"Mbalame yaing'ono ya Hummingbird" - lero tikambirana za mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala kumayiko aku America. Za kukongola kwawo kwamapulogalamu, zazokhudza mitundu ya nyama, zamayendedwe. M'mayiko otentha, makamaka kudera lotentha, kuli mbalame zambiri zowoneka bwino. Ena amatenga chidwi ndi utoto wowala wa maula, ena - kupezeka kwa zodzikongoletsera zoyambirira momwe mawonekedwe a nthenga pamutu kapena kapangidwe kake kam mchira, pomwe ena - mawonekedwe achilendo ndi mtundu wa mtanda.
Malo oyamba kukongola ndi chisomo ndi a mbalame zazing'ono zaku America - chomangamanga, pomwe pali mitundu yopitilira 300. Kupatula Amelika, sapezeka. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi zimakhala m'mapiri omwe amakwirira zipululu, koma zina mwa izo zimakhala m'mapiri ataliatali kumtunda kwa nyanja. Mitundu ina ya hummingbird imakhala kutali kwambiri ndi malo otentha (mwachitsanzo, ku Alaska, Labrador, Tierra del Fuego), koma imawulukira ku equator yozizira nyengo yachisanu.
Hummingbird ndizochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mitundu ikuluikulu imangofika kukula kwa nameza, ndipo ang'onoang'ono samaposa kukula kwa bumblebee.
Mbalame zazing'onozi zimawuluka tsiku lonse kufunafuna timadzi tokongola, kulowa m'milomo yathu yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (midges, udzudzu, agulugufe ocheperako) ndi akangaude. Ena mwa iwo amawona masamba ndikuyang'ana nthambi zonse, amatenga tizilombo kuchokera pansi pamasamba. Ena amasanthula mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ndi nthambi zowuma, ngati ma pikes, koma nthawi yomweyo amasuntha. Amathamanga maluwa ndi maluwa, amakhala m'malo amodzi kapu ya maluwa ndikuyamwa msuzi wokoma ndi lirime losunthika.
Kwenikweni, mbalame za hummingb pafupifupi zimangokhala mlengalenga, zimagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri ndi mapiko omwe amazungulira ndikufotokozera kutalika kwakutali. Pakuuluka kwake, kulira pang'ono kwamveka kumveka kukuuluka kwa mapiko kawiri konse, kuchuluka kwa komwe kumafikira 50 pamphindikati. Kenako mapikowo amakhala osawoneka ngati masamba a fan, pakugwira ntchito kwawo amazimiririka m'munda wathu wamaso ndikusintha kukhala mtambo wowonekera.
Kuthawa kwa Hummingbird kumawoneka mochititsa chidwi komanso kutseguka kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, hummingbird comet safo - wokongola kwambiri, amachita zanzeru zopanda pake ndikutembenuka nthawi yomwe amathawa. Akuthamangira pa duwa, iye akufotokozera mozungulira mozungulira bwalo kuti maso ake sangayang'ane mayendedwe a mbalameyo. Mchira wake woyaka moto umasiya mtundu wa ndege zouluka, kutanthauza kuti (dzina lake).
Wachepera Hummingbird - Elf Wokongoletsayo amawuluka kudzera m'maluwa ngati njuchi, koma osati mwanjira ina, koma ngati kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi imodzi ya mtengo wamaluwa kupita ku imzake, mosiyana kotheratu.
Kumenya Hummingbird mbalame yayitali kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse (yofanana ndi kukula kwake) padziko lapansi. Mlomo wake ndi wokulirapo kuposa thupi lake lonse. Mtundu waukulu kwambiri wamtunduwu wokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira ngati mapiri amakhala ku Andes. Ndi mlomo wake wautali, amatha kuchotsa timaluwa tokongola tosiyanasiyana m'maluwa osiyanasiyana.
Topaz hummingbird Ili ndi mitundu yowala bwino yowoneka bwino. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha za ku South America m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, kusaka, imawuluka pamadzi, kuthamangitsa tizilombo. Amphaka ake osasinthika (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kokongola) adapangitsa mtundu wa hummingbird kukhala wosavuta.
Rockettail Hummingbird - Mwina mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri. Imapezeka kuchigwa chachikulu cha Peru ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anthu amangodziwika okha. Mbalameyi ndi yoyambirira komanso yokongola. Mbali yam'mutu mwake ndi yofiirira, kumbuyo ndi kwamtambo, mapiko ndi nthenga za mchirayo ndi zobiriwira, kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiyira.
Makulidwe amtundu wa hummingbird amitundu yosiyanasiyana mpaka digiri imodzi kapena ina amatulutsa mtundu wamiyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zitsulo (topazi, ruby, safiro, amethyst, turquoise, golide, bronze, etc.). Chitsulo chowoneka bwino cha manambala chimadalira pamapangidwe a nthenga, zomwe zimawonetsa kuwonekera kwa iwo munjira zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yokongola ya ma plumage shimmer ndikudutsa imodzi kupita nayo, kutengera mbali yomwe mumayang'ana. Pakuuluka, mafunde awa amawoneka kapena kuchepera ndipo amapangitsa chidwi. Pamodzi ndi mitundu yamafuta, thupi la hummingbird limakutidwa ndi zokongoletsera zosiyanasiyana (monga zitunda, ma diadema, kolala, nyanga za nthenga, ndi zina zotere).
Ntchito yayikulu yopitilira ya hummingbird imalumikizidwa ndi zodabwitsa za thupi lake, zimapereka mphamvu yogwira thupi komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mtima wa hummingbird ndi wokulirapo kuposa katatu pamimba. Pafupipafupi kugunda kwamtima kumafika 1 LLC pamphindi. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha maselo ofiira m'magazi, kuyerekeza ndi mbalame zina, zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umalowa m'thupi.
Hummingbird kudya kwambiri. Amadya mpaka kawiri kulemera kwake patsiku. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuyenda tsiku lonse. Amadziuluka okha pa ntchentche, kudyetsa anapiye awo, kusamba. Kuwuluka pafupi ndi madzi katatu ndikulowa, kulowa pansi, kenako, kutuluka, kumwaza mapiko ndi mapiko ozungulira mosalekeza ndikuwonetsa mapangidwe ake abwino kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Usiku, kutentha kwa thupi la hummingbird kumatsika mpaka +17 - +21 C. Amalumikiza matsekezo awo kunthambi kuti apumule ndikuyima osuntha. Izi zimaphatikizapo dzanzi, lomwe limatenga maola 15 mpaka 20, kuloleza mbalameyo kuchita popanda chakudya.
Hummingbird monga ma swala omwe akukhudzana nawo, sangathe kuyenda padziko lapansi. Manja awo ndi ziwalo zogwira mtima, osati zonyoza. Zala zake zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali zopindika. Nthawi zambiri amakhala osawoneka, chifukwa cha fluff.
Ma Hummingbird samapanga awiriawiri oswana. Akazi onse amasamalira ana. Zisa zawo ndizabwino kwambiri, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati kapu, zolumikizidwa ndi thonje ndi ulusi wabwino kwambiri mkati. Mu zazing'onozing'ono, chisa sichidutsa hafu ya ulusi, koma mitundu yayikulu imafika kukula kwa mutu wa mwana. Zingwe zimaphatikizika ndi mipesa, yomwe imapachikidwa pamasamba a kanjedza, kapena kuyikidwa pa mphanda mu nthambi zokongoletsedwa ndi lichens kunja.
Ma Hummingbird samasamala kwambiri anthu, kudalira kuthamanga ndi kuthamanga kwa kuthawa kwawo. Pali nthawi zina pomwe mbalame yowumitsa imamanga chisa chake ndikuyikika pachingwe chomwe chikutsika kuchokera padenga la nyumbayo, ndipo inayo imasinthanitsa chisa chake pampandapo.
Palibenso mazira oyera awiri omwe amangoyikidwako, omwe amafanana ndi mbewa. Dzira laling'ono laling'ono, dzira limalemera 2 mg yokha. Amuna amateteza malo awo okhalako, kuthamangitsa mbalame zakunja. Amachita nkhondo komanso oimira mitundu ina, ndipo amawonetseranso zankhondo poyerekeza ndi abale awo. Mbidzi za Hummingb siziwopa nkomwe mbalame zomwe zimadyera zikuuluka zisa zawo ndikuukira adani, molimba mtima kupewa kuukira chifukwa chodabwitsa kuthawa.
Mbidzi za ma Hummingb zimamatira mazira milungu iwiri kapena itatu, anapiye amakokana amaliseche ndipo nthawi yomweyo amangodzitukumula, akumadutsa chovala chovala. Mnyumba yanyengo ndiyokula masiku 20 mpaka 25. Kudyetsa kumachitika pa ntchentche pomwe makolo, akuwuluka, "kukangamira" pachisa ndikutulutsa maluwa mu milomo ya anapiyewo. Ngati makolo sangawuluke ndi chakudya kwanthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti anapiyewo amakhala oopsa ndipo amayamba kugwedezeka. Kutentha kwawo kumatsika ndipo chidwi chawo sichitha, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupulumuka kugwa kwakanthawi.
Ngakhale zinali zazing'ono kwambiri, mbalame za hummingbad zinali zambiri okhala m'malo otentha, osangokhala nkhalango zachimayi zokha, komanso mapiri, konsekonsekonsekonse ku America komanso kuzilumba zozungulira, komwe kuli nkhalango zambiri, zitsamba ndi mbewu zambiri zamaluwa zomwe zimakopa tizilombo (mwachitsanzo, ku Antilles ndi Bahamas).
Mbalame za Hummingbird sizonse zomwe zimaphunziridwa bwino, zidakali zosowa, zomwe zafotokozedwa pamakopi amodzi. Tsopano kuchuluka kwa mbalame zokongola kwambiri zamagetsi zachepa kwambiri chifukwa chakuwedza kuti apeze phindu. M'zaka za zana la 19 zokha adaphedwa ndipo zikopa zija zidatumizidwa ku Europe. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mpaka zikopa 400,000 amabweretsedwa ku London kokha. Ndipo tsopano M'mayiko ena zikopa za hummingbird zikupitilizabe kukonzekereratu.
Zovala zolimba zowonetsedwa ku Moscow - ku Darwin Museum ndi Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mizinda yayikulu, zopereka za hummingbird zitha kuwoneka m'malo osungirako zinyama.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame ya hummingbird
Hummingbird - Izi si mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri papulaneti lathu lalikulu, komanso zokongoletsera zokongola zathu. Nthenga zawo zokongola kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe apadera zimapangitsa kuti zolengedwa zazing'onozi zizikhala zokongola.
Pali mitundu yopitilira 300 ya ma hummingbird omwe ali ndi kusiyana pang'ono. Mwa unyinji wotere pali olemba mbiri - mbalame zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri. Nthawi zina mbalamezi zimafanana ndi agulugufe kapena mtundu wina wa tizilombo chifukwa cha kakulidwe kakang'ono. Mbalame za Hummingbird zimalemera magalamu awiri okha.
Mtunduwu ndiwocheperako kwambiri komanso wapadera kwambiri. Mbalame zodabwitsazi, zazikuluzo ndizofanana ndi bumblebee, zimakhala ndi mtundu wodabwitsa. Nthenga zake ndizobiriwira pamtunda, koma pansi pake ndi zoyera, ndipo dzuwa limawala kwambiri. Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa mbalame yokhala ngati hummingbird pafupifupi magalamu 20.
Kukula kwa hummingbird kulinso kocheperako, kuyambira pa masentimita 7 mpaka 22, uku ndiko kutalika kwa mbalame kuyambira kumutu kwa mulomo mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira. Zovala zazikulu kwambiri zakumaso pamwamba pa nthenga zimakhala zofiirira komanso zobiriwira, ndipo pansi pamakhala zofiirira, ndipo tart imakhala imvi.
Kupaka utoto wa mbalameyo nthawi zambiri sikungotengera utoto momwe nthenga zimayendera, komanso makulidwe akuwala ndi komwe kuwala kwake kuli. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu umatha kusintha ndi kusalala ndi mitundu yonse, kukumbukira momwe kusefukira kwamtundu kumapeto kwamiyala yamtengo wapatali.
Dziwani kuti mtundu wamtundu wa amuna ndi wolemera kwambiri komanso wowala, kugonana kopanda pake kumatsalatu pakufanizira uku. Ndakatulo zodabwitsa zolembedwa zokhudza kukongola kosaneneka kwa mbalameyo:
“M'nkhalango, m'nkhalangomo,
M'mawa mwake kunjenjemera.
Pali mbalame yosungunula, mbalame yaukali
Monga moto pang'ono. ”
Nayi chitsanzo china cha kufotokoza kwandakatulo kokhudza mbalame yodabwitsa iyi:
"Akalulu ochitira humbo
Pakati pa mitundu mosatopa -
Amasamba madzi osambira.
Ndi fungo labwino komanso kuwala
Amawuluka ndi roketi yamitundu yambiri. "
Chithunzi cha mbalame ya hummingbird malizitsani mawonekedwe achilendo. Mbalame zazing'ono zokongola kwambiri, zopatsa chidwi pamaso pawo. Ma Hummingbird amakhala ndi mulomo wotalikirapo wosawoneka bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri theka la mlomo limaphimba pang'ono mbali yakumbuyo. Lilime la mbalame zazing'ono ndi lalitali ndipo limakhazikika, amatha kukankhira lilime pakamwa.
Mapiko a mbalame zazing'onozi ndi zazitali komanso zakuthwa. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi 10, koma nthawi zina zimakhala ndi mitundu 9, nthenga zazikulu komanso nthenga zazifupi zisanu ndi imodzi zokha, zomwe zimakhala zobisika kwathunthu.
Nthawi zambiri ma buluu amawombera mapiko awo, amachita izi mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti nkosatheka kuti tiwone, mthunzi wokha wosawoneka. Amapanga mikwingwirima 50 pamphindikati imodzi, ndipamene mbalame imayamba kuwuluka mlengalenga. Koma uku sikukutanthauza kuti kuthamanga kwawo, kuthawa mothamanga kwambiri mbalame imatha kumenya mabatani 200.
Mverani mawu a hummingbird
Kuthamanga kwa "zinyenyeswazi" izi kumakhalanso ndi magonedwe pakati pa mbalame ndipo ndizopitilira 100 km kwa ola limodzi. Ndege yapadera mbalame za hummingbird mu mbali zonse: pansi, kumtunda, mbali, kutsogolo ngakhale kumbuyo.
Mlengalenga amatha kuchita ma aerobatics enieni ndipo amachita izi mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuti aziwunika mayendedwe awo, malo owala amangowonekera pamaso panu. Kuyenda kwa mbalameyo kumayendera limodzi ndi mtundu wa phokoso lomwe limachitika chifukwa cha kukangana kwa nthenga zakumwamba.
Ndi kulimbitsa thupi koteroko, mtima wa mbalame umagwira ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri, pamalo abata kumapangitsa kugunda pafupifupi 500, ndipo panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwambiri, chizindikiritsochi chimawonjezeka kuposa kawiri ndipo chimatha kugunda kwa 1500 pamphindi.
Mawotchi a Hummingbird ndi ochepa kwambiri, owonda komanso ofooka, okhala ndi zibwano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asakhale oyenera kuyenda, kotero mbalame sizikhala pansi, zimatha moyo wawo wonse ndikuuluka. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kwina kwamitundu yamtunduwu ndi kuthekera kukangamira mlengalenga.
Panyengo zotere, mapikowo amafotokoza kuchuluka kwa zisanu ndi zitatu mlengalenga, motero kusungabe bwino komanso chovunda chamtunduwu chimatha kusuntha kwa nthawi yayitali ndiku "kudzipachika" pamalo amodzi. Hummingbird agona ngati mileme, akugwera mkhalidwe wofanana ndi makanema oimitsidwa.
Ndikofunika kutchulanso china chapadera chamoyo cha mbalameyi - kutentha kwa thupi. Pamene hummingbird ikuyenda, ili ndi magazi ofunda, kutentha kwa thupi kumafika madigiri 42, koma mumdima, mbalame zikagona pamtengoyi, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika kwambiri mpaka madigiri 17, kotero mbalameyo imangodzuka ndikuyembekezera. Dzanzi lotere limapezekanso chifukwa chosowa chakudya, chomwe chimakhala chowopsa kwambiri ndipo chimatha kutha ngati simukupatsa chidwi mbalameyo ndikudyetsa panthawiyo.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Zazaka 22 miliyoni zapitazi, mbalame za hummingbdi zasintha mwachangu kukhala mitundu ya mitundu yambiri. Nkhani yawo yachitukuko ndiyodabwitsa. Amanyamula mbalame zazing'ono kuchokera ku kontinenti ina kupita ku ina, kenako ndikubwerera, ndikusintha mosalekeza ndikupanga mawonekedwe awo osiyana.
Nthambi yomwe ikupita kumalo opanga zovala amakono idabadwa zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 42 zapitazo, pomwe makolo a hummingbird adadzilekanitsa ndi abale, amasinthana ndikupanga mawonekedwe atsopano. Izi mwina zinachitika ku Europe kapena Asia, komwe zinthu zakale zakale zokwana 28 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo zapezeka.
Kanema: Hummingbird
Mbalamezi zinapita ku South America kudutsa ku Asia ndi Bering Strait ku Alaska. Pa kontinenti ya Europe palibe mbadwa zotsala. Kamodzi ku South America zaka miliyoni 22 zapitazo, mbalame mwachangu zinapanga zatsopano zachilengedwe ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano.
Chochititsa chidwi! Kuwunika kwa ma genetic kumawonetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hummingbird ikupitilizabe kukula, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ikupitilira kuchuluka kwawo. M'malo ena, mitundu yoposa 25 imapezeka m'malo omwewo.
Sichidziwikiratu kuti mbalame za hummingbon zingakhale bwanji ku South America. Chifukwa zimadalira mbewu zomwe zidapanga nawo. Pali mitundu 338 yodziwika bwino, koma chiwerengerochi chikhoza kuwirikiza kawiri pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Pachikhalidwe, adagawika m'magulu awiri apabanja: hermits (Phaethornithinae, mitundu 34 ya 6 genera) ndi wamba (Trochilinae, mitundu ina yonse). Komabe, kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kukuwonetsa kuti gawoli silolondola, ndipo pali magulu asanu ndi anayi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Hummingbird
Maonekedwe a Hummingbird ndi mlomo wautali, maula owala ndi phokoso losangalatsa. Anthu ambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma palinso maalubino oyera kapena oyera. Colours amasintha ndi kuwonetsera kulikonse kwa kuwala ndikupereka nthenga kwa sheen wachitsulo. Mitundu yocheperako yokha ndi yomwe imawoneka ndi maso a munthu. Kuzindikira mawonekedwe athupi kumathandiza kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala izi zikhale zapadera:
- Kukula kwake. Hummingbird ndiye mbalame yocheperako kwambiri (5-22 cm). Chovala cham'madzi kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse padziko lapansi. Wamphongo wamtundu wa hummingb ndi wokongola kwambiri kuposa wachikazi, koma zachikazi ndi zokulirapo. Chachikulu kwambiri ndi chimmingbird chachikulu. Kulemera kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi 2.5-6.5 g.
- Fomu. Anthu onse m'banjamo amadziwika ndi zomwezo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azindikirike. Thupi lokhazikika lolinganizidwa, mapiko ataliitali komanso mulomo woonda wamtali.
- Mlomo. Mlomo wonga singano ndiwosiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame.Imakhala yotalikirana komanso yocheperako ngati kukula kwa hummingbird, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chubu kunyambita lilime lalitali kwambiri kuchokera kumaluwa.
- Mapiko. Yaitali, yopapatiza, yofewetsa kuti muwonjezere kuyendetsa mu mlengalenga. Ali ndi kapangidwe kapadera. Malo olumikizirana mapiko (phewa + ulnar) amakhala pafupi ndi thupi, izi zimapangitsa kuti mapiko azigwada ndikukutembenuka. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkono wamtunduwu usinthike ndikusintha mayendedwe othawa.
- Mapapu Ochepa komanso afupiafupi, ndi ochepa kwambiri, kotero mbalame siziyenda. Ali ndi zala zinayi zokhala ndi anisodactyl kakang'ono ka chala chachinayi choloza kumbuyo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizitha kugwira nthambi komanso kukhala. Mbalame zimatha kudumpha pambali yolakwika, koma chinthu chachikulu kwa hummingbird ndikuwuluka.
- Mapaundi. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mitundu yolemera komanso mitundu yolimba. Khosi lowoneka bwino ngati kolala yojambulidwa ndi chizindikiro chachikulu champhongo pakukula komanso mtundu. Mapangidwe a nthenga pa thupi amakhala magawo 10. Mitundu ya akazi ndiyosavuta, koma mitundu ina imakhala ndi utawaleza.
Kugunda kwa mtima kwa hummingbird kumasiyana 250 mpaka 1200 kumenya pamphindi. Usiku, pakakhala dzanzi, amachepetsa ndipo amayambira 50 mpaka 180 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Mtima wa mbalame ndi yokulirapo kuposa m'mimba mwakuchuluka ndipo umakhala mkati mwa thupi. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwambiri kwa hummingbird ndi ma 30/60 miles pa ola limodzi.
Malo okhala chizolowezi cha Hummingbird
Ndikuganiza kuti pakadali pano mawonekedwe a hummingbird samakayikira, koma izi sizikugwira ntchito kokha pakuwoneka komanso kugwira ntchito kwa thupi. Kusazolowereka kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumawonekera ngakhale mu mawonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, mutu wa zokambirana zina ndizikhalidwe ndi malo okhala. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chikhalidwe.
- Zovala za Hummingb ndi mbalame zowuma, zachangu, zopanda pake komanso zopanda mantha. Makhalidwe awa amawonetsedwa bwino munthawi yamadyetsa anapiye. Pakachitika zoopsa, mwana amakhala wolimba mtima kulimbana ndi mbalame zokulirapo komanso kuteteza ana.
- Anthu sakhala pachiwopsezo kwa ma humbb. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimapanga zisa pafupi ndi nyumba zogona. Anthu achidwi nthawi zambiri amakopa mbalame zokongola m'mundamo, kubzala maluwa, timadzi tokoma timene timakonda kutulutsa timadzi tambiri. Ena amakonza mbale zokumwera. Matanki amadzaza ndi madzi kapena yankho la uchi ndi madzi. Pothokoza, mbalamezo zimadzaza mundawo ndi nyimbo zokongola kapena ma tweets.
- Ngati palibe mavuto polumikizana ndi munthu, ndizovuta kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zokha. Mndandanda wamakhalidwe apaderadera womwe umakhala ndi ulesi komanso kusungulumwa. Ndipo ngakhale mbalame zimakonda kusonkhana m'magulu, aliyense pagulu amakhalabe wamunthu wamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, kusagwirizana ndi mikangano pagulu sizachilendo.
Zovala za Hummingb zimagawidwa m'gawo lalikulu. Mitundu ina imakonda mapiri, ina ngati mapiri, ndipo enanso asankha zipululu. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chimakhala kumadzulo chakumadzulo. Chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri cha mbalame zotchedwa hummingbird pagombe la Amazon.
Hummingbird, wokhala m'malo otentha, nthawi yachisanu isanayambike kupita kumadera otentha. Kuti alowe m'dziko lotentha, amapanga maulendo ataliatali. Kutha kwa kuzizira, mbalamezo zimawulukira kumudzi kwawo ndikubwerera m'moyo wawo wanthawi zonse.
Kodi mbalame za humming zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Hummingbird mbalame yaying'ono
Ma Hummingbird ndi mbadwa za New World. Akhala nthawi yayitali ku South, North ndi Central America. Mitundu yambiri yasankha madera otentha ndi otentha komanso zilumba za Pacific. Madera ambiri amapezeka pakati pake ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imapezeka m'malo otentha.
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ya mitundu yambiri imakwirira chigwa chimodzi kapena malo otsetsereka, pomwe oimira ena amtunduwu, malo omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa kummawa kapena kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Andes, palinso mitundu yambiri ya zilumba.
Dera lolemera kwambiri la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hummingbird ndi gawo losinthika kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumapiri kumapiri a 1800-2500 m. Zomera zojambulazo zimayimiridwa ndi zokwawa, zitsamba, ferns, orchid, mitengo, bromeliads, etc. Hummingbirds m'derali ali ndi mitundu yayikulu yakuthupi komanso mawonekedwe a mulomo.
Chidwi! Ma Hummingbird ndi anzeru kwambiri ndipo amatha kukumbukira malo ndi anthu osiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka.
Kanyamaka kakang'ono kwambiri kamatha kuuluka mtunda wokwana mamailosi okwana 2,000 ndi cholinga chosamukira, nthawi zina mbalame imapitilira mpaka ma 500. Nthawi zambiri zimawulukira kumwera nthawi yozizira komanso kumpoto kwa chilimwe. Kupanga zosunthika modabwitsa, amadya zolimba ndikuwonjezera thupi.
Mbidzi zokhala ndi khosi za Ruby zili ndi mitundu yambiri yazomera pakati pa mitundu yonse yaku North America. Ma Hummingbird okhala ndimatumba akuda ndi mitundu yosinthika kwambiri ku North America. Imapezeka kuchokera kumapululu kupita ku nkhalango zamapiri komanso kuchokera kumatauni kupita kumadera omwe sanapezeke zachilengedwe.
Komwe mbalame za hum humb zimakhala ku Russia
Ambiri ali ndi lingaliro loti mbalame za hummingbus zimangokhala kumalo komwe kuli otentha komanso otentha okha. Inde, mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhala ku South ndi Central America, komwe kumakhala nyengo yotentha. Koma pali mtundu wina womwe umakonda madera otentha a Russia. Ichi ndi chosokoneza machitidwe.
Ofufuzawo adapeza koyamba mtunduwu mchilimwe cha 1976 pagawo la Ratmanov Island. Malinga ndi chidziwitso chosatsimikizika, nthumwi zamitundu yamtundu wa ocher nthawi zambiri zimawonekera ku Chukotka chachikulu komanso ku Chilumba cha Wrangel. Mwa njira, zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zina zimachezera chisumbuchi.
Ndikosavuta kukhulupirira, koma cholengedwa chaching'ono, chomwe sichikhala ndi magalamu asanu, chimadziwika ndi kupirira komanso imamva bwino ngakhale chisanu chakuzizira.
M'chilimwe, mbalame za hummingb zomwe zimapezeka ku Russia zimatumizidwa ku North America. Amakhala m'dera lamapiri, lomwe ndi labwino kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino: nyengo yotentha, zomera zambiri zamaluwa, malo oyenera omangira zisa ndi kusamalira ana.
Kodi mbalame za hummingb zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Hummingbird
Mbalame zomwe zimachita kusinthaku zakhala ndi luso lapadera lodyetsa. Amadyedwa kwambiri timadzi timaluwa, madzi a nkhuni, tizilombo ndi mungu. Kupumira mwachangu, kuthamanga kwa mtima komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi kumafunikira chakudya pafupipafupi komanso chakudya chochuluka tsiku lililonse.
Hummingbird amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, monga udzudzu, ntchentche zazipatso ndi ma midges kuthawa kapena nsabwe pamasamba. Mlomo wapansi ukhoza kuwerama 25 °, kukulitsa m'munsi. Ana a Hummingbird amayenda mu magulu a tizilombo kuti azithandizira kudyetsa. Kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zamphamvu, amamwa timadzi tokoma, timadzi totsekemera mkati mwa maluwa.
Zosangalatsa! Monga njuchi, mbalame za hummingb, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, zimatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa shuga mu timadzi tokoma komanso kukana maluwa omwe amatulutsa timadzi tokoma tokhala ndi shuga osakwana 10%.
Samakhala tsiku lonse akuwuluka, monga mtengo wamagetsi udzakhala wambiri. Zambiri mwazomwe zimachitika zimakhala pansi kapena kukhala. Ma Hummingbird amadya kwambiri, koma m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ndipo tsiku lililonse amakudya pafupifupi hafu ya kulemera kwawo. Amabaya chakudya mwachangu.
Gwiritsani ntchito kwinakwake 15-25% ya nthawi yawo pakudya ndi 75-80% pakukhala ndi kugaya. Amakhala ndi lilime lalitali, lomwe amalinyambita chakudya mwachangu mpaka nkhope 13 mpaka sekondi imodzi. Mbali ziwiri za mulomo zimadutsana mosiyanasiyana. Hafu yotsika imakhala yolimba kumtunda.
Mbalameyi ikamadya timadzi tokoma, mulomo umangotseguka pang'ono, ndipo lilime limatuluka. Akagwira tizilombo touluka, nsagwada imagwada pansi, ndikukulitsa bowo kuti limugwire bwino. Kuti akhalebe ndi mphamvu, mbalamezo zimadyetsa kasanu mpaka kasanu pa ola limodzi.
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi
Hummingbird ndi amtundu wotchedwa Swift-like. Zosintha kumadzulo kwa South America. M'mayiko omwe ali kumwera, amakhala. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'mapiri. Mazira omwe mbalamezo zimayikira siziwuma, mbalamezo zimasungabe kutentha kwake mpaka 25 digiri Celsius. Hummingbird imasinthasintha kutentha kulikonse. Asanawuluke, mbalame zimakhala ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana.
Zimapindulitsa chilengedwe ndi ulimi. Mbalame zimanyamula mungu m'udzu ndi kumera mungu.
Okhala mumzinda wakale wa Teotiucan amakhulupirira kuti zovala za hum humb ndizofanana ndi mizimu ya asitikali omwe adagwa pankhondo.
Zikopa za mbalame zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu mwanjira zamiyala yamiyala. Ichi chinali chifukwa chosaka nyama zotchedwa hummingbird komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwawo m'chilengedwe.
Zojambula
Mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri imawoneka mochititsa chidwi. Mbalame zimakhala ndi fupa lalikulu m'chifuwa. Mapiko okhala ndi mapiko okonzedwa bwino, ali ndi burashi lalitali. Manja ndi phewa lalifupi sizikulitsidwa bwino. M'mapiko a nthenga 10.
Mchira wa mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwewo, zimakhala ndi nthenga 10. Mtundu wa roketi wokhala ndi nthenga 4 zowongolera.
Mapapu sioyenera kuyenda. Ndi zazing'ono, zazitali zazitali zimamera pazala.
Phula (mlomo) ndi wautali. Itha kuwongoka kapena kupindika. Mlomo wa milomo yolumikizana ndi milomo, mulomo ndi wowongoka ndipo umapitilira kutalika kwa thupi lake. Mlomo ulibe maziko, ndipo mbali yake yam'mwambamwamba imagwira mbali yakumbuyo ndi m'mphepete mwake.
Lilime la tinthu tating'onoting'ono'li timaligwiritsa ntchito ndi kutalika.
Mtunduwu ndi wosiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu wa mbalame. Nthawi zambiri, utoto wake umakhala wowala, wowonetsa zitsulo.
Chikhulupiriro chimapezeka mwanjira zonse ndipo chimatha kukhala osiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa pamutu kuchokera ku nthenga zambiri.
Mwa akazi ndi amuna, mawonekedwewo ndi osiyana. Amuna, mtundu wake ndiwosiyanasiyana, nthenga za mchira ndi tinthu tambiri tambiri. Utoto wachikazi ndi wocheperapo kuposa wamphongo, ndipo mutu ndi mchira wake ndi zochepa, sizopusa komanso zowoneka bwino.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Hummingbird
Hummingbird amauluka mbali iliyonse ndikulowera m'malo mwake. Ndi mbalame zochepa zomwe zimatha kuchita izi. Mbalame izi sizimaleka kukupiza mapiko ake, ndipo kukula kwake kwamphamvu kumawapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati mabulosi akuluakulu.
Ziwuluka makamaka kudzera munjira yolunjika, ngati yamphongo sizikuuluka. Amuna amatha kuuluka mu arc yotakata - pafupifupi 180 °, yomwe imawoneka ngati semicircle - ikuyenda uku ndi uku, ngati kuti ikuimitsidwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa waya wamtali. Mapiko awo amalira mokweza pansi pa arc.
Chidwi! Zovala za Hummingb zimakhala ndi maselo apadera m'mthenga zawo zomwe zimayenda ngati kuwala kwa dzuwa. Kuwala kumagawika m'magulu ataliatali, ndikupanga mitundu ya iridescent. Mitundu ina yazinyama imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yowoneka ngati chenjezo kuchilengedwe.
Ma Hummingbird amakhala ndi metabolism apamwamba kwambiri pakati pa nyama zopanda tizilombo. Kuchulukitsa kwa metabolism kumakupatsani mwayi wosunthika wamapiko ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mtima. Pothawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wawo pamtundu uliwonse wa minofu yam'mimba ndizokwera kwambiri kakhumi poyerekeza ndi othamanga.
Ma Hummingbird amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa metabolic usiku kapena ngati akuvutika kupeza chakudya. Amadzimeza mu tulo tofa nato. Ali ndi nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale ambiri amafa mchaka choyamba cha moyo, iwo omwe adapulumuka akhoza kukhala mpaka zaka khumi, ndipo nthawi zina zambiri.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame za Hummingbird
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukhwima mu hummingbirds kumalumikizidwa ndi nthawi ya maluwa ambiri ndipo ndi osiyana kwambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zoyipa zimapezeka m'malo okhalamo chaka chonse. Ma Hummingbird - anthu amtala. Amapanga ma pawiri okha kuti manyowa azitha. Amuna ali pafupi ndi achikazi kwa nthawi yochepa ndipo satenga nawo mbali pantchito zina zoberekera.
Panthawi yolumikizirana zogonana, amuna amadzipereka kwa akazi mothandizidwa ndi kuyimba komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Ena mwa iwo nthawi yakubzala pakati masana amayimba pafupifupi 70% ya nthawi. Mitundu ina imayenda, ikumveka mokweza, mosiyanasiyana. Pa ndege zokwatirana, mbalame za hummingb zimatha kuweta mapiko awo nthawi 200 pamphindi, ndikupanga mawu osokosera.
Mbalame zambiri zimamanga zisa momwe zimayimira kapu pa nthambi ya mtengo kapena shrub, koma mitundu yambiri yamalo otentha imagwirizanitsa zisa zawo masamba ndi miyala. Kukula kwa chisa kumasiyanasiyana pamtundu wina - kuchokera kakang'ono (theka la chipolopolo) mpaka zazikuluzo (20 cm mulifupi).
Zindikirani! Kuti mulumikizane ndi zinthu zisa zonsezo ndikukonza kapangidwe kake, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma capubs ndi lichens. Zomwe zimapangidwira zapadera zimapangitsa chisa kuti chikule pamene anapiye ang'onoang'ono akukula.
Zachikazi zimayikira mazira 1-3, omwe amakhala okulirapo poyerekeza ndi thupi la munthu wamkulu. Makulitsidwe amachokera masiku 14 mpaka 23, kutengera mtundu wa mbalame ndi kutentha kwake. Amayi amadyetsa anapiyewo ndi timadzi tating'ono kwambiri ta nethropod ndi timadzi tokoma. Achinyamata amayamba kuwuluka patatha masiku 18-35 atawaswa.
Kukula kochepa
Kukula kwa mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird kudabwitsa ambiri, chifukwa ndi mbalame zoyimira zazing'ono kwambiri. Asayansi apeza mitundu yomwe kukula kwake inafikira masentimita 7, ndipo kulemera magalamu 1.6-2, amatchedwa hummingbirds. Pali oimira amtunduwu wa mbalame, omwe ndi okulirapo kuposa ambiri, amatalika 20.6 cm ndipo akulemera pafupifupi magalamu 20.
Adani achilengedwe a Hummingbird
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Hummingbird
Anthu ambiri adakondana ndi mbalame zazing'ono zamtengo wapatali ndikulendewera zodyetsa, ndikuwapatsa madzi ndi shuga. Chifukwa chake, kuyesera kuthandizira kupewa kutayika kwa mbalame imodzi yodabwitsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Komabe, amphaka nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi nyumba, popeza ziweto ndi zozizira zimakhala zomwe zimazunzidwa.
Chochititsa chidwi! Kuphatikiza pa kuthamanga komanso kuwona bwino, maubweya wachithunzi amatha kudziteteza ndi mchira. Ngati zilombo zolumikizana ndi mfuti zimasokoneza msana, nthenga zometera momasuka zimatulutsa msanga. Izi zimapatsa mbalameyo mwayi wopulumuka. Komanso, nthenga zabwino zoterezi zimakula msanga.
Ma Hummingbird amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti apange chisa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina zimagwera mmenemo ndipo sizimatha kumasulidwa, kukhala zofunkha za akangaude ndi tizilombo tambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zolusa zamanyazi ndi:
- Mantis - makamaka, zovala zazikulu zaku China zidatengedwa kuchokera ku China ndikumasulidwa m'minda monga wadyera, komanso adakhala mdyera wa hummingbird.
- Ktyr yemwe amakulunga zovala zokhala ndi mapiko awo, amawalepheretsa kuwuluka. Imapha ma hummingbins popanda zovuta zambiri.
- Achule. Maluwa otumphukira amapezeka m'mimba ya achule. Zikuwoneka kuti adagwidwa pafupi ndi malo amadzi.
- Mbalame zazikuru: akambuku, kadzidzi, akhwangwala, anyani, mbewa ndi mbewa zimatha kukhala adani. Komabe, mbalame za humming ndi zankhanza ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakonda kupatula mbalame zazikulu pagawo lawo.
- Njoka ndi abuluzi nawonso ndi oopsa kwa mbalamezi.
Zovala za Hummingb ndizokwera kwambiri, zimayang'anira kuwopsa kwake ndipo zimatha kuuluka msanga kwa adani onse.
Mawonekedwe a ndege
Mbalame yaying'onoyi ili ndi njira yapadera yowuluka:
- kuthamanga kwambiri,
- imatha kuwuluka cham'mbuyo
- amatha kuuluka chammbali,
- nyamuka ndikuwuluka mpaka pamtunda wa 4000-5000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja,
- kuuluka kumatha kuuluka malo amodzi, ndikufotokozera ndi mapiko okhala ndi cholembera "8".
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Mbalame yaing'ono hummingbird
Ndikosavuta kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu chifukwa pali mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakhala malo akulu. Kuyambira kale zimadziwika kuti mbalame zojambulidwa zinaphedwa chifukwa cha nthenga, komabe masiku ano mbalame sizikuwopsezedwanso.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kwa Dziko chifukwa chakusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza kusunthika kwa hummingbird, chifukwa chomwe mitundu ingapo imapezeka m'malo omwe amapitilira gawo lawo, momwe zimavuta kupeza chakudya.
Zovala za Hummingb ndizodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu ambiri amatulutsa timadzi tokhala ngati hummingbird kapena amalima maluwa omwe amakopa mbalame m'miyezi yotentha akakhala ndege zazitali.Otsatsa a Hummingbird akuchita zonse zotheka kuonetsetsa kuti m'nyumba zamtundu uliwonse, paki ndi m'munda, pali malo abwino a mbalame zabwinozi.
Pali malamulo oletsa kulanda zovala zamtundu uliwonse. Komabe, zochitika zina za anthu zimatha kukhala zowopsa kwa mbalame. Vuto lalikulu ndikuchepetsa malo okhala, pamene anthu akupitiliza kumanga mizindayi, malo oimikapo magalimoto, ndi zina zambiri.
Nyengo ndi vuto linanso kwa mbalame za hummingb. Ngakhale zili choncho, nyengo yathu ikusintha. Mphepo yamkuntho imawopseza kusuntha kwa mbalame. Kusapezeka kwa maluwa akuthengo chifukwa chamaluwa osayendayenda, moto ndi kusefukira kwamadzi zimakhudza mbalame.
Kodi chowoneka ngati chamadzi bwanji?
Kukula kwa hummingbird sikudutsa 5 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa hummingbird ndi 1.6-1.8 magalamu. Awa ndi mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma mwa iwo pali oyimilira akuluakulu, mwachitsanzo, chimphona cha hummingbird. Mizere yake ndi "yopambana" - kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 20, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi la anthu ena kumafika masentimita 21.6!
Kodi ndi mikwingwirima ingati pamphindi imodzi yomwe mbalame ya hummingboti imapanga?
Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwawo kowoneka bwino ndi kukula kwake yaying'ono, mbalame za hummingb zili ndizinthu zina zomwe zingatidabwitse - liwiro lomwe mbalamezi zimawombera mapiko awo ndizabwino kwambiri. Posakhalitsa pomwe munthu amangokhala ndi nthawi yofinya, chovunda cham'madzi chimatulutsa mapiko ambiri. Chifukwa chake, mbalame yam'madzi imapanga mapiko angati pa sekondi imodzi? Zovala zazing'ono zamtundu wa humwing zimachita mikwingwirima 80-100 pa sekondi imodzi, zikopa zazikulu za hummingbot sizogwirika ndipo zimangomenya mikwingwirima 8-10 pamphindi. Chifukwa cha kuwuluka kwam'mapiko koteroko, mbalamezi zimatha kupendekera m'mlengalenga pamwamba pa duwa lina, kutulutsa timadzi tokoma tomwe timakhala ndi milomo yayitali.
Kuuluka kwa mbalame za hummingb mumalo ake ndizofanana ndikuuluka kwa agulugufe, ndipo chosangalatsa ndichoti, mbalame za humming ndizo zokha pakati pa mbalame zomwe zimatha kuwuluka mbali ina. Kuthamanga kwa Hummingbird kuthamanga kumatha kufika 80 km pa ola limodzi. Zowona, kuyendetsa ndege mwachangu chotere sikophweka kwa iwo, popeza mphamvu yochuluka imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa iwo, mwachitsanzo, mtima wa mbalame umathamangira kumamenya ma 1200 pamphindi panthawi yothamanga mwachangu, pomwe pakupuma kumangopanga 500 kumenya pamphindi.
Kodi mbalame za hummingb zimadya chiyani komanso chiyani
Zakudya za Hummingbird sizingatchulidwe kuti ndizosiyanasiyana. Asayansi amaganiza kuti amadya timadzi tokoma tating'ono. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wambiri zatsimikiza kuti izi ndi zabodza.
Imatulutsa timadzi tokoma, mbalameyo imawulukira duwa, ikuwombera, ndipo imalowetsa mulomo wautali kuthengo ndikuyitsegulira pang'ono. Kenako amatulutsa lilime la tubular ndikumayamwa nectar mothandizidwa ndi kumeza kayendedwe. Kuphatikiza pa timadzi tokoma, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasonkhanitsidwa muzakudya, zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa pamasamba ndi maluwa azomera, ndikuchotsedwanso patsamba.
Kuti kutentha kwa thupi kuzikhala kwabwinobwino komanso kogwira ntchito, zovala za hummingb zimafunikira chakudya chochuluka. Mbalame iliyonse yaying'ono imadya chakudya chopirikiza kawiri patsiku kuposa thupi. Njira yogaya chakudya, chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa kagayidwe, imagwirizana mwachangu ndi chakudya.
Zosangalatsa za Hummingbird
Ma Hummingbird ali ndi dzina lambiri: "topazi", "kuuluka", "emerald khosi", "topazi yoyaka". Koma ngati wina akufuna kumugulira ndikumuzolowera, muyenera kulingalira mofatsa popanga chisankho.
Monga nthumwi ina iliyonse yamtchire, mbalameyi nthawi zonse imasowa ufulu kuti ikhale ndi moyo wonse. Koma zofunikira zonse kuti zikhalepo pakubadwa kwawo, mwatsoka, ndizosatheka kupanga kunyumba. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zitha kupangidwa m'mapaki achilengedwe, koma kenako muyenera kusamalira chakudya chawo, chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri.
Kuswana kwa Hummingbird komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame za hummingbird sizikhala zaka zopitilira 9, koma munthawi imeneyi zimatha kuuluka mtunda wautali kwambiri, zomwe zimakhalanso mtundu wa mbalame zamtundu wina. Akaidi, mbalamezi zimakhala zochepa, ngakhale mtengo wamanyazi okwera kwambiri.
Izi ndichifukwa choti kuonetsetsa kuti malo oyenera ndi ovuta ndizovuta kwambiri. Akaidi, mbalame zimangodya uchi wambiri. Ndipo kwa moyo wathunthu, amafunikira zakudya zosiyanasiyana, maluwa ndi kuthekera kowuluka pamtunda wautali. Kutentha kozungulira nkofunikanso kwa iwo.
Kusamalira ana kumagona ndi akazi. Mbalame izi sizipanga awiriawiri. Poyamba, zazikazi zimakhazikitsa zisa, chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri mbewu komanso nyama. Chisa chimakhala chakuya kwambiri kuti chikazi, chikhale momwemo, ngati kuti chikulendewera.
Chidacho chimakhala pa nthambi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mphanda munthambi, nthawi zina chimamangiriridwa ndi thanthwe. Ma Hummingbird amaikira mazira awiri aliyense, nthawi zambiri sikamachitika dzira limodzi chisa. Dzira lokha mumtundu wina limakhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu awiri okha.
Mbidzi za Hummingbird zimaswa mazira pafupifupi masiku 15, nthawi zambiri zimakhala masiku 19. Ndipo, masiku enanso 20-25, anapiyewo amakhala m chisa. Zovala zazing'ono zazikazi zimabadwa zopanda maula komanso khungu. Amayi a Hummingbird amabweretsa timadzi tokoma ndipo timapukusa milomo ya anapiyewo.
Wamphongo satenga mbali yayikulu pakukula ndi kusamalira anapiye, komabe, zinthu zina zikusonyeza kuti apapa amasamala ndikuteteza gawo lake pangozi.
Hummingbird: Kufotokozera
Banja la hummingbird ndi motley kwenikweni ndipo amadziwika ndi asayansi pansi pa dzina lachi Latin "Trochilidae".
Hummingbird amafanana ndi odutsa pamatumbo awo chifukwa amakhala ndi khosi lalifupi, mapiko aatali ndi mutu waung'ono. Titha kunena kuti kufanana komweku kumathera pano, monga ma hummingbird amatha kudzitama ndi milomo yayikulu, mitundu yokongola ya nthenga, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe sizinganenedwe za passerines.
Monga lamulo, abambo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, pamitu yawo ali ndi nthenga zazing'ono zingapo zamtundu, zokhala ngati ma crests. Mawonekedwe a mulomo amatha kukhala owongoka kapena opindika mbali iliyonse, komanso amasiyanasiyana kukula kwake.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Hafu yapamwamba ya mulomo imaphimba mbali yakumunsi, pomwe pamunsi pa mulomo mulibe mabatani. Koma mbalame yamtunduwu imatulutsa lilime lalitali, mothandizidwa ndi yomwe mbalame imadya.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mawotchi afupiafupi komanso osakhazikika bwino, kotero ndizosatheka kuziwona zikuyenda pansi. Amatha kungomamatira kunthambi ndikukhalamo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalame zolimba kwambiri sizifunikira mbalameyi, chifukwa imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri m'mlengalenga kufunafuna chakudya.
