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi funso loti akalulu amatha kusambira. Modabwitsa, ngakhale nyamazo sizimakonda madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri sizikhala kutali ndi izo, ndizosambira zabwino. Kalulu ndi nyama yopanda mawu, ndipo ngakhale nyengo yakukhwima imangomva mawu. Pokhapokha povulala, makoswe amalira mokweza, mawu ake amafanana ndi kulira kwa mwana.
Rusaki kumayiko akunja
Magawo a mtundu uwu afalikira m'maiko otsatirawa: North America, Canada, South America, New Zealand, Australia ndi Oceania. Chiwerengero chawo chikukula pang'onopang'ono. Pakadali pano, kalulu ali ndi mbiri ya nyama yamalonda. Ndi chinthu chamasewera osaka masewera. M'mayiko ena, hares amachotsedwa ngati tizirombo - chifukwa zimayambitsa mavuto osagwirizana ndi ulimi: zimawononga mbewu zozizira, mitengo yazipatso (zimatha kubzala mitengo yobzala 15 usiku umodzi).
Kalulu ndi imodzi mwazinyama zomwe zimanyamula brucellosis, tularemia, coccidiosis, pastelreza.
Kusaka
M'dziko lathu, kusaka ma hares ndi kotchuka kwambiri. Ndi chinthu chosaka masewera, komanso malonda a ubweya. Migodi imakhala makamaka chifukwa cha zopatsa thanzi, nyama yokoma kwambiri komanso ubweya wokongola. Nthawi yosaka imayamba mu Okutobala mpaka chisanu woyamba kugwa ndikutha nthawi yonse yozizira. Mwachilengedwe, kuphatikiza ndi osaka, palinso adani ena ambiri owopa. Roe ndi nyama ya mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa, mimbulu, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nkhandwe zimasaka. Ngakhale matsenga amatsutsa ang'ono. Ndikotheka kusamalira kuchuluka kwa kalulu wazamba chifukwa choti ndizambiri.
Zoyipa
Makoko ndi nyama zazing'ono za mtundu Hare. Nyama zakhala zikudziwika kwa munthu aliyense kuyambira ali mwana ngati nyama zofowoka komanso zamantha, ngakhale, matanthauzidwe awa, nyamazo zalandiridwa mosayenera. M'malo mwake, maula sakhala ofooka kwambiri komanso osateteza kwathunthu, monga ambiri amaganiza. Amakhulupilira kuti maula ndi olimba mokwanira ndipo pothana ndi vuto lenileni, amatha kudziteteza.
Zochita ndi moyo
Nyama zapamtunda izi zilibe luso. Sakusambira ndipo sangakwere mitengo kapena miyala. Amakonda kukhala ndi moyo, kutengera mitundu, popeza atapangidwa, ndipo atha kukhalanso ndi moyo wina. Amakhalabe achangu chaka chonse, kotero kuti nthawi yozizira samagwera.
Kwenikweni, amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo, kupumula masana mu udzu wandiweyani, m'nkhalango zamasamba kapena pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, amatha kugona mu dzenje losazama pansi pa chisanu chatsopano. Amayenda mothandizidwa ndi kudumpha kwakukulu, pomwe amafikira kuthamanga kwama 60 km / h.
Amakhulupirira kuti kuwona kwa hares si lakuthwa, koma kumva kwawo ndi kununkhira ndikwabwino. Maashe amasiyana mosamala kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyembekezera, kukhala pogona mpaka mphindi yomaliza. Monga lamulo, kalulu amatumpha kuchoka mumbali mwadzidzidzi, chifukwa chotsatira chake chimayambira, popeza mlenje kapena wolusa wina alibe nthawi yoti achite m'nthawi yake. Zotsatira zake, kalulu amathawa, nakhala ndi moyo.
Chochititsa chidwi! Kalulu, wothawa akuwathamangitsa, mwaluso amasokoneza mayendedwe ake. Amawombera, kudumphadumpha kupita kumbali, ndipo amathanso kuthamanganso chammbuyo.
Anthu amawona kuti ma sewa ndi amantha mwanjira yoyenera chifukwa nyamazo zimadumphira mwadzidzidzi kuchokera pansi pa phazi la munthu wodutsa ndikuti pali mphamvu zomwe zimathamangira. M'malo mwake, uku sikuti ndikumantha, koma mwayi wopulumutsa moyo wa munthu kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuti mupulumuke m'mikhalidwe yovuta ngati iyi.
Komabe, kalulu siamoyo wamantha kwambiri, monga momwe anthu ambiri amaganizira, ndipo amatha kuyimirira payokha. Ngati galu wayamba kumvetsetsa kuti sangasiye kuthamangitsidwa, amagona kumbuyo kwake ndikuyamba kumenya yemwe akum'thamangitsa ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, yomwe amakhala atakula kwambiri. Menyanowu ndiwamphamvu kwambiri komanso molondola kwambiri kuti wotsata atha kuvulala. Mlenje aliyense amadziwa kuti kutsegula khola lomwe limakhalabe ndi moyo ndi makutu ake ndizowopsa, chifukwa amatha kulandira kumenyedwa kwakanthawi ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo, komanso mwamphamvu.
Kodi kalulu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Amakhulupirira kuti m'chilengedwe, harete pafupifupi sangakhale zaka zopitilira 8. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama zambiri sizitha kufikira izi, popeza zimafa kale, ngati sizinachitike ndi adani, ndiye kuti zimasakazidwa ndi osaka. Monga lamulo, akalulu ambiri amafa, omwe sanathenso kuteteza kwa ambiri, ngakhale nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya. Mukapitiriza akalulu mu ukapolo, ndiye kuti atha kukhala ndi zaka zopitilira 10.
Mitundu yamafuta
Akatswiri amati padziko lapansi pali mitundu itatu ya hares yomwe imasiyana kukula, kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kakhalidwe, komanso moyo. Mwachitsanzo, m'chilengedwe muli:
- Antelope Hare.
- Khola waku America.
- Hare Alaskan.
- Hare.
- Kalulu wokhala ndi nkhope yoyera.
- Kansky hare.
- Mtundu wachikasu.
- Khoko ndilofiirira.
- Shrub hare.
- Sandstone Hare.
- Tolai hare.
- Hare tsache.
- Yunnan hare.
- Hare hare.
- Corsican Hare.
- Khola wazungu.
- Iberian Hare.
- Manchu Hare.
- Curly hare.
- Hare Stark.
- Khola loyera-loyera.
- Mbali ya ku Itiyopiya.
- Hainan Hare.
- Khola lakuda.
- Burmese Hare.
- Khola wach China.
- Yarkand hare.
- Mbali ya Japan.
- Mbali ya Abyssinian.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Mndandandawu umaphatikizaponso Don hare, yomwe imakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha Kum'mawa kwa Europe ndi North Asia panthawi ya Pleistocene, koma masiku ano imadziwika kuti ndi mtundu womwe watsala. Unali woimira wamkulu wamtunduwu, wokhala ndi njira yotukuka kwambiri. Malinga ndi asayansi, hare yamakono imadziwika kuti ndi m'bale wapafupi kwambiri wa Don hare.
Kodi akalulu amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za nyama zimakhazikitsidwa pazakudya zamtchire monga makungwa, mphukira zazing'ono, udzu, zipatso, masamba ndi zipatso. Maphala omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amakonda clover, dandelions, sedge, yarrow ndi alfalfa. M'chilimwe, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, chifukwa amatha kulawa mphukira ndi zipatso za buluu, bowa, komanso zipatso za mitengo ya maapozi ndi mitengo ya peyala.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Makoko nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'minda yolimidwa, m'minda ndi m'minda yakukhitchini. Makamaka nthawi yozizira, amawononga minda yazikhalidwe pomata makungwa. Ngati kabichi, kaloti ndi nyama zina zam'munda zikatsalira pamunda, ndiye kuti hares "imanyamula" mwachangu.
Ndi nyengo yozizira, mahara amayenera kusinthana ndi msipu, motero amayamba kudya makungwa a mitengo, komanso mphukira zapachaka. Munthawi yozizira kwambiri, mavu amakhala ndi mizu yosiyanasiyana ndi udzu wouma kuchokera pansi pa chisanu.
Adani achilengedwe
Mosasamala kanthu za momwe amakhalira, mahara ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Adani akuluakulu ndi nkhandwe ndi mimbulu, pomwe ma gule omwe amakhala m'malo ozizira amakhalabe ndi stoat, lynxes, etc., kuphatikiza mbalame zodya nyama monga chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi, ndi kadzidzi. Milandu yomwe imakhala m'malo otentha imakhudzidwa ndi mafisi, ankhandwe, etc. Pamavuto omwe amakhala m'deralo, agalu, kuphatikizapo agalu osowa, komanso ziweto, ndi owopsa.
Eya, ndipo, zoona, mdani wamkulu ndi munthu, mwanjira ya osaka omwe amasaka mavu, chifukwa ali ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri ndi ubweya wofunikira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mitundu yambiri yamafuta imamva bwino kuthengo. Komanso, pali mitundu yomwe imayambitsa nkhawa pakati pa akatswiri. Mitundu iyi ndi monga:
- Okhala ndi nkhope yoyera, odera akuda komanso a Yarkendky ali ndi udindo wokhala "pafupi ndi osatetezeka."
- Broomwort, Corsican ndi Hainan amatchedwa "amtundu wovuta".
- Kalulu wachikasu ndi amtundu wa "mitundu yomwe ili pangozi."
- Hare waku Itiyopiya ali ndi mwayi wa "zosakwanira."
Zomwe zimapangitsa ngozi zoterezi kukhala zangozi ndikugwirizana ndi zina za anthropogenic, kuphatikiza kuti mitunduyi imadziwika kuti imakhala yokhazikika komanso imakhala m'madera ochepa ndipo sipapezeka kwina konse. Khola la ku Itiyopiya limakhala moyo wobisalira, makamaka m'mapiri ovuta kufikako, kotero, pali zambiri zazambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Mtengo wosodza
Mchenga, ngakhale ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono, ndi mitundu yamtengo wapatali ya nyama. Nyamazi zimakhala ndi nyama yofunikira, yazakudya komanso yokoma, komanso ubweya wofunika, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kusoka zovala zachisanu.
Ngakhale magawo ali ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha adani achilengedwe, amasunga kuchuluka kwawo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, zimaswana mpaka kanayi pachaka. Nyama izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndikuti ndizosasinthika ngakhale pankhani ya chakudya, kapena malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira, chifukwa chake zimasinthana mwachangu kukhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa cha izi, kugawana kumapezeka mumayiko alionse, kupatula Antarctica.
Pomaliza
Ma hasi alidi ndi adani achilengedwe okwanira, osawerengera masoka achilengedwe, monga kusefukira kwamoto ndi moto. Vutoli limakulitsidwa ndikuti mahinji samadziwa kusambira. Ponena za moto, timakhala ndi moto wokwanira mokwanira mu kasupe, zikafika akalulu oyamba. Alimi ambiri amawotcha udzu wakale, osati alimi okha. Nthawi zambiri udzu umayatsidwa ndi nzika "zanzeru", zomwe ndi zofunika kuzilanga kwambiri, komanso alimi omwewo.
Mwanjira ina, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha kumeta ndi munthu yemwe amawononga kwathunthu chilengedwe popanda kuganiza.
Mahaga ndi nyama zapadera zomwe sizimamvekanso bwino, chifukwa sizikudziwika kuti akalulu amapulumuka bwanji. Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akusaka nyama izi chifukwa cha nyama yokoma komanso nyama yamtengo wapatali. Osati kale kwambiri, zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, zipewa zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa kalulu, komanso maraya aubweya azimayi, zinali zamafashoni. Pakadali pano, achikale, koma kusaka kwanyumba sikunayime, makamaka popeza pali osaka ambiri. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva madandaulo a alenje omwe ankasaka osati kuti agule, ngakhale mayendedwe awo sanawone. Tsoka ilo, "satola" kuti tsopano pali asaka ambiri kuposa mavu ndi nyama zina. Vutoli limaphatikizidwanso ndi mfundo yoti moyo wamunthu umalanda nyama zakudya, komanso malo omwe nyama zimatha kubisala kwa adani achilengedwe. Munthu akupanga magawo atsopano obzala mbewu zobzalidwa kale. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwiritsa ntchito ziphe ndi mankhwala ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizifa.
Kuphatikiza apo, izi zitha kudziwidwa osati ndi maula okha, komanso abale athu ena, ang'ono athu, omwe achoka kwawo kwazaka zambiri, ndi chakudya chokwanira. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti amagawanitsa malo olimapo, komanso nyumba zamaluwa ndi minda yamasamba ya eni minda. Nthawi zambiri, pamtundu wa dachas, pamakhalabe gawo la zokolola, zomwe zimathandiza mahara kuti azitha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira: pomwe karoti anali atagona mozungulira, panali kabichi kabichi, etc.
Ngakhale ndizochulukirapo, ma gule sangathenso kupitiriza kuchuluka kwawo. Kodi m'madera akutali kwambiri ndi munthu, komanso m'malo osafikika kumene munthu sangathe kufikira, popeza pafupifupi msaki aliyense amakhala ndi SUV. Mwanjira ina, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kumalola anthu munthawi yathu kukwera mozama kwambiri, komwe nyama iliyonse imabisala.
Kodi kalulu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: hare pachilimwe
Rusak amakonda ma steppes, amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ngakhale pakati pa Quaternary nthawi, idakhazikika kumpoto. Chifukwa chake, lero akukhala m'chigawo chokhotakhota ndi m'nkhalango, tundra ndi nkhalango zowuma za ku Europe.
Malo ake akuluakulu:
- Europe
- Front ndi Asia Minor,
- Kumpoto kwa Africa
Kumpoto, mtunda unakhazikika ku Finland komwe, ndikugwira Sweden, Ireland ndi Scotland. Ndipo kumwera, malo ake adafikira ku Turkey, Iran, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Kazakhstan. Fossil zotsalira za hare zimapezekabe ku penicula ya Crimea komanso ku Azerbaijan, m'malo a Pleistocene.
Ku North America, a Rusak ankakhala mozizwitsa. Anamubweretsa kumeneko mu 1893, ndipo pambuyo pake, mu 1912, kuchokera komweko komweko anabweretsedwa ku Canada.
Komabe, masiku ano amasungidwa pokhapokha kudera la Great Lakes. Momwemonso, kalulu adawoneka ku Central America ndi South. Ku Australia, makoswewo anasinthiratu kukhala tizilombo, monga momwe amakondera kumeneko.
Ku Russia, nyalugwe amakhala ku gawo lonse la ku Europe la dzikolo, mpaka ku Lake Onega ndi Northern Dvina. Kupitilira apo, chiwerengerochi chinafalikira kudzera ku Perm ndi Urals, kenako kudera la Pavlodar ku Kazakhstan. Kummwera, a Rusak amakhala Transcaucasia, dera la Caspian, zigawo zonse mpaka ku Karaganda. Malo okhawo kumene kalulu sanakhalepo ndi Buryatia.
M'madera angapo aku Russia, Rusak idapangidwanso:
- Madera opezeka kumapiri a Altai,
- Salair
- Kuznetsk Alatau,
- Altai Madera
- Phiri la Krasnoyarsk
- Dera la Novosibirsk,
- Dera la Irkutsk
- Dera la Chita,
- Khabarovsk Territory,
- Chigawo Cha Primorsky.
Kodi kalulu wa bulauni amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Hare Rusak
Buku lachi Russia limakhala ndi chakudya chosiyanasiyana. Mndandanda waukuluwu ukuphatikizapo mitundu 50 yazomera. M'nyengo yotentha, nyamayi imadya chimanga: timothy, oats, mapira, udzu wa tirigu. Amakondanso nthangala: nyemba, seradella, nandolo, clover, lupine. Zomera zokhazikika za hares ndi euphorbia, chomera, dandelion, Quinoa ndi buckwheat.
