Velociraptor (Lat. Velociraptor, from Lat. Velox - yachangu and raptor - hunter) - mtundu wamadzimadzi owopsa ochokera kubanja la Dromaeosaurid. Muli mtundu umodzi wodziwika - Velociraptor mongoliensis. Anakhala kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Cretaceous zaka 83-70 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mitembo yake imapezeka ku Republic of Mongolia ndi China Inner Mongolia. Panali oimira ena ochepa am'banja lake - deinonychus ndi achillobator - ndipo anali ndi zinthu zingapo zopitilira muyeso.
Velociraptor anali dinosaur yaying'ono, kutalika kwa 1.8 m, 60-70 cm kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi 20 kg. Anali ndi mutu wautali komanso wopindika kukwera kumtunda mpaka 25cm.Nsonga zam'mwamba komanso zotsika, mano 26-27 atakhala pakatikati ndikuweramira kumbuyo kuti agwire ndikugwira nyama.
Mutu | Gulu | Gulu | Kufikira | Chigawo |
Velociraptor | Zotulutsa | Dinosaurs | Lizopharyngeal | Theropods |
Banja | Kutalika / kutalika | Kulemera | Komwe amakhala | Pomwe adakhala |
Dromaeosaurids | 60-70 cm / 1.8 m | mpaka 20 kg | Mongolia, China (China) | Nthawi yovuta (zaka 83-70 miliyoni zapitazo) |
Monga ambiri Theropods, Velociraptor anali ndi zala zinayi kumiyendo yake yakumbuyo, yomwe imodzi inali yopangidwira ndipo sinatenge nawo gawo, ndipo (ngati theropods) idalowa zala zitatu. Dromaeosaurids, kuphatikiza Velociraptor, adagwiritsa ntchito awiri okha: wachitatu ndi wachinayi.
Kachiwiri kunali chovala chachikulu choloweka, chomwe chimakula mpaka 67 mm kutalika (m'mphepete lakunja). M'mbuyomu anthu ankawaganizira kuti ndi chida chachikulu chopha komanso kupha anthu amene awazunza. Komabe, zidatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pake poyesa kuti Velociraptor sanagwiritse ntchito izi ngati masamba (popeza kuti m'mphepete mwake yankholo lozungulira, ndipo lingaliro lakuthwa silinapyole pakhungu la nyamayo, koma inangomuboola), kwakukulukulu, linakhala ngati mbedza zomwe mdaniyo adagwirana ndi womugwirira, kenako kumuboola trachea kapena mtsempha wam'kati mwake.
Kutsogolo kwa Velociraptor kunali zala zitatu. Loyamba linali lalifupi kwambiri, ndipo lachiwiri linatalikitsa.
Kusunthika kwa mchira wa Velociraptor kunachepetsedwa ndi kufalikira kwa mafupa a vertebrae kumtunda kwawo ndikuyika matayala am'munsi. Mafupa akutuluka kuchokera ku 4-10 vertebrae, yomwe idapereka kukhazikika pamiyendo, makamaka poyendetsa kuthamanga kwambiri.
Zotsalira (chigaza ndi zibowo zamiyendo yakumbuyo) kwa Velociraptor zidapezeka koyamba mu 1922 ku Mongolia ku Gobi Desert potulutsidwa ku Museum ya Zachilengedwe ya US. Mu 1924, woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, a Henry Osborne, adatchulapo izi papepala lotchuka la sayansi ndipo adatchulanso nyama yotchedwa Ovoraptor djadochtari, kenako nasintha dzina lake kukhala Velociraptor mongoliensis.
Njira yosaka
Mu 1971, mabwinja a Velociraptor ndi Protoceratops adapezeka, omwe adamwalira mchilala ndipo adayikidwa mumchenga. Anatilola kukonzanso magawo ambiri a njira yosakira Velociraptor. Zingwe zopezeka kumbuyo kwa miyendo yake yakumaso kwa khosi la protoceratops mwina zimafotokoza kuti Velociraptor anaukira mitsempha yamkati, mitsempha ndi minyewa ya wozunzidwayo ndi thandizo lawo, osati kumimba kwam'mimba ndi ziwalo zofunika, monga momwe amaganizira kale.
Zomwe zidapezekanso za Velociraptor ndi anthu payekhapayekha, ndipo zomwe adasaka m'matumba sizitsimikizike. Achibale apafupi a Velociraptors - Deinonychus - amene amasakidwa kwambiri m'matumba, chifukwa zofukulidwa nthawi zambiri zimawululira magulu aanthu.
