Kuchita kukonza, kukhazikitsa kapena ntchito yomanga pamalo okwera kumayambitsa zovuta zina, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti malo ogwira ntchito ndi otetezeka. Pochita njira pamlingo wopitilira kutalika kwa munthu, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kukhathamiritsa ndi kukwapula ndi mpanda, kapena nsanja / masitepe.
Scaffolding imachitika malinga ndi polojekitiyi, yomwe imavomerezedwa ndi mainjiniya a bungwe la zomangamanga kapena kukonza. Mlingo wovomerezeka pamtunda wotsekera m'nkhalango umatsimikiziridwa pamaziko a kuwerengera. Kukhazikitsa, kuyesa ma scaffolds, komanso kukwapula kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala, chifukwa kutsatira njira zachitetezo mwachindunji zimatengera izi. Zojambula ngati izi zimavomerezedwa ndi machitidwe, ndipo pakugwira ntchito, mawonekedwe awo ndi momwe zimayendera tsiku ndi tsiku.
Zojambula ndi mitundu
Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito pamtunda wa nkhalango komanso zomata. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zomangamanga:
- Nthambi ndimapangidwe okhala ndi tiger zingapo. Ndi thandizo lