Send

(kuchokera ku Greek. therme-kutentha, kutentha), msuzi wa ufa wa stoichiometric zitsulo zingapo kapena ma alloys (otchedwa mafuta) okhala ndi ma oxide a zitsulo zomwe sizigwira ntchito (wothandizira oxid), zomwe zimawotchedwa zikatulutsidwa ndikutulutsa kwambiri kutentha. DOS mafuta-Al, Mg, Ca-Si, Cu-Al, Fe-Mn alloys, othandizira oxidizing - Fe 2 O 3, Fe 3 O 4, CuO, NiO, Pb 3 O 4, MnO 2. Ndi exothermic. makuponi. r-tions ndikuchepetsa zitsulo oxide, zopangidwa ndi ma-r-tions (makamaka mafuta slag) zimatenthedwa ku t-ry

2000 ° C. T-ra mwaka T. 2000-2800 ° C, t. > 800 ° C (pamtundu wosakanizika kwambiri wa A1 wokhala ndi Fe 3 O 4 -1300 ° C). Kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumatulutsidwa panthawi ya kuyaka kumadalira kapangidwe ka T., mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya iron-aluminium T .: 8Al + 3Fe 3 O 4 :: 4A1 2 O 3 +9 Fe + 3478 kJ.

T. amapangidwa mwanjira ya ufa kapena cheke. Ponyamula gwiritsani ntchito maphikidwe a BaO 2 ndi Mg kapena maphwando apadera a chimbudzi.

Ikani T. monga zophatikizira kwa kutentha kwa thermite, mu mimachoyama popanga Mn, Cr, V, W, Ferroalloys ndi kuwola. zosapanga dzimbiri komanso zosowa zina zachitsulo zopangira ore. Kwa ntchito zowotcherera (kuwotcherera mosataya waya, kuwotcherera ndi kuyendetsa njanji, kuwotcherera kwa oyendetsa ku zitsulo zopanga, kuwotcherera chitoliro, ndi zina zambiri). nyimbo za chimbudzi - CuO, ferromanganese, alloy Cu - Al, Fe 3 O 4, Al, Mg, ferromanganese, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Al, etc. Kuti mupeze Ferrovanadium, Ferrochrome, ndi ena, T. amagwiritsidwa ntchito okhala ndi Fe 3 O 4 ndi zitsulo za zitsulo izi.

Lit: Shevchenko G. D., Welding, brazing and petrol kudula kwazitsulo, M., 1966, Borovinskaya I. P., Merzhanov A. G., muqoqo: Njira zamatenthedwe mu chemistry ndi zitsulo, Novosib., 1971, Shidlovsky A. A., Fundamentals of Pyrotechnics, 4th ed., M., 1973, Brauer K. O., Handbook of pyrotechnics, NY, 1974, Barbour RT, Pyrotechnics in inderals, NY, 1981. H. A. Silin.

Encyclopedia yamankhwala. - M: Buku la Soviet. Mkonzi. I. L. Knunyantsa. 1988.

Chinsinsi

Chinsinsi nthawi zina amatchedwa kuti choyera. Adalandira dzina lanyimbo chifukwa chofanana ndi maonekedwe oyera ndi nyerere zoyera. Ma chitesa amadya chomera chakufa, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati mtengo, masamba agwa kapena dothi .itali ndi tizirombo tambiri, makamaka madera otentha ndi otentha. Chifukwa chakuti chithaphwi chogwiritsa ntchito nkhuni pakudya - chimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu nyumba ndi zina zamatabwa.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Mawu akuti termite amatanthauza gulu la maphemwe otchedwa Blattodea. Kwa zaka zambiri, zinali zodziwika kuti chiswe chimalumikizana ndi agulugufe, makamaka amitundu yodziwika bwino. Mpaka posachedwapa, malo omwe anali ndi Isoptera, omwe tsopano ndi gawo. Kusintha kwatsopano koteroko kumathandizidwa ndi chidziwitso ndi maphunziro omwe chinsinsi chake ndi mayanjidwe amtendere.

Kumene dzinali limatchedwa Isoptera ndi Chi Greek ndipo kumatanthauza awiri mapiko owongoka. Kwa zaka zambiri, chiswe chimatchedwa nyere yoyera ndipo nthawi zambiri chimasokonekera ndi nyerere yeniyeni. Ndi munthawi yathu yokha komanso pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscopes omwe adatha kuwona kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa.

Chamoyo zakale kwambiri zakale zakale zokwana 130 miliyoni zapitazo. Mosiyana ndi nyerere, zomwe zimakumana ndi metamorphosis, chovala chilichonse chimakumana ndi vuto losakwanira, lomwe limadutsa magawo atatu: dzira, nymph, ndi munthu wamkulu. Makoloni amatha kudzipatsa okha, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amatchedwa superorganisms.

Chowoneka chochititsa chidwi: Mlenje wachimake amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri pakati pa tizilombo tonse padziko lapansi, ndipo mfumukazi zina zimakhala zaka 30-50.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Thumba la Tizilombo

Ma chala nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'onoang'ono kukula - kuyambira 4 mpaka 15 mamilimita. Wopulumuka kwambiri masiku ano ndi mfumukazi ya mitengo yotchedwa Macrotermes bellicosus, yomwe kutalika kwake kupitirira masentimita 10. Chimphona china ndi mtundu wa chomera cha Gyatermes styriensis, koma sichinapezebe mpaka pano. Nthawi ina, zidakula bwino ku Austria munthawi ya Miocene ndipo inali ndi mapiko a mamilimita 76. ndi kutalika kwa thupi 25mm.

Ogwira ntchito ambiri ndi asitikali achisoni ndi khungu, popeza alibe maso. Komabe, mitundu ina, monga Hodotermes mossambicus, imakhala ndi maso ovuta, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana komanso kusiyanitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuwala kwa mwezi. Amuna ndi akazi a mapiko ali ndi maso komanso maso ofananira nawo. Maso owoneka, komabe, samapezeka mumtundu uliwonse wa chiswe.

Kodi malo okhala amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: White Termite

Chinsinsi chimapezeka kumakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica. Palibe ambiri a iwo omwe amapezeka ku North America ndi Europe (mitundu 10 imadziwika ku Europe ndi 50 ku North America). Chonde ndizambiri ku South America, komwe mitundu yoposa 400 imadziwika. Mwa mitundu 3000 ya chiswe chomwe adayikidwa pakadali pano, 1000 imapezeka ku Africa. M'madera ena amapezeka kwambiri.

Kumpoto kwa Kruger National Park kokhako, pafupi ndi miliyoni miliyoni malo otentha amatha kupezeka. Ku Asia, kuli mitundu 435 yamtambo, yomwe imakonda ku China. Ku China, nyama zamtunduwu ndizochepa okha malo okhala otentha komanso malo okhala otentha kum'mwera kwa Yangtze. Ku Australia, magulu onse okhala zachilengedwe (zonyowa, zouma, zokhala pansi panthaka) akupezeka mdzikomo, ndipo mitundu yoposa 360 yopezeka.

Chifukwa chofewa, malo okhala sakhala m'malo ozizira kapena ozizira. Pali magulu atatu a zachilengedwe za chiswe: zosaphika, zouma komanso mobisa. Dampwood chiswe chimapezeka kokha m'nkhalango zowuma, ndipo ch Drywood chimapezeka kumapiri otentha, malo okhala pansi pamtunda amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mtundu umodzi womwe uli mgulu louma lauma ndi West Indian obereketsa malo (Cryptotermes brevis), womwe ndi mtundu wankhanza ku Australia. Ku Russia, chiswe chimapezeka kudera pafupi ndi mizinda ya Sochi ndi Vladivostok. Ku CIS, mitundu pafupifupi 7 ya chiswe idapezeka.

Kodi chiswe chimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Chinyama cha chiswe

Chingwe ndi zonyansa zomwe zimatha mbewu zakufa nthawi iliyonse kuwola. Amathandizanso pakachulukidwe kazinthu pobwezeretsanso zinthu monga zinyalala zakufa, ndowe ndi mbewu. Mitundu yambiri imadya cellulose yokhala ndi matumbo apakati apakati omwe amaphwanya fiber. Chinsinsi chimapanga kupasuka kwa cellulose methane yotulutsidwa mumlengalenga.

Ma chiteso amadalira kwambiri ma protozoa (ma metamonade) ndi ma virus ena, monga otsutsana ndi flagellate m'miyendo yawo, kuti agaye cellulose, kuwalola kuti atenge zinthu zomaliza kuti zigwiritse ntchito. Ma protozoa amkati monga Trichonympha, nawonso, amadalira ma bacteriotic ophatikizidwa padziko lawo kuti apange michere ina yamaumbo oyenera.

Ma chonde apamwamba kwambiri, makamaka mu banja la a Termitidae, amatha kupanga ma enzymes awo, koma amadalira mabakiteriya ambiri. Flagella adataika pa chinsinsi ichi. Kuzindikira kwa asayansi zakugwirizana pakati pa chakudya chamagaya ndi chamoyo chakuchulukirapo kudakali chaching'ono, komabe, chomwe chiri chowona pa mitundu yonse ya chimbudzi ndichakuti antchito amadyetsa mamembala ena am'mibamoyo ndi zinthu zopezedwa ndi kugaya chomera kuchokera mkamwa kapena anus .

Mitundu ina ya zikhalidwe za chimbudzi. Amasunga “dimba” la bowa wamtundu wina wamtundu wa termitomyces, womwe umadalira chimbudzi. Bowa ukamadya, zikuluzikulu zake zimadutsa m'matumbo am'mimba kuti mumalize kuzungulira, mutamera ndulu zatsopano za ndowe.

Kutengera ndi chizolowezi chamadyedwe, malo osungirako chakudya amawagawa m'magulu awiri; Ochepera otsika amadya nkhuni. Popeza nkhuni ndizovuta kugaya, chonde chimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni zomwe zimayamwa ndi bowa chifukwa ndizosavuta kugaya, ndipo pali mapuloteni ambiri mu bowa. Pakadali pano, malovu apamwamba amatenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndowe, humus, udzu, masamba ndi mizu. Matumbo omwe ali m'munsi mwa chonde ali ndi mitundu yambiri ya mabacteria limodzi ndi protozoa, pomwe ma chimbudzi apamwamba ali ndi mitundu ingapo ya mabakiteriya popanda protozoa.

Chosangalatsa: Chinsinsi chimatengera, phula, pulasitala, kapena matope kuti apeze nkhuni.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Malo akuluakulu

Ndikosavuta kuwona chiswe, chifukwa chimayenda mumdima ndipo sichimakonda kuwala. Zimayenda pamayendedwe omwe adadzipangira nkhuni kapena dothi.

Ma chala amakhala mchisa. Zingwe zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: pansi panthaka (pamwamba pamtunda), pamwamba pamtunda (kutulutsa pamwamba pa nthaka) ndi kusakanikirana (zomangidwa pamtengo, koma nthawi zonse zimalumikizidwa pansi mpaka malo obisalirako). Chidacho chili ndi ntchito zambiri, monga kupereka malo okhalamo otetezeka ndi pabwino kwa adani. Ma chitesa ambiri amamangira mobisalira, m'malo mochita zisa ndi milunda. Malo achikale nthawi zambiri amakhala mu mitengo yamtengo monga mitengo, zitsa ndi mbali zakufa za mitengo, monga momwe chimbudzi chinkakhalira mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.

Ma chitu amamanganso militali, ndipo nthawi zina imatalika mpaka 2,5 mpaka 3 mita. Mtunda umatetezanso chisa chimodzimodzi, koma umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri. Malalanje omwe ali m'malo okhala ndi mvula yambiri komanso yosagwa nthawi zonse amawonongeka chifukwa chakumanga kwawo.

Kulankhulana. Ma chiswe ambiri ndi akhungu, kotero kulumikizana kumachitika makamaka mothandizidwa ndi ma kemikali, makina ndi ma pheromoni. Njira zolankhulirana izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zakudya, kufunafuna ziwalo zoberereka, kumanga zisa, kuzindikira anthu okhala mchisa, kukhwima, kupeza ndi kumenyana ndi adani, komanso kuteteza zisa. Njira yofala kwambiri yolankhulirana ndi kudzera pa tinyanga.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Thumba la Tizilombo

MaChitesa ali ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono:

King,
Mfumukazi,
Second Queen
Mfumukazi yachifumu
Wogulitsa,
Kugwira ntchito.

Ogwira ntchito yapa chintchito amagwira ntchito yambiri kumaloko, kupeza chakudya, kusunga chakudya, ndi kusunga ana zisa. Ogwira ntchito amapatsidwa ntchito kuti azigaya cellulose muzakudya, chifukwa chake ndiake opanga matabwa odwala. Njira yogwirira ntchito chinsinsi chodyetsa nzika zina imadziwika kuti trophollaxis. Trofallaxis ndi njira yothandiza yopezera chakudya posinthira komanso kukonza zinthu za nayitrogeni.

Izi zimamasula makolo kudyetsa ana onse kupatula m'badwo woyamba, kulola gululo kukula ochulukirapo ndikuwonetsetsa kusuntha kwa matumbo ofunikira kuchokera m'badwo wina kupita ku wina. Mitundu ina ya chimbudzi ilibe ntchito kwenikweni, mmalo mwake, imadalira nymph omwe amagwira ntchito yomweyo popanda kuwoneka padera.

Msirikali wakale amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso chikhalidwe, cholinga chawo chokha ndichoteteza nkhondoyi. Asitikali ambiri ali ndi mitu yayikuru yokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu zosinthika kwambiri, zokulirapo kotero kuti sangathe kudzidyetsa. Chifukwa chake, iwo, ngati ana, amadyetsedwa ndi antchito. Mitundu yambiri ndiyosavuta kuzindikira; asitikali ali ndi mutu wokulirapo ndi wakuda komanso wamkulu.

Mwa zina zachitetezo, asirikali amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitu yawo kuti itseke mizere yawo yopapatiza. Kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimbudzi, asitikali amatha kukhala akulu komanso ang'ono kukula, komanso mphuno zokhala ndi mphuno yozungulira. Asitikali apaderawa amatha kupopera mankhwala owopsa, omata okhala ndi diterpenes pa adani awo.

Zamoyo zokhala ndi mabanja okalamba zimaphatikizanso zazikazi ndi zazikazi zambiri, zotchedwa mfumukazi ndi mfumu. Mfumukazi ya koloni ndi yomwe imayendetsa mazira am'midziyo. Mosiyana ndi nyerere, mfumu imakwatirana naye moyo wonse. M'mitundu ina, mimba ya mfumukazi imatupa kwambiri, ndikuchulukitsa chonde. Kutengera mtundu wa nyama, mfumukaziyi imayamba kubala anthu okhala ndi mapiko obereketsa nthawi zina pachaka, ndipo zikuluzikulu zimatuluka m'mimba yolumirayo ikayamba.

Adani achilengedwe a chiswe

Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Chinyama

Chidyera chomwe chimadyedwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya adani. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa "Hodotermes mossambicus" unapezeka m'mimba za mbalame 65 ndi zolengedwa 19 zoyamwitsa. Ma arthropod ambiri amadya pa chiswe: nyerere, centipedes, maphemphe, crickets, chinjoka, zinkhanira ndi akangaude, zodzitchinjiriza monga abuluzi, amphibians monga achule ndi mikanda. Pali nyama zina zambiri zomwe zimadya chichewa: aardvark, anteat, mileme, zimbalangondo, mbalame zochuluka, echidna, nkhandwe, mbewa ndi abuluzi. Chochititsa chidwi: mbalame ya padziko lapansi imatha kunyamula ma chitali masauzande usiku umodzi pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lake lalitali, lomata.

Nyerere ndi adani akulu kwambiri a chiswe. Mitundu ina ya nyerere imakonda kusaka nyama mwachisawawa. Mwachitsanzo, Megaponer ndi mtundu wa nyama womwe umangodya zokha. Zigawenga, zina zomwe zimakhala kwa maola angapo. Koma nyerere sindiye zokhazo zomwe zimaba. Amadziwika kuti mavu ambiri owundana, kuphatikiza Polistinae Lepeletier ndi Angiopolybia Araujo, amabweretsa chiwunda chokwera pamtunda wa matingala.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chitali ndi gawo limodzi labwino kwambiri la tizilombo padziko lapansi lomwe lakhala likukulitsa kuchuluka kwawo kwamoyo wawo wonse.

Anagawa malo ambiri, kupatula Antarctica. Madera awo amakhala ochokera kumazana angapo kupita m'magulu akuluakulu okhala ndi anthu angapo miliyoni. Pafupifupi mitundu 3,106 ya mitundu yafotokozedwera pano ndipo izi si zonse; pali mitundu ingapo yamitundu yambiri yomwe imafunikira kufotokozedwa. Chiwerengero cha malo padziko lapansi chitha kufika mabiliyoni 108 kapena kupitilira.

Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nkhuni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafamu ndikupanga chakudya chamagulu akuchepera, koma ngakhale izi zili choncho, anthu achidwi akupitilizabe kukula. Kukula kumeneku kumayendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala kuti akhale ozizira komanso ouma.

Mpaka pano, mabanja 7 a chimbudzi adadziwika:

Mastotermitidae,
Khalidal,
Hodotermitidae,
Kalotermitidae,
Rhinotermitidae,
Serritermitidae,
Maulemu.

Chochititsa chidwi: Ma chonde pa Earth aposa unyinji wa anthu padziko lapansi, monga nyerere.

Tizilombo chiswe Zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri kwa anthu, chifukwa amawononga nyumba zamatabwa. Kuphatikizika kwa chimbudzi kumayenderana ndi momwe zimakhudzira kuzungulira kwa mpweya ndi kaboni dayokisi padziko lonse, pakuphatikizika kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mlengalenga, wofunikira pa nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Amatha kumasula mpweya wa methane ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu 43 yamtambo imadyedwa ndi anthu ndi kudyetsedwa ndi ziweto. Mpaka pano, asayansi amawongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu, komwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana potsatira kayendedwe ka chimbudzi.

Malo ogwiritsira ntchito

Chinsinsi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale komanso ankhondo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati detonators okhala ndi mafuta ambiri. Amapezanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazosakanikirana zamafuta mu pyrotechnics - popanga magetsi amagetsi kapena magwero amagetsi a kuwala kowala.Nthawi zambiri, thunthu limagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira waya - kulumikiza mbali mothandizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri.

Ntchito zamatekinoloje

Katundu wa kaphatikizidwe ka thermite aliyense ndi kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kali madigiri 2000-4000, kutengera kapangidwe ndi mankhwala ndi mtundu wa wothandizira oxidizing. Chimphona chimayaka kutentha kwa madigiri 800 mpaka 1500 ndipo imatha kupitiliza kuyaka popanda mpweya, womwe umakulitsa kukula kwake kwa ntchito. Popeza lawi limatha kuzimitsidwa ndi madzi, zosakaniza za thermo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poziziritsa pansi pamadzi. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwapadera kwakumoto, chimanga chosungunuka chimapsa kudzera pazitsulo zazitsulo, kuponyera chitsulo kapena zitsulo za konkriti, ndikukhala chida chodulira.

Gulu la zosakaniza

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta osakanikirana idapangitsa kuti dongosolo la magawidwe apangidwe ndi cholinga. Chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chimakonzedwa kuchokera kuzitsulo za aluminium kapena ufa ndi iron oxide pazowerengera 1: 3. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyaka, utuchi wa aluminiyamu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Ndi kuchepa kwa kachigawo kakulidwe ka zotayidwa mpaka dziko la ufa, kutentha kwake kumawonjezeka. Chosakaniza chachikhalidwe cha thermite chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zitsulo.

Zosakaniza za Pyrotechnic zimawotcha pamoto wotsika, koma perekani kuwala kowala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma flage okhala ndi chimbale ndi malawi abodza. Sulfur amagwira ntchito ngati mafuta osakanikirana awa, ndipo potaziyamu amakhala ngati wogwirizira. Kuti muchepetse kuyaka, strontium carbonate imawonjezeredwa, yomwe imakhala ngati chothandizira pazomwe zimachitika.

Copper thermite imakonzedwa kuchokera ku mkuwa oxide, kuchuluka kwake ndi 70% ya gawo, 10-12% ya aluminiyamu yokhazikika komanso gawo limodzi lamkuwa, 8% ferromanganese. Kuphatikizaku kumakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri koyaka - pafupifupi madigiri 4000, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuwotcherera zitsulo zofunika, mwachitsanzo, mapaipi amagetsi kapena njanji.

Kutulutsa Fomu

Opanga mafuta osakanikirana amawatulutsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zosakaniza zowuma zomwe zimapangidwanso kuti zimapangidwe pamtanda zimapangidwa ngati ufa, zimayikidwa mumtsuko wolimba wa polypropylene wokhala ndi voliyumu 1000. Ma termites oyenererana ndi mawaya amagetsi opangira magetsi amapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a cartridge yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical omwe ali ndi bowo lalitali. Pakapangidwe zitsulo zotentha ndi zosakanikirana za thermite, mawonekedwe a pensulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe safuna kuwerengetsa musanagwiritse ntchito, ndipo machesi a chimbudzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira.

Chitani nokha zophika

Mtengo wa kilogalamu 1 ya chovala chimachokera ku ma ruble 3-5,000, kutengera wopanga ndi cholinga cha osakaniza. Kudziwa kapangidwe ka mafuta osakaniza, mutha kuwaphika nokha kunyumba ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati chowotcherera cha mawaya ndi zida zachitsulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito simenti, mapensulo a thermite amalandiridwa omwe ndi oyenera kuwotcherera chitsulo posowa makina owotcherera wamagetsi kapena kaboni diokosi. Kupanga kwa chiswe kumachitika mosiyanasiyana.

Njira yosavuta yopangira chiphokoso chazakudya ndi manja anu ndikukonzekera kapangidwe kazitsulo ndi aluminium ufa, womwe mungagule mu shopu yama michere.

Kupanga zitsulo

Iron Oxide Fe₃O₄, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe chathu. Koma pokonzekera mafuta osakaniza mudzafunika mulingo wopanda mankhwala wochokera ku Fe oxide₂O₃.

Kupanga Fe₂O₃ Mudzafunika mphamvu yamagetsi ya 12 V DC kapena oyambiranso ndi chosinthira komanso chosinthira chopangidwa ndi netiwiti ya V2. Gwero la iron oxide ndi msomali wachitsulo kapena mbale, yomwe imayikidwa mu chidebe chagalasi ndi yankho la sodium chloride. Mchere wambiri pothana ndi vutoli, umachulukana komanso umachulukitsa kwambiri popanga iron oxide Fe₂O₃.

Mapeto abwino a waya wobwezeretsera amalumikizidwa ndi msomali wachitsulo, mbale kapena ndodo ndikutsitsidwa mumtsuko wa matope. Mapeto achiwiri amayikidwa mu yankho kuti asalumikizane ndi ndodo yachitsulo.

Pakatha tsiku limodzi chida chodzipangira, chitsulo chomwe chimayambitsa chitsulo chimakutidwa kuchokera ku ndodo yachitsulo. Zochita zina ndikupukusira chinthucho mu chiboliboli choti chikhale ufa wabwino. Kukula kwakukulu kwa tinthu sikuyenera kupitirira 0,5 mm. Kupanga kuti reagent ikhale yoyenera pokonza gawo losakanikirana ndi chimbudzi, iyenera kuyikika pamtanda ndikukhomedwa kuti ikhale yofiyira. Gawo lazinthu Fe₃O₄ okonzeka.

Kuphika kwinanso

Kuphatikiza zigawozo, mumakhala mbale yamapulasitiki yakuya momwe ma iron oxide ndi aluminium ufa amaikidwa muyezo wa 75 ndi 25%, kapena 3: 1. Kulipirira kuyera kwa iron ironide, kuchuluka kwake kungachuluke. Ndiwosavuta kwambiri kusakaniza ma reagents mogwirizana ndi magawo 8 a oxide mpaka zigawo zitatu za aluminiyamu ufa wogulidwa m'sitolo. Kuti muwonjezere nthawi yoyaka, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito utuchi, womwe umapezeka ndikufafaniza kapamwamba ka waya kapena waya ndi fayilo. Pankhaniyi, kuchuluka kwa utuchi ndi ufa kuyenera kukhala magawo atatu omwewo. Poyesa kuchuluka kwa utuchi wowonjezera, mulingo woyenera wothandizirana ungachitike popanda kusintha kapangidwe ka zosakaniza za thermite.

Kupanga cholembera chala

Pensulo ya chinsinsi ndi ndodo yachitsulo ya kaboni yophimbidwa ndi zokutira chimalizo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwotcherera pazitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a silinda ya diameter zosiyana, kutengera kuyera kwazitsulo. Mbewu kapena chingwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa kusakaniza.

Kunyumba, cholembera chosavuta kwambiri chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chisakanizo chachikhalidwe chachitsulo ndi aluminiyamu yosakanikirana ndi guluu. Kuphatikizikako kumakonzedwa ngati mtanda wozizira wowaza. Mayo omwe amapangidwira umayikidwa ngati chidutswa cha chitsulo chazitsulo zomwe mukufuna ndikugulika mpaka pa mulifupi womwe mukufuna. Pazinthu zanyumba, ndikokwanira kupanga masilinda 2-3 wandiweyani.

Pamapeto pa silinda yotsatira, guluu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mbewu kuchokera ku mchere wa Berthollet ndi aluminiyamu. Pambuyo pouma, pensulo ndi yokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo safuna mawonedwe oyambira.

Ngati ndi kotheka, zolembera zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera kugulira ufa wa mkuwa. Mtengo wa osakaniza a thermite amkuwa ndi wapamwamba kuposa uja wa thermomix wachitsulo, ndipo kuchokera pa kilogalamu ya ufa womwe unagulidwa masikono angapo ungathe kukonzekera mapaipi azitsulo kapena ngodya zokhala ndi makulidwe opitilira 5 mm. Kupanga kwa mapensulo amkuwa kumakhazikitsidwa posakaniza glue ndi ufa womalizidwa ndikupanga masilinda.

Zogundira za Magnesium kapena zidutswa za pulasitiki zotenthetsera kutentha pafupifupi madigiri 1600 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyatsa pensulo zamkuwa. Ndi manja anu, pulasitiki imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mabotolo apulasitiki kapena polystyrene pakuwasungunula mu acetone mpaka misa yayikulu, itatha.

Chitetezo ndi Kusunga

Pomwe funso la momwe mungapangire osakaniza a thermite kuthetsedwera, vuto lina limabuka - chitetezo pakupanga ndi kusungirako chimbudzi. Kuphatikizidwa kwachikhalidwe cha mafuta osakaniza kumafunikira kutentha kutentha kwa madigiri 1000 mpaka 1500, ndipo ziwalo zake sizothandiza panthawi yake, kotero kukonzekera kwa chindacho ndikotetezeka.

Thermite ufa uyenera kusungidwa mu chidebe cha polypropylene chokhomeredwa mwamphamvu pakhungu chinyezi chosaposa 80%. Kutentha kwakukulu kosungirako ndiko +30 madigiri, kotero zosakanikirazi zimasungidwa mu chipinda chotseguka bwino komanso chotsekemera kutali ndi magetsi othandizira. Ufa ndiwotentha, ngakhale uli ndi kutentha kwambiri. Kusungidwa moyenera kwa malo otentha kumakhala kotetezeka, ndichifukwa chake kumakhala kotheka m'nyumba.

Kufotokozera mawonekedwe

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wa mikanda imasiyana;

Ndi khungu.
Chitin wokutira thupi.
Ndi kukhalapo kwa dera la thoracic, ngakhale lidakhazikika.
Ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi zida zam'kamwa zamphamvu.

Kutengera mitundu, komanso chikhalidwe, tizilombo timakula kutalika kuyambira 2 mpaka 15 mm. Ogwira ntchito ndi asitikali alibe maso konse, kapena ali nawo, koma amapukutidwa. Pamutu mutha kuwona tinyanga tating'ono, ngati kuti talumikizidwa ndi magawo ambiri. Kutalika kwake kumadalira zaka zazomwe zimakhala, motero zaka zawo zimadziwika mosavuta.

Kukula kwa tizilombo kumatengera cholinga cha anthu pawokha. Ogwira ntchito sagwirana mosiyanasiyana, koma asitikali amatha kutalika mpaka masentimita awiri. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ndimutu wokwanira komanso olimba kwambiri. Chifukwa chaichi, sangadye okha ndipo amadyetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito. Mitundu ina imasiyanasiyana chifukwa chakuti panthaka pake pamatuluka kamtundu wapadera. Kutulutsa kumeneku kumathandizira kuti asitikali azitha kuwombera adani awo ndi madzi enaake apadera.

Chingwe cha mapiko chimakhala ndi manja awiri ndimaso awiri. Anthuwo akapeza malo oyenerera, amaphulika mapiko awo pamsoka winawake. Ngakhale mapiko awo ali akulu, ali ofooka, osapangidwa maulendo ataliitali, ngakhale pakakhala mphepo iwo akhoza kuwafikitsa kutali. Chifukwa chake, samawuluka momwe amafunira. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko amapatsidwa mphamvu yakuberekera, yomwe siyiperekedwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi asitikali, popeza alibe gonads.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Chitsamba chamapiko chimatha kutenga malo a mafumu ndi mfumukazi. Akayamba zaka, amatha kuzinyamula ndi mafunde owuluka mtunda wautali. Mwanjira iyi, malo obisika atsopano amaoneka ngati akutali kwambiri ndi chitunda chakumalo. Pa magawo oyambilira, mbalame zamapikozo zimagwira ntchito yomanga nyumba, kusamalira mazira, kenako mphutsi. "Ana" awo akadzakula ndikusintha kukhala antchito ndi asitikali, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kugwira ntchito zawo ndikuyamba kusamalira "makolo" awo.

Tsar, makamaka mfumukazi ya chimbudzi, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwawo, komwe kuli mtundu wa "mitundu" yapamwamba kwambiri, momwe anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ochepa nthawi 10 kuposa mfumukazi. M'mawonekedwe, mfumukazi ya chiswe imafanana ndi mfumukazi ya nyerere. Mfumukaziyi imangokhalira kudziwiratu kuti imakwatirana ndi mfumu ndikuyika mazira. Zotsatira zake, pamimba pake amatambasulidwa kotero kuti amasiya kuyima pawokha. Ngati ndi kotheka, ndiye kuti maofesi omwe amagwira ntchito amangosamutsira zipinda zoyandikana.

M'mitundu yakale kwambiri, mfumukazi, ngakhale ndiyosiyana kukula, siyofunika. Mfumukazi ya chimbudzi imatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zosachepera 10, chifukwa cha michere yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi antioxidant.

Mfumu yachiyero ndi yofanana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito. Komanso, mfumu nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi ndi mfumukazi. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuphika kwa mkazi nthawi yake.

Oimira mabanja ena amakhala ndi mitu yapadera pamitu yawo, kutsogolo, komwe ma ferromones otseguka amawonekera, omwe ena onse pabanja amakhala nawo.

Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi gulu lake la antchito ndi asirikali. Monga lamulo, kuchuluka kwa asitikali kulibenso 3 peresenti, ngakhale kuli mitundu yamtundu wa chitali yomwe ilibe asilamu konse kapena kuchuluka kwawo kuli pamlingo wa 15 peresenti kapena kuchepera pang'ono. Chifukwa cha asayansi aku Japan, zidapezeka kuti ma chromosome a X ndiwo amachititsa vuto la kugonana kwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa jini iyi, mwina azimayi kapena amuna okhaokha amawoneka, komanso akugwira ntchito kapena asitikali. Chithunzichi chimadziwika ndi mitundu "yapamwamba" kwambiri. Ponena za mitundu "yotsogola" yocheperako, momwe imakhalira miphutsi zawo zimatengera ma ferromones apadera, komanso mtundu wa zakudya zawo.

Chonde, monga mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo, tili ndi timiyendo titatu tating'ono. Mitundu ya mitunduyi imakhala yosiyana ngakhale pachimodzimodzi. Chifukwa chake, mkatikati mwa chithaphwi, pandime zake zovuta, mutha kupeza tizilombo, tokhala ndi utoto wamdima komanso wowala.

Njira yakulera komanso kuzungulira kwa chitukuko

Kwa zaka zosachepera 10 za moyo, mfumukazi yazachikazi imakwatirana ndi mfumu nthawi zambiri. Pofika nyengo ya chilimwe, anthu ogwira ntchito amapanga ming'alu m'makoma a chithaphwi, pomwe anthu mapiko amatha kuwuluka.

Mbawala zam'tsogolo zimakopa mafumu amtsogolo ndi chinsinsi cha zofunikira zapadera. Zitatha izi, banjali limapumira kudzenje lomwe anakumba, pomwe mating amachitika. Mtundu wina, wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira angapo, ndipo nthawi zina masauzande, mazira pasabata.

Pali mitundu ina yomwe yaikazi imayikira mazira oposa 80,000 patsiku, komanso mitundu yomwe mkazi wake amaikira mazira opitilira mamiliyoni 10 pachaka. Mu chithunzi mutha kuwona mfumukazi yokhala ndi chiswe.

Popeza mfumukazi singathe kuyenda payekha kapena kudya yokha, imadyetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo asitikali oyang'anira.

Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Chinsinsi chapadera chokhala ndi ma pheromones chimasonkhanitsidwa pafupipafupi pa thupi la mfumukazi. Amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timagwira, komanso timayinyamula kudzera mu mazez onse. Malinga ndi asayansi, chinsinsi ichi chimagwirizanitsa banja. Asayansi akukhulupiriranso kuti mwanjira imeneyi amawongolera maonekedwe aanthu okhala ndi mapiko. Monga lamulo, iwo samawonekera kale kuposa zaka 2-3, pomwe njerezo zimacha.

Asitikali ndi antchito ali ndi mphutsi zopitilira muyeso, motero alibe ziwalo zoberekera. Nthawi yomweyo, chinsinsi chopangidwa ndi mfumukazi ya chimbudzi sichimalola kuti anthu onse atembenuke kukhala tizilombo tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timayambira. Mfumukazi ikayamba kukalamba ndipo ilibe chinsinsi chokwanira pa chiswe chonse, ndiye kuti anthu ogwira ntchito, pakapita kanthawi, nawonso amakhala okhwima.

Mibulu yomwe imabadwa imadutsa pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo:

Ogwira ntchito ndi asirikali atatha kusungunuka amakhala tizilombo akuluakulu.
Pambuyo pa molt wachiwiri, magawano amapezeka ngati nymphs.
Nymph ndi yayikulupo, ndipo pamtundu wake wamtendere mungathe kuwona koyambira kwamapiko.
Monga lamulo, mphutsi zimadutsa magawo atatu kapena anayi a chitukuko chake.
Nymphs zimadutsanso pamitundu ingapo ya chitukuko. Pa gawo lomaliza, ali ndi mapiko aatali.

Ogwira ntchito amadyetsa mphutsizo ndi mabisikidwe apadera, komanso bowa wowuma, womwe umabzala m'minda yawo mkati mwa chonde. Njira yobereka imayenderana ndi umuna, koma pakalibe amuna, akazi amatha kubereka popanda iwo. Pambuyo pobadwa, anthu onse ndi akazi.

Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Mfumukazi ikamwalira mosayembekezereka, anthu omwe ali ndi mapiko akhoza kutenga nawo gawo, ngakhale amasunga mbali zonse za kusakhwima.

Ngati chiswe ndi chachikulu, ndiye kuti pali mfumukazi zingapo zomwe zimaswana nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi asayansi, kupezeka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kumapangitsa kuti kubereka kubereka.

Nthawi zina, malo ogwirira ntchito amathanso kuchulukana, ngakhale amafunika mwezi umodzi kuti achite izi kuti akhale anthu obereka. Anthu oterewa amatchedwa ergatoids. Mu labotale, asayansi amayenera kudutsa ma ergatoids ndi nymphs ndi ergatoids. Potere, zotsatila zake zinali ana, pomwe kuchuluka kwa ma castes kunasiyana.

Zotsatira za kuyesera kotereku zidafotokozedwa mwachidule patebulo:

Akazi	Amuna	Mtundu wobala	Chotuluka
nymphoids	-	chigawo	100% nymphs
ergatoids	-	chigawo	50% wamwalira, 50% akazi nymphs
nymphoids	nymphoids	zachiwerewere	50% ya azimayi achikazi, 50% ya amuna ogwira ntchito
nymphoids	ergatoids	zachiwerewere	50% azimayi achikazi, 50% amuna ogwira ntchito
ergatoids	nymphoids	zachiwerewere	¼ adamwalira, ¾ chimodzimodzi - abambo a nymph, amuna amuna ndi akazi
ergatoids	ergatoids	zachiwerewere	M'magulu abwinobwino achimuna ndi achimuna, akazi ndi amuna - ogwira ntchito

Zotsatira zakufufuza zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi mapiko sapanga mpaka koloniyo ikadzakula. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso tizilombo tomwe timagwira ntchito yomanga, kusamalira ndi kutolera zinyalala, ndi zina zambiri.

Dera la chiswe, lomwe ndi lamtondo kapena lonyowa, lilibe malo ogwirira ntchito, ndipo ntchito yawo imapatsidwa ma pseudo-ergats. Pulogalamuyi amatchedwanso kuti "antchito abodza". Mphutsi zimakhala kwakanthawi, koma kukhalabe zantchito. Zimachitika kuti patapita kanthawi anthuwa atakhala asirikali.

Zakudya

Pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamtambo imadyera pa cellulose. M'matumbo amtundu wa anthu ogwira ntchito, mtundu wapadera wa microorganism umakhala, womwe umawononga cellulose. Chifukwa chake, ndi okhawo omwe amatha kudyetsa mfumukazi, komanso asitikali. Maziko a zakudya za tizilombo ndi mitengo yakufa ndi zitsamba, masamba adagwa ndi humus. Mitundu ina imadya malo obiriwira, kuwononga minda yama tiyi ndi mbewu monga chimanga.

Nthawi yomweyo, pali mitundu yomwe ikupita patsogolo "Termitidae", momwe mulibe tizilombo tomwe timalola kuti ma cellulose agwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa chake, asayansi sakudziwa momwe angapangire kugawikana kwa cellulose, akuchita zinthu zamtunduwu.

Ma chonde, monga mukudziwira, samangodya cellulose yokha, chifukwa amakula bowa wamtundu wina mu chithaphwi chanthete. Kutula masamba ndi zidutswa za mitengo zisa zawo, amazidula ndikubyala ma bowa ambiri pa iwo.

Bowa amawonongeka ndi inignible lignin, kenako chakudya chimatenga zinthu zina ndipo chimatengedwa mosavuta ndi chiswe. Chifukwa chake, achonde osangalala ndimadya minda yonse ya bowa, komanso zakudya zina zopatsa thanzi. Minda ya bowa ndiyo chakudya chachikulu cha mphutsi.

Zosangalatsa! Wina A. Brem adagawana mfundo zosangalatsa ndi abwenzi ake. Nthawi ina MArabu adagona pafupi ndi chimbudzi, ndipo m'mene adadzuka, zidapezeka kuti anali wamiseche kwathunthu, popeza chishalo chidadya zovala zake zonse. M'zaka za zana la 18, achiza adawoneka mwangozi ku St. Helena, pomwe adadya kwathunthu mumzinda wa Jamestown.

Ma chitu omwe amapezeka m'magawo athu samasiyana mu kususuka kotere. Nthawi yomweyo, akukhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kwa chivomerezi cha Ashgabat sikungakhale kovutirapo ngati chigwa sichingawononge mpaka nyumba 25%.

Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo tomwe timayang'ana kwambiri kutentha, chinyezi komanso kuwala. Chifukwa chake, amadya mitengo yamatabwa kuchokera mkati ndipo samawonekera kunja. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zonse zimawoneka kuti mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ndiyabwino ndipo imveka. Ntchito zofunikira za pachaka chaka chilichonse zimawononga kwambiri chuma chamayiko ambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malovu ali ndi zisa zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zisa

Chinsinsi ndi tizilombo tokhala m'mabanja akuluakulu. Zisa zawo zitha kupezeka munthaka, mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo, mizu yamitengo, komanso m'miyala yamkati, yomwe imasiyana mumangidwe ovuta kwambiri. Amadziwika za chimtunda chachikulu cha chimbudzi, chomwe chidakwera mamita 13 pamwamba pa nthaka. Amadziwikanso kuti ku India, mulu wouma wopanda madzi wapezeka, mavoliyumu ake ndiwodabwitsa, chifukwa njovu imatha kukhalamo.

Amakhulupirira kuti gawo lalikulu la chisa ndi mobisa. Kapangidwe ka chisa kamakhala ndi ngalande, mipando, makamera, pomwe malo okha ndi omwe amatha kuyang'ana chisa. Adani achilengedwe akafika pachimake, amangosiyiratu kutsogoleredwa ndi asitikali. Chilichonse chimaperekedwa mu chisa, chifukwa chake pali chipinda chomwe chimasungidwa zakudya, pomwe mphutsi zimadyetsedwa komanso komwe mfumukazi imayikira mazira.

Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Kwa mfumukazi yokhala ndi mfumu, chipinda chotetezedwa kwambiri, chonyowa, chotentha ndi chopatsa mphamvu chimaperekedwa. Zisa zimapezeka kuti zipinda zamkati zam'madzi zili pakati. Mfumukazi ili mchipinda chake momwemo mutu wake umalowera kumutu kwake, ndipo m'mimba kumadzulo. Asayansi anayesa kuyika mfumukaziyo mwanjira ina, koma iye amakhala chimodzimodzi.

