Ma Scavenger ali olumikizana pakati pawo chifukwa cha kukula kwake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Palinso lingaliro lasayansi lotere kuti anthu awa ndi makolo a ankhanza oiwalika kale. Mbalame zam'banjazi zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale zigwa kapena zipululu ku dera la Eurasia ndi Africa, komanso zimatha kukopa malo ena ku Europe ndi America. Mbalame za Carrion zidatenga dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti zimadya zovunda.
Zojambula zamtunduwu
Zoyenda pansi zimauluka kwambiri, ndipo ndikuthokoza kwambiri chifukwa cha maso komanso mapiko olimba. Amatha kutalika kwambiri ndikukwera pansi momasuka, kufunafuna nyama. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zopanda yopuma zimatha kuphimba mtunda wa 500-600 km. Ndewu zoyipa, chifukwa amakonda kudya zovalazo.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zotere. Izi ndi mbalame zauthengo komanso mbalame zonyansa zam'chipululu. Mndandanda wawo ndi osiyanasiyana:
- miimba, mavu, marabu - ilipo m'malire,
- Mbidzi zam'mapiri ndi zotsika ndi mbalame zam'munda, zamtambo wa Altai - zimakhala awiriawiri,
- mikwingwirima.
Woimira Wapadera - Griffon Vulture
Imapezeka m'mapiri, zigwa za mitsinje, komanso malo a nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali pamitengo. Mbalame ya carrionyi imakhala ku Africa komanso madera a Eurasia. Anthu pawokha ndi ochezeka mosaganizira, amapezeka m'magulu ndipo amapewa anthu. Kudyetsa mitembo yakufa ya nyama.
Mbalame zotere ndizofunikira mwachilengedwe monga dongosolo. Kutsiliza nyama zodwala ndikuzindikira zotsalazo, zimaletsa kufalikira kwamatenda.
Anthu, nawonso adatha kunena miseche yokhala ndi mutu woyera, koma chifukwa chiyani? Kalelo ku Middle Ages, nsomba zokhala ndi mutu woyera zimadziwika kuti ndizoyipa zoyipa komanso zonyamula matenda owopsa. Anatinso kuti akupha anthu, kuba nkhosa ndi kutenga ana aang'ono ku zisa zake. Mwachilengedwe, kunalibe chilichonse cha mtundu wachilengedwe. Koma anthu ankakonda kukhulupilira nthano izi ndikuwachotsa mbalame, kuwononga zisa zawo, kupha anapiye akhanda, ndikungowombera akuluakulu.
Ku Russia, nsombazi zimapezeka kumapiri a Caucasus ndipo zimatetezedwa.
Mbalame za Scavenger - Zikopa
Mbalame ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Mapiko a mapiko amafika 3 mita, ndi kulemera - kuyambira 7 mpaka 13 kg. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala a bulauni wakuda, komanso palinso zakuda. Pafupifupi khosi lamaliseche limapangidwa ndi nthenga zazitali zazitali. Amakhala awiriawiri, amapanga zisa zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimatha kupirira anthu awiri akulu.
Mbalamezi zimadziwika ndi chidziwitso chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, kuthamangitsa chakudya chomwe chitha kukhala, kukhala pamitengo ya mtengo kapena kuwuluka mosalekeza. Mbalame yamtunduwu ndiyabwino kwambiri ndipo imakonda kumwa madzi ndi dzuwa mukatha kudya. Amachita izi kuti aphe tizilombo tawo tambiri, chifukwa amadya zakudya zowola, zomwe zimawola chakudya. Chifukwa chakuti tiziwalo tambiri tomwe timakhala m'mimba timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri tomwe timatha kupha chakudyacho, mbalame zimakhala mwakachetechete komanso zimadya.
Mwamuna wometa ndevu
Nest mwala mwala, m'mapanga. Mazira awiri awaswa, koma, monga lamulo, mmodzi amafa. Anapiyewo samadyetsedwa osati ndi burp kuchokera ku tsekwe, monga mimbulu yonse, koma ndi zophika zazing'ono za nyama. Ambiri amakhala ku Caucasus ndi Central Asia.
Zowonadi zazitali: Amuna okhala ndi ndevu zofiirira omwe amakhala kumalo osungira nyama amasintha kukhala oyera pakapita kanthawi. Izi ndichifukwa chakutulutsa nthenga zawo ndi chitsulo oxide. M'miyala yamiyala, momwe anthu ometa ndevu amayendayenda kuthengo, kuli fumbi lambiri kuchokera kumiyala yoluka, yomwe imadzazidwa ndi izi.