Pofika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, grunts zimayamba kudya chimanga makamaka mbewu za nyemba. Pamenepa, mavu, monga mbalame, amathandizira kufalikira kwa mbewu, chifukwa si mbewu zonse zomwe zimayamwa ndipo mwanjira imeneyi zimabweranso.
M'madera ambiri azamalimi, grouse imawonedwa ngati tizilombo komanso tsoka lalikulu. Popeza nthawi yophukira-nthawi yachisanu amadya makungwa ndi mphukira zamitengo: mitengo ya maapulo, mapeyala, msondodzi, mapulogalamu ndi hazel. Usiku umodzi wokha, nthumwi za mtunduwu zitha kuwononga mundawo.
Kuphatikiza pa khungwa, ntchentche zimadyetserabe njere, zotsalira za udzu wakale, komanso mbewu zam'munda zomwe zimakumba pansi pa chisanu. Nthawi zambiri malo ogawanikawa amayenderedwa ndi gulu laimvi, iwo omwe sangathe kukumba matalala kuti adye zotsalira.
Zakudya zosafunikira za akalulu sizikumbidwa bwino, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amadya zotulutsa zawo. Chifukwa chake amapeza mwayi woti azitha kuyamwa michere. M'nthawi ya kuyesa kwina, nsomba zazinkhanira zinalandidwa mwayi wotere, zotsatira zake zinali kutsika kwambiri, kunenepa, matenda, ngakhale kufa kwa anthu.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Khola lofiirira wa nyama
Khola la bulauni limakonda malo otseguka, ngakhale kusankha dambo, amafunafuna kukhazikika pamalo osakira mitengo. Nthawi zambiri sapezeka m'mitengo yotentha, amakonda mitengo yamatchire. Ndipo koposa zonse, mavu amakonda ma famu a anthu, momwe mumakhala mitsinje yaying'ono, mapepala kapena tchire.
Nthawi zambiri kumakhala malo ogulitsira madzi osefukira mumtsinje ndi m'malo a mbewu zambewu. Ngati mtengo wopondera m'nkhalangomo womwe khalalo limakhala kumapiri, nthawi yotentha imatha kukwera mpaka 2000. Ndipo nthawi yozizira imatsika kumeneko, pafupi ndi komwe amakhala. Mahares omwe amakhala m'mapiri amatsikira kumapiri nthawi yozizira, nthawi yamasika nthawi zambiri amabwerera kumapiri.
Monga lamulo, grouse amakhala wokhazikika. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira m'gawolo, atha kukhala zaka 40-50 ha kwazaka zambiri. Kupanda kutero, mahesi tsiku lililonse amagonjetsa ma kilomita makumi angapo kuchokera kumalo a kama kukafika pamalo okadyapo ndi mosinthanitsa. Kuyenda modad kumadaliranso nyengo, mwachitsanzo, madera akumwera amasuntha ndikuyamba kufesa.
Mahares amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wamadzulo, masana akungogwira ntchito nthawi yopuma. Ngati zinthu sizili bwino, kalulu sangathenso kukhala kunyumba kwake. Nthawi zambiri chimakhala kukumba pansi, kwinaku pansi pa chitsamba kapena kubisika kuseri kwa mtengo wakugwa.
Koma nthawi zambiri, kholalo limangokhala tchire, limabisala m'malire kapena m'phompho lakuya. Itha kugwiritsa ntchito mosakhazikika mabowo opanda kanthu a nyama zina: nkhandwe kapena mbendera. Koma a Rusaks samakonda kukumba mabowo awo, osakhalitsa, ngati kuli kutentha kwambiri. Kusankhidwa kwa malo okugona mwachindunji kumatengera nthawi yazaka. Chifukwa chakumayambiriro koyambirira, nyama zimasankha malo otentha kwambiri.