Zomwe zimamangidwa ndimakolo am'madzi ndi malovu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, dongo ndi chimbudzi. Pamene penti iyi oma pansi pazachilengedwe, zimakhala zovuta kuti muziwononga ndi zida monga chakale kapena chithunzi. Komwe nkhanu zimakhala, nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwona mvula ngati mvula yamvula. Pofuna kuthana ndi chithandizo, makoma onse ndiopanda madzi, ndipo maphikidwe ndi nsonga zopangidwa ndi bowa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mwanjira ina, wopanga chimphona ndi kapangidwe kovuta kamangidwe kazinthu komwe kumaganiziridwa pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo chithumwa ndichotetezedwa ku ziwonetsero, chimakhala ndi pulogalamu yovuta yoyatsira mpweya, kotero ndizotheka kukhalabe kutentha ndi chinyezi pamlingo wina. Ma microclimate omwe ali mkati mwa chisa amatha kusungidwa nyengo iliyonse ndipo nthawi iliyonse masana chifukwa cha ntchito ya anthu ogwira ntchito, omwe amachepetsa kapena kukulitsa ma ducts a mpweya.

Chitsime chokhala ndi madzi chimalowa pansi kwambiri ndikuchotsa dothi lonyowa. Ma chigwa omwe amakhala ku Ivory Coast amatha kulowa mpaka kupitirira mita 10, ndipo chigwa chomwe amakhala ku South Africa chimapeza madzi kuchokera pansi mpaka mamita 40.

Pakati pa chitunda cha chimbudzi, monga lamulo, pali "nazale", yokhala ndi zofewa. Pali mphutsi, pomwe "nazale" ili pamtunda wa pafupifupi 30 cm pamwamba pamtunda. M'mphepete mwa "nazale" pali makamera momwe mazira amayikidwa, ndipo pansi pa "nazale" ndi kamera ya mfumu. M'malo otsika, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi dongosolo lonse la makatani ndi magawo, mumakhala malo omwe zakudya zimasungidwa, komanso minda yonse ya bowa.

Mitundu ina ya ku Africa kuno imakhala ndi timinjira tokhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, mpweya watsopano umakhalapo ngakhale pamalo otsika kwambiri. Mabwalo amtundu wa Australia amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ochokera kum'mwera kupita kumpoto, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kutenthetsa.

Pakachitika chiwonongeko cha gawo linalake la chimbudzi, tizilombo tambiri nthawi yomweyo "timayamba" kukwera kumalo omwe anawonongeka kuti titseke malo omwe anawonekera posachedwa.

Ntchito zonse pakukonzanso nyumbayi zimachitika kuchokera mkati, pomwe gulu lalikulu silikuyesetsa kuteteza khomo kuchokera kunja kuchokera ku abuluzi, nyerere ndi adani ena achilengedwe. Ogwira ntchito amalimbana ndi vutoli mwachangu, pomwe ena a iwo amakhala kunja kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchito yawo.

Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Zolemba zambiri zalembedwa za chinsinsi ndi olemba monga S. Lemoy, mine Read, J. Verne, etc. Komanso, zambiri za iwo sizowona. Monga lamulo, chiswe chikufotokozedwera ngati tizirombo zoyipa zomwe zimakhala ndi nsagwada zazikulu zomwe zimawononga chilichonse chomwe zikuyenda. M'malo mwake, izi siziri choncho ndipo nthawi zambiri ndimakhala mchimake; pafupi ndi tizilombo mulinso "malo ogona" - chimbudzi, mwa mawonekedwe a kafadala, nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame. "Opanga" adabisalira kumapiri kwa adani awo kapena ku nyengo yoipa.

Pali ntchito zina zomwe zimafotokoza za zodabwitsa zakulengedwa za zolengedwa izi. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza mukamaphunzira zambiri za chiswe, mumayamba kuziganizira ngati zolengedwa zanzeru, ngakhale kuti sizimasiyana kukula kwake, koma zolengedwa zazing'ono.

Pomaliza

Palibe chovuta kulingalira kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatha kumanga nyumba yosanja yokhala mitundu yambiri, ndikukumbukira za mzinda waukulu, ndikulankhulana konse kofunikira. Pali makatani ndi malo ambiri mmenemo omwe mungathe kuwonongeka mwadala, makamaka chifukwa tizilomboti alibe maso kapena ziwalo zina zapadera zakumaso.

Amakhulupilira kuti chiswe ndidakali tizilombo zovulaza, ngakhale zimathandiziranso chilengedwe cha dziko lathu lapansi. Monga lamulo, mitundu yambiri imachita nawo chiwonongeko cha nkhuni zopanda moyo.

Chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa mitundu

Zomwe zimawoneka zimadalira mitundu yawo, malo omwe amakhala ndi malo omwe amakhala. Zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana azikhala osiyana pang'ono, koma pazomera zokhala m'maiko a USSR, mawonekedwe akunja amatha kusiyanitsidwa.

Kukula kwachimake kumayambira 4 mamilimita mpaka 1,3 cm.
Thupi looneka limakhala ndi magawo awiri - mutu waukulu wozungulira wokhala ndi ndevu zazitali komanso thupi lalitali lakuthwa-lokhala ndi malezala.
Malo okhala antchito amakhala ndi matupi oyera oyera ndipo amafanana ndi mphutsi pamapeto omaliza a chitukuko.
Asitikali achikale okhala ndi utoto wakuda wokhala ndi mitu yayikulu, yovekedwa ndi mikanda iwiri yayikulu, yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza nyumbayo.
Mafumu achimphona ndi mfumukazi zimawoneka ngati mphutsi zakumaso zokhala ndi mutu wa kachilombo kena akuluakulu ndipo zimangokhala ndi chonde chokhala mkati mwa chisa.
Anthu obereka amakhala ndi matupi olimba, amatha kukhala akuda kwamtundu ndipo nthawi ina amakhala ndi mapiko kuti akhazikitse koloni yatsopano nthawi yomwe amathawa.

Masiku ano, sayansi ikudziwa mitundu yoposa 3,000 ya chiswe, atatu okha ndi omwe amapezeka ku Russia.

Mtambo wachikasu

Dzina Lachilatini la mitundu (yasayansi) ndi Kalotermes flavicollis.
Mayina enaake ndi chiswe cha m'mawonekedwe achikasu, chiswe cha nkhope yachikasu, chinsinsi cha mtengo wachikasu.
Ku Russia, imapezeka pagombe la Black Sea m'chigawo cha Sochi komanso kumwera komwe m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumatanda owola ndi owuma, m'maenje a mitengo ndi m'mau m'makola kuyambira mazana angapo mpaka 2000 anthu.
Amatha kukhazikika munyumba zamatabwa ndi nyumba ngati nkhuni zikukumana ndi zosowa za chimbudzi.
Kuuluka kwawo kumachitika mu Julayi-Seputembara.

Chigawo chakum'mawa chakum'mawa

Dzina Lachilatini la mitunduyo ndi reticulitermes speratus.
Ndiwe chinsinsi chachi Japan.
Nthawi zina imapezeka ku Russia kudera la Vladivostok, ndichifukwa chake ili ndi dzina lachi Russia.
Imapezeka kwambiri kumadera oyandikana ndi doko, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti tizilombo makamaka timalowa mu mzindawo ndi katundu wochokera ku China, Japan ndi maiko ena, komwe ndi malo achilengedwe amtunduwu.
Amakhala mumitengo yakugwa, zitsa, nyumba zamatabwa, zinyalala zamatabwa, chisa chimapezeka pang'ono mkati mwa nkhuni, mbali ina m'nthaka.
Nthawi yonyamuka ili mu Meyi-Julayi.

Chithunzi cha Photophobia

Dzinalo la Chilatini ndi reticulitermes lucifugus.
Amadziwikanso kuti chiswe cha ku Europe, chiswe chovulaza.
Ku Russia, imakhala m'dera lomwe lili pakati pa Nyanja Zachilendo ndi Caspian, Volgograd ndi North Caucasus.
Zingwe zimapangidwa pansi ndikuya pafupifupi theka la mita, pansi pa mizu, zitsamba, mitengo ndi udzu, nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika m'malo obiriwira.
M'malo abwino, magawo angapo a chiswe omwe amakhala pafupi nawo amatha kupanga chimodzi, ndikupanga chimphona chachikulu.
Ndegeyo imayamba mu Epulo ndipo imatha kumapeto kwa Meyi.

Ku Moscow ndi m'chigawo cha Moscow, malo okhala, malinga ndi zomwe zilipo pakadali pano, sizipezeka. Ngati mupeza tizilombo tofanana ndi chiswe, mwangozi mwalowa m'nyumba mwanu - limodzi ndi zinthu kuchokera kudera komwe zimapezeka, kapena katundu atagona tchuthi, kapena, mwina mumasokoneza ndi tizilombo tina. Ngati mukufunikira kudziwa mtundu wa tizilombo, mutha kuigwira ndikuyitenga amoyo mwakulipira yanu kuti muisanthule ku Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Moscow kapena nthambi zake.

Zisa zachiwerewere

Zowoneka komanso malo okhala zisafi zimatengera mtundu wa tizilombo. Zisa zazikulu kwambiri, zofanana ndi stalactites, zomwe zimakula kuchokera padziko lapansi, zimamangidwa ndi chisa cha Africa cha mitundu Macrotermes bellicosus. Thambo lawo limatha kutalika pafupifupi 13 metre ndipo limakhala ndi maincheya mpaka mita 30 pansi. Zisa za abale awo ang'onoang'ono zitha kukhala ngati miyala youma kapena matope, kapenanso kukhala zazitali pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, chimbudzi chokha chimatha kupanga zisa zadothi, zodzipangira zokha, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsa zowola ndi mitengo yakugwa chifukwa cha izi, kapena kukumba masitepe a pansi pa chimbudzi, kuwaphatikiza ndi gawo lamatchire.

Mwachilengedwe, chimbudzi sichizilombo, koma chimatha kukhala chotere kwa anthu ngati atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga ndi nyumba monga chofunikira chokonzera chisa. Pankhaniyi, chimbudzi chimatha kupezeka m'malo omwe kumanyowa komanso kutentha:

Kutaya mapaipi ndi matepi
Ku bafa
M'chipinda chofunda
Pansi pa pansi
M'chipinda chapamwamba ndi padenga la padenga
Pansi pamakoma ndi pansi pa matabwa
M'makola pansi pa tebulo komanso kukhitchini
Pansi pa nkhuni zokhazikika
Pamtunda, khonde kapena gazebo

Malo obisika amaonekeranso m'mundamo, makamaka mkati mwa malo obiriwira komanso malo obiriwira. Mukafuna malo okhala chisa, chiswe chimasankha malo omwe nkhuni zonyowa zimakhala pafupi ndi mitengo youma, motero mwayi wopezeka m'malo onse omwe ali ndi izi ndi apamwamba kuposa madera ena.

Kodi kuchira kumaluma?

Chopanda chokhacho chomwe chingaluma ndi asitikali. Ngati mutayang'ana chithunzi chokulirapo cha woimira wake, mudzaona zikhwangwala zazikulu zakuthwa kwambiri zomwe zikuwoneka zowopsa kwambiri. Komabe, chiswe chimagwiritsa ntchito chokha kuteteza chisa ku nyerere komanso pothana ndi mikangano ndi malo ena. Thambo lingakulume pokhapokha mukagwetsa chisa chake ndi manja anu opanda kanthu. Monga gwero la chakudya, magazi ofunda, komanso zolengedwa zina zilizonse, izi sizili ndi chidwi.

Kodi chonde chimagwira matenda aliwonse?

Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi apanga masiku ano, chiswe sichitha kufalitsa matenda aliwonse kwa anthu. Komabe, kulumikizana mwachisawawa ndi tizilombo, kutulutsa kwawo, moult, mtengo ndi nthaka yomwe akukhalamo, zimatha kuyambitsa khungu komanso khungu. Kuphatikiza apo, chiswe, monga agulu, amakhala osakhala aukhondo kwambiri, kotero amatha kusamutsa mabakiteriya, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, matupi awo.

Vuto lina lachiwonetsero cha ukhondo ndi nkhungu. Tizilombo timakhala nkhuni zonyowa, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimakhala malo abwino kwambiri kuti tikule ndikukula kwa bowa. Kutumiza mikangano pamatupi awo, tizirombo timathandizira kufalikira. Popeza kupuma kwa nthawi yayitali mu spores mwa anthu ndi nyama, mavuto ndi kupuma angayambike kapena matenda opere atha kukulira.

Maulalo Olimbikitsidwa

Komwe malo okhala amakhala

Ma chiwa sangathe kulekerera kutentha ndi nyengo yozizira, chifukwa chake amakhala ochulukirapo m'malo otentha komanso otentha, pomwe malo awo amagawika pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mitundu ya chiswe chimapezeka ku Africa (pafupifupi 1000), Asia (pafupifupi 435), South America (pafupifupi 400) ndi Australia (360). Ochepa ochepa kwambiri amtundu amakhala ku North America (osapitirira 50) ndi Europe (pafupifupi 10). M'mayiko omwe kale anali USSR, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri imakhala, ku Russia ilipo 3 yokha, kenako yopendekera, popeza malo omwe kuli Far East ku Vladivostok sangatchulidwe kuti ndiokhazikika. Malo okhawo padziko lapansi pomwe pali chiswe ndi Antarctica.

Zisa zachiwerewere

Kutaya mapaipi ndi matepi
Ku bafa
M'chipinda chofunda
Pansi pa pansi
M'chipinda chapamwamba ndi padenga la padenga
Pansi pamakoma ndi pansi pa matabwa
M'makola pansi pa tebulo komanso kukhitchini
Pansi pa nkhuni zokhazikika
Pamtunda, khonde kapena gazebo

Kodi chiswe chimadya chiyani?

Zomwe chimphona chimadyera zimatengera kaya ndi malo achitali kapena ochepa. Mitengo yokwezeka kwambiri imadya humus, nkhuni, udzu, masamba, mizu yazomera, chimbudzi. Chakudya chachikulu cha malo ochepetsetsa ndi cellulose. Nthawi zambiri amalandila cellulose pamitengo yomwe amakhala, koma ngati chonde ndi parasitic, ndiye kuti zonse zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo zimakhala pachiwopsezo. Kuphatikiza nkhuni, ikhoza kukhala:

Thonje ndi zonse zomwe zimapangidwa
Pepala
Londeni
Pepala la pepala
Mabuku
Makatoni
Guluu
Mapiritsi ena
Emulsifiers, thickeners ndi okhazikika mu chakudya
Mapangidwe olembedwa papepala
Kanema wa Cellophane

Chonde cha ku Africa kuchokera ku Macrotermitinae achichepere amaberekera mafamu onse a bowa pa chimbudzi chawo, ndikumakula kotchedwa mycoses - mafangayi omwe ali mophiphiritsa ndi tizilombo ndipo samakula mosiyana nawo. Pankhaniyi, sitikunena za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, monga nkhungu, koma bowa, kukula kwa zipewa zomwe zimafikira mita imodzi mulifupi.

Chinsinsi: kuswana kumachitika

Ma chitesa amakhala m'maiko ofunda, kotero kubereka kumachitika chaka chonse. Nthawi zouluka zokha zokha zimakhazikitsidwa munthawi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwera malo abwino kwambiri pamtundu uliwonse.

Amuna ndi akazi obeleka nthawi yomwe amathawa ndikupeza malo atsopano m'munsi mwa nyumbayo.
Amakumba chipinda chomwe amakhala moyo wawo wonse kubala ana, ndikutseka chitseko chake.
Wamkazi amayikira mazira m'chipindacho.
Pa magawo oyambilira a mapangidwe a koloni, imatha kukhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 20 mpaka 40 tsiku lililonse, zaka zotsatila mpaka mazira 1,000 patsiku; zazikazi zamtundu wa ku Africa zamtundu wa Macrotermes michaelseni zimatha kuyikira mazira 40,000 patsiku.
Pankhaniyi, kukula kwa thupi la mfumukazi imakhala yowonjezera kwambiri mpaka amasiya kuyenda payekha, anthu ogwira nawo ntchito amamuthandiza pamenepa.
Mphutsi zamkaka kuchokera ku mazira ofanana ndi akulu, koma zoyera komanso zazing'ono kukula.
Mphutsi zimadutsa magawo 7 a kusungunuka, ndikusintha kukhala ma nymphs, kenako nkukhala munthu wina, zomwe zimatengera chibadwa kapena nthawi zambiri pazomwe zimatha kudyetsa mphutsi pamtunda komanso momwe zimakhalira pheromones.
Kukula kwathunthu kwa thunthu ndi kusintha, kutengera mtundu ndi zinthu, zitha kutenga miyezi ingapo kufikira chaka.

Atakhala wamkulu pa mtundu uliwonse, tizilombo aliyense amagwira ntchito yake. Mfumu ndi mfumukazi, ogwira ntchito ndi asirikali sasiya chithaphwi. Anthu omwe angathe kubereka amabwereza zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikubwezeretsanso nyengo yakutha ikafika.

Zindikirani

Adani achilengedwe a chiswe

Yemwe m'chilengedwe amadya chakudya chamadera zimatengera dziko lomwe akukambirana. M'malo otentha ndi ku Africa kuno, kuli mitundu ya akangaude, abuluzi, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, komanso zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, zomwe kudya kwake kumangoyang'ana kwathunthu kuzizungulira. Nyama zoterezi zimatchedwa termitophages. Zamoyo zomwe masamba ake ndi chimodzi mwatsamba zokha, zina. Kumwera kwa Russia kungakhale:

Komabe, adani oopsa kwambiri a chiswe ndi nyerere. Ndi kuwateteza kwa iwo kumalo obisika omwe gulu la asitikali limapangidwa makamaka. Njira zoukira nyerere ndikutchingira zisa za chimbudzi zitha kuganiziridwa komanso kusinthika mwanzeru kotero kuti, powerenga izi, nkovuta kukhulupirira kuti tizilombo tingathe kuyambitsa kampeni yochenjera. Mwachilungamo, ndikofunikira kunena kuti pali mitundu yamtunduwu yomwe imadyera nyerere ndikuwononga zisa zawo m'njira zosavutikira.

Chinsinsi: momwe zilili zoopsa kwa anthu

Ngati chimbudzi chayambika mnyumbamo kapena m'mundamu, mosakayikira pamabuka mafunso owopsa momwe angapangire anthu ndi nyama, kaya zikuluma komanso zomwe zikuyembekezere kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zomwe mukuyembekezera.

Kodi kuchira kumaluma?

Kodi chonde chimagwira matenda aliwonse?

Chifukwa chiyani chiswe ndi chowopsa kunyumba?

Bowa ndiwopseza osati kwa anthu ndi nyama zokha, komanso ku nyumba yomwe chiswe chimabweretsedwako. Popeza tizilombo timakhala mkati mwa mitengo, "timabzala" pateni patali mkati mwa nkhuni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kwathunthu kuchotsedwa kusakhale kovuta.

Maulalo Olimbikitsidwa

Danga la chimbudzi limatha kuwononga kwambiri nyumba zamatabwa. Vuto lalikulu ndiloti tizilombo mwina sitingawonetse kukhalapo kwawo mwanjira iliyonse mpaka atayamba nyengo yothawa. Nthawi zambiri ndizinthuzi zomwe zimawonongeka kale ndi tizirombo. Kupezeka kwa chimbudzi kumatha kuwonetsedwa mosawoneka bwino ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono mu nkhuni ndi malo owuma, mapiri ophulika pansi pansi mozungulira mapangizowo ndi kuchuluka kwamapiko owonekera poyera, koma izi zitha kuwonetseranso kupezeka kwa tizirombo tina, chifukwa ngati chiswe chikuwoneka mnyumba, ndibwino kufunafuna thandizo nthawi yomweyo kwa akatswiri, apo ayi kuwonongeka kwa zakuthupi kuchokera mawonekedwe ake kungapitirire mtengo wa chithandizo cha akatswiri m'modzi nthawi makumi.

Nyumba zotsika

Nyumba zogwirira ntchito ndalama zikuyamba kufunidwa kwambiri ku Russia lero, pomwe nyumba zotsika kwambiri zikukula mwachangu. Pogwiritsa ntchito maluso abwino opangira zamagetsi ndi zinthu zokongoletsera pomanga nyumba yotsika pang'ono, ndizotheka kuchepetsa kwambiri nthawi yomanga, mtengo wa zomangamanga ndi ntchito.

Maziko mafuta kutchingira

Zotulutsa zowonjezera za polystyrene ndi zokhazo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutenthetsa maziko. Samawopa zotsatira zachilengedwe za nthaka (sizowola), samamwa madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito XPS pakuwunikira komanso kutseka kwamadzi maziko ndi zanyumba zamnyumba kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zolembedwa za Rosstroy za Russian Federation.

Pansi kutchingira

Magetsi otentha ndi mabatani omanga ndi oyenera kuteteza matenthedwe pansi oyambira pansi ndi pansi, pansi, matenthedwe omata komanso oyika pansi pamtunda wapakati, atayala "malo ofunda", komwe kuli kofunikira kukhala ndi chosanjikiza, chitetezo chamafuta pamalo okhala kwambiri: malo osungira, ma fleets, malo opangira ma ayisi.

Kukongoletsa Chipinda cha Wet

Mzipinda zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri - bafa, spa, dziwe, hamamu - zida zomangira zachikhalidwe zimatha kunyowa ndikuwonongeka. Kwa cholimba cholimba, cholimba komanso chamakono muzipinda zonyowa, mbale yanyumba imagwiritsidwa ntchito, poyikira pabalaza - chithovu cha polystyrene chowonjezera.

Zokongoletsera zamkati

Kugwirizanitsa makoma momwe zinthu zimakhalira "kukonza malo owuma", kuwotchera makoma kuchokera mkati mchipindacho, kumanga zigawo ndi mawonekedwe amkati ogwiritsa ntchito mbale yomanga. Kupaka kukhoma mkati mwa chipindacho, heater imagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Pokongoletsa malo otsetsereka a mawindo ndi zitseko, mapanelo amchenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kutentha, kukongoletsa kwa mawonekedwe

Pofuna kukhomerera pamakwerero a nyumbayo, chotenthetsera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphimba kuchokera kumtunda ndi siding, mtengo, chitsulo. Ngati mukufuna kupukuta tsambalo mutatha kutenthetsa, ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mbale yomanga, yomwe ndi "chinyowa chonyowa" mu mtundu womalizidwa ndipo yokonzeka kukongoletsa.

Loggia kutchingira

Kuyika kumakupatsani mwayi kuti musadandaule ndi kuzizira, nkhungu, kudzikongoletsa pa loggia. Ndipo kuti muchepetse kumaliza, gwiritsani ntchito bolodi yomanga m'malo mwa XPS. Podzaza opaque, kumaliza loggia kapena khonde kuchokera kunja, mapanelo a sangweji okhala ndi zokutira za pepala la PVC amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zofunda padenga

Kukhazikitsa kwa matenthedwe othandizira padenga kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muthe kutenthetsa nyumbayo yonse, makamaka ngati malo omwe ali pansi padenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipinda chochezera (madenga a mansard). Chotupa chowonjezera cha polystyrene sichimapeza chinyezi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yonse yamoyo padenga sichichepetsa kutentha.

Zogulitsa mainjiniya

Kutentha kwamafuta ndi koyenera kutenthetsa kwa maziko, pansi ndi makhoma a nyumba za mafakitale, pomanga denga losasinthika, denga lopepuka. Malo abwino kwambiri othandizira kutentha ophatikizidwa ndi kupepuka ndi kulimba amalola kupulumutsa pomanga nyumba zamalonda. Bodi yomanga imapangidwira zokongoletsera zamalo azamalonda omwe ali ndi chinyezi kwambiri. Ndipo pakukongoletsa maofesi, kupanga zikwangwani ndi malonda akunja, gulu la sandwich ndiloyenera.

Kuthetsa "mabatani ozizira"

"Zomangira pazazizira" ndi ma sebule a nyumba, pansi, konkriti, padenga lamatanda padenga, makona a nyumbayo, mawindo, zitseko. Kupyola milatho yotere, chipinda chimataya kutentha. Njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndikukuchotsa “milatho yozizira” mwaotchingira matenthedwe okhala ndi thovu lomwe limatuluka mkati kapena kunja kwa nyumbayo.

Kutentha kwamapaipi amapaipi

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchingira mapaipi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula katundu ndi kutentha mpaka + 75 degrees. Mbale imakulungidwa kwathunthu kuzungulira chitolirochi ndikuutchinjiriza ndi tepi yotambasuka kapena mphete yachitsulo. Kutentha kwa mapaipi kumathandizira kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa zomangamanga monga zonse.

Ntchito yomanga msewu

Kutentha kwamafuta kumagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pomanga misewu, njanji ndi magalimoto othamanga. Tithokoze chifukwa chosanjikiza kutentha panjapo, kuwundana ndi kufewetsa nthaka sikukuyikidwa kunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kumanga ndi kukonza misewu yotsika mtengo pachuma, nthawi komanso ntchito.

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