Kusamvana za kuopa kuli zimbalangondo pa dziko sindileka kwa nthawi yaitali.
Ochuluka a asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kutentha kwadziko lapansi posachedwa kupha "eni ake a kumpoto" awa. Kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kumalepheretsa zimbalangondo za polar mwayi wopeza chakudya chawo chofunikira - zisindikizo, koma ...
zimbalangondo koma nswala ndi atsekwe.
Koma posachedwa, gulu la asayansi lasindikiza zotsatira zakusaka, kuchokera pomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti owopa kwambiriwa saopsezedwa ndi njala. Adzasinthidwa ndi "miyambo" ya atsekwe oyera ndi kufufuma m'malo ena osindikiza.
Asayansi amanena kuti mphalapala caribou moyo kumadzulo (kumadzulo gombe), Hudson Bay, komanso dzira woyera atsekwe (monga ndi atsekwe) adzakhala chakudya chachikulu kwa zimbalangondo m'miyezi pamene kusaka zisindikizo kadzakulakani.
Mwa njira, zimbalangondo sizimawononga nthawi pachabe ndipo zayamba kale luso la kusaka "zakudya zina". Mwachitsanzo, Deer amangokhala otsika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mpaka zisindikizo, ndipo ndalama zolipidwa pogwidwa ndizofanana. Kotero kuti Earth otsimikiza za "mafumu a North", iwo adzakhala ndi moyo wautali padziko lathuli.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Chifukwa chiyani chimbalangondo cha polar sichitha kukhalabe chobiriwira ngakhale kuti nthano zake zimatha?
Mavidiyo okhudzana ndi zimbalangondo zakumapeto akufera kutopa akupitilizabe kutsegula pa intaneti, ndipo Greenpeace imauza momwe zimbalangondo zonse zimalira ndikusiya kutentha kwanyengo. Ndipotu chilombo waukulu Russia zowawa kusintha kwambiri zoopsa nyengo kuposa munthu zingabweretse. Amasinthasintha ndi kutentha kwatsopano kwamunthu. Motani? Za izo - pansipa.
Chimbalangondo cha polar ndi chizindikiro choyambirira cha Arctic ndi North. Akatswiri azachilengedwe a Western amatchula mfundo za moyo wake mophweka. Ursus maritimus imakhala makamaka pakudya zisindikizo zamiyala. Amawagwira pafupi ndi chitsamba chowawa mu ayezi wa arctic. Zisindikizo sali oyenera onse - makamaka ang'ono ndi poneopytnee ogwirira ngati savuta nsomba. Chifukwa chake, nsonga zanthete za chirombo chakumpoto zimagwera nyengo yachisanu-kumpoto kwa Nyengo Yachisanu. Nyengo ino, zisindikizo zimabadwa ana osasamba pano, chifukwa chiyani ayenera kugona pa ayezi.
Ndithudi, likutentha likuoneka idyll izi. Choyamba, chifukwa cha izo, mu Arctic Ocean mulibe madzi oundana, amatidziwitsa. Kuchokera paz zisakanizo izi, akatswiri azachilengedwe akutsimikiza, adzasuntha akavalo - sipadzapezeka ana kuti akule. Chachiwiri, kuikumbukira nthawi kusambira (popanda kusiya ayezi) sangathe - makamaka ngati mafuta anali ndithu ochepa. Akusambira, ndipo amira.
Chinthu chimodzi chimakulepheretsani kutenga ndi kukhulupilira mu zonsezi. Kumalo ozizira chimbalangondo, malinga ndi chibadwa zaka si pasanathe zaka 130 zikwi. Koma zaka 3,000,000 zapitazo, (Riesz-Wurm interglacial), nyengo inali yotentha kwambiri kuposa masiku ano, ndipo nthawi zambiri inali yotentha kwambiri kuposa momwe ankayembekezera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino. Kunali kotentha kwambiri kotero kuti nyanja ndi yayitali mamita 8-9 kuposa lero wodzipangitsa Chilumba cha Scandinavia, nkhalango zidakula mpaka madigiri a 69th kumpoto (Baffin Island), komwe kuli chipululu cha Arctic. M'mapiri a Thames ndi Rhine, motsatana mvuu akukhavukira. Kunalibe ayezi wazaka zonse kumalo komwe zilombo za Arctic zimakhalapo.