Mapaipi ndi magazi ofunda
Lingaliro la Velociraptor asadatsegule komanso kuchuluka kwa manambala
Ma Dromaeosaurids anali pafupi ndi mbalame, zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi oyimira banja lakale kwambiri omwe ali ndi zambiri zodziwika bwino. Ma dromaeosaurids oyambilira, Microraptor ndi Sinornithosaurus, anali ndi zinthu zowoneka ngati mbalame kuposa abale awo a Velociraptor, omwe amakhala zaka mamiliyoni angapo pambuyo pake. Otsalira a Velociraptors analibe zala za minofu yofewa, zomwe sizinatilole kudziwa ngati anali ndi nthenga zambiri.
Mu 2007, akatswiri angapo a paleontologists adafufuza zakupezeka kwa chifaniziro cha Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) pamatumba a ulnar - maphatikizidwe a nthenga zachiwiri, zofanana ndi mbalame zamakono. Malinga ndi akatswiri a paleontologists, izi zatsimikizira kuti ma velociraptors anali ndi kuchuluka.
Ubwenzi komanso kusinthika kwa ma velociraptors kwa mbalame zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri:
Kawirikawiri mawonekedwe a avian (kuphatikiza maula) omwe amawonedwa mu ma dromaeosaurids akhoza kukhala kuti adalandira kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi - imodzi mwa magulu a coelurosaurs (mtundu wovomerezedwa nthawi zonse).
Ma Dromaeosaurids, kuphatikiza ma velociraptors, ndi mbalame zakale, mwina mwachiwiri zimataya mwayi wake wouluka (ngati nthiwatiwa). Ambiri paleontologists amakana mtundu uwu. Wothandizira wake wotchuka ndi American paleontologist Gregory Paul.
Zowonjezera za Velociraptors zimatanthawuza kukhetsa magazi kwawo. Nyama zokhala ndi magazi ozizira sizitha kuzimitsa kutentha, zimafunikira kutenthetsa chilengedwe, koma kuchuluka kwa mafupa kwamphamvu kwamatsenga kumakhala kochepa kuposa kwa mbalame zamakono ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimayang'anira pang'onopang'ono.
Maganizo olakwika
Velociraptor adatchuka kwambiri pambuyo pa filimu "Jurassic Park" (1993), yojambulidwa kutengera nkhani ya dzina lomweli la Michael Crichton (1990).
M'magawo onse awiriwa, mawonekedwe amtunduwu amachokera pakumangidwanso kwa Dromaeosaurid wina, dzina la deinonychus, lomwe limafotokozedwa ndikuti Michael Crichton adatsata dongosolo la Gregory Paul, momwe deinonychus adayikidwa mu genelo Velociraptors pansi pa dzina la V. antirrhopus.
Munkhaniyi, Crichton apanga pofikira: "... Deinonychus tsopano amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi wa Velociraptors" (palibe zomwe zasungidwa mu filimuyi). Zofukulidwa kumayambiriro kwa filimuyi ndi nkhani zikuchitika ku Montana, komwe deinonychus, osati Velociraptor, adagawidwa.
Mitundu yamakompyuta yomwe ili mufilimuyi ndi yayikulu kuposa V. mongoliensis, ndipo ndiofanana ndi deinonychus. M'bukuli, velociraptor amafotokozedwa kuti ndiwosaka nyama yowopsa kwambiri m'magulu amalumikizano, ngati dinosaur wanzeru kwambiri makamaka wamagazi, mufilimuyi ndi iye yemwe nthawi zambiri amazunza anthu.
Ma Velociraptors amawonetsedwanso popanda nthenga mufilimuyi.
Kusanthula kwa
Mafupa (chigaza ndi zibowolezo zamiyendo yakumbuyo) ya Velociraptor adapezeka koyamba mu 1922 ku gawo la Mongolia ku Gobi Desert potulutsidwa ku American Museum of Natural History. Mu 1924, Purezidenti wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, a Henry Osborne, adatchulapo izi papepala lotchuka la sayansi ndipo adatcha nyamayo kuti "Ovoraptor djadochtari". Komabe, pambuyo pake anasintha dzinalo kukhala Velociraptor mongoliensis ndipo yalowa kale m'mabuku asayansi.
Pambuyo pake, aku America adakanidwa kulowa m'malo okumba ndipo Velociraptor anafufuzidwa ndi Soviet, Polish and Mongolian paleontologists. Pakati pa 1988 ndi 1990, ofufuza aku China-aku Canada adazindikira mafupa a Velociraptor ku China Inner Mongolia. Mu 1990-1995, maulendo aku America kupita kuderali adayambiranso, akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi asayansi ochokera ku Mongolia Academy of Science.
Kuchulukitsa
M'mbuyomu, mitundu yonse yotsalira ya genoma dromaeosaurids (Deinonychus ndi Saurornitholestes) nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi velociraptor mumtundu umodzi Velociraptor, momwe Deinonychus antirrhopus ndi Saurornitholestes langstoni adayitanidwa motsatana V. antirrhopus ndi V. langstoni . Pakadali pano kuti zikome Velociraptor kokha V. mongoliensis ndi V. osmolskae
Njira yosaka
Mu 1971, mafupa am'madzi a Velociraptor ndi Protoceratops adapezeka, omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo wina ndi mzake ndipo adayikidwa mumchenga. Anatilola kukonzanso magawo ambiri a njira yosakira Velociraptor. Kupeza zopindika za miyendo yake yakumbuyo m'khosi mwa protoceratops kumatilola kunena kuti velociraptor anaukira mitsempha ya khosi, mitsempha ndi minyewa ya womenyedwayo ndi thandizo lawo, osati mimbulu yake yam'mimba ndi ziwalo zofunika zomwe zikupezeka, monga momwe kumaganizirana kale.
Zotsatira zonse za zotsalira za Velociraptors ndizodzipatula, ndiye kuti palibe umboni wowoneka bwino wakusaka nyama. Komabe, abale apamtima a Deinonychus Velociraptors ndiamene amakhala odyetsa kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pagulu la anthu ofukula zimapezeka.
Mapaipi ndi kutentha
Ma Dromaeosaurids anali pafupi ndi mbalame, pomwe anthu oyamba kubadwa anali ndi zodziwika bwino. Oyambirira apabanja lino, monga Microraptor ndi Sinornithosaurus, ali ndi mbalame zochulukirapo kuposa wachibale wawo Velociraptor, yemwe adakhala zaka makumi mamiliyoni pambuyo pake. Kutengera ndi izi, titha kuyika patsogolo lingaliro la phylogenetic lokhudza kupezeka kwa manambala ku Velociraptor. Komabe, zoyerekezera za Velociraptor zilibe zomata zamtundu wofewa wa thupi, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kutsimikizira izi mwachidule. Mu 2007, akatswiri angapo a paleontapo adanenanso kuti zomwe zimapezeka m'mafupa a Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) pafupa la ulnar, amatanthauzira ngati nthenga za nthenga zachiwiri. Ma tubercles amtunduwu ndi mbalame zamakono, ndipo amagwira ntchito yotchulidwa. Malinga ndi akatswiri a paleontologists, izi zidatilola kuzindikira kuti velociraptor anali ndi kuchuluka.
Kupezeka kwa nthenga mu Velociraptor komanso kuyandikira kwa mbalame zitha kukhala ndi malongosololo awiri:
- Kawirikawiri mawonekedwe a avian (kuphatikiza maula) otchulidwa mu dromaeosaurids amachokera ku cholowa kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi. Malingana ndi mtunduwu, ma dromaeosaurids ndi mbalame zimachokera ku gulu limodzi la coelurosaurs. Mafotokozedwe awa nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa.
- Ma Dromaeosaurids, kuphatikizapo velociraptor, ndi mbalame zakale zomwe zatha kulephera kuuluka. Chifukwa chake kulephera kuwuluka kwa Velociraptor mwina ndi kwachiwiri, monga ngati nthiwatiwa. Wothandizira wake wotchuka ndi a paleontologist waku America a Gregory Paul.
Kukhalapo kwa maula ku velociraptor kumatanthauza magazi ake ofunda. Nyama zokhala ndi magazi ozizira zilibe zida zokuzira mafuta, chifukwa amafunikiranso kulandira kutentha kuzungulira chilengedwe. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mafupa a dromaeosaurids ndi kutsika kuposa mbalame zamakono ndi zolengedwa, zomwe zimawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu.
Velociraptor mchikhalidwe chamakono
Velociraptor adatchuka kwambiri pambuyo pa filimuyi Jurassic Park (1993), kutengera nkhani ya Michael Crichton (1990). Ndipo apa ndi apo, komabe, mawonekedwe ambiri a nyama amatengera kukonzanso kwa Dromaeosaurid wina - deinonychus. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti Michael Crichton adagwiritsa ntchito chuma cha Gregory Paul, momwe deinonychus adayikidwa mu genelo Velociraptors (V. antirrhopus) Munkhaniyi, Crichton apanga chisungiko: "... Deinonychus tsopano amamuwona ngati m'modzi wa Velociraptors," filimuyo sinasungidwe motere. Zofukula kumayambiriro kwa filimuyo ndi nkhaniyo zikuchitika ku Nevada, komwe deinonychus, koma osati Velociraptor, adagawidwa, zitsanzo zamakompyuta kuchokera mufilimuyi zidachulukanso kawiri V. mongoliensis ndipo ndiofanana ndi deinonychus.
Kufotokozera kwa Velociraptor
Zamoyo zapamadzi zam'madzi zinakhala kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, zaka pafupifupi 83-70 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndalama zotsalira za dinosa yoyamba kudya zinapezeka koyambirira kwa dziko la Republic of Mongolia. Malinga ndi asayansi, ma velociraptors anali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi oyimilira akuluakulu amgululi. Kukula kwakukulu kuposa nyama yolusa imeneyi anali dakotaraptors, utaraptors ndi achillobators. Komabe, ma velociraptors adalinso ndi machitidwe angapo apamwamba kwambiri a anatomical.
Kuchulukitsa
M'mbuyomu Velociraptor nthawi zina amaphatikiza mitundu yomwe imatchulidwa kuti ndi genera Deinonychus ndi Saurornitholestes. Momwe Deinonychus antirrhopus ndi Saurornitholestes langstoni yotchedwa moyenerera V. antirrhopus ndi V. langstoni. Tsopano ku banja Velociraptor kokha V. mongoliensis ndi V. osmolskae .
Pezani Mbiri
Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH 6515)
Zotsalira zoyambirira za chigaza chachikulu ndi chigaza (sampuli ya AMNH 6515) zidapezeka pa Ogasiti 11, 1923, nthawi yomwe a Roy Chapman Andrews adathamangitsidwa kupita kuchipululu cha Gobi, chopangidwa ndi American Museum of Natural History. Mu 1924, a Henry Osborne adafotokoza mafupa ngati Velociraptor mongoliensis - "wolusa mwachangu." Mawu oti "raptor" amachokera ku liwu loti RAPTORIAL, lomwe limatanthauzira zilombo zomwe zayamba kuzindikira bwino, monga mbalame zamakono zodyera, komanso nkhanu ndi zovala zopemphera.
Mu 1971, a ku Poland ndi ku Mangalande anathamangitsidwa atapeza mbuto zodziwika bwino za "ma dinosaurs omenyera nkhondo" ofotokozedwa ndi Rinchen Baabold mu 1972.
Velociraptor ndi ma protoceratops
Choyerekeza ichi (GIN 100/25) chikugwira nkhondo yakufa ya Velociraptor ndi Protoceratops, omaliza a moyo wawo. Kupeza kumeneku kumawonetsera umboni wamphamvu wakusokonekera kwa velociraptor. Thupi la Velociraptor lili pansipa, miyendo yake yokhotakhota yomwe ili ndi zibowo zooneka ngati chikwakwa ili pamalo am'mimba ndi pakhosi, pomwe kutsogolo kwake kuli kolowera mkamwa. Malinga ndi mtundu woyambirira, nyama zonse ziwirizi zimayenera kumira, komabe, popeza nyamazo zimasungidwa pamiyala yakale ya mchenga, ndizotheka kuti nyama zinaikidwa m'manda pamchenga kapena pamtengo. Kuika malirowo kunayenera kuchitika modzidzimutsa, ndikuwunika malo a nyama komanso mwachangu kwambiri, potengera mafupa. Ngakhale izi, zidutswa zina za ma protoceratops kulibe, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi umboni wa kudya ndi oyimbira. Kope ili limawonedwa ngati chuma cha dziko la Mongolia, mchaka cha 2000 adalipitsa ku American Museum of Natural History of New York kuti iwonetse kanthawi kochepa.
Kuyambira mu 1970 mpaka 90s, zotsalira za anthu ena atatu zidapezeka chifukwa chothamangitsidwa padziko lonse ku Gobi Desert. Asayansi aku America adabwereranso ku Mongolia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 90s, pomwe gulu lankhondo logwirizana la Mongol-America, lotsogozedwa ndi American Museum of Natural History ndi ku Mexico Academy of Science, adatulutsa zitsanzo zingapo zosungidwa bwino. Kuyambira 1991 mpaka 2004 anali
Zitsanzo IGM 100/982
zotsalira za anthu asanu ndi mmodzi anapezeka, kuphatikizapo mafupa otetezedwa bwino a velociraptor (chitsanzo IGM 100/982), omwe adapezeka mu 1995. Mu 2008, gulu lapadziko lonse la ofufuza adapeza chigoba chosungidwa bwino ku Inner Mongolia (Kumpoto China). Chochitikachi chinali chofanana kwambiri ndi velociraptor, komanso kusiyana. Mu 2010, zitsanzozi zidadzipatula mu mtundu watsopano wa Linherapor (Linheraptor).
