Akatswiri azikhalidwe apeza kuti ma vertebrates kuthengo amatha kupitilirakonso ochulukirapo ndi parthenogenesis. Vutoli limawonedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu kukafika pachimodzimodzi.
Izi zidapangidwa ndi asayansi aku America ochokera ku University of Stony Brook, omwe nkhani yawo idasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Current Biology.
Mu chilengedwe, "kubereka kwa namwali" (parthenogeneis), pomwe akazi amasiya ana osatenga nawo gawo, pazinthu zina, ma invertebrates, monga aphid ndi daphnia, nthawi zambiri amaberekana pogonana.
Pakati pa vertebrates, zenizeni za "kusintha" koteroko kwa parthenogenesis sizikudziwika. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timaberekana mwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri timachita izi ngati abuluzi okhala ndi chikwapu, pakati pomwe palibe abambo konse.
Komabe, kupatula ukapolo, parthenogeneis imawonedwa mu vertebrates ndi kubereka - mwachitsanzo, mu shaki, njoka ndi ma turkeys. Komabe, asayansi adawona kuti izi ndizowopsa. Olemba nkhaniyo, pogwiritsa ntchito nsomba ya mano-ang'ono (Pristis pectinata), adawonetsa kuti sizili choncho - pakagwa mwadzidzidzi, ma vertebrates amatha kuyamba "kubereka anamwali" kuthengo.
Sawfish watopa ndikudikirira amuna
Kupeza kumeneku kunachitika mwangozi akatswiri ofufuza atasanthula anthu a Pristis pectinata pagombe la Florida. Nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zazitali kutalika kwa mita 7 ndi mtundu wachilendo womwe watsala pang'ono kutha. Kuti awone kusiyanasiyana, asayansi adatenga ma genetic kuchokera kwa oimira pafupifupi 150 a Pristis pectinata.
Atadabwa, olemba adawona kuti zazikazi 7 zamtunduwu ndizabwino kwa mitundu 14 nthawi imodzi (kutanthauza kuti mitundu yonse iwiriyi imakhala yofanana). Zotsatira zake, nsomba zisanu ndi ziwirizi zimabadwa kuchokera kwa akazi osabereka ndi amuna, chifukwa mwayi woti kubereka ungakhalepo mwa 100 biliyoni. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, azimayi onse 7 amawoneka athanzi ndipo sanawonetse kusintha kwa thupi.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, pazaka zana zapitazi, chiwerengero cha Pristis pectinata chatsika ndi 95%. Mwina kuchuluka kocheperako kunapangitsa nsomba izi "kubereka" - apo ayi azimayi ambiri samangodikira msonkhano ndi wamphongo. Zotsatira zake, kusinthika kwa parthenogenesis ndikwachilengedwe kwa mitundu ina ya nyama zapakhosi.
Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri, patapita nthawi, nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono ndizokayikitsa kuti sizitha kubwezeretsanso manambala awo chifukwa cha parthenogenesis.
10. Cape njuchi
Pali mitundu 20,000 ya njuchi padziko lapansi, koma ndi mtundu umodzi wokha womwe umatha kukumana ndi vuto popanda kutenga nawo gawo amuna. Njuchi za ku Cape ( lat Apis mellifera capensis ) Kodi ndi njuchi yaku South Africa yomwe imatha kubereka kudzera mu njira yotchedwa Telutuks ku Africa. Telotuki ndi mtundu wa parthenogenesis womwe umalola ogwira njuchi kuyikira mazira achikazi. Zotsatira zake, zazikazi nthawi zonse zimabadwa kuchokera ku mazira otere.
Koma njuchi zochepa chabe zaku Cape zomwe zimatha kudzithira manyowa, zimathandizanso kuchuluka kwa anthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njuchi zosachedwa kwambiri sizomwe zimayambitsa kholo. Ali ndi ma chromosome osiyanasiyana, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala atsopano, apadera. Njuchi nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira awo akafuna antchito atsopano kapena akafunikira mfumukazi yatsopano.
9. Thumba lamadzi
Mitundu yamadzi yotchuka kwambiri yomwe imapezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndi Daphnia ( lat Daphnia pulex ) Izi subspecies inali yoyamba ya crustaceans, yomwe idapeza genome yake. Amathanso kubereka ana kudzera munjira yomwe imatchedwa parthenogeneis. Njirayi imalola kusinthana kwa umuna wamakedzana ndi kubereka kwofananira kwa ana.
Zochitika za Daphnia pulex adawonetsa kuti nyamazo zidzatengako gawo la cyclic parthenogenesis, m'malo abwino m'madzi. Thumba lamadzi lomwe linaganiza zopanga ana limatulutsa mazira ofanana, okhala ndi akazi. Mitundu ya majini imakhalabe yofanana ndi ya kholo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa akazi kuti agawidwe majini awo. Izi zimapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa ambiri.
8.Goblin Spider
Ngati zolota zanu sizowopsa mokwanira, ingodziwa kuti pali masamba ena ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kudziwonetsa nokha. Koma musathamangire kugula chowombera moto, akangaude onopid, omwe amadziwikanso kuti akangaude a goblin, ali ndi kukula kwa mamilimita 1 mpaka 3. Parthenogenesis ili ndi mitundu ingapo, kuphatikizapo ma subspecies omwe amatchedwa Triaeris stenaspis , yemwe amakhala ku Iran, koma mtunduwu wafalikira kale ku Europe. Amangofika 2mm kutalika okha ndipo siziwopseza anthu. Mwa iwo, abambo samakumana konse, chifukwa chake asayansi amakhulupirira kuti amabala okha mwa parthenogeneis.
Chachikazi Triaeris stenaspis kubereka chimodzimodzi ndi njuchi za Cape. Amayikira dzira la diploid, lomwe limapereka mwayi kwa mkazi watsopano. M'badwo uliwonse wotsatira ukuwonetsa kuchepa kwapadera, koma mtunduwu umapitilirabe kubereka ndi mitundu yokwanira yamtundu wa mbadwa zake.
7. Ziphuphu Melania
Eni ake a Aquarium ayenera kudziwa bwino nkhono yaying'ono Tarebia granifera yomwe imadziwika kuti melania. Mabowo ang'onoang'ono amadzi oyera amakhala makamaka ku Southeast Asia, komanso adakwanitsa kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Zimapezeka makamaka m'madzi ofunda, m'malo monga Hawaii, Cuba, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Texas, Idaho, Florida ndi zilumba zina za Pacific.
Anthuwa amatha kubereka ana m'njira ziwiri: parthenogenetic ndi ovoid. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mazira awo samasiya achikazi mpaka atakonzeka. Zotsatira zake ndi nkhono yomwe imaberekanso ana amodzi. Izi zimabweretsa kuphulika kwa anthu m'madzi ang'onoang'ono, monga ma aquariums. Amuna amapezeka m'manambala, koma ambiri a iwo ali ndi ziwalo zosagwira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti parthenogenesis njira yawo yayikulu yoberekera.
6. Mbedza za nsomba zam'madzi
Chosangalatsa kwambiri mu nsomba zam'nyanja sikuti ali ndi kuthekanso kudzitulutsa, koma kuti mtunduwu sunakhalepo mpaka 1990. Mbedza zamkaka zam'madzi zimawonekera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makolore. Akuluakulu ang'ono awa adawonekera pamsika waku Germany mzaka za 90s, ngakhale panali vuto lina nawo, adadziyesa okha mazana!
Mbedza zazimayi zazimayi imodzi zimatha kuyikira mazira ambiri nthawi imodzi, motero m'nthawi yochepa, ndikuyikidwa mu aquarium, nsomba zazinkhanira zam'madzi zimadzaza kwathunthu. Zotsatira zake, nyamazo zinakhala zachilengedwe, makamaka chilumba cha Madagascar, pomwe mamiliyoni a nsomba zazinkhanira zam'madzi zimawopseza nyama zamtchire komanso chilengedwe.