Zomera zakuda
Amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Mongolia ndi Asia. Amamanga zisa zawo zazikulu awiriawiri pamitengo. Mtengowo utakhala wosauka kumpoto kwa Africa, mimbulu yakuda idasiya zisa kenako ambiri aiwo adafa. Koma kummawa ku Mongolia, adazolowera kubereka pamiyala. Anthu ndi otalikirana, koma nyama ndi mbalame zimathamangitsidwa mopanda mantha ndi mitembo ya nyama.
Andean ndi California Condor
Chuma cha banja lakalekale la amisili aku America. The Andean condor amadziwika kuti ndi wolanda, amakhala kumtunda kumapiri kapena pafupi ndi nyanja, pomwe amadya nsomba zakufa, mitembo yonyamula zisindikizo, amakoka anapiye kuchokera kwa ma cormorants.
Ma condor aku California amakhala ku North America, koma lero pali mbalame zoposa 40 zoterezi. Adawonongedwa mwadongosolo, atapatsidwa poizoni. Zomwe malo omwe anthu awa amatetezedwa ndi otetezedwa.
Koma vutoli ndi losiyana: ma condors amatengedwa kutali ndi chakudya, makilomita 100 kuchokera ku zisa zawo, ndipo amafera m'manja mwa osaka. Mtundu wa mbalamezi unalipo mu nthawi ya ayezi ndipo unkatchedwa woopsa kwambiri. Mapiko ake okha ndi 5 metres. Zimphona zofananira, kupatula mtundu wa albatross womwe unatha, sizinapezeke pakati pa zina zouluka.
Mbalame za Scavenger m'chipululu
Mbalame ya ku Africa ya marabou imakhala ku Africa, m'mbali mwa Sahara kumwera kwa Sahara. Zokhudza banja la Ciconiiformes. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 80-120. Mapiko a mbalame ya marabou ndi akulu kwambiri - mpaka masentimita 320. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, mbalame ya marabou imadutsa albatross yokha.
Chikhalidwe cha Royal. Kugawidwa ku Mexico, Argentina. Madera a Alpine, anthuwa amapewa ndipo amakhala mwachindunji m'malo opanda mvula komanso malo obisika. Mbalamezi ndizopakidwa utoto woonekera kwambiri. Kulemera kumafika mpaka 4.5 kg. Mapiko ali ndi mamita awiri. Zomera zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu komanso zimadumphadumpha. Khalani m'magulu awiriawiri ndikusilira usiku m'magulu. Masana akuchita kusaka chakudya ndipo amatha kuwuluka kwa maola angapo mlengalenga, osatulutsa mapiko awo. Vultures amakhala ndi malingaliro okoma a kununkhiza komanso masomphenya. Zakudya zawo zazikulu ndi zovalazo. Amakonda kuyamwa nsomba, zazing'ono zazikazi. Chinyama chopanda moyo chikapezeka, chimasunthana limodzi, kuchulukitsa njvu zina, kapena kusankha nyama.
Vulture-Uruba ikhoza kupezeka kumpoto ndi South America, malire a malowa ali kum'mwera kwa Canada. Anthu okhala ku Nordic amasamukira kumwera nthawi yozizira. Amakonda malo otseguka, amasanja malo okhala m'nkhalango okhala ndi masamba owuma. Zitha kupezedwa m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi mabwalo oyandikana, minda, malo achipululu komanso mzere wa mzindawu. Uyu ndi munthu wamkulu komanso kutalika kwa 50-70 masentimita ndi mapiko a 140-150 masentimita, kulemera kwa 1.5-2.0 makilogalamu. Amadyapo zovalazo pa nthawi yosaka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika masana. Amayang'anitsitsa munthu amene akuvutikirayo padziko lapansi ndipo amafikira poyamba. Akamayandikira mitemboyo, ng'ombe zimachita zinthu zosemphana ndi mbalame zina zapafupi ndikuzithamangitsa. Ngati akuwoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo, amasunga chakudya mwachangu, kuti ngati kuli kofunika atha kutha mofulumira komanso mosavuta.
Chifukwa chiyani mabingu ali ndi khosi lopanda kanthu?
Monga momwe tadziwira kale, asitikali amakakamizidwa kuti azisenda nyama yowola. Zowawa pamutu ndi khosi la mbalame sizikupezeka. Mwanjira ina, mwa njira yodyetsera, mutu ndi khosi la mbalame zimatha kukhala njira yopangira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayambitsa kukula kwa matenda.
Woyimira bwino wa banja lachiwonetsero ndi nkhonya yamutu-yoyera.
Vuto la Griffon - chithunzi
M'mapiri okhala m'mphepete mwa miyala, m'mapiri a mitsinje, m'malo amtchire, zisa zamiyala yoyera. Mbalamezi ndizabwino kwambiri, zimakhala m'midzi, kutali ndi anthu. Katemera amadya pamoto. Mbalame za Carrion ndizofunikira mwachilengedwe monga lamulo, kutsiriza odwala, kudya nyama zowola, zimalepheretsa zokha matenda.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu amanyoza nsanje yokhala ndi mutu woyera?
Volia koloni ndi phwando la asitikali.
Mu Middle Ages Chomera cha griffon chimawonedwa kuti ndi galimoto yoyipa ndi chonyamula matenda owopsa. Phokoso loti anali kupha anthu, akuba nkhosa ndi ana. Zachidziwikire, palibe zotere ngati izi zidachitika, koma anthu adazikhulupirira ndipo adawononga ming'aluyo: adasakaza zisa zawo, adaononga anapiye awo, ndikuwombera akulu. Ku Russia, msodzi wokhala ndi mutu woyera amakhala m'mapiri a Caucasus okha ndipo amatetezedwa ndi malamulo.
Mbalame zimasanza mauna.
Mwatsatanetsatane za miimba, ndi mbalame zofanana ndi izo, komanso chikhalidwe chawo, malo okhala, ndidalemba kale, kuti musadzabwereze, mutha kuwerenga apa. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kutsitsimutsa kukumbukira kwawo, nayi chithunzi chawo chotukula zonse.
Ichi ndi chithunzi cha khosi la munthu wometa ndevu kapena mwanawankhosa.
Chithunzi cha khosi losenda.
Chithunzi cha wamkulu kwambiri mu banja la miimba - khosi lakuda.
Mbalame ya ku Africa scavenger marabou.
Marabu amakhala ku Africa, mu savannah kumwera kwa Sahara. Chimodzi mwa dongosolo la ciconiiformes. Kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 80, pali zoyerekeza mpaka 120 cm, mapiko a mbalame ya marabou amangokhala opendekera, mpaka masentimita 320, kokha albatross yomwe ili ndi mapiko akuluakulu.
Dzina la mbalame pachithunzichi ndi msika wa ku Africa, kapena kuti chitsime cha Ruppel.
Mbalame ya Scavenger - Andean Condor.
Mbalame ya American Vulture Andean Condor mbalame yodziwika kwambiri ku Western Hemisphere, imakhala m'mphepete mwa Pacific ku South America komanso kumapiri a Andes. Andean Condor amakhala pamwala osagonjetseka komanso otsetsereka, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wofunda kuchokera pansi kukwera mpaka mamita 8000.
Mbalame ya Scavenger - mphaka wakuda.
Black Catartha ndi mbalame yochokera ku banja lankhosa lomwe limakhala ku America. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuwuluka mokongola, monga mbalame zonse za banja la kartart scavenger padziko lapansi, kudumpha ngati nkhuku yokhala ndi mapiko otambalala.
Kudyetsa zovunda, katarta adasinthana ndikukhala kudera lamapfumbi ndi misewu yayikulu, nyumba zophera anthu. Zimasaka abakha oweta, zisa zam'madzi, kudya mazira. Black cathart Kuukira nyama zazing'ono (skunks ,amu) ndi mbalame, kumadya akamba. Mwakusangalala amadya zipatso za mbewu, pomwe amakonda osati zovunda zokha, komanso masamba opsa.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame za carrion zimakhala ndi khosi lopanda kanthu.
Maudindo adadzaza ndi zipululu - Marabu.
Monga mukudziwa, mbalame zovunda zimafunika kuthyola nyama yowola, ndichifukwa chake maula pamutu ndi khosi la mbalame sichikupezeka konse. Kupanda kutero, pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yodyetsa, mutu ndi khosi la mbalame za scavenger zitha kukhala sing'anga pakukula kwa mabakiteriya okhala ndi tizilombo.
Mbalame za Carrion
Woimira wamkulu wotsatira wokhala ndi thupi lolemera 6 mpaka 12 kg ndi 75-125 cm . Ali nazo mapiko akulu ndi kutalika kwa 1.5-3 mamita kupitilira kuwuluka mlengalenga
Nyamayo imakhala ndi mulomo wakuthwa komanso wolimba chifukwa chogwira nyama. Koma miyendo yake siyikula bwino, ndipo zopondera zake ndizifupi. Scavenger Palibe zodetsa kukhosi . Asayansi amafotokoza izi chifukwa chakuti akamadula nyama yakufa pakhosi lopanda kanthu, samakola chakudya chomwe chimayambitsa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya.
Mbalame zonse zovunda ndizophatikizidwa ndikuwoneka kowoneka bwino komanso zazikulu. Asayansi ena amati anthuwa ndi makolo a ankhanza
Ma Habitats: zipululu ndi zigwa za Africa, Eurasia. Amakhalanso kumadera osiyanasiyana a America ndi Europe.