Claw
Mu 2005, a Manning ndi anzawo adayesa kope la robot lomwe limafanana ndendende ndi deinonychus ndi Velociraptor, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito zida zamphongo zama hydraulic kuti loboti igwire nyama ya nkhumba. M'mayesowa, zikhadabo zimangopanga ma piquence osaya ndipo samatha kudula kapena kudula. Olembawo adanena kuti zikhadabo zitha kukhala zogwira mtima kwambiri pakugwira pamalonda pobera anthu ena.
Hunter kapena scavenger
Kusuntha kwa Velociraptor
Zotsalira za deinonychus, Dromaeosaurid, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'magulu a anthu angapo. Deinonychus yapezekanso poyanjana ndi herbivore yayikulu monga dontosaurus yamdima (Tenontosaurus), yomwe imapereka umboni wotsimikizika wotsimikizira chiphunzitso cha ogwirizana, kusaka gulu la deinonychus. Umboni wotsimikizika wokha wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a dromaeosaurids ndi mndandanda wamiyala ya zinthu zakale kuchokera ku Cretaceous waku China, wofotokozedwa mu 2007, yemwe adasunga mapazi a anthu achikulire asanu ndi mmodzi omwe akusunthidwa ndi gululi, ngakhale kuti palibe umboni wosakira limodzi. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri zakale za Velociraptor zidapezeka ku Mongolia, palibe imodzi yomwe idagwirizana kwambiri ndi maliro am'magulu, omwe atanthauziridwa ngati chiwonetsero cha chikhalidwe kapena kusaka nyama.
Mu 2011, a Denver Fowler ndi anzawo adaganizira njira yatsopano yomwe ma dromaeosaurids, monga Velociraptor ndi ma Dromaeosaurs ofanana, amatha kugwirira ndikugwira nyama. Mtunduwu, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi "RPR", ukutanthauza kuti ma dromaeosaurs adapha nyama yawo m'njira zofanana ndi zitsanzo zomwe zilipo mu mbalame zodyera: kulumpha nyama yawo, kuilumikiza ndi kulemera kwa thupi lake ndikulisunga mwamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zazikulu. Fowler adawona kuti miyendo ndi miyendo ya ma dromaeosaurs ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi miyendo ya chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga, makamaka pokhudzana ndi chovala chachiwongola chachiwiri komanso njira zina zofananira. Njira yolosera ya RPR imagwirizana ndi mbali zina za anatomy velociraptor, monga morphology yawo yachilendo ya nsagwada ndi nkono. Manja omwe amatha kupatsa mphamvu zowonjezerapo mwina adakutidwa ndi nthenga zazitali ndipo amatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati chikhazikitso kuti akhalebe olimba pamene velociraptor ili pamwamba pa womenyera. Nsagwada, zomwe Fowler ndi mnzake adawona kuti ndizofooka, zingakhale zothandiza pakulima kwamakono, zomwe zilinso ndi kuluma kofowoka, koma zimatha kusaka njati zomwe zimafa chifukwa chotaya magazi komanso kutopa pambuyo pakuwukira kangapo. Kutuluka ndi mgwirizano wa "zofunafuna" izi, malinga ndi Fowler, zitha kukhalanso zofunikira pakuwoneka ngati mapiko ndikuwoneka kuthawa mitundu ina.
Mu 2010, a Hon ndi anzawo adatulutsa nkhani yotsegulidwa kwa 2008. Kenako, mano angapo osweka a Velociraptor anapezeka m'nsagwada ya protoceratops. Olembawo akuti izi zikuwonetsa kuti pang'onopang'ono kumwa kwa munthu wakufa ndi Velociraptor, apo ayi wolowererayo akadadya zigawo zina za ma ceratops omwe aphedwa kumeneyi asanalowe malo a chibwano. Mu 2012, a Hon ndi anzawo adatulutsa nkhani yofotokoza za Velociraptor wokhala ndi fupa la azhdarchide m'chigawo cha matumbo. Zonsezi zomwe adazitanthauzira zimatanthauzidwa ngati chitsanzo cha zovomerezeka za velociraptor. Mu 2001, Ralph Molnar adasindikiza kufotokoza kwa chigaza. Velociraptor mongoliensis, yomwe inkakhala ndi mizere iwiri yofanana ya ma punctures aang'ono, lolingana mtunda pakati pa mano a Velociraptor wina. Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, bala ili likadaphulitsidwa ndi velociraptor wina nthawi ya nkhondoyi, kuphatikiza apo, popeza fupa la zinthu zakale sizikuwonetsa chilichonse chakuchiritsidwa pafupi ndi kuvulala, kuvulala komwe adalandira kumatha kupha. Vuto lina la Velociraptor, wopezeka ndi mafupa azhdarchide pamimba, adasunthira kapena kuchira.
Paleoecology
Nthawi zonse zodziwika Velociraptor mongoliensis adapezeka pakupanga kwa Jadokhta m'chigawo cha Mongolia cha Umnegovi komanso kapangidwe kakang'ono ka Baruun Goyot (ngakhale izi zitha kukhala zamtundu wina wapafupi). Akuyerekezeredwa kuti mitundu iyi ya geological ndi ya gulu la kampeni la Late Cretaceous, zaka pakati pa 83 ndi 70 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mtundu wa mtundu wina wapezeka m'dera la Burning Cliffs (lotchedwanso Bayanzag), pomwe "ma dinosaurs omenyera" adapezeka m'dera la Tugrig (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti Tugrugin Shiri). M'malo otchuka a Baruun Goyot ku Hulsan ndi Herman-Tsav, zotsalira zidapezekanso zomwe zingakhale za Velociraptor kapena banja pafupi nazo. Miyezi yotsalira komanso yaing'ono yokhudzana ndi ana ang'onoang'ono velociraptor yapezeka mu Bayan-Mandakh suite, yomwe ili pafupi ndi mudzi wa Bayan-Mandakhu ku Inner Mongolia ku China. Chigoba chachikulire chosiyana kuchokera ku Bayan-Mandahu chinapangidwa kwa mitundu ina Velociraptor osmolskae.
Kulimbana ndi Protoceratops ndi Velociraptor kuchokera kwa Raoul Martin
Malo onse osungirako zinthu zakale momwe Velociraptor adasungidwira amatetezedwa ndi mapisa amchenga, ngakhale malo achichepere a Baruun Goyot akuwoneka kuti anali onyowa pang'ono kuposa a Jadokhta akale. Mapangidwe a Jadokhta adawukhidwa ndi ma protoceratops ndi ma ankylosaurs monga Protoceratops andrewsi ndi Maphwando a Pinacosauruspomwe mitundu ina inkakhala ku Bayan Mandahu Protoceratops hellenikorhinus ndi Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. Kusiyana kwachilengedwe kwamtunduwu kumatha kukhala chifukwa chotchinga chachilengedwe chomwe chimalekanitsa mawonekedwe awiri omwe ali pafupi kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Komabe, pokhapokha ngati pali cholepheretsa chilichonse chomwe chingayambitse nyimbo zopezeka m'malo awa, ndizotheka kuti kusiyana kumeneku kukuwonetsa kusiyana pang'ono kwakanthawi.
Ma dinosaurs ena omwe amakhala m'dera lomwelo amaimiridwa ndi trodontida Saurornithoides mongoliensisoviraptor Oviraptor philoceratops ndi Dromaeosaurid Mahakala omnogovae. Mitundu yaku China yoyimiriridwa ndi ceratopsid Magnirostris dodsonikomanso ma oviraptorides Machairasaurus leptonychus ndi dromeosaurus Linheraptor exquisitus.
Mawonekedwe
Pamodzi ndi ma theropod ena ambiri, ma velociraptors onse anali ndi zala zinayi zakumaso. Imodzi mwa zala izi idakulitsidwa ndipo siyidagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi olusa poyenda, choncho abuluziwo adatsitsa zala zazikulu zitatu zokha. Dromaeosaurids, kuphatikiza ma velociraptors, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zala zachitatu ndi zinayi zokha. Pa chala chachiwiri chinali chofiyira cholimba komanso cholimba, chomwe chimakula mpaka 65-67 mm (molingana ndi malire a kunja). M'mbuyomu, khwawa lotere limawonedwa ngati chida chachikulu cha wakwatibwi yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndi cholinga chofuna kupha komanso kubera omwe adalanda.
Posachedwa, kutsimikizira koyesera kunapezeka ndi mtunduwu kuti zopanga zoterezi za Velociraptor sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati tsamba, zomwe zikufotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mawonekedwe ozungulira kwambiri pamphepete yamkati. Mwa zina, lingaliro lakuthwa bwino silinadule khungu la nyamayo, koma adatha kulikhomera. Mwachiwonekere, zibwano zimakhala ngati mtundu wa mbedza zomwe buluzi yemwe adagwirako amatha kugwiritsitsa chakudya chake ndikuchigwira. Ndizotheka kuti lakuthwa kwa nsapato zopangitsa kuti kubowoleza kwam'mbali mwa ziwalo kapena khomo lachiberekero kukhale.
