Mukukhala pachilumba cha Madagascar, bask padzuwa ndipo mumalakalaka mutakhala m'malo osangalatsa ngati awa.

Mpaka china chake chichitike - kufuula komwe iwe umangotsala pang'ono kuchokera pakubwezeretsa dzuwa lako. Talandirani, apa pali chiwombankhanga chofuula cha Madagascan.

Mbalamezi sizimayimba zokhazokha, zimakonda kuwononga chisangalalo chawo mwa kuyeserera kwa gulu.

Mtundu wamba ndi wofiirira wakuda wokhala ndi mitsempha yofiira, masaya, mmero ndi mchira wake ndi zoyera, mulomo ndi wakuda, koma maziko ake ndi opepuka. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika mpaka 63cm.

Ku Madagascar kukuwombera chiwombankhanga kumasinthira kwenikweni. Kuyenda kwawo kuthambo kumagawika mitundu itatu:

1. Kuyang'ana mlengalenga ndikuwulutsa mapiko, ndikuwuluka ndi mawonekedwe owopsa.

2. Kuuluka mwachangu ndi mapiko okuuluka, chodabwitsa cha kuthawa ndikuwakuti kuthamanga kumafikira makilomita 40 pa ola limodzi.

3. Yambirani ndi dontho lakuthwa pansi mwachangu makilomita 100 pa ola limodzi kuti mugwire nyama.

Chiwombankhanga chofuula cha ku Madagaschi chimakhala pamakona amitengo yayitali kapena ntchentche pamwamba pa madzi, kufunafuna nyama.

Zimadyanso m'madzi am'madzi, zimakonda nsomba zambiri, koma sizosiyana ndi chakudya chamadzulo chazakudya zazikuluzikuluzikulu monga nkhanu, njoka, akambuku am'madzi, mbalame zamadzi ndi mikanda.

Nthawi zina chiwombankhanga chofuula cha ku Madagas chimangotenga nyama kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zodyera, monga wophunzira yemwe amaba chakudya kwa ena mnyumba yogona.

Nthawi yoswana ndiyitali, imayamba mu Meyi ndipo imatha mpaka Okutobala. Akazi amakhala kutali ndi achikondi omwe amayembekeza mtsogoleri wawo; amakwatirana ndi amuna ambiri.

Kukhulupirika si chinthu chawo. Zingwe zimakhazikitsidwa mu mphanda mumtengo wamtali kapena pamphepete mwa msewu. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri osaposa mazira awiri.

Amuna a chiwombankhanga aku Madagascar akuwombera zochita zawo, chifukwa chake amathandiza mayiyo kutemera mazira.

Pakadali pano, chiwerengerochi sichichulukirachulukitsa 120. Chiwombankhanga chofuula ku Madagascar chili pachiwopsezo kutha, chifukwa chake chikuphatikizidwa ndi Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN wokhala ndi mawonekedwe - ovuta.

Mbalame sizikufuna kubereka chifukwa choipitsidwa ndi anthu, poganiza za tsogolo la ana awo. Ngakhalenso chiwombankhanga chofuula cha ku Madache ndi omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu kuposa makolo ena.

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Imakhala makamaka ku Canada ndi USA, nthawi zina limalowa m'chigawo chakumpoto cha Mexico. Kuphatikiza pa maiko amenewa, mbalameyi imadzakhalanso ndi chisumbu pachilumba cha France chomwe chili ndi Saint-Pierre ndi Miquelon. Kugawa sikusiyana kwambiri, malo okhala malo ambiri osungirako zinyama amawoneka m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja. Kumadzulo kwa tsambalo, chiwombankhanga chimakhala mofunitsitsa m'mbali mwa gombe la Pacific kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Oregon, komanso ku Islands ya Aleutian. Pali chiwombankhanga chambiri ku Rockies m'maboma a Idaho, Montana, Wyoming ndi Colorado. Kummawa kwa United States, mbalame zimachuluka ku Florida (gulu lachiwiri lalikulu pambuyo pa Alaska), m'mphepete mwa Chesapeake Bay ndi dera la Great Lakes. Kuchulukana kumapezeka ku Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, Rhode Island ndi Vermont. Ku Canada, mbalameyi imangokhala ku zilumba za Arctic kumpoto kwa Anderson River Valley komanso pakati pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Hudson Bay. Maulendo apamadzi apaulendo adalembedwa ku Bermuda, US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Belize ndi Ireland.

Malo okhala chiwombankhanga chamdima nthawi zonse amalumikizidwa ndi madzi ambiri - nyanja yamchere, nyanja, nyanja yayikulu kapena gawo lalikulu la mtsinje. M'malo am'nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja muyenera kukhala osachepera 11 km, malo ochepa kwambiri osungirako malo osungirako nyama anali mahekala 8. Mukamasankha posungira, kuchuluka kwamasewera osiyanasiyana pamtunduwu ndikofunikira - makamaka ndikamakhala kachulukidwe kachulukidwe ka malo. Orlan, monga lamulo, amapuma ndi zisa m'nkhalango yamphesa wokhala ndi mitengo yambiri yolimba komanso yolimba. Pokulimbitsa ndikumanga chisa, imagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wolimba, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wamphamvu, wokhala ndi chisoti chachifumu komanso mawonekedwe abwino. Nthawi yakuswana, imapewe malo azikhalidwe ndipo nthawi zambiri malo omwe anthu amawachezera, ngakhale atakhala ndi chakudya chapafupi. Kukula kwa malo ogulitsirako ndikosasiyana kulikonse; ziwerengero zodziwika kuchokera pa 2.6 km 2 ku Upper Klamath Lake dera la Oregon mpaka 648 km 2 ku Arizona.

Mtundu wa kusamuka kumadalira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza nyengo, kupezeka kwa chakudya, malo omwe zogona ndi zaka ndi zaka za munthu. Ngati malo osungiramo madzi amaphimbidwa ndi ayezi, ndiye kuti chiwombankhanga chonse chomwe chimakhalamo chimachoka m'derali ndikupita kunyanja kapena kum'mwera kumasitunda komwe kumakhala kotentha. Kumbali inayo, chakudya chikaloleza (mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa nyanja), gawo la anthu akuluakulu limakhalabe nthawi yachisanu m'malo osungirako zinyalala.

Kutalika konse kwa thupi kumafika 70-120 cm, mapiko a 180-230 masentimita, kulemera kwa 3-6.3 kg. Akazi ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri kuposa amuna. Mbalame zomwe zimagawidwa kumpoto kwa mzerewo ndizokulira kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera kwa mderalo. Mlomo ndi wokulirapo, wopindika ngati mbalame, ndipo umakhala wachikuda. Kukula pamtanda wapamwamba kwa chigaza ndizikhalidwe, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame kumaso. Miyendo ya mtundu womwewo ndi mulomo, popanda zizindikiro za manambala. Zala zakutsogolo mpaka 15 cm, zamphamvu, ndizovala zakuthwa. Ndi zala zakumaso, mbalameyo imagwira wolakwayo, pomwe mbawala yokhwima bwino ikuboola ziwalo zake zofunika. Tariso, mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga, imawululidwa konse. Utawaleza ndi wachikasu. Mapikowo ndi otambalala ndipo ozungulira, mchirawo ndi wa kutalika kwapakatikati, wopingika. Nthenga zomaliza zimavala chiwombankhanga chimapezeka kumayambiriro kwa chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo. Kuyambira mu m'badwo uno, mbalame zimawoneka ndi mutu woyera ndi mchira wake pamtundu wakuda woderapo, pafupifupi wakuda wazomwezo. Ndegeyo ndi yunifolomu, yosasinthika, yokhala ndi mapiko osowa. Mukamagwedezeka, mapiko otambalala amawakhazikika kumiyendo yakumanja, ndipo mutu umatambalala.

Ngakhale chiwombankhanga chimawoneka bwino, chimakhala ndi mawu ofooka. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva kulira kofuula kapena ngati likhwangwala, kumveka ngati "kukankha mwachangu". Kuphatikiza pa kukuwa kwambiri, amasiyanitsanso ma tweets otsika, omwe amatsitsidwa ngati "mwakuti-bwanji-momwe-momwe". Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mawu osokosera, othandizira. Vocalization nthawi zambiri imawoneka "pakusintha kwa alonda" pachisa, komanso m'malo ambiri a mbalame m'nyengo yozizira.

Monga ziwombankhanga zina, mutu wa dazi umadya kwambiri nsomba, ngakhale umasewera masewera ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zina, mofunitsitsa amatenga chakudya kuchokera kwa olusa ena kapena amadya zovalazo. Kupenda koyerekeza kwa kafukufuku 20 m'magawo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana kunawonetsa kuti chakudya chambiri ndi 56% chopangidwa ndi nsomba (nsomba ya rose , ma pike, etc.), 28% kuchokera ku nkhuku (ma grebes, crests, abakha, atsekwe, gulls, coot, herons), 14% kuchokera kwa anyama (mahavu, akalulu, agologolo, agologolo pansi, makoswe, raccoons, ma muskrats, ma bea achinyamata), mwa 2% ochokera m'magulu ena a nyama (njoka zam'madzi, akambuku, ma amphibians ndi crustaceans). Kuwerengera kumeneku kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kupezeka kwa malo ena ndi zina.