Mu nyengo yonyowa, ma hares amayang'ana malo okwera, ndipo nyengo yofunda, m'malo mwake, madera otsika. M'nyengo yozizira, anagona m'chipale chofewa m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo. Ngati chipale chofewa chili chakuya kwambiri, chekeni mabowo mmalo mwake mpaka 2 m. Malo okondweretsa posungira tambala ndi malo okhala kunja kwa midzi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: hare mu stepep
Kukula kwachisembwere kwa akazi ndi amuna a bambo bulauni kumachitika chaka chimodzi pambuyo pobadwa, nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro. Mtunduwu umanena za kufalikira mwachangu. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukula ndi kuchuluka kwa ana pachaka kumadalira nyengo. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu Januware.
Chipale chofewa chimatha kuonekera kwambiri. Awa ndi mawonekedwe a mkodzo wa lalanje wa akazi komanso chipale chofewa chomwe chimaponderezedwa ndi amuna okwiya pamkangano pamtunda wachikazi. Mkazi aliyense amatsatiridwa ndi abambo awiri a 2-3. Amakonzekera ndewu zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi kukuwa kwawo kwa shrill.
Ndewu imayima nthawi yomwe mzimayi akuyamba kukhwima. Wamphongo wamphamvu kwambiri amamuphimba, ndipo ena onse panthawiyi amalumpha kudzera pa banja ili, kuyesera kugwetsa wamwamuna ndi miyendo yake. Muzochitika zotere, okhawo omwe ali achikulire kwambiri komanso wamphamvu amatha kukhala wopambana pa banja la hare. Mpikisano wotsatira ukubwera mu Epulo, ndipo pambuyo pake wachitatu - pakati pa Julayi.
Akalulu oyamba adzawonekera mu Epulo, patatha masiku 45 mpaka 48 atakhala ndi umuna. Nthawi zambiri mwana wakhanda mmodzi mpaka 9 amabadwa. Amabadwa akuwona kale, akumva komanso okutidwa ndi ubweya. Kulemera kwa hare iliyonse kuli pafupi g 100. Kuchuluka kwake ndi mtundu wa zinyalala ndizogwirizana mwachindunji ndi nyengo. M'chaka chotentha komanso chopanda chonde, kalulu ndi wokulirapo.
Masabata awiri oyambilira, makanda amadya mkaka wokha, koma kulemera kwawo akamakula maulendo anayi, kalulu amayamba kuwakulira udzu. Kutali kwenikweni wamkazi samachoka pakati pa mbadwa, wokonzekera vuto, kuteteza banja lake. Banja limagwirira limodzi mpaka matchuthi atembenuka miyezi iwiri. Kenako amayiwo amawasiya kuti akatenge ana otsatira.
Ana onse amatha kukhala 3 kapena 4 pachaka. Kumpoto chakummwera komwe amakhala, kumakhala mwayi wopezeka kwa ana anayi. Komabe, mwa ana onse, 1-2 amakhalabe ndi moyo pachaka. Imfa zawo kuyambira nyengo, matenda, zochita za anthu ndi zilombo ndizabwino kwambiri.
Pafupifupi, agogo amakhala osapitilira zaka 8, mwakamodzikamodzi, amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10-12. Pali adani ambiri omwe angathe kukhala nawo. Monga lamulo, iwo amakhala osakwatira ndipo amayesetsa kuyanjana ndi kampani panthawi yopuma.
Adani achilengedwe a hare
Chithunzi: Khola lalikulu
Adani achilengedwe a Rusak akukhudza kwambiri anthu ake. Mchaka, olusa amatha kuwononga mpaka 12% ya kuchuluka kwa ma hares. Chiwerengerochi chimadalira mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadya mdera linalake, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya china ndi kuchuluka kwa grouse iwowo.
Nyama zowopsa zamatumbo:
Zomwe zimatsalira kwa Rusak ndizobisala, kuthamanga kwambiri ndi zomangika. Mtundu wonyezimira umathandizira kuti kholo lizibisala pakati pa nthambi ndi mitengo yakugwa, komanso pakati pa mapiri achisanu. Wochenjera amatha kunamizira kuti ndi chitsa kapenaumpu womwe unakonkhedwa ndi chipale chofewa. Amasunga mawaya ndi liwiro, komanso kuthekera kusambira - polimbana ndi moyo, ndodo imatha kusambira kuwoloka mtsinje.