Mapaipi ndi mapiko
M'mapangidwe awo, mapiko a mbalame yokhala ngati hummingbul ndiyofanana ndi mapiko a agulugufe, chifukwa mafupawo amakhala atakulirakulira limodzi, ndipo malo abwino amapiko amapezeka. Kuti muwongole mapiko a malo owonjezereka, minofu yolimba ndi chogwirizira mokwanira mapewa zimafunikira. Gawo lawo muzolemera zonse za mbalame ndi 25%.
Ngakhale banjali lili ndi mitundu ingapo ya mchira, zonse zimakhala ndi nthenga 10. Chokhacho chomwe chimapanga ndi hummingbird-rakvostozhvost, pomwe mchirawo umangokhala nthenga 4 zokha. Zovala za Hummingb zimatchedwa miyala yokongola, chifukwa cha kupezeka kowoneka bwino komanso kosiyanasiyana kwamitundu, komwe kumakhala ndi utoto wachitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthenga za mbalame zimakhala ndi zodabwitsa: mtundu wake umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kutengera kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa, komanso mawonekedwe a munthu.
Mitundu ya Hummingbird
Mpaka pano, asayansi akudziwa mitundu 330 ya gulu la hummingbird. Pakati pa izi, pali zonse zazing'ono (zochepa kwambiri) komanso zokhala ndi utoto wolimba.
Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri imawerengedwa kuti ndi chimphona cha hummingbird, chifukwa kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 20 onse, kapena kupitirira apo. Mtunduwu umapezeka mkati mwa South America, ngakhale m'malo a mapiri, pamalo okwera pafupifupi mamilimita 5,000. Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wowongoka koma wautali komanso mchira wofanana ndi pitchfork.
Mitundu ya hummingbird imawonedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono kwambiri pabanja lonse, chifukwa imakula kutalika pang'ono kuposa masentimita 5 ndi theka, ndipo imalemera pang'ono kuposa gramu imodzi ndi theka. Zovala zazing'ono zazing'ono zimapezeka ku Cuba.
Ku Costa Rica, ku Panama, ku Colombia, ku Ecuador ndi ku Peru, mbalame yozizira kwambiri yojambulira imakhala. Chodabwitsa chake chimakhala ngati mulomo wake, womwe umathinikizika pansi, pafupifupi madigiri 90.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Mbale wofiirira, yemwe anali ndi mutu wofiyira, dzina lake Selasforus, adawonekeranso nthawi imodzi ku Russia. Izi zinachitika mu 1976, pomwe mbalameyi idawonedwa pachilumba cha Ratmanov, pomwe, malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, chowotchera chowonera chidawoneka ku Chukotka, komanso ku Chilumba cha Wrangel.
Kukhazikika kofikira kwa selasforus ndi madera a North America, pomwe mbalameyo imawulukira ku Mexico kukazizira. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 8 ndi theka, komanso mulomo wautali komanso woonda.
Malipiro a nyama ndi chiwalo china cha banja lomwe lili ndi mulomo womwewoutali poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Kutalika kwake kupitilira masentimita 10, kutalika kwakutali kwamasentimita 23. Mtundu waukulu wa mbalameyi ndi wobiriwira wakuda.
Malo okhala zachilengedwe
Ma Hummingbird amasankha malo okhala ndi masamba onunkhira ambiri okhala ndi maluwa kwawo. Monga lamulo, malo oterowo amakhala m'malo otentha.
Malo obadwira pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya hum humb ndi New World. Motere, malo awo amakhala mpaka ku Central ndi South America, kuphatikizira kumwera kwa North America. Kwenikweni, mbalamezi zimakhala mokhazikika, kusiyanasiyana. Ruby-khosi yokhotakhota siyabwino. Malo ake achilengedwe amakhala ndi malire kumpoto komwe kumakhala Canada ndi Rockies.
Mtundu wamtunduwu wa hummingbird umakonda kukhala ndi moyo wosiyana, koma ikayamba nyengo yozizira ayenera kupita ku malo ena abwino ku Mexico. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalameyo imagona njirayo, pafupifupi ma kilomita pafupifupi 5,000, kuthamanga pafupifupi 80 km / h, yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri, mbalame ngati imeneyo.
Kwa mitundu yambiri, malo awo amakhala gawo limodzi. Monga lamulo, mitundu yotereyi imatchedwa endemic. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha mtunduwu ndi njuchi ya hummingbird, yomwe imangokhala ku Cuba.
Zochita ndi moyo
Ngakhale kuti zovala za hummingbins nthawi zambiri sizimasiyana kukula kwakukulu, zimatha kudzisamalira zokha, ngati zingakhale malo awo okhala.
Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhaokha, pomwe nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri imawonedwa kuyambira m'mawa komanso tsiku lonse. Pofika usiku, moyo wawo umasintha kwambiri.
Mfundo yofunika! Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kofulumira kwambiri m'thupi la hummingbird, mbalamezi zimayenera kudya pafupipafupi, zomwe sizimatheka kwa iwo usiku. Pofuna kuti asawononge mphamvu zawo ngakhale usiku, mbalame za hummingb zimagona. Zotsatira zake, kutentha kwa thupi lawo kumatsikira pafupifupi madigiri 17, ndipo zimachitika kuti zimacheperachepera. Dzuwa litangotuluka, nthawi yomweyo zovala za mbalamezi zimadzuka ndipo tsiku latsopano limayamba.
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi imawomba mapiko awo pafupipafupi mpaka kumapeto kwa mphindi. M'malo mwake, izi siziri choncho, ndipo kupindika kwamapiko kumadalira kukula kwa mbalameyo. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imagwiritsa ntchito mapiko osakwana 10.
Kuuluka kwanyanja kwinakwake kofanana ndi kuwuluka kwa gulugufe, koma izi zimangoyang'ana koyamba, chifukwa kuuluka kwa hummingbird kumakhala kovuta komanso kosavuta kuyendetsa. Zovala za Hummingb zimatha kuuluka, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, osanena za kuwuluka kupita mbali. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imatha kupachikika mlengalenga, ngati helikopita, komanso kunyamuka ndikuyika kumtunda.
Mbalame ikapendekeka, mapiko ake amayenda osakwana eyiti, omwe sapezeka mwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Nthawi yomweyo, mayendedwe a mapiko sagwidwa ndi maso a munthu, kotero mayendedwe awo nthawi zambiri amakhala osalongosoka, zomwe zimapereka chithunzi chakuti kulibe mapiko, motero.
Kodi mbalame za hummingb zimadya chiyani?
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono iti timakhala otanganidwa nthawi yamasana, tikufuna chakudya ndikudzidyetsa. Kagayidwe ka thupi lawo limafunikira zakudya zonse zofunikira. Kuti azidzipatsa zokha mphamvu, mbalameyi imayenera kudya kawiri patsiku poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwake. Pankhaniyi, mbalame za hummingb zimadya zokha kuthawa ndipo simungathe kuwona momwe mbalame za hummingb zimadyera, zikukhala panthambi ndipo, makamaka, pansi.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Zakudya za mbalamezi zimachokera ku timadzi tokoma, komanso mungu wochokera kuzomera zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala zotchedwa hummingbird zimadziwika ndi zokonda zina zakumaso. Pali mitundu yomwe imawuluka kuchokera kumaluwa kupita pamaluwa, mosasamala mtundu wa mbewu, koma pali mitundu ina yomwe imadya timbewu ta mungu kapena tinthu tina.
Chifukwa chake, asayansi amati mawonekedwe a milomo yamtundu wina wamtundu wa hummingbird amatha kusinthidwa kuti apangidwe ndi mtundu wa maluwa enaake.
Mukudyetsa timadzi tokoma, mbalameyo imatsitsa lilime lake lalitali kangapo kukhosi la duwa. Nthawi yomweyo, lilime lopindika limayamba kuwongola ndikulanda chinthucho, pambuyo pake limapindika komanso kukokera mulomo. Chifukwa chodya timadzi tokoma komanso mungu, thupi la hummingbird limadzaza ndi ma carbohydrate ochuluka. Koma pakuchita bwino kwa thupi lawo, mapuloteni amafunikanso. Pamenepa, mbalame za hummingb zimathandizanso tizilombo pa ntchentche.