Chida choyipa kwambiri chomwe chilipo mu zida za ma velociraptors, mwina, anali nsagwada, okhala ndi mano akuthwa komanso akuluakulu. Korona wa velociraptor anali ndi kutalika kosaposa kotala mita. Chigoba cha mdaniyo chidakwezedwa ndikuchiyang'ana m'mwamba. Pa nsagwada za m'munsi ndi zam'mwamba panali mano a 26-28, okhala ndi mbali zodula zamkati. Mano ake anali ndi mipata yooneka bwino komanso yokhotakhota kumbuyo, zomwe zinkathandiza kuti zigwire ntchito mwachangu komanso kuthyola mwachangu kwa wogwirawo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi akatswiri ena a paleontologists, kudziwika kwa chithunzi cha Velociraptor cha kukhazikika kwa nthenga zachiwiri zapamwamba, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mbalame zamakono, zitha kukhala umboni wa kuchuluka kwa buluzi wamphongo.
Kuchokera pamawonedwe opanga zinthu, nsagwada za m'munsi za ma velociraptors zikufanana ndi buluzi wa Komodo wolondera nthawi zonse, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mdaniyo aziduladula mosavuta ngakhale kuti ndi nyama yayikulu. Kutengera zolumikizana za nsagwada, mpaka posachedwa, kutanthauzira kwa njira ya moyo wa dinosaur wolusa ngati mlenje wa nyama zing'onozing'ono kukuwoneka kuti kukukayikira masiku ano.
Kusintha kwatsopano kwa mchira wa velociraptor kunachepetsedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mafupipafupi a vertebrae ndi tendon ossified. Ndiwo mphukira wamafupa omwe amachititsa kuti nyamayo ikhale bata, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri pakuthamanga kwambiri.
Zolemba za Velociraptor
Ma Velociraptors anali ma dinosaurs ang'onoang'ono, mpaka 1.7-1.8 m kutalika komanso osapitirira 60-70 cm, ndipo akulemera mkati mwa 22 kg. Ngakhale zinthu zopanda chidwi choterechi, kupsa mtima kwa zomwe adachita mwankhanza wam'mawere kudali koonekeratu ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe ambiri apeza. Ubongo wa ma velociraptors, a ma dinosaurs, ndi wawukulu kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mdaniyo ndi m'modzi mwa oimira anthu anzeru kwambiri a banja la Velociraptorin mwachidule komanso banja la Dromaeosauridae.
Moyo, machitidwe
Ofufuzawo omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana, akuphunzira ma dinosaur omwe amapezeka nthawi zosiyanasiyana, akukhulupirira kuti ma velociraptors nthawi zambiri amasakidwa okha, ndipo nthawi zambiri samagwirizananso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pachifukwa ichi. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama yolusa imakonzekereratu za nyama, kenako buluzi wofunsayo udabera nyama. Wovutitsidwa atayesa kuthawa kapena kubisala pobisalira, theopod adamupeza popanda vuto.
Poyesayesa iliyonse, okhudzidwawo adzidziteteza, dinosaur yolusa, nthawi zambiri, imakonda kubwereranso, poopa kugundidwa ndi mutu kapena mchira wamphamvu. Nthawi yomweyo, ma velociraptors adatha kukhala m'malo otchedwa kudikirira. Nyamayo ikangopatsidwa mwayi, inenso inaukiranso nyama yake, mwachangu komanso mwachangu ikuwombayo ndi nyama yake yonse. Atafika pachimake, Velociraptor anayesera kuluka zoluka ndi mano kukhosi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pophunzira mwatsatanetsatane, asayansi adatha kupeza zotsatirazi: kuthamanga kwa munthu wamkulu wa Velociraptor (Velociraptor) kufika 40 km / h.
Monga lamulo, mabala omwe anadza chifukwa cha chilombocho anali ataphedwa, limodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'mitsempha yayikulu ndi trachea ya nyamayo, yomwe mosakayikira idayambitsa kuphedwa kwa nyama. Pambuyo pake, ma velociraptors anang'amba ndi mano akuthwa ndi zibwano, kenako ndikudya mnzake. Mukamadya chakudyachi, nyama yomwe inkadya inkayimirira mwendo umodzi, koma idatha kukhalabe bwino. Posankha kuthamanga ndi njira yosunthira ma dinosaurs, kuphunzira za mawonekedwe awo, komanso mawonekedwe a phazi, amathandizira choyamba.