Chiwombankhanga chimakonda kusaka m'madzi osaya, pomwe nsomba zimadziunjikira pomwepo. Njira yayikulu yopezera chakudya ndi yofanana ndi maluso osaka a osprey - chiwombankhanga chochokera kumtunda chimawona munthu amene akuvutikayo, chimagwera pansi ndi mwala ndikuigwira ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, pomwe chophimba chachikulu cha nthenga chimakhalabe chouma. Kuthamanga kwa kuthawa kwamadzi ndi 120-160 km / h, kufalikira kofulumira kwa 56-70 km / h. Pafupipafupi, mbalame imayendayenda pamadzi ndikubisala kale. Poyerekeza ndi osprey, chiwombankhanga chimakonda kugwira nyama yayikulu ndipo, ndi zibwano zake zamphamvu, sichitha kugwira nsomba zazing'ono. Kulemera kolemetsa komwe amayesedwa nako nthawi zambiri kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 3 kg. Mtolo wolemera kwambiri umatha kumiza zilazi m'madzi, ndipo pamenepa, mbalameyo imasambira bwino kupita kumtunda, pokhapokha itafa ndi hypothermia m'madzi oundana. Kusaka kophatikiza nthawi zina kumawonedwa pomwe mbalame imodzi ya awiriwo idasokoneza nyama, ndipo inayo nkuyigwira kumbuyo. Njira yopezera chakudya ndi yodziwika ndi masewera akulu pamtunda, monga hare kapena heron. Chiwombankhanga chimathanso kugwira chiwongola dzanja mumlengalenga, ngakhale nthawi zambiri chimadabwitsa kumtunda kapena madzi. Akagwira atsekwe, nyama zouluka zimatha kuwuluka kuchokera pansi, kudumphira m'mwamba ndikugundika zigamba zake. Njira ina imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi abakha: mbalame imazungulira nyama yomwe ikugwira, ikukakamira kubisala pansi pamadzi. Pambuyo pa kukwera m'madzi angapo, mbalame yofooka ija imayamba kugwiriridwa mosavuta ngati chilombo. Atatenga nyama kumtengo yamchenga kapena mtengo, mbalameyo imayamba kudya, ndikumakankhira kumbali yothandizidwa ndi phazi limodzi ndikukhwekhwererera chinacho ndi chinacho. Nthawi zambiri, ena amayesa kulumikizana ndi mbalame imodzi yodyetsa, choncho chiwombankhanga chomwe chinagwira nyama chitha kupuma mofulumira kwinakwake. Mpaka kilogalamu imodzi ya chakudya imatha kusungidwa mu goiter kwakanthawi, kuti mbalameyo isakhale ndi njala masiku angapo.

Monga mbalame zambiri za agwape, ziwombankhanga zamtundu wa nyama zodziwika bwino: mwamuna aliyense wokwatiwa ndi wamkazi. Amakhulupirira kuti mabanja amasungabe kukhulupirika muukwati moyo wawo wonse. Komabe, izi sizowona konse: ngati imodzi mwa mbalame sizibwerera kumalo odyera ikatha nthawi yachisanu, yachiwiri ikufuna mnzake. Awiriwo amasudzulana atalephera kubereka ana olumikizana. Awiri amapangidwa mkati mwazisamba komanso nthawi yachisanu. Khalidwe lakukhwima limatchulidwa makamaka pakuwuluka kwa mbalame zonse ziwiri, pomwe zimathamangitsa wina ndi mnzake, zimagona pansi ndikuyamba kuweramira.

Kukonzekera kwa chisa kumayambira ku Florida kumapeto kwa Seputembala-kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, ku Ohio ndi Pennsylvania mu Okutobala, ku Alaska mu Januware, koma m'malo mwake kale kuposa mbalame zambiri zodya nawo malo omwewo. Ndiwopatsa nthambi zambiri komanso nthambi zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mumtengo wamtali wamtali womwe ungathe kuyenda momasuka, osapitilira ma kilomita angapo kuchokera kumadzi otseguka. Mabuku akuti chisa cha chiwombankhanga ndi chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zonse ku North America. Nthawi zambiri amatha kufikira 2.5m mulifupi, 4 m kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi tani. Kuphatikiza kwazinthu zatsopano, chisa chimayamba kuvuta chaka chilichonse ndipo chimatha kuthyola nthambi zomwe zimagwira, komanso kugwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Komabe, zisa zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri zimadziwika. Mwapadera, pakakhala palibe dothi lamtchire kumalo osungirako, monga pachilumba cha Amchitka (Zilumba za Aleutian), chisachi chitha kukonzedwa pamiyala kapena m'malo ena osagwirizana ndi omwe amadyera. M'chipululu cha Sonora, pomwe mitengo ndiyosowa kwambiri, chiwombankhanga chimakhala pamwamba pa cactus wamkulu. Chimango chachikulu cha nthambi chimapangidwa pamodzi ndi udzu, mapesi a chimanga, algae wouma ndi zinthu zina zofanana. Makolo onsewa amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yomanga, yomwe imatha kutenga masiku angapo mpaka miyezi itatu, komabe, wamkazi amatenga nawo gawo poyala nthambi. Ngakhale zomanga zazikulu zimachitika asanaikidwe mazira, pambuyo pake mbalame zonse ziwiri zimalimbikitsanso dongosolo lomalizidwa. Kuphatikiza pa chisa chachikulu, m'dera lomwelo pamatha kukhala chimodzi kapena zingapo zowonjezera zomwe mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi, makamaka pambuyo pa kumanga koyambirira.

Mazira amaikidwa miyezi itatu pambuyo poyambira ntchito yomanga chisa. Mu kugona kwathunthu, monga lamulo, mazira awiri (2) nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pakadutsa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri. Ngati pa chifukwa chilichonse choyambirira chimatayika, wamkazi amatha kuchedwanso. Mazira ndi oyera oyera, opanda mawonekedwe, okhala ndi mawonekedwe owulungika. Makulidwe awo ndi 58-85 x 47-63 mm. Kukula kwake, komanso kuchuluka kwa mazira, zimayamba kuchuluka kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto molingana ndi kukula kwa mbalamezo. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe ndi pafupifupi masiku 35. Kugwedeza, komanso kudyetsa ana, makamaka chachikazi, champhongo chimangolowa m'malo mwake. Ntchito yayikulu yamphongo ndiyo kupeza chakudya. Anapiyewo amabadwa munthawi yomweyo momwe mazira anaikidwira, kotero kuti amakula mosiyanasiyana. Anapiye omwe amawoneka ali ndi zovala zopanda kanthu komanso osafunikira, kwa milungu iwiri kapena itatu m'modzi mwa makolo amakhala chisa - ichi makamaka ndi chachikazi, pomwe champhongo chikuchita chakudya kapena kusonkhetsa zisa. Nkhumba zimapikisane wina ndi mzake kuti athe kupeza chakudya, ndipo nthawi zambiri achichepere amafa ndi njala. Mu sabata lachisanu mpaka lachisanu ndi chimodzi, makolo amachoka chisa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi nthambi. Pakutha kwa nthawi imeneyi, anapiye amaphunzira kudya ndikudumphira m'nthambi kupita ku nthambi, patatha milungu 12,5 mpaka kuyamba kuthawa. Pafupifupi theka la anapiye, kuyesa koyamba kuwuluka mumlengalenga sikuchita bwino ndipo kugwera pansi, pomwe amakhala mpaka milungu ingapo. Akaphunzira kuuluka, anapiye amatha milungu iwiri 2-11 pafupi ndi makolo awo asanadzipatule kotheratu. Pafupifupi theka la chiwombankhanga chimatha kubereka ana achiwiri pachaka.

(Haliaeetus pelagicus)

Adagawidwa pa Peninsula ya Kamchatka komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa Koryak Upland (mpaka pakati pa Mtsinje wa Apuki), chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Penzhina, ndi Chilumba cha Karaginsky. Imapezeka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Amur, kumpoto kwa Sakhalin, Shantar ndi Kuril Islands, komanso ku Korea. Nthawi zina chiwombankhanga cha panyanja cha Steller chimawulukira ku Northwest America, Japan ndi North China. Kunja kwa gawo la Russia, chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimapezeka pokhapokha nthawi yozizira ikusamuka. Nyengo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri m'mapiri a kum'mawa kwa Far East ndi Japan, amasonkhana m'magulu a mbalame 2-3. Pamakhala zigwa zamtsinje wokhala ndi nkhalango zazitali, mapiri amiyala yam'madzi, ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu. Kupezeka kwa matupi amadzi okhala ndi nsomba zopezeka, makamaka nsomba zam'madzi, ndizofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa chiwombankhanga cha nyanja cha Steller.

Kutalika konse kwa mbalame ndi 85-105 cm, mapiko a 195-250 cm, kulemera kwa 7.5-9 kg. Mu mbalame zazikulu, mtundu umakhala ndi kuphatikiza kwamtundu wakuda woderapo ndi zoyera (komanso palinso mtundu wamtundu wakuda wakuda). Mphumi, kuchuluka kwa miyendo yakumbuyo, mapiko ophimba ang'ono ndi apakati, komanso mapiko achitsitsiwo ndi oyera, masamba ena onse ndi odera. Achichepere azaka zoyambirira za moyo amakhala ansalu okhala ndi nthenga zoyera komanso nthenga zopindika. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo, zovala zomalizira zimavala pazaka zitatu. Utawaleza ndi wonyezimira, milomo yayikulu ndi yofiirira, sera ndi miyendo yachikasu, nsapato zake ndi zakuda.

Maziko a zakudya ndi nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, amaukira zisoka zazing'ono, mbalame (capercaillie, grouse, abakha, gulls), nyamayi (hares, Arctic fox, ermine, sable), invertebrates zam'madzi (ma bivalves, cephalopods, crabs), amadya otentha, ndi ma eeption a nyanja. Ndi chiyambi cha kuyenda kwa nsomba kosalala, ziwombankhanga zam'nyanja zambiri za Steller zimawadya, osati nsomba zokha, komanso zakufa, zonunkha, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakonda. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga cha m'madzi cha Steller chimakonda kubera mitengo yayitali kapena mwala wamtunda pamalo okwera mamitala 5 mpaka 30. Zimatha kusaka, ndikuyandama mumlengalenga pamalo okwera mamita 6-7 pamwamba pa madzi.Nthawi zina amapeza nsomba ndi nsapato, zikaima m'madzi osaya pamchenga.

Izi ndi mbalame zodumphitsa. Maukwati okwatirana amapanga zaka zopitilira 4, nthawi yomwe chiwombankhanga chimatha kupanga chisa cha miyambo nthawi yophukira, pomwe sichikhala chisa. Masewera ophatikiza amayambira mu Marichi. Matenga amapezeka pachisa. Chidacho ndi chipinda chachikulu cha nthambi zazikulu komanso zazitali pamwamba pa mtengo kapena pamwamba pamiyala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala udzu. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimamangidwa pamitengo yayikulu, yokhwima, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi nsonga zakufa. Chisa chimodzi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka 5-8. Awiri awiriawiri amakhala ndi zisa ziwiri (zosaposa 900 m kuchokera), zomwe amakhala nthawi ndi nthawi. Zisa zomwe zakonzedwa pachaka zimakula kukula ndikufikira 3 mita mulifupi ndi 2 mita kutalika. Mazira adayikidwa mu Epulo - Meyi, chisanu sichinasungunuke. Mu clutch pali mazira oyera okwana 1-3 okhala ndi mtundu wa greenish; makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 34-36. Makulitsidwe amayamba ndi dzira loyamba. Chingwe chikuwonekera mu Meyi - June ndipo ndi chisa kwa miyezi 2-2.5, kuuluka kumapeto kwa Julayi - Ogasiti, osowa mu Seputembala. Makolo amadyetsa anapiyewo ndi nsomba 20-30cm kutalika, kumabweretsa ku chisa katatu pa tsiku. Mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, kukula kwachinyamata kumasungidwa pamtunda wa 2-3 km kuchokera kumalo osungirako zisa. Ziwombankhanga zam'madzi za Steller zimayamba kubereka pazaka zosaposa zaka 7.

(Haliaeetus leucogaster)

Amakhala m'malire a India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia ndi Tasmania. Iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala mbalame yokhazikika, anthu ena amakhala m'malo amodzi chaka chonse, koma ena amayendayenda.

Mutu, chifuwa, nthenga zophimba pansi pa mapiko ndi mchira wa chiwombankhanga wachikulire ndi zoyera. Thupi lakumaso ndi imvi. Pansi pa mapiko, nthenga zakuda zimasiyana bwino ndi zophimba zoyera. Mchirawo ndi waufupi komanso wopingika, ngati mphungu zonse. Mlomo ndi mtundu wake ndi wakuda, sera ndi wamtambo, miyendo yake ndi yachikaso kapena imvi. Mbalame yaing'onoyo ndi ya bulauni. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana mtundu, koma chachikazi ndi chokulirapo. Kutalika kwamphongo kwamphongo ndi masentimita 66-80, ndipo wolemera makilogalamu 1.8-3. Kutalika kwa chikazi ndi 80-90 masentimita, ndikulemera makilogalamu 2.5-4,5.

Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa zikukhala pamwamba pamitengo kapena kuyendayenda pamwamba pa matupi amadzi ndi nthaka payokha kapena awiriawiri. Magulu ang'onoang'ono a chiwombankhanga choyera nthawi zina amasonkhana komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka. Kuuluka kwawo kumatha kuyenda mosavuta kuposa chiwombankhanga china, kutha kugwira mbalame ndi nkhandwe zowuluka mlengalenga. Amadyetsa makamaka nsomba, akamba am'nyanja ndi njoka, imagwiritsa ntchito ma penguin ang'onoang'ono, mahochi, ma petrel ndi zinyama, komanso imadyanso carrion, yomwe imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chakudya nthawi zambiri chimatengedwa kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zazing'ono zodyedwa.

Nthawi yoswana imadalira kwambiri malo, nthawi zambiri nyengo yamvula. Izi ndi mbalame zowopsa: banja limakhala limodzi mpaka m'modzi wa iwo atamwalira. Kenako chachiwiri chimapeza chatsopano. Izi zimabweretsa kuti malo ena okhala ndi nesting amakhalamobe kwa zaka zambiri. Zingwe zimakhazikitsidwa pamiyala ya miyala kapena pamitengo yayitali; zisa za mbalame zina nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo achisa amasankhidwa kuti athe kuwunika bwino zomwe zikuzungulira. Chidacho ndi nsanja ya nthambi zouma yokhala ndi thireyi lakuya yokutidwa ndi udzu kapena zamadzi zamnyanja. Chaka chilichonse, banjali limakonza chisa, ndichifukwa chake limachuluka pakapita nthawi. Ntchito yomanga kapena kukonza imatenga masabata atatu mpaka asanu ndi limodzi. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mazira oyera awiri. Yaikazi imalowetsa mazira pafupifupi milungu 6, yamphongo nthawi imeneyi imamubweretsera chakudya. Ziphuphu zimayenda masiku 70-80, koma amakhala ndi makolo awo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena mpaka nyengo yotsatira yoswana.

(Haliaeetus sanfordi)

Amakhala ku Islands Islands, yomwe ili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotsika komanso zamapiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja pamtunda wa mamita 1,500 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Chifuwa ndi m'mimba zimakhala zofiirira, thupi lakumtambo limada, mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zofiirira, mchira wake ndi woderapo. Kutalika kwam'mimba masentimita 70-90, mapiko a 165-185 masentimita, kulemera kwa amuna amuna 1.1-1.9 makilogalamu, akazi 1,3-7,7 kg.

Imadyera nsomba, zigamba za nkhanu, akamba am'madzi ndi njoka, zovunda, zosambitsidwa kumtunda, nthawi zina zimakonda mbalame ndi nkhandwe zowuluka.

Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira awiri mu clutch.

(Haliaeetus vocifer)

Kugawidwa ku sub-Saharan Africa pamtunda wamtunda wa 1000 m. Chimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, m'matanthwe, m'malo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, malo okhala ndi mitsinje, mitsinje ndi mitsinje, nthawi zina imapezeka pafupi ndi gombe m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Awa ndi a chiwombankhanga chokulirapo, kutalika kwake ndi kuyambira pa 63 mpaka 57 cm, mapiko ndi kuyambira 175 mpaka 210 cm. Amuna amalemera kuyambira 2 mpaka 2,5 kg, pomwe zazikazi zimalemera kuyambira 3,2 mpaka 3,6 kg. Mutu, khosi, chifuwa chakumbuyo ndi kumbuyo, komanso mchira wake, ndi zoyera, ndipo thupi lonse ndi mgoza kapena imvi. Nthenga pazomangira zamapiko ndi zakuda. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu ndi nsonga yakuda, miyendo ndiyopepuka chikasu.

Ziwombankhanga zofuula nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonekera pazikongoletso za mitengo yayitali yomwe imayang'ana momwe imayambira. Malo okhala malo okhala nthawi zambiri amakhala pabedi lamtsinje kapena m'mbali mwa malo osungira madzi ambiri. Ziwombankhanga zofuula zimapanga mawu awiri osiyana, osati monga mbalame zamtundu uliwonse. Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimalira m'magulu awiriawiri, kulira kwambiri kwa akazi. Chimakhala chachilendo pakalankhulidwe kokhazikika kuti mugwedezere mutu wanu kumbuyo.

Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, nthawi zambiri samasaka mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi, mbalame zazikazi, mbalame za mbalame ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi. Nthawi zina nyama zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zimatha kukhala akamba ang'ono, ming'alu yaying'ono, mikanda, njoka zam'madzi kapena zovunda. Chiwombankhanga chowulira chimawuluka mwaluso kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatenga nyama kuchokera kwa mbalame zina. Amadikirira nthawi yayitali pamtengowo kwa nthawi yomwe nsomba ikuwoneka pamtunda, ndipo ndikuyiyimba ndikuyigwira, ndikudya pamtengo. Satha kukweza nyama, yomwe yolemera kuposa 1.5 makilogalamu, ndikuyidya m'mphepete.

Nyengo yakuberekera imakhala munthawi ya chilimwe, pomwe madzi am'malo osungira ali otsika. Ziwombankhanga zofuula ndi mbalame zodontha. Zingwe zimamangidwa pamtengo wamtali pafupi ndi madzi. Zinthu zomanga ndi nthambi zouma. Zomera zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ndipo zimakonzedwa chaka chilichonse, kotero chisa chimakula nthawi zonse ndipo chimatha kufika mainchesi awiri ndi 1.5 kuya. Yaikazi imayikira mazira oyera atatu mpaka atatu. Yaikazi incubates makamaka kwa masiku 42-45. Pakatha masiku 70-75 patapita nthawi kuti anapiyewo ayambe kuuluka, patatha milungu inanso isanu ndi itatu amayamba kudzipezera chakudya. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka zinayi.

(Haliaeetus vociferoides)

Amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Madagascar. Nthawi zonse chimakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi pamalo okwera mpaka 1200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-66 masentimita, mapiko ndi 165-180 masentimita, kulemera kwa amuna ndi 2.2-2.6 kg, ndipo kwa akazi ndi 2.8-3,5 kg. Utoto wamba ndi wakuda ndi misempha yofiyira, mutu ndi wotuwa, masaya ndi mmero ndi zoyera, mchira waufupi ndi loyera. Bill ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi imvi.

Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtengo wamtali kapena ntchentche pamwamba pa madzi, kufunafuna nyama. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, nthawi zina nkhanu, akamba am'madzi, mbalame zam'madzi, komanso imadya nyama zina zomwe zimadyedwa.

Khalani awiriawiri. Nyengo ya kuswana imatha kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala. Zingwe zimamangidwa pa foloko mumtengo wamtali kapena pathanthwe. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira awiri mu clutch. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 37-43. Makolo onsewa amakondana, koma makamaka achikazi. Chingwe chimachoka chisa pambuyo pa masiku 78-89.

(Haliaeetus leucoryphus)

Kugawidwa kuchokera ku Kazakhstan, kumwera kwa Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan kummawa mpaka ku Mongolia ndi China komanso kumwera kumpoto kwa India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ndi Burma. Anthu akumpoto amasamukira kumwera kumpoto kwa India nthawi yachisanu. Amasungidwa pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje yayikulu, yonse m'malo otsika komanso okwera mpaka 5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mphungu yayitali yokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira wowoneka bwino komanso nkhope yoyera, mapiko a bulauni akuda ndi msana wofiirira. Mchirawo ndi wakuda wokhala ndi chingwe choyera. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zakuda kwathunthu komanso popanda mikwingwirima pa mchira wawo. Mbalameyi imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 72-84 ndi mapiko a masentimita 180 mpaka 205. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 2.1-3.7 makilogalamu ndipo amphongo ndi 2-3.3 kg.

Amadyetsa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi, nthawi zina amadya achule, akamba, zirombo, ziphokoso zam'madzi ndi anapiye awo, zovunda. Nthawi zambiri amatenga nsomba kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zodya nyama. Pali zokwanira kuchokera pamadzi.

Nthawi yakubzala kumpoto kwa mtunduwu kumayambira mu Marichi, komanso kumwera koyambirira kwa Novembala. Makolo onsewa amapanga zisa pamwamba pa mtengo wamtali womwe umakula pafupi ndi dziwe. Chisa ndi nsanja yayikulu ya nthambi zouma zokhala ndi udzu wouma. Mu clutch pali mazira 1-3 omwe amadzaza masiku 40-45. Mwana wankhuku yomaliza yosungidwa nthawi zonse amafa.

(Haliaeetus albicilla)

Ichi ndi mbalame chofala chomwe chimakhala mu Asia kuyambira tundra kupita ku Japan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Northern Iran ndi Turkey, ku Europe kuchokera kumpoto kwa Scandinavia kupita ku Romania, Hungary, Balkan ndi Baltic, ku Corsica ndi Sardinia, ku Hebrides ndi Shetland zilumba, ku Iceland komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Greenland. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zina, makamaka zazing'ono, zimasamukira kumwera ku Pakistan, China ndi kumpoto kwa India. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chimakhala nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu ndi mitsinje, ndipo m'malo ena imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kutalika kwa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera kumayambira 70 mpaka 90 cm, mapikowo amayambira ku 200 mpaka 230. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri komanso amakula kuposa amuna. Kulemera kwa thupi wamkazi ndi makilogalamu 4-7, amphongo ndi 3-4,5 kg. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wopindika. Zowonjezera za munthu wamkulu zimakhala zofiirira, mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zachikasu, mchirawo ndi woyera. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu mopepuka poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama ndizambiri komanso zamphamvu. Iris ilinso ndi mtundu wachikaso chopepuka. Chiwombankhanga cha chiwombankhira choyera sichimakutidwa ndi nthenga ku zala zomwe. Achichepere ndi a bulauni akuda, mlomo ndi imvi. Ndi mtundu uliwonse wa mbewa, chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chokhala ndi mbewa zoyera zimakhala zambiri zofanana ndi nyama zokulirapo, ndipo zikafika zaka zisanu, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa choyera chimapeza mawonekedwe achikulire. Kuuluka, mbalameyo imagwira mapiko ake otambalala kumbali.

Popeza chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera chimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi mayiwe, chakudya chake ndi nsomba. Amasaka kuwuluka pamwamba posungiramo, ndipo atangoona nsomba, amagwa pansi mwachangu, ndipo amatha kulowa m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa kuti akumbe nyama yomwe ili ndi mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, imadyera ku waterfowl, kuphatikiza atsekwe, ma loon ndi abakha akuluakulu. Amadyanso zilombo - mahavu, marmots, agologolo pansi, nthawi zina amadya zonola, makamaka nthawi yozizira.

Mbalame imayesetsa kumanga chisa chake kumtunda kuchokera pansi, makamaka pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamiyala. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi zazikulu komanso bwino: agwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri. Popita nthawi, nyumbayo imafika magawo akuluakulu, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina imaphulitsidwa ndi mphepo ndipo, kuthyola nthambi za mitengo, kugwa pansi. Poterepa, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amanganso chisa chatsopano. Maanja amapangidwira amoyo, pakufa kwa wokondedwa, cholowa m'malo chimapezeka msanga. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbere yoyera chimatha kubereka pokhapokha kufikira zaka zinayi. Yaikazi imayamba kuyikira mazira kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February ndipo, malingana ndi malo okhala, kuyikirako kumatha kupitirira mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Mu clutch pali kuchokera mazira oyera mpaka atatu, nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi malo owaza. Kwa masiku 35 mpaka 40, onse awiri amagwirizana. Akapaka amphaka, satuluka pachisa pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Komabe, ngakhale anawo atayamba kuuluka ndi kusaka ali pawokha, kwa kanthawi amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi chisa ndi makolo, omwe nthawi zina amawadyetsa.

(Ichthyophaga humilis)

Kugawidwa ku Southeast Asia: kuchokera Kumpoto chakum'mawa India (kumapiri a Himalayas) kummawa kupita ku peninsula ya Indochina ndi Indonesia, anthu ena ali kumwera kwa India m'chigawo cha Karnataka. Amakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira osiyanasiyana: mitsinje, nyanja, madambo. Amakonzekeretsa mitsinje yam'mapiri kapena matupi amadzi ndi madzi apompopompo. Imachitika pamalo okwera mpaka 2400 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ngakhale imakonda kupezeka pansi pa 1000 m.

Ndi mbalame yaing'onoting'ono, yotalika mpaka 64cm komanso yokhala ndi mapiko aatali pafupifupi 1,21. Mtundu wamba wamtundu wakhungu, chiuno ndi m'mimba zimakhala zoyera. Mapiko ndi otakata, mchirawo ndi waufupi komanso wozungulira, mutu umakhala wocheperako, khosi ndilotalika. Maso a akulu ndi achikasu, sera ndi imvi. Miyendo yake ndiyifupi, yotumbululuka.

Zakudya zake zimakhala pafupifupi nsomba. Mukuyang'ana nyama yomwe ili pamwala kapena panthambi ya mtengo ikubowola madzi. Kuwona wovutikayo imangodumphira pansi ndikuigwira kuchokera pamadzi ndi zopindika zake.

Ku North India ndi ku Nepal, nyengo ya kubereka imayamba mu Marichi ndikutha mu Ogasiti, kumadera ena imayamba mu Novembala ndipo imatha mu Epulo. Chidacho chimapangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi zouma ndi masamba obiriwira, imatha kufikira 1 mita mulifupi ndi 1.5 mita kuya. Mu clutch kuchokera 2 mpaka 4 mazira.

(Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)

Amagawidwa mokwanira kuchokera ku India ndi Southeast Asia kupita ku Malaysia, Indonesia ndi Philippines. Chimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha kwambiri mpaka kumtunda kwa ma 1,500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Madziwo amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje komanso mitsinje, nyanja, mapiri, madambo, madambo komanso mitsinje.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-75 masentimita, mapiko ndi 155-170 masentimita, mchirawo ndi wa 23- 28cm, wamkazi akulemera makilogalamu 2.3-7, pomwe wamwamuna akulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 1.6. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, khosi ndilitali, mchira umakhala wozungulira, miyendo ndiyifupi ndi malamba atali. Mtundu wamba wamtundu wonyezimira, mutu ndi wotuwa, chifuwa ndi chofiirira, kumtunda kwa thupi ndi woderapo, m'mimba ndi mchira wake ndi zoyera, mchirawo umakhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakuda.

Mphunguzi zimasungidwa limodzi kapena awiriawiri. Ntchentche mwachangu, kuuluka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala atakhala pamitengo yosinthira madzi ndikuyang'ana nyama. Wovutikayo amagwira ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa pamwamba pamadzi. Imathanso kusaka poyimirira m'mitsinje yamadzi amvula mu mitsinje. Zakudyazo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi nsomba zokhazokha, nthawi zina zimadya nsomba zakufa, nthawi zambiri zimatha kudya zokwawa, mbalame zam'madzi ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono.

Nthawi yakuswana m'mitundu yambiri imachitika kuyambira Novembala mpaka Meyi. Amanga zisa zazikulu ndi mainchesi 1.5m ndikuzama mamita 2 mumakhalidwe otseguka a mitengo yayitali, thirayo imakhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Mu clutch pali mazira oyera a 2-4. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 45-50. Chingwe chomangira masiku 70.