Momwe chidindo cholimbira "chidafera" chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko zaka 14-10 zapitazo
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chakudya yaikulu ya zimbalangondo. Chingwe chomwe chili ndi chingwe ku Arctic ndi chizindikiro chofananira ndi chimbalangondo, popeza ndicochulukirapo. Ndipo chimodzimodzi zobiriwira zomwezo akuneneratu kutha kwa iye. Kupatula apo, monga lamulo, zisindikizo zimabala ana awo pa ayezi - sadziwa kusambira atangobereka kumene. Paliponse pomwe pobala pali kutha kwa mawonekedwe, omenyera ufulu wobiriwira amatha. maganizo awo ali bwinobwino raspiarili: yemweyo "Wikipedia" Chabwino alemba: "Zomangira zamtundu sizingakhalepo popanda madzi oundana."
Koma pali Mangirirani mahatchi kugaleta. Zaka 14,000 zapitazo, madzi oundana adayamba kusungunuka, ndipo magulu azikongoletso zazingwe pang'ono adakhalabe m'malo awo akale - kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Arctic yomwe ilipo. Kuphatikiza pa Baltic, adakhazikika mu Nyanja ya Ladoga. Tiyeni tikhale oona mtima: Ladoga - osati Arctic Ocean, pafupifupi pachaka kutentha izo - kuphatikiza atatu Celsius. Ndipo ku Chilumba cha Wrangel, titi, komwe osindikizidwa mwachizolowezi amakhala, - 10 Celsius. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kwa gawo lalikulu la chaka palibe chophimba choteteza ayezi ku Ladoga. Kodi chinachitika kwa Ladoga ringed chisindikizo?
Koma palibe - kakang'ono kakangosintha. Ndi mu lingaliro lokhulupirira yekha wanzeru kwambiri homo sapiens Mitundu ina tiri opusa kuti sangathe kusintha khalidwe lawo mogwirizana ndi chowonadi ozungulira. M'malo mwake, zisindikizo zonse ziwiri zidabereka mu February ndi Epulo, ndikupitiliza kubereka. Kuti muchite izi, safunika ayezi wa chilimwe, yemwe amapita ndikutentha - ndikokwanira kuti ayezi ali kumapeto kwa dzinja. N'zokayikitsa kwambiri kuti zimbalangondo, kaya pa Ladoga, silikanapereka zisindikizo kumeneko. Kupatula apo, nkhandwe ndi mimbulu bwinobwino malonda Ladoga chisindikizo - ndi bwino nyama zimenezi mu kugwira m'madzi nyama zonse zakhala choipa koposa a chimbalangondo woyera.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kutentha kwapakati pachilimwe ku Arctic kukwera ndi madigiri 13 (omwe ali ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amalonjezedwa ndi zotsatira za kutentha), zisindikizo zamkati sizikumana ndi chilichonse chomwe sakanakumana nacho ku Ladoga. Ndipo popanda chilichonse chomwe sakanakhala nacho. Ngati wobiriwira pang'ono chidwi kwambiri mu chilengedwe zomwe chiphunzitso iwo kuteteza, inu atadziwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyengo yozizira yomwe ili ndi zisindikizo zamkati siyabwino kwambiri. Nyanja imazunguliridwa ndi madzi oundana nthawi iliyonse yozizira, ndipo zisindikizo zimafunikira kena kake kapumidwe. Tsopano iwo nthawi zonse tumphuka, kubera mwachangu amapanga ayezi mu chowawa ndi zibwano. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti Arctic ayezi zikufalikira dzanja kwa miyezi yambiri mu mzere mophweka. Komwe kumazizira kwambiri, madzi oundana osweka ndiwotalikirapo komanso yovuta, chifukwa chake, chisindikizo sichimapezeka pamtunda wa 85th kumpoto chakumtunda. Monga zimbalangondo za polar, amene alibe chakudya popanda iye. N'kumawotha zidzatanthauza kuti mitundu onse kudzalimbikitsa kumpoto.
Wowerenga amafunsa, bwanji ngati kutentha kumakhala ndi khalidwe losalamulirika ndikukhalanso wamisala? Kodi bwanji ngati chisumbu cha Wrangel chikakhala ngati ku Sochi? Mwina ndiye chisindikizo sadzakhala kupirira Nearctic yowawitsa malo ndi kumwalira ndi zosagwirizana zokongoletsa ndi malo ozungulira?
Zachilengedwe zinatiyesa motere. Chisindikizo chimapezeka mu Nyanja ya Caspian - mbeu zisindikizo wamba zamkati, gulu lina la iye lomwe linalibe nthawi yobwerera pambuyo pa ayezi. Kumene amakhala, kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumakhala kuposa madigiri 10.5 Celsius (Astrakhan), kapena madigiri 12,5 (Tyuleny Island). Ndi madigiri 20-22 kuposa pa Wrangel Island, kumene akukhala yachibadwa ringed chisindikizo. Ndipo pamapeto pake, ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwapakati pachaka komwe Muscovite angalote.
Komabe, chisindikizo cha Caspian sichimaganiza kuti chifa. M'malomwake, iye amakhala mwakachetechete mpaka Iran. Sitipereka kutentha kwapakati pamenepo, kuti tisakhumudwitse owerenga aku Russia, omwe pafupifupi pachaka kuphatikiza kasanu amapita mwachimwemwe. Madzi oundana a chisanu kumpoto kwa Caspian ndiokwanira kubereka zisanu zazing'ono - nyengo yaku Astrakhan yoipa kwambiri. Ndipo inde, mu kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian (Turkmenistan) ayezi sikokwanira, choncho n'kutheka kubereka pagombe. Ndizosavuta kuganiza kuti Arctic sikhala yotentha kuposa South Caspian m'tsogolo.
Tiyerekeze kuti tapeza katswiri wamakani kwambiri yemwe ali ndi malingaliro aliwonse agamu omwe ali pamwambawa. anthu oterowo m'maganizo wolemera. Makamaka, adabwera ndi lingaliro loti kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kwa dziko lapansi ndizakuthwa kwambiri kuposa kutentha "kosalala komanso kwachilengedwe" kalelo.
Ndizodziwikiratu zomwe adzanene: kutentha kwazaka zanyengo yam'madzi zikafika pang'onopang'ono mwakuti pang'onopang'ono nyamazo zidasintha. N'chifukwa chake chisindikizo ringed si zinatha mu Poconos ndi mosavuta kusandulika mu Caspian Nyanja ndi Baikal. Koma ndi kutentha kwanyengo ino, zonse sizili choncho - zidapangidwa ndi anthu, motero lakuthwa kwambiri. Aliyense adzafa, palibe amene adzatsala.
Zimenezi ziyenera yankho limodzi lokha: ife, anthu, ndi avale zochepa ndi maganizo exclusivity ndi ena mphamvu zake zamatsenga. M'malo mwake, chilengedwe chomwe timakhala nacho chimayenera kukhala ndi chidwi. Tikatero tidzakhala osazunzidwa ndimalingaliro owawa chifukwa cha kufooka ndi kupita pang'onopang'ono kwa kusintha komwe kumachitika mmenekonso.
Kunena zoona, panopa likutentha wosakwiya ndithu - ofooka kwambiri ngakhale anthu pa maziko a zochitika zachilengedwe ndi chinthu cose kusintha mofulumira zokwanira. Zaka 14,000 zapitazo, kutentha kwapakati pachaka padziko lapansi kunakwera kwambiri mpaka nyanja adanyamuka 3-6 masentimita pa chaka (mamita 16-25 zaka 400-500 basi). Lero amadzuka 2-3 millimeters pa chaka. Kusiyanako ndi nthawi 15-20. Ngati zimbalangondo zokhala ndi zisindikizo zagonjetsedwa mwadzidzidzi kutentha kwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti omwe alipo pakalipano amatha kutero.
Zipatso, udzu ndi Seaweed - pang'ono omnivorous chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira
Akatswiri ena azachilengedwe amayesa kukhala osavuta kwambiri, ponena kuti zimbalangondo zokhala ndi polar zimangodalira luso lotha kusoka zisanu pachisanu. Chidambwe ichi ndi chokonzeka kudya chilichonse. Mu Canada, kudya agalu kwina ndi matenda pa anthu. Kuukira kwake mwadongosolo kwa reindeer, musk ng'ombe ndi mbalame ndizodziwika.
Komanso, siuli ngakhale wadyera. Mosiyana ndi olakwika otchuka, kumalo ozizira zimbalangondo, amene anaona zipatso, mwamsanga kudya. Akadadya nthawi zambiri, zikapanda kutero chifukwa zipatso ndi zosowa m'malo omwe nyama izi zimakhala. Mu North America, kulembetsa kudya iwo udzu, mbewu monga chimanga ndi algae. Mwa njira, m'phanga lili ndi lomaliza Yaaisi (pa pafupi panopa kulemera woyera) kaŵirikaŵiri ambiri azitsamba.
Omnivores amathandizira kwambiri pakupanga chidwi ndi luso la chilombochi. Chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira ndi zofiirira ndi m'bale wake - umboni mwa nyama pa chiŵerengero cha kukula kwa ubongo ndi akukhudzidwira kukula thupi. Amaganiza mwachangu: ngakhale popeza sanaonepo gawo lophatikizika, amadziwa kuthamanga kwa mphezi kuti ndibwino kuzimitsa "pamsoso", monga momwe munthu angachitire (kuyambira 1:13):
Monga momwe tikuonera, zimbalangondo zimapanga ndikulawa zenizeni zonse zomwe zimagwira m'maso.
Kaya ndi chitsulo malire pakati pa choyera ndi chimbalangondo bulauni?
Masiku ano pali zimbalangondo zofiirira zomwe zimayandikira kwambiri kuposa zoyera. Awa ndi omwe amakhala pazilumba pafupi ndi Alaska. Pali hybrids yotheka woyera ndi zofiirira, koma sanali yotheka si m'kaundula. Zonsezi pamodzi zimadzutsa funso: kodi ndizowona kuti zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi zamkati, ndi zosiyana zakunja, kwa mitundu yosiyana?
Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pamaziko a mawu oyenera: iwo amati kusiyana kwakukhazikika pakati pa zimbalangondo zokhala ndi polar ndi zofiirira ndizoti aliyense sangathe kuchita bwino komanso kwa nthawi yayitali chilengedwe cha m'bale wawo. Brown yaitali Tambasula nyama zisindikizo ndi mtundu wake unmasking. Zoyera sizoyenera kuukira nyama zapamtunda zakuda.
Koma kupatula zolengedwa zamoyo kutengera mtundu kapena mawonekedwe a malo ena ndi poterera. Tengani lililonse Eskimo ndi mmene pygmy Congo. Chingachitike ndi chiani ngati chachiwiri chikukakamizidwa kukhala chokha mumalo okhala oyamba? Ndizodziwikiratu kuti adzafa mwachangu kuposa chimbalangondo chofiirira kumadera komwe kunayera.
Tikhoza kunena kuti chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira kwambiri kuposa bulauni. Koma kulemera kwapakati pa pygmy - zosakwana 50 kilogalamuNdi kwambiri zosakwana nepigmeya pafupifupi (imodzi ndi theka katatu). Kulemera kwa chimbalangondo chachimuna ndi ma kilogalamu 400-50, njira yayikulu kwambiri ya bulauni (Kamchatka) ndi ma kilogalamu 350-450, akazi ndi 200 kilogalamu 200 ndi 200 kilogalamu.
Chimbalangondo cha Polar chimakhala ndi tsitsi loyera, la bulauni - ayi. Koma Eskimo ndi pygmy mtundu amasiyana chimodzimodzi mopitiriza. Nanga bwanji kagayidwe? Zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ma polar sizimazungulira, ndipo zimbalangondo zofiirira zimatero. Komabe, zoona, mkazi kumalo ozizira zimbalangondo pa mimba ziwetozo zimagona mu malo amodzi, ndipo zimachitika awo amasandulika theka nthawi, ndi onse - zonsezi ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi hibernation. Ndipo zimbalangondo zofiirira sizimagwera nthawi yomweyo: ndizosavuta kuzitulutsa. Mphekesera zoyipa zokhudzana ndi ndodo yolumikizanirana nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa malo ambiri okhala malo ochepa a Russia.
Kodi n'chiyani chikuchitikira chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira, pamene pali kutentha?
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, kusanthula kwa majini a zimbalangondo zofiirira kuchokera ku Ireland kunawonetsa kuti DNA yawo ya mitochondrial (yoperekedwa kudzera mzere wachikazi) chilipo zonse mwamakono zimbalangondo mosachotsera limodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimbalangondo zazikazi zotchedwa polar zazikazi zimachokera ku zimbalangondo zofiirira zaku Ireland. Monga tawonera, kudutsa kwa zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ma polar ndi zofiirira ndikwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti pafupifupi azimayi onse azimayi oyera azaka makumi zambirimbiri zapitazo anali a bulauni. Mwina, mchitidwe wotsatira wa mwakusakaniza sitingakhoze kuwabweretsa iwo ngakhale majini ambiri bulauni ndipo motero, thandizo atengere ku kutentha kwa nyengo?
Mwachidziwikire. Zimbalangondo zochokera ku Chichagov ndi Baranov Islands (USA) ndi mitochondrial DNA pafupi polar kuposa bulauni. Pakati pa makolo awo pamzere wachikazi, kunalibe zimbalangondo zofiirira - zoyera okha. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuona wamba ndithu bulauni zimbalangondo, kokha zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa zachibadwa. Sikovuta kufotokoza: zikuwoneka, gulu lina la zimbalangondo polar pomaliza kumapeto kwa glaciation yomaliza idadzipatula pazilumba ndipo. pang'onopang'ono zidasanduka zofiirira. M'njiramo iye anapita khalidwe lililonse ya bulauni chimbalangondo aziphedwa chimodzimodzi monga iye. Kufikira izi zathandizidwa mating ndi amuna zimbalangondo bulauni, amene chifukwa kutentha anafika m'deralo.
Monga tikudziwa lero pazitsanzo zina zingapo, kusintha kwa mtundu wa khungu sikufunikiranso kudutsa ndi mitundu ina, kusintha kwamtundu uliwonse kwa genotype kapena nthawi yayitali. Ku Ireland, chifukwa cha kutentha kwadziko lapansi, hare yomwe ili kale idaleka khalani oyera nthawi yachisanu. Khalidweli lidatayidwa mwachangu ndi anthu, popeza mdziko la Ireland la XX - XXI zaka zambiri chipale chofewa chimafunikabe kupezeka. njira zofanana akupita ndi nkhandwe za arctic, weasels ndi mitundu yambiri.
Ancient kumalo ozizira zimbalangondo anapulumuka mapeto a Ice M'badwo Nepal?
Nkhani yofananayi idachitika ndi zimbalangondo osati ku North America kokha. Pofika chaka cha 2014, zidapezeka kuti DNA idapeza kuchokera ku zimbalangondo za Himalayan chikugwirizana ndi DNA ya chimbalangondo cha polar - osati lero, koma zinthu zakale zomwe zinakhala zaka 40-120 zapitazo, omwe majini ake amadziwika kuchokera ku Svalbard. Zitsanzo zamakono zowunikira zinatengedwa ku Indian Himalayas ndi ku Bhutan.
Bwanji? Mwambiri, zikuwonekeratu. M'nyengo yomaliza ya madzi oundana, kunali kuzizira, ndipo dera lomwe zimbalangondo zoyera zinkayandikira kwambiri ku Himalayas. Choncho anakhazikika ku malo amenewa.
Palibe chodabwitsa pamenepa: malingana ndi malingaliro amakono, zimbalangondo zokhala ndi polar zidatulukira mwanjira yomweyo, pokhapokha, pomwe glaciation yotsatira idawapangitsa kuti azolowere nyengo yakumpoto. Ndikosavuta kuchotsa lingaliro kuti gawo la zimbalangondo zatsopano zitha kubwereza zomwezi. M'lingaliro, ndondomeko ndi kale yofuna. Zowola zokhala ndi ma Polar komanso zimbalangondo wamba zimapezeka pafupipafupi, ndipo zomwe amachita ndizofanana pakati pa mitundu ya progenitor.
Pang'ono pang'ono za makanema opatsa chidwi
funso n'lakuti: nanga chimbalangondo zikuoneka akufa pa kanema wodziwika? Inde watopa, zikuwonekeratu. Koma palokha bezlodny ndi snowless mitunda - palibe chifukwa chimbalangondo imfa. Onani bwino zimbalangondo za Svalbard izi: zimatha kuthyola mazira a mbalame ndipo sizimawoneka zotopa konse (kuyambira 0:55):
Koma zimbalangondo zapolopolo sizimangophedwa ndi njala.Ena mwa iwo - onyamula trichinosis ndi matenda ena parasitic. Monga lamulo, thupi la nyama limalimbana ndi tiziromboti, koma malamulo onse ndi osiyana ndi zina. Pambuyo podya nyama ya chimbalangondo choterechi, gulu la Ajeremani lomwe linasiyidwa ku Soviet Arctic, linabwerera opengachifukwa chake lamulolo linawachotsa, pomwe ntchito ya mdaniyo inatha mu 1944. Kuphatikiza apo, zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zina zimakhala ndi khansa yamfupa. Pansi pa iye, iwo sangakhoze bwinobwino kusaka, amenenso kumabweretsa emaciation awo ndi imfa.
Chifukwa chiyani zobiriwira zimalimbikira kutha kwa zimbalangondo?
Mosiyana ndi mawu ofanizira akutha kwa zimbalangondo za polar, kuchuluka kwawo osachepera osati yafupika. Zikatero, kunena kuti kutentha kwadziko kumawopseza nyama ndizowopsa. Mwa malingaliro a zinthu, Greenpeace ndi ena ayenera kupewa izi ngati kudzidziwikitsa. Koma pa zifukwa zina, iwo akupitiriza nkhani kulemba ndi zovuta amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti chimbalangondo woyera anapulumuka nthawi zambiri otentha ndi kutentha zambiri mofulumira kuposa tinalonjeza kuti zanyengo. Kodi tanthauzo la kukana kosatsimikiza kotereku limatanthauza chiyani?
M'malo mwake, zonse ndizosavuta. Kunena kuti kwanyengo ya njovu zinatha ndi nthiwatiwa, kovuta - ndi apoyera munakwanisa kuona kuti iwo ndinazolowera kutentha. Kunena kuti sizingaopseze wina aliyense nkosatheka - apo ayi ndinu mtundu wanji wobiriwira? Chifukwa chake, potengera malingaliro amasiku onse, ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe zimawopsezera iwo omwe adazolowera kuzizira. Kuti kwambiri kuthana, kuopseza kapena ayi, inu muli moona mtima chidwi paleoclimatology, mbiri zinachokera kwa zimbalangondo chomwecho ndi zisindikizo ndi zinthu zambiri zina. Amadyera alibe chidwi ndi chilichonse, chifukwa chake sawopa kuti wina angakayikire mawu awo.
M'moyo weniweni, zachilengedwe zomwe akatswiri azachilengedwe amawona kuti "zikhalidwe" zimakhalapo kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri - zaka masauzande. Ndipo nthawi zonse poyera kuti Phokoso wamphamvu amene kwambiri kusintha "m'chigulugulu". Osati kale kwambiri nkhalango zokulirapo zomwe zidamera ku Novaya Zemlya; kunalibe zimbalangondo, komanso kunalibe ayezi ku Northern Ocean. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa chilengedwe, nyama zidaphunzira kuzolowera kusintha kumeneku.
Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, zimbalangondo anatuluka bulauni, kenako kachiwiri "browned" komwe kwambiri konzekera. Mwina izi zachitika zoposa kamodzi. Nerpa adaphunzira kupaka ayezi kuzizira ndi mapala ake ndikusambira mozama pang'ono chilimwe. Ndipo mtundu umodzi wa anyani ku Africa doprisposablivalsya zimene katswiri ndi Greenland, ndi Sahara.
Dziko lenileni lenileni si chithunzi chowundana, chifukwa umaimiridwa ndi wobiriwira. Ili ndi mtundu wamuyaya komanso wamphamvu kwambiri. Imodzi mwa mbali yofunika ya kaleidoscope wa - polimbana mwadongosolo ndipo mofulumira kusintha kwa nyengo. Zonse zomwe anthu angathe pankhaniyi kwazaka zambiri sadzakhala olimba kuti awononge zilombo zazikulu ku Russia.