Mbiri yopezeka
Ma Velociraptors analipo zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo, kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, koma tsopano mitundu ingapo yamitundu ndiyodziwika:
- mitundu yamtundu (Velociraptor mongoliensis),
- mawonekedwe a Velociraptor osmolskae.
Mafotokozedwe okwanira amtunduwu ndi a Henry Osborne, yemwe adapereka chithunzithunzi mu 1924, ataphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za momwe Velociraptor idapezekera mu Ogasiti 1923. Mafupa a dinosaur amtunduwu adapezeka mdera la chipululu cha Gobi ndi Peter Kaisen.. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti cholinga cha ulendowu, chokhala ndi American Museum of Natural History, chinali chowona zikhalidwe za anthu akale, kotero kupezeka kwa zotsalira za mitundu ingapo ya ma dinosaurs, kuphatikiza ma velociraptors, zinali zodabwitsa komanso zopanda dongosolo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zotsalira zoimiridwa ndi chigaza ndi mafelemu a kumbuyo kwa ma Velociraptors adazipeza koyamba mu 1922, komanso nthawi ya 1988-1990. Asayansi a ku Sino-Canada apititsa nawo ntchito anasonkhanitsanso mafupa abuluzi, koma ntchito za akhungu ochokera ku Mongolia ndi ku United States zidayambiranso patatha zaka zisanu kuchokera pomwe zapezeka.
Mtundu wachiwiri wa buluzi wolusa unafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane zaka zingapo zapitazo, mkati mwa 2008. Kupeza mawonekedwe a Velociraptor osmolskae kunatheka kokha chifukwa chofufuza mosamalitsa zakale, kuphatikiza gawo lankhondo la wamkulu, woyang'anira gawo la China ku Gobi Desert mu 1999. Kwazaka pafupifupi khumi, zopeza zachilendo zimangisonkhanitsa fumbi pa shelefu, choncho kafukufuku wofunikira unkachitika kokha pakubwera kwaukadaulo wamakono.
Habitat, malo okhala
Oimira mtundu wa Velociraptor, banja la Dromaeosauridae, gawo la Theoroda, dongosolo la Lizardotachous ndi dinosaur superorder zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo anali ofala kwambiri m'malo omwe tsopano kuli Gobi Desert (Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China).
Zakudya za Velociraptor
Zoyala zazing'ono zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimadya nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe sizimatha kubwezeretsa kwa dinosaur yolusa. Komabe, ofufuza aku Ireland aku University College Dublin adazindikira mafupa a pterosaur, womwe ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri youluka. Zidutswa zinapezeka mwachindunji mkati mwa mafupa omwe amapezeka pafupi ndi chipululu cha Gobi chamakono.
Malinga ndi asayansi akunja, kupeza koteroko kukuwonetsa bwino kuti ma velociraptors onse pamafunde amatha kukhala mbande, otha kumeza mosavuta mafupa akulu kwambiri. Fupa lomwe linapezidwalo linalibe chilichonse choti asidi amatulutsa kuchokera m'mimba, choncho akatswiri ananena kuti mkwatibwi wokhalitsa sanakhale ndi moyo nthawi yayitali atatha kunyowetsedwa. Asayansi akukhulupiriranso kuti ma Velociraptors ang'onoang'ono ankatha kugona mwakachetechete ndikuba mazira zisa kapena kupha nyama zazing'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma Velociraptors anali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yayitali komanso yooneka bwino, motero dinosaur yolusa imathamanga moyenera ndipo imatha kupha nyama yake mosavuta.
Nthawi zambiri, omwe amazunzidwa ndi Velociraptor amapitilira kukula kwake, koma chifukwa chaukali komanso kuthekera kosaka m'matumba, mdani wa buluzi nthawi zambiri amagonjetsedwa ndikudya. Mwa zina, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti carnivorous carnivores amadya pama protoceratops. Mu 1971, akatswiri a ma paleont omwe amagwira ntchito ku Gobi Desert anapeza mafupa a ma dinosaurs awiri - velociraptor ndi protoceratops wamkulu, yemwe ankakondana.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ma Velociraptors adachulukana panthawi yamazai, omwe, kumapeto kwa nthawi ya kuyamwa, mwana amabadwa.
Zikhala zosangalatsa:
Pokomera izi, titha kunena kuti pali ubale pakati pa mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs ena, omwe amaphatikizapo velociraptor.
Adani achilengedwe
Ma Velociraptors ali a banja la aoma aoma, motero, ali ndi mndandanda wa mikhalidwe ya banja lino. Pokhudzana ndi izi, adani oterewa analibe adani achilengedwe, ndipo ma dinosaurs okhwima komanso achikulire omwe ndi omwe amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.