Mwachilengedwe, pali zinthu zambiri zapoizoni zomwe zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri, koma zikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso mwanzeru pazambiri zina, izi zitha kuwononga, koma zimapindulitsa. Pazogulitsa zamankhwala, poizoni wa nyama ndi zomera nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda angapo. Dziwani momwe poizoni ungapulumutsire moyo.
1) Warfarin
Warfarin - Ichi ndi mankhwala othana ndi vuto omwe poyambapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala othana ndi makoswe ndi mbewa ndipo amagwiritsidwabe ntchito nthawi yomweyo cholinga chofananacho, ngakhale njira zambiri zowongolera zopangira zidapangidwa kuyambira pamenepo. Zaka zingapo atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito, zidadziwika kuti warfarin ndi chida chothandiza komanso chotetezeka kupewa matenda a thrombosis ndi embolism. Zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, ndipo poiziyi ndiwotchukanso. Ngakhale imagwira ntchito, chithandizo cha warfarin chimakhala ndi zovuta zingapo. Mankhwala ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi warfarin momwemonso zakudya zina, motero ntchito zake ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse popanga magazi.
2) Zoipa za nkhono
Zingwe ndi nkhono zapakati komanso zazikulu zam'nyanja zomwe zimadyanso. Amadyera nyama ndipo amalepheretsa kuyenda kwa mothandizidwa ndi mano osinthika ndi tiziwiti tambiri, tomwe tili ma neurotoxins. Nkhono izi ziyenera kukhudzidwa mosamala, ndipo ndibwino kuti zisawakhudze konse, chifukwa nkhono zimatha kupweteka kwambiri. Kuluma kwa nkhono yotere sikowopsa kuposa kuluma kwa njuchi, komabe mitundu ina ya ma cones, ikuluikulu, imatha kuvulaza munthu, ndipo nthawi zina imamupha. Ululu wa ma cones ena, mwachitsanzo, wamatsenga wamatsenga, ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yomwe siyowonjezera, yomwe imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa morphine ndipo ikhoza kuisintha. Painkiller zigonotide Kuchokera ku sumu zakumwa. Komanso, zina mwazomwe zimapangidwira poizonizi zimayesedwa lero kuti apange mankhwala ochiritsira matenda a Alzheimer's, Parkinson ndi khunyu.
3) Poizoni wa aconite
Kuchokera pamizu yamaluwa Aconitum ferox (aconite) amapangidwa mu sumu ya ku Nepal yotchedwa "bish" kapena "nabi". Muli kuchuluka kwa ma alkaloids. pseudoconitinszomwe zitha kupha. Mankhwala azizungu, mankhwala aconite adagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka theka lachiwiri la 20, koma lero adasinthidwa ndimankhwala otetezeka komanso othandiza kwambiri. Mankhwala a aconite akupitilizabe kumwa, koma osawerengeka, kuchiza chimfine, chibayo, tonsillitis, laryngitis, croup ndi mphumu. Ngati mumwa mankhwalawo mkati, poizoni wa aconite amakhudza kuthamanga kwa magazi, kupuma komanso dongosolo lamanjenje. Kugunda kumachepa, kuchuluka kwa minyewa yamtima kumatsika, pamanthawi ena kumenyedwa mpaka 40-30 pamphindi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, maluwa a aconite adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire maonekedwe ake. Ngati duwa lasiya chikasu pachikaso cha munthu wokayikira, izi zikuwonetsa kuti uli ndi werewolf.
4) Poizoniyu
Digitalis imatha kukhala ndi mtima wakhungu ndi ma glycosides a steroid, kutengera mitundu. Chifukwa cha ziphe izi, mitundu ina ya mbewuzi idatipatsa dzina lakutchedwa - Dead Man's Bels and Witch's Gloves. Chomera chonsecho ndi chakupha, kuphatikiza mizu yake ndi mbewu, makamaka masamba apamwamba kwambiri. Mutha kufa ngati mutadya tsamba limodzi. Mankhwala a Digitalis amatchedwa digitaline. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo mtima komanso kuwongolera kugunda kwa mtima, makamaka ndi matenda osafunikira a khungu. Nthawi zambiri amalembera anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a mtima.
5) Poiz moccasin muzzle
Phokoso la njoka moccasin ndi nkhosakudikirira yoyembekezera, ikudikirira nyama yoyenera kuthamangira pafupi. Njoka izi zimakonda kupewetsa munthuyo ndipo sizitha kuukira poyamba ngati sizikhudzidwa, koma mosiyana ndi njoka zina zambiri, chizungulire m'malo mwake "kuthawa" chimakhalabe m'malo mwake, kuti anthu athe kudutsamo mwangozi ndikupeza kuti alumwa. 100 magalamu a pozle poizoni ndi wowopsa mlingo. Poizoni ndiye ofooka kwambiri wa ziphe zina za nkhanu zina ndipo ndi wofooka pang'ono poyerekeza ndi poizoni wa m'bale wake wapamtima, phokoso lamadzi. Njoka izi nthawi zambiri zimachita zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kuluma machenjezo," ngati zidumphira, ndikutulutsa poizoni wochepa, kapena ayi. Moccasin muzzle poyizoni amakhala ndi mapuloteni Contortrostatin, yomwe imaletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, komanso imalepheretsa kufalikira kwa chotupacho mbali zina za thupi. Kufikira Contortrostatin osadziwika ngati mankhwala ovomerezeka a khansa, amapitilizabe kuyesedwa mu labotale.
6) Poiz hemlock
Poiziyi ndi imodzi mwodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Wofunika kwambiri komanso wankhanza hemlock alkaloid ndi konyinyomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chikonga. Koniin ndi neurotoxin yomwe imasokoneza dongosolo lamkati lamanjenje, ndiowopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama. Koniin amachititsa imfa poletsa kulumikizana kwa mitsempha, monga poizoni woipa amatero. Zotsatira zake, kupuwala kwa minofu ndi kupuma minofu kumachitika, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa chifukwa chosowa oxygen m'mtima ndi muubongo. Imfa imatha kupewedwa ndi makina owongolera mpaka mawonekedwe a poizoni atatha maola 48-72 atha. Jekeseni wa hemlock poiz aliwonse omwe amachititsa kupuma komanso kufa. Ngati munthu ameza masamba atsopano a hemode, kapena pang'ono kapena mbewu yodulidwa, akhoza kufa. Ngakhale mbewu ili ndi mbiri yabwino, hemlock ya poizoni imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sedative ndi antispasmodic. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madokotala achi Greek ndi Persia pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nyamakazi.
7) Poizoni wa belu
Atropine ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku belladonna, dope, mandrake ndi mbewu zina za banja la nightshade. Jakisoni wa Atropine amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza bradycardia (kuthamanga kwa mtima), asystole ndi mavuto ena a mtima. Atropine imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda ambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale polimbana kwambiri ndi thukuta.
8) Poizoni wa chinkhanira chachikasu
Ululu wa arachnid wowopsa - chinkhanira chachikasu - atha kuthandiza polimbana ndi khansa. Ofufuza ochokera Transmolecular Corporation ku Cambridge, Massachusetts, mapuloteni adatulutsidwa omwe ndi gawo limodzi la poizoni wachikasu ku Israeli. Mapuloteniwa amatha kupeza ndikumanga ma cell a glioma, khansa ya muubongo yomwe imavuta kwambiri kuchiza. Ofufuzawo adapanga poyizoni wopanga mapuloteniwa powonjezera ayodini wa iodine. Akayamba kulowa m'magazi, mapuloteniwa amapeza maselo a glioma, amawalumikiza ndikubweretsa yankho la ayodini. Zotsatira zake, maselo a khansa amawonongeka, ndipo ndikalandira chithandizo chokwanira, khansayo imatha.
9) Poizoni wa pinki wa tarantula
Biophysicists ochokera University of Buffalo amagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a ululu wa kangaude - tarantula yapinki yaku Chile kuti athane ndi imfa chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mtima. Makoma a cell ali ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timatsegulidwa pamene maselo amatukuka. Izi njira amachititsa kuti minofu yamtima ichoke. Ngati atseguka kwambiri, amalola ma ion kulowa m'maselo. Mitsempha iyi imasokoneza ma sign a magetsi pamtima, ndikupangitsa fibrillation - kugwedezeka mwamphamvu komwe kumalepheretsa mbewa zamtima kugwira ntchito mu konsati. Ululu wa kangaude umagwira pamayendedwewa, kutsekereza kulowa kwa ma ioni abwino m'maselo. Izi zimalepheretsa kuyambika kwa fibrillation ndikupulumutsa wodwalayo kuimfa ngati poizoniyo amaperekedwa pakhungu.
10) poizoni wa bowa wa Ergot
Anthu adziwa kalekale kuti sumu ya ergot ndi chiyani - fungus yomwe imakhudza rye ndipo imatha kuperekedwa kwa munthu yemwe amadya mbewu. Chikhulupiriro - poyizoni wa mafangayi - amayambitsa kuyerekezera zinthu pang'ono komanso kuchita zinthu mosaganizira, kukhudzika komanso mpaka kumatha kupha. Zizindikiro zina zimaphatikizira kuperewera kwa uterine, kusanza, nseru, kapena kusazindikira. Kalelo ku Middle Ages, ma Mlingo ena a ma ergot ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa padera, komanso kusiya magazi pakubala. Ergot alkaloids amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala monga kafergotyomwe ili ndi caffeine, ergotamine, kapena ergoline. Zimathandizira pochiza mutu waching'alang'ala. Poizoniyu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda a Parkinson. Amakhulupirira kuti ergotism anali ndi mlandu chifukwa ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 16 matenda achilendo "Kuvina Mania" anali akuthwa, koma izi sizokayikitsa.
Acids
Wodziwika kwambiri ndi acetic acid. Koma izi sizokhazo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ma acids amapezeka mumankhwala apakhomo, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa komanso kuyeretsa. Mafuta akumwa poizoni ndi owopsa thanzi. Mukamamwa, ma acids amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zamkati. Munthuyo akuwoneka kuti akumva kupweteka kwambiri, kutupika kwa m'mimba, njira yopuma imasokonekera.
Kukhathamiritsa kwa asidi pakhungu kumakwiyitsa maonekedwe aukali, zilonda zam'mimba, zimayaka.
Pankhani ya poizoni wa asidi, ndikofunikira kuti muzitsuka mkamwa, mucous nembanemba wamaso ndi magawo amphuno, ziphuphu za khungu ndi madzi oyera. Saloledwa kutsuka m'mimba ndi zoledzeretsa zoterezi, kusinthanso kwa asidi kumadzetsa kuwotcha kwapafupipafupi.
Mchere wamchere
Mercury amapezeka m'nyumba iliyonse, mwachitsanzo, mu thermometer. Komabe, zitsulo zotere nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza komanso ulimi, chifukwa chake, poyizoni wokhala ndi mchere wa zebazoni amapezekanso nthawi zambiri.
Mercury ndi chitsulo chowopsa chomwe chimatha kupezeka mwachangu. Phulusa zapoizoni zimafalikira mwachangu mlengalenga. Zotsatira zoyipa zimachitika pamene chitsulo 0,0 mpaka 0,3 g chimalowa.
Tsoka ilo, palibe umboni wowoneka bwino wa poizoni. Zizindikiro ndi ofanana matenda a bronchi ndi opuwala kugwira ntchito kwamanjenje. Mavuto owoneka am'mitsempha, miyendo ndi kunjenjemera, khungu.
Ngati poyizoni wa mankhwala a mercury apezeka, chithandizo chamankhwala chiyenera kuperekedwa mwachangu kwambiri. Ngati ndi kotheka, mumayambitsa maantifiloti, kupukusa kwa m'mimba kumachitika ndipo ma buwe amaperekedwa kwa iye. Kuchezera madotolo ndikofunikira.
Hydrocyanic acid ndi cyanides
Izi ndi zoopsa kwambiri kuthamanga. Mutha kukumana nawo m'mafupa amitengo yazipatso, ma cyanides amapezeka mu ndudu.
Akamwetsa kuchuluka, amasokoneza bongo, amachepetsa kwambiri magazi, amayambitsa matenda a mtima. Zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimachitika nthawi yomweyo.
Ngati pali zizindikiro za poizoni, muyenera kutsuka m'mimba mwanu momwe mungathere, njirayi imabwerezedwa mpaka kutulutsidwa kwa madzi oyera kotheratu. Pambuyo pakusamba, wozunzidwayo amapatsidwa mankwala, mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndikofunikira kuyitanitsa madotolo.
Ziwopsezo ndi zoopsa zakhala zida zazinsinsi zachinsinsi padziko lonse lapansi. Asayansi aku Soviet Union amapitilira anzawo ambiri. Komabe, njira zomwe ntchito zapadera zimapangidwira ndikuyesa zida zachinsinsi zimayambitsa mikangano mpaka pano.
Apainiya Akufa Oopsa
Mu 1938, People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs inatsogozedwa ndi Lavrenty Beria. Zitatha izi, dipatimenti idayamba kusintha kwakukulu, pomwe izi zidadziwika kuti pofuna kuti azindikire adani a anthu ndi akazitape, mautumiki apadera aku Soviet Union amafunika kugwira ntchito zabwino komanso zowoneka bwino. Beria iyemwini sanali munthu wokonda kuchita zachilendo. Olemba mbiri yakale akuti mutu wa NKVD Lavrenty Pavlovich adapanga lingaliro lililonse poganizira zochitika ndi zomwe anakumana nazo.
L.P. Beria ndi mwana wamkazi I.V. Stalin (Stalin kumbuyo)
Pamalo atsopanowa, Beria analibe zochulukirapo kuti apitilize ntchito yomwe adayambitsa ndi omwe adatsogolera Nikolai Yezhov ndi mutu woyamba wa NKVD Heinrich Yagoda, koma kuti asinthe kwathunthu kapangidwe ka ntchito zachinsinsi. Komabe, anali Yagoda yemwe adazindikira koyamba kuti labotale yachinsinsi momwe zida zingapangidwire kuti zimenyane ndi adani kunjaku komanso mdziko muno ndizofunikira kuti ntchitozo zitheke.
Pazifukwa izi, mmbuyo mu 1935, mutu watsopano wama labotale wotsekedwa, Grigory Mayranovsky, adabwera ku All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. Anali Mairanovsky yemwe, Beria atabwera m'malo mwa wamkulu wa NKVD, atakhala m'modzi wa anthu otetezedwa ku USSR, ndipo labotale yake adayikika kwambiri.
Munthu ngati angathe kudya
Ku USSR, dipatimenti yapadera yophunzirira ziphe ndi poizoni yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 1920, koma ndi 30s okha omwe adachita chidwi ndi malowa. Beria atapita kukaona ntchito zapadera, Mairanovsky mwadzidzidzi amayamba kukwera pantchito. Mu 1937, anali kale wolamulira wa chitetezo chamayiko komanso dokotala wa sayansi ya zamankhwala. Laborator iyokha idasinthanso, yomwe Mairanovsky, kutsatira dongosolo la Beria, adayamba kugwirira ntchito limodzi: zida zamakono zosewerera mpweya zidawonekera, ndipo zovuta zomwe, zomwe zili ku Varsonofevsky Lane ku Moscow, zidagawidwa m'malo angapo.
Iliyonse yaiwo inali yodzipatula komanso yolamulira, zomwe zinalola kuti ogwira nawo ntchito pachuma chazinsinsi azigwira ntchito popanda ngozi. Komabe, ntchito ya Mairanovsky ndi ndodo yake idalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu - ntchito yayikulu ya labotale yapadera inali kufufuza ziphe ndi poizoni zomwe sakanakhoza kuzindikirika pa autopsy. Chidwi cha mabungwe achitetezo pazida zosowa ndizosavuta kumvetsetsa: palibe chomwe angatsate - palibe umboni wosokoneza, ndipo zotsatira zake zidatsimikizika kwa mphindi zingapo.
Komabe, maziko azowfukufuku amafunika kutsimikiziridwa ndi mayeso othandiza. Chifukwa chaichi, akaidi omwe amaweruzidwa kuti awomberedwe amapititsidwa nthawi zonse kumalo osungirako anthu osungirako anthu. Kwambiri anali olakwa mobwerezabwereza, koma olemba mbiri amati mbiri yakale ya anthu nthawi zambiri sinabweretsedwe kwa asayansi.
Supertoxins ndi Matenda Amisala
Kwa nthawi yayitali, cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito ya gulu la Mairanovsky chinali tetrodotoxin, chinthu chowopsa chomwe chinapangidwa mwapadera kuti ayesedwe pa mlingo wowonjezereka. Kupambana kwakukulu pakupanga ziphe kudakwaniritsidwa pamaziko a richin, poyizoni wazakudya zomanga thupi. Zinapezeka kuti ndizowopsa kwa anthu mchipindacho, ndipo Mairanovsky adalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a eososol yapadera.
Komabe, kwazaka zambiri sizinatheke kuthetsa vuto lalikulu - zovuta zonse za poizoni ndi zomwe gulu la Mairanovsky lidapha poizoni omwe anapha anthu omwe anaponyedwa mndende za ndende yachinsinsi amapezeka mosavomerezeka. Anatha kuthana ndi zovuta pofika kumapeto kwa zaka 30s - kuyambira kwa 40s. Mkati mwa zoyesazo, ntchito yaukatswiri yopanga mankhwala opangira ma labotale imapanga poizoni wapadera - carbylamine-choline chloride.
Mitundu yeniyeni yamomwe mankhwala amapangidwabe sichidziwika, koma zimadziwika kuti chinthuchi chinali chogwira ntchito kwambiri. Pambuyo kugwiritsa ntchito, poizoni wokhala ndi mayamwidwe ambiri adakhudza minofu ndi mitsempha yamkati yamkati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuphulika kwa magazi ndi kufalikira kwamitsempha yamagazi. Monga lamulo, atatha kuyambitsa chiphe, munthu adamwalira mkati mwa mphindi 10-15.
Zimenezi ina anayesedwa m'njira yachilendo. Pambuyo nkhani pomudyetsanso poizoni, ndipo imfa yake anawalemba, mtembo wa munthu wazaka zapakati amene kale ankadwala matenda aliwonse anaperekedwa kwa Institute Research Scientific chikutchedwa N.V. Sklifosovsky. Madokotala ntchito, ndithudi, iwo sanali kudziwa kumene mtima anachokera, ndipo pambuyo autopsy iwo anapereka mapeto lomveka: ". Imfa chifukwa cha matenda a mtima"
Nthawi yomweyo, mkati mwa "labotaleraimfa" iwo sanangopanga ziphezamphamvu zokha, komanso chida chapadera chomwe poyizoni amatha kupatsira thupi. Kuwombera atali, utsi zolembera, mapilo mabulangete ankawaviika poizoni, zipolopolo tosaoneka ndi masingano kopitilira muyeso-woonda - lonse espionage zida, kuphatikizapo Mabaibulo woyamba wa ampule acid hydrocyanic, amene Stepan Bandera pomudyetsanso poizoni mu 1959, analengedwa ndi Mairanovsky akatswiri.
Komabe, zimenezi sikuti ntchito pochitika popanda kufufuza kwa asayansi okha. Kukhumudwa kwamankhwala, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, komanso kuyesa kudzipha sizinali zachilendo.
- Iwo anali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yokha. Ngati munthu anabweretsedwa, ndiye zakale, zifukwa zimene iye anagwidwa, ndi china chirichonse sanali chidwi kwambiri. Ili si ntchito ya asayansi - kufufuza ndi kuwonekera kukhothi, koma, izi, izi zimasiya mawonekedwe ena pa psyche- limati Yaroslav Mezentsev mbiri.
Russian Doctor Imfa
Kuyesera kamodzi pa anthu kunachitika nkhondo isanachitike, komabe, kuukira kwa Germany kwa USSR, Mairanovsky ndi "labotale wakufa" sikuti anangosiya kugwira ntchito, koma, m'malo mwake, adayamba kuwonjezeka. Mu 1942, chifukwa cha kuchepetsa mwangozi mu mlingo wa ricin mu mayesero pa munthu wotsatira kuti aphedwe, kunapezeka kuti mapuloteni poizoni amachita pa malo mitsempha thupi ndi ntchito monga "choonadi seramu".
Mairanovsky yomweyo inati "capamwamba" za anapeza mwangozi nthawi yomweyo analandira anakafuna patsogolo chitukuko zina. Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chazomwe zimapangidwira kuti "seramu ya chowonadi", ndizodziwika bwino kuti mu 1944 njira yoyesera yochokera ku richin idapezeka, ndipo a NKVD adapempha ma doses angapo "kuti agwiritse ntchito".
Komabe, kwambiri ntchito zikuluzikulu za "zasayansi imfa" anapulumutsidwa ndi utsogoleri dziko ina. atatu okha zaka atagonjetsedwa wa Nazi ndi kugonjera kwa ulamuliro wa Hitler, Mairanovsky anapatsidwa chilengedwe cha zimene aerosol poizoni - yoyamba ya mtundu wake zokhudza zakayendesedwe ka nchito zida biologically yogwira. Maupangiriwo, omwe sanakhale ofunika kwambiri ngati bomba loyamba la atomiki la Soviet, adayang'aniridwa ndi Lavrenty Beria.
Zotsatira za mayesero amenewa, monga olemba mbiri amati, akali chinsinsi ndi zasungidwa mu yachokera chatsekedwa m'madi- angapo nthawi imodzi.
- The mutu wa chitukuko cha zida zotere, makamaka mbali zokhudzana zatsopano pa anthu, wachita kale kutsekedwa. Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti amaiwala za zotsatira. Zonsezi zalembedwa, yolembedwa, adavomereza ndi adzatsekeredwa kubisika. Ngati ndi kotheka, izo sizidzakhala zovuta kuchotsa kumbuyo izi zonse zabwino, - watero wolemba mbiri yakale wa ntchito zapadera Dmitry Sokolov.
Anaphedwa ndi kuti
Mu 1951, Mairanovsky ndi kutsogolera akatswiri toxicology onse pa zasayansi chinsinsi - Eitingon, Raikhman, Sverdlov ndi Matusov - anali mwadzidzidzi anamangidwa. Mlanduwo ndikuyesa kulanda mphamvu ndikuchotsa utsogoleri wapamwamba mdzikolo. Azambiriyakale kukanganira za zifukwa zenizeni lero.
- The ambiri Baibulo ndi ichi: chala zonse nkhanza mumagona ndi Beria, yemwe ankafuna kuti akhale mtsogoleri yekha wa boma. Koma izi ndi nkhambakamwa chabe, bukulo silinasinthidwe, chifukwa Stalin, yemwe ali ndi mwayi wambiri, anali kudziwa bwino zomwe Beria anali kuchita komanso zomwe amawayang'anira., - limati Yaroslav Mezentsev mbiri.
M'modzi wa asilikari dziko yaikulu counterintelligence, Pavel Sudoplatov, amene mwamva panokha nawo kuwonongedwa kwa adani a anthu, akazitape ndi anthu ena owopsa kwa Soviet Union, umboni pa Mairanovsky pa mayesero chatsekedwa. Muumboni wake, Sudoplatov adawona kuti Mairanovsky ndi "kukonzekera" kwake akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ntchito zapadera kuyambira 1937.
Pa mafunso, Grigory Mayranovsky ananena kuti malangizo ndinalandira kwa "utsogoleri" koma sanali kupereka zikalata akulamulira Kupha chinsinsi mothandizidwa ndi ziphe. Popeza kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi mobisa wa zasayansi chinsinsi, komanso maudindo ndi mayina a anthu amene ankayang'anira ndi kulondera zasayansi wapadera mu mphindi zisanu kuyenda kwa Lubyanka kwa zaka ziwiri, choncho anamveka mu mode wapadera, palibe ndondomeko misonkhano mungazipeze yachokera kwa mpaka .
Chiŵerengero cha akuvutika chifukwa cha Russian Doctor Imfa simungathe kuchita masamu. Deta wa akatswiri zosiyanasiyana: Anthu ena amanena kuti ambiri angapo anthu poizoni namupha "zolinga kuyesedwa", ena amalimbikira kuti anthu mazana angapo anaphedwa ndi Mayranovsky gulu, kuphatikizapo angapo mwachisawawa odutsa amene, mwangozi, anagwa m'ndende " labu] ”atamangidwa.
Grigory Mairanovsky anali m'ndende kwa zaka khumi likhale cholowa cha ziphe ndipo, pamene anali m'ndende, sanaleke ndikaonekere chigamulochi. Mfundo imodzi chiganizo kuti anali kuletsa tikukhala mu Moscow, Leningrad ndi mitu ina ya mayiko wa USSR. Mu 1962, Mairanovsky adamasulidwa ndipo adasamukira ku Makhachkala. Apo iye ali ntchito pa imodzi mwa mabungwe kafukufuku, ndipo mu 1964 anamwalira mwadzidzidzi pabedi lake. An autopsy anasonyeza kuti mtima kumangidwa chinali chifukwa cha imfa. Zovuta za poizoni zomwe Mairanovsky adazipha kwa zaka zambiri mthupi la wasayansi sizinapezeke.
Mpweya monoxide
Mpweya monoxide poyizoni si zachilendo. Zinthu zotere zimasokoneza machitidwe omwe mpweya umaperekedwa m'maselo, chifukwa, ubongo ndi ziwalo zina zimadwala hypoxia. munthuyo ali mphwayi, kugona, khunyu, kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, kuona zilubwelubwe. A mkulu wa ndende kumam'phunzitsa zimawononga chitukuko cha matenda a ubongo. Choyambitsa imfa ndi kupuma.
Ngati zizindikiro za mpweya monoxide poyizoni ndi wapezeka, munthuyo anapatsidwa mpweya wabwino, mtendere, n'kupita ku malo dokotala.
A mankhwala ofanana alipo mu nyumba zambiri ndi ntchito disinfection. Chlorine ali ndi mafungo owononga kwambiri omwe amakhudza kwambiri kupuma. Ndi ndende kuchuluka poizoni mu chipinda, munthu mwamsanga akuyamba suffocate ndi mpweya ku matenda suffocation. Ngati munthu ali ndi mabuku ang'ono, matenda ndi chibayo zimachitika.
Ngati pali zizindikiro za poizoni ndi mpweya wa chlorine, munthu amapatsidwa mpweya wabwino, kutsuka pakamwa ndi m'maso ndi njira yofooka ya koloko ndikutumizidwa kuchipatala.
Cyanides
zinthu zina zimapanga gulu lalikulu ndi n'zotheka poizoni iwo onse zinthu za m'banja komanso mafakitale. Potaziyamu cyanide ndiye woimira kwambiri cyanides.
thunthu yakhala ntchito mchitidwe chigawenga. Pamene ingested, Umapha mofulumira. Mlingo wowopsa umatengera thanzi la munthu, koma 200 mg ya ufa ndizokwanira kuti imfa ipangike mkati mwa masekondi ochepa. A adakalibe wamphamvu shuga.
Amatoxins
Zoyipa zotere zili ndi puloteni ndipo zimapezeka mwa bowa owopsa a banja la amanite. Mabodza ngozi yakuti zizindikiro adzawonekera maola khumi pambuyo poizoni alowa m'thupi, pa nthawi mwayi kupulumutsa munthu wakudza ziro. Ngakhale ndi kuyesa bwino kupulumutsa, wozunzidwayo wolumala moyo amadwala mavuto ndi ziwalo.
Ricin
Ricin ndi poizoni chomera. kasanu ndi kamodzi wamphamvu kuposa cyanide potaziyamu. Choopsa chachikulu ndi chakuti ngati alowa m'magazi, pomwe zotsatira zake zimachitika mofulumira. Munthu wina akapuma m'mapapo ndi zochepa oopsa, komanso kumabweretsa poizoni kwambiri.
Pawiri ndi ululu wa nkhondo, ali ndi mitsempha-manjenje kwenikweni. Kusintha mthupi kumachitika pakadutsa mphindi imodzi, ndipo zotsatira zake zimachitika pambuyo pa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu. Kwambiri padziko lonse ululu woopsa ndi oletsedwa.
Top amphamvu ziphe mankhwala
Mankhwala ndi owopsa kwa anthu ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Iwo ali ziphe ndipo ambiri osokoneza patsogolo kwa poizoni.
A zotsatira amapha si lilibe ngati kololeka kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kawiri kuposa. Mankhwala ambiri amapezeka momasuka ku pharmacy.
- Njira umalimbana kuchitira dongosolo mtima.
- Antipsychotics ndi asamakhale ndi nkhawa.
- Ophera.
- Maantibayotiki ndi wothandizila antibacterial.
mankhwala zovulaza zikuphatikizapo mankhwala kuwonda, mankhwala umalimbana kuchitira kusabala, ngakhale m'maso. Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kochepa kwa mankhwalawa kungathandize, ndipo pakuwonjezera mlingo kumabweretsa chiphe ndi kufa.
Ziphe owopsa kwa Zinyama
Osachepera anthu amadwala chiphe nyama. Kodi ndi zangozi ziti za agalu ndi amphaka?
- mankhwala anthu. Ngakhale pang'ono za mankhwala ena amakwiya poyizoni kwambiri kapena imfa. Mwachitsanzo - isoniazid, mankhwala ochizira chifuwa chachikulu - amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osaka agalu.
- Njira ndiyotani pakuchotsa utitiri ndi nkhupakupa. Nyama amafa ndi ambiri osokoneza wa mankhwala.
- Chakudya. Musapereke ziweto chakudya pa gome, mphesa yosavuta atsogolere bwino impso, xylitol amachititsa dontho lakuthwa madzi a shuga ndi kuwona ntchito chiwindi.
- Khoswe poizoni. Poizoni wa makoswe nthawi zambiri amayambitsa kupha nyama. The rodent nyambo ali ndi fungo lokondweretsa, choncho amakopeka nyama zina. Popeza kuthandizidwa, Pet amafa msanga kwambiri.
- Mankhwala a nyama. Pachithunzichi mlingo mankhwala akhoza imfa.
- Home zomera. Amphaka ndi agalu amakonda kuluma mbewu zina, zambiri zokhala ndi msuzi wapoizoni, zomwe zimakhala zovulaza thanzi.
- Mankhwala mankhwala banja. Ili mu malo Kufikika, mankhwala zimenezi nthawi tcheru anthu nyama. Poizoni amakula msanga, monganso imfa.
- Feteleza ndi mankhwala. mankhwala amenewa ali oyenera zomera, koma ndi oopsa kwa nyama.
Chifukwa chake, palibe zoopsa komanso zowopsa zazinyama kuposa anthu. Ndi bwino kuti kwambiri kuyan'ana khalidwe la nyama mu nthawi kum'patsa thandizo.
Njira zopewera
Akuluakulu kuledzera n'zotheka kupewa pamene kuona tipewe ngozi. Pogwira ntchito ndi ziphe, ndikofunikira kuvala zovala zapadera zoteteza, magolovesi m'manja. Ntchito Goggles ndi respirators bwino.
Palibe, pa ntchito, izo saloledwa kudya chakudya, kukhudza nkhope yanu kapena zinthu poyera khungu ndi manja anu. Akamaliza kupanga manambala, amasamba m'manja mokwanira, kusamba ngati pakufunika kutero, ndi kutumiza zovala zawo kuchapa.
Musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala wosadziwika, muyenera kuwerenga malangizo amatsatira iwo. ali osavomerezeka kudya zakudya osadziwika.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati uli ndi poizoni
Ngati poyizoni zikachitika, nthawi yomweyo dokotala. Asanafike naye, wozunzidwayo amaperekedwa ndi chithandizo zotheka choyamba.
- sansani m'mimba, ngati kuloledwa,
- munthuyo sorbents,
- ntchito mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi kuyeretsedwa enemas,
- yambitsani mankhwala ngati zingatheke,
- kupereka mwatsopano mpweya, mtendere,
- mwamsanga kupatsa malo dokotala.
Ziwopsezo zothamanga kwambiri zimakhalapo pafupi ndi munthuyo, koma ndikusamala mosatetezeka ndizotheka kupewa poyizoni. Pamene zizindikiro za kuledzera kuoneka, iwo mwamsanga amapereka thandizo loyamba ndi kuitana madokotala.