5. Lizard wochokera ku New Mexico
Padziko lapansi pali mitundu pafupifupi 1,500 yodziwika yomwe imatha kubereka ndi parthenogenis, nthawi zambiri izi ndi zomera, tizilombo ndi arthropod. Kutha kuberekanso sikupezeka kawirikawiri m'matumbo, koma mitundu yambiri ya abuluzi ili ndi mphatsoyi.
Lizard waku New Mexico Whippeel ( ChingereziWhiptail ), nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa mitundu yonse ya abuluzi iyi imatha popanda amuna. Mtunduwu ndiwowoneka wamitundu iwiri ya buluzi wokhala ndi mkwapulo, womwe umakhala ndi amuna ambiri. Kuphatikiza mitundu iyi ya abuluzi sikuloleza kupangidwa kwa ana achimuna athanzi, koma izi siziletsa kuti mtundu watsopanowo usachoke m'badwo watsopano.
Mu nyengo yakuswana, zazikazi zimayamba kutsata, ndipo imodzi mwa izo imagwira ntchito zachimuna. Mwanjira imeneyi, abuluzi amatha kuyikira mazira anayi. Ndipo miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake m'badwo watsopano wa akazi wa haibridi amabadwa.
4. Zochedwa
Dzina lenileni la achule Pelophylax escreatus , ndi mtundu wamba wamadzi a ku Europe ndi achule obiriwira.
Uwu ndi mtundu waukulu wa achule amene miyendo yake imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya ku France. Achule amenewa amabadwa ndi ma hybridogenesis, omwe amagwira ntchito mofanananso ndi parthenogenesis. Akazi amapanga ana a hybridogenetic, omwe ali ndi theka la majini a makolo, ndi theka lachiwiri la majini, omwe ndi a clonal.
Mwanjira iyi yobereka, ma genetic amatengedwa kuchokera kwa abambo ndikupangidwanso kukhala chinthu chatsopano kwambiri. Ngakhale izi siziri gawo lonse lapansi kapena kubala kwawomwe, koma pamndandanda uwu chifukwa cha ana. M'badwo uliwonse wotsatira umatenga DNA ya mayi ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wa abambo. M'badwo wotsatira ungabereke amuna, koma DNA yawo, mwanjira ina, ndi mwana wa amayi awo.
3.Varanas - Komodo Dragons
Komodo amayang'anira abuluzi anachita chidwi ndi anthu kukula kwawo modabwitsa komanso kufanana kwawo ndi nyama zakale zomwe zidasowa kalekale.
Ndizilombo zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zimatha kukula mpaka 3 metres ndipo zimatha kulemera mpaka 70 kg. Buluzi uyu amadyera nyama zazikulu, monga agwape, nkhumba, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuukira anthu. Kuluma kwawo ndi koopsa.
Izi zikuluzikulu, monga mukudziwa, sizinabadwe pang'ono mpaka 2005, pomwe panali malo osungirako nyama ku London, mzimayi yemwe sanalankhule ndi wamwamuna kwa zaka ziwiri anayamba kuyikira mazira. Zomwezi zidachitikanso ndi oyang'anira ena omwe adagwidwa. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti ana oswedwa alibe osati akazi, komanso amuna.
2. Ma Turkeys
Ma Turkeys amatha kubereka kudzera mwa parthenogenis, pomwe akazi amalekanitsidwa ndi amuna. Chochititsa chidwi, nkhuku yazikazi yomwe imayikidwa m'makutu a anyani amtunduwu imaberekanso nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe imasungidwira. Njirazi ndizofala kwambiri mu nkhuku zothandizika kuposa nkhuku zakuthengo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mu gawohenogenesis, ana amuna amuna nthawi zonse amabadwa. Awa anapiye amtundu wa amayi awo, kupatula kugonana. Opanga ku Turkey adaganizira izi popanga mtunduwu, ndikuyambitsa mtundu wina wa Turkey wokhala ndi mabere akuluakulu.