Zindikirani!
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa za mbalamezo ndi kuthekera kukangamira mlengalenga ndikuyenda mwangwiro. Akamauluka, mbalame yotchedwa hummingbird imathamanga mothamanga mpaka 80 km pa ola limodzi, ndikupanga mikwingwirima 100 pamphindi (zikopa zazikulu zam'mimba zimapanga mikwingwirima 8-10).
Imasunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana, imawulukira cham'mbuyo, zomwe zimangokhala zamtunduwu.
Pa chithunzi cha hummingbird, ndizosatheka kulingalira mapiko, pomwe zoyipa zoyenda zimapendekeka, zimayandikira chithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kuuluka kuchokera ku maluwa kukafika pamaluwa, mbalame za hummingb mungu zimanyamula mungu, ndikuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri mwachilengedwe. Ndi mlomo wawo wamtali wocheperako, ana awa amatha kupeza timadzi tating'ono kwambiri tomwe timayimira mbalame.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yake, mbalameyi imakhala ndi metabolism yothamanga, chifukwa chake imakhala ikusaka chakudya. Mwana amadya kwambiri patsiku kuposa momwe amadzilemerera.
Adani
Ma Hummingbird ali ndi adani ochepa. Mwanayo ndi wakhama kwambiri ndipo amatha kuugwira, motero si aliyense amene angathe kuugwira. Mwachilengedwe, njoka ndi ma tarantulas okha omwe amatha kusangalala nazo, kudikirira m'nkhalango zowirira. Mwamuna amasaka maula okongola, ndikuwononga kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya mitundu.
Kwa zaka zambiri asayansi agwira ntchito yothana ndi vuto la kubereka kwa mitundu yosawerengeka ya mbalamezi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino mu 2015. Tekinolo yotsatira yobereketsa ma hummingbird ibwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zachilendozi.
Mtima
Mwana uyu ali ndi mtima wosadziwika. Pothana ndi katundu wolemera kwambiri pamene akuuluka, minofu yake imakhala 40% ya kulemera konse kwa mbalameyo. Pothawa, kugunda kwamtima kumathamanga mpaka 1200 kugunda pamphindi.
Imakonda kwambiri kutentha kwambiri. Pofika madzulo, ntchito yake imatsika ndipo chovunda cham'madzi chimagona. Ndi kuwala koyambirira kwa dzuwa, amadzuka ndikuyambiranso ntchito yake yamphamvu.
Khalidwe la Hummingbird ndi Moyo
Zovala za Hummingb ndi mbalame zachilendo kwambiri ndipo izi zimawonekera mu chilichonse. Khalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a mbalamezi ndizosadabwitsa zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo. Ma Hummingbird ndi owononga kwambiri, achangu komanso owopsa, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala olimba mtima komanso osawopa. Izi zikuwoneka bwino pakumenyedwa, pamene mbalame za hummingb zitha kuukira mbalame zazikulupo kuposa izo ndikumenya mopanda mantha komanso molimba mtima.
Ma Hummingbird ndi mbalame zaumodzi komanso zowuluka zokha, ngakhale gulu la mbalamezi limapezeka nthawi zambiri, koma pagulu loterolo, woimira aliyense ndi umunthu wowala. Sikuti nthawi zonse amakumana mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala mikangano yayikulu komanso kusamvana.
Munthu saopseza mbalame zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri amapanga zisa pafupi ndi nyumba.Anthu ena okonda kukongola amakopa chidwi cha mbalame kuti ibwere kunyumba kwawo komanso kumunda, ndikubzala maluwa awo omwe amakonda omwe amasungunuka ndikuyika akumwa ndi madzi kapena uchi wosungunuka m'madzi.
Chifukwa chake, mbalame za humming zimakhala alendo wamba ndipo zimawuluka mosangalatsa kunyumba. Nthawi zina amakhala ngati ziweto. Kugwira mbalameyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
Ngakhale kugula hummingbird ndizotheka, koma izi sizikupanga nzeru, chifukwa iwonso, m'malo abwino, sangakhale osagwirizana ndi nyumba yanu. Mbidzi za Hummingb zimatha kuyimba, koma izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi njuchi zazing'ono kwambiri za hummingbird, pomwe mbalame zina zimapanga titter yofooka.
Mbalamezi ndizofalikira kudera lalikulu, zimatha kukhala m'mapiri ndi zigwa, ndipo nthawi zina zipululu. Mitundu ina imakhala m'gawo lalikulu, pomwe ina imangokhala gawo laling'ono, monga pamwamba pa phiri.
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zovala zotchedwa hummingbird chimakhala kumadzulo chakum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi. Ndizodziwika kuti mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha zimasamukira m'malo otentha nyengo yozizira, ndikupanga ndege zazitali kupita kumayiko otentha.
Alonda a Hummingbird
Chithunzi: Hummingbird kuchokera ku Red Book
M'zaka za XX, mamiliyoni zikopa za mbalame amatumizidwa ku Europe kuti azikongoletsa zipewa ndikupanga zinthu zina za likulu la fashionistas. Zikopa zikuluzikulu zopitilira 600,000 pachaka zinagwera pamisika ya London kokha. Asayansi amatha kufotokozera mitundu ina ya mbalamezi zomwe zimakhala ndi khungu la mbalame zokha. Mbalame izi zidazimiririka pankhope ya dziko lapansi, chifukwa champhamvu ya munthu pazodzikongoletsera zowala.
Kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa mbalame masiku ano. Popeza nthawi zambiri mbalame za hummingbird zimakonda kukhala malo ena apadera, ndipo zimatha kukhala m'chigwa chimodzi komanso kwina, mitundu yonse yazolembedwa osatetezeka kapena yowopsezedwa kuti atayika idzatchulidwa m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red.
Kutayika kwa Habitat chifukwa:
- nyumba zogona komanso zamalonda,
- malo azokopa ndi zosangalatsa,
- ulimi
- kudula mitengo
- kukulitsa ziweto,
- misewu ndi njanji.
Mu 1987, anthu onse m'banjamo adalembedwa mu CITES Appendix II, yoletsa malonda kwa anthu amoyo. Pogwiritsa ntchito I, ndi ramphodon yekha wamkuwa. Mwa maula, anthu ambiri adawonongedwa m'mbuyomu. chomangamanga, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale yochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mayiko omwe ma hummingbird amakhala amakhala aletsa kutumiza kwa mbalame zodabwitsazi.
Kodi hummingbird amadya chiyani?
Chimodzi mwa mayina owonjezera omwe mbalamezi zimakhala - "njuchi yokhala ndi mbere", imakhala bwino ndi zomwe zimadya. Monga njuchi, mbalame za hummingb zimadya timadzi tokongola ta maluwa komanso, monga njuchi, zimagwira ntchito yothandiza kupukusa maluwa.
Koma ma hummingbird samangokhala ndi timadzi tokongola taluwa, kukhala omnivores, amathanso kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timagwidwa pa ntchentche. Tizindikire kuti maubweya wa humming ndiwowoneka bwino (monga zazing'ono zazing'ono zake), popeza kulemera kwathunthu kwa chakudya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito patsiku kumatha kupitirira kulemera kwake kwa hummingbird nthawi 1.5. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngakhale mutatenga timadzi tokoma, lilime la hummingbird limazamira m'khosi la dokotalalo nthawi 20 pa sekondi imodzi.
Kuswana kwa Hummingbird
Chisa chomwe chimayikira mazira ake ndi chaching'ono ngati momwe amakhalira, monga kukula kwa chikho chaching'ono. Zovala zotsekemera zoterezi zimapanga zisa kuchokera ku ma cobwebs, fluff, masamba a udzu, zidutswa za makungwa.
Nthawi zambiri, pakugoneka kamodzi, hummingbird amaikira mazira 2 10mm mulifupi. Msungwana wamadzi amatenga mazira kwa masiku 14 mpaka 19, kenako kwa miyezi ingapo atabadwa anapiye, amawadyetsa mpaka atakonzeka kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha.