Ndipo tiyerekeze zomwe zidzachitike ngati mvula igwa m'chipululu? Kodi malo odabwitsawa akuwoneka bwanji?
Zipululu zimatha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri: dongo, solonchak, miyala, mchenga. Koma onsewa ali ndi cholembera chimodzi - nyengo yowuma, yopanda maluwa, ndi nyama zachikhalidwe.
Pali chiphunzitso chakuti sipangakhale mvula chipululu , koma sichoncho, mvula imagwera pamenepo, koma kawirikawiri, ndipo ngakhale ikapita ndiye mvula yambiri.
Koma mvula nthawi zambiri imasuluka, osakafika konse m'chipululu, ndipo zochepa zochepa zonyowa zimafikira pansi ndi nthaka panthaka.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woterewu kumakhala kocheperako kuposa kutuluka kwamadzi chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha, chifukwa chake malowo amatchedwa chipululu.
Nanga chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati mvula yam'chipululu ili yofanana ndi yathu, ndipo imakonda kupita?
Asayansi ena akutsimikizira kuti sudzakhala chipululu, koma malo oyenda ndi maluwa abwino. Mwachitsanzo, chouma kwambiri Chipululu cha Atacama waku Chile .
Mvula itagwa kwanthawi yayitali, imangokhala maluwa. Kunagwa mvula pafupifupi maola 12, koma izi zinali zokwanira kutsitsimutsanso mbewu zomwe zinagona.
Sitingathe kulingalira kuti nyengo ikhoza kudzuka chotere minda yamaluwa yowala ! Koma ngati mu kasupe ku South kuli mvula, ndiye kuti maluwa ogona pansi pa chipululu mpaka Novembala amatsitsimutsidwa, ndikukulunga chipululu ndi minda yokongola maluwa.
Asayansi amati ngati m'chipululumo mukakonza dothi lothirira, ndiye kuti malo amenewa asintha kukhala minda yabwino.
Koma kodi ndizoyenera? Kupatula apo, chilengedwe cha amayi iyemwini adatipatsa chipululu, ndipo zikutanthauza kuti chikufunika kena.
Kodi mvula youma imachokera kuti?
Amadziwika kuti mvula imagwa kuchokera kumitambo yomwe imapanga mlengalenga pamtunda wokwera kwambiri ndipo ndizomwe zimapangitsa madzi kutuluka padziko lapansi. Kutentha kwakukulu, monga lamulo, kukuwonetsa kupendekera kwapafupi kwa dziko lapansi, komwe kungagwere pansi mwanjira ya hoarfrost, mame, matalala, mvula, kapena chodabwitsa chapadera - mvula youma.
Mvula youma ndiyomwe imachitika kumadera ouma a Dziko Lapansi, ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa mpweya komanso chinyezi chochepa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri izi zimawonedwa mu zipululu, monga Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, Gobi ndi ena.
Mitambo youma yam'madzi imodzimodzi ndimvula wamba kapena mvula ina. Kuchokera pamalovu ocheperako omwe amakhala mumitambo ndikuwunjikana palimodzi, ndikupanga madontho akulu, kugonjetsa mphamvu ya mafunde amlengalenga omwe akukwera kuthambo ndikuthamangira padziko lapansi pansi pamphamvu yokoka.
Pamwamba pa malo ouma, pomwe mchenga wambiri umakhazikika, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timawoneka mumlengalenga, zomwe zimathandizira njira ya kuvunda. M'chipululu, matenthedwe amlengalenga kwambiri, koma chinyezi chochepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti mvula yam'mlengalenga imangotulutsa mlengalenga osakhudza nthaka.
Mukawona zokongola zakumwamba panthawi yamvula, ndikumva kukhumudwitsidwa ndi chisangalalo, poyang'ana izi, mutha kukondana ndi chipululu mpaka muyaya!
Palibe chiyembekezo cha mvula
Ngati mvula m'chipululu ndiyosowa, ndiye kuti nkovuta kudziwa zam'tsogolo. Chifukwa chake, zosankha zamvula yam'madera ovuta ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, m'chipululu cha Gobabeb, m'chigawo chapakati cha Namibia, mvula yapakati pachaka ndi 17 mm, koma m'zaka zina chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 150 mm. Kupatuka kwamphamvu motere kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwapakatikati komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupenyerera kwakutali kungafotokozeredwe ndi El Nino. Zomwe zimachitika nyengoyi zimabweretsa mvula yambiri modabwitsa kugombe lakumadzulo kwa South America.
Chifukwa chake, ku Lima (Peru) mu 1925, ndi mtengo wapakati pa 49 mm, kupitirira kwa mpweya wa 1,500 mm.
Kummwera kwa Sahara, malire oyerekeza amadutsa, kupitilira kwa 200 mm kwa mvula kugwa chaka chilichonse. Koma muzaka zouma za 1980-1984, mawonekedwewa adasunthira 240 km kumwera, ndipo zitatha 1985 adasamukira kumpoto. Mu gawo lino, mpweya imagwera mosasamala.
Nthawi zina mvula m'chipululu kwa nthawi yochepa imakhala kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndi namondwe obwera chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'masiku ochepa, mvula yapachaka imagwa. Kamodzi m'chipululu cha Thar (West Indies) m'masiku awiri, mpweya wa 864 mm unagwa ndi chiwongola dzanja cha 127 mm. Ku Namib, yomwe ili mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ndi pafupifupi 17 mmmm pakagwa mkuntho umodzi, mvula ya 50 mm inagwa ngati mvula yayitali.
Mvula yamphamvu, mame ndi chifunga
Mvula m'chipululu imagwa mosasinthika, mwamphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimagawidwa mosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Sahara, komwe kunagwa mvula, mawanga obiriwira amawonekera. Kukhazikika kumathanso kuoneka ngati chifunga kapena mame.
Chipululu chouma kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi cha Atacama (Chile) ndi madzi akumwa amderali amapezeka kuchokera ku chifunga chowonda kwambiri. M'malo otentha omwe amakhala kutali ndi gombe, mpweya ungachitike ngati mame. Mwachitsanzo, ku Egypt Sahara kuchuluka kwa chinyezi pachaka ndi 25-35 mm wa mpweya. Madera ozizira otentha komanso ozizira, chipale chofewa chimagwa. Pa kukula kwa mbewu, kugawa kwamvula kwakanthawi ndikuwongolera, ndipo madzi mwachilengedwe ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazamoyo zonse.
Pakagwa mvula mchipululu
Mvula yam'chipululu imatha kugwa nthawi zina pachaka:
- Ku North America Sonora (US-Mexicoan) ndi South Africa Kara, kumakhala nyengo zazifupi ziwiri chaka chilichonse.
- Kumpoto kwa Sahara, ku Mojave (North America, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States) komanso kumapeto kwa Asia, kumangogwa mvula nthawi yozizira.
- Ndipo kum'mwera kwa Sahara komanso mkati mwa Namib, mosiyana, kumangogwa chilimwe.
Kulowetsa Zipululu
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zipululu zambiri zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala minda yamaluwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuthirira.
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Komabe, chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kuchitika pakaangidwe kachitidwe ka ulimi wothirira m'malo owuma kwambiri, chifukwa pamakhala ngozi yayikulu ya kutayika kochuluka kwa chinyezi kuchokera kuzosunga ndi mitsinje yothirira. Madzi akalowa pansi, kukwera pamadzi pamtunda kumachitika, ndipo izi pamatenthedwe komanso nyengo zouma zimathandizira kuti madzi apansi padziko lapansi asungunuke ndikusintha kwenanso. Mchere wosungunuka m'madzi awa umadziunjikira pamtunda ndikuthandizira kukongoletsa kwake.
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Kwa okhala padziko lapansi, vuto losintha malo achipululu kukhala malo omwe angakhale oyenera pamoyo wamunthu lakhala lothandiza nthawi zonse. Izi zithandizanso chifukwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, sikuti anthu padziko lapansi akuchulukirachulukira, komanso kuchuluka kwa madera omwe kumakhala zipululu. Ndipo kuyesera kuthirira madera owuma mpaka pano sikunadzetse zotsatirazo.
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Funsoli lidafunsidwa kuyambira nthawi yayitali ndi akatswiri ochokera ku kampani ya Swiss Meteo Systems. Mu 2010, asayansi aku Switzerland adasanthula mosamala zolakwa zonse zakale ndikupanga kapangidwe kamphamvu kamene kamabweretsa mvula.
Pafupi ndi mzinda wa Al Ain, womwe uli m'chipululu, akatswiri adayika ma ionizer 20, ofanana ndi nyali zazikulu. M'chilimwe, izi zidakhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo. 70% ya zoyesera zana zatha. Izi ndizotsatira zabwino kwambiri kumalo okhala osawonongeka ndi madzi. Tsopano, okhala ku Al Ain sadzafunikiranso kuganizira zosamukira kumayiko olemera. Madzi atsopano omwe amapezeka ndi mabingu amatha kutsukidwa mosavuta ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zofunikira pabanja. Ndipo zimatengera zochepa kwambiri kuposa kupatula madzi amchere.
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Kodi zidazi zimagwira bwanji?
Zitsulo zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magetsi, zimapangidwa zochulukirapo ndi zophatikizira, zimayikidwa m'magumbi ndi fumbi. Pali fumbi lambiri mumlengalenga wam'chipululu. Mphepo yotentha, yotentha kuchokera kumchenga wotentha, imakwera m'mwamba ndikugulitsa fumbi lalikulu m'mlengalenga. Izi fumbi lapansi limakopa tinthu tamadzi, kudziphatika nawo limodzi. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, mitambo yafumbi imakhala mvula ndipo ibwerera padziko lapansi monga mvula komanso mabingu.
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Inde, izi sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'zipululu zonse; chinyezi cha mpweya chogwira ntchito bwino ziyenera kukhala zosachepera 30%. Koma kusinthaku kungathetse vuto lakusowa kwa madzi m'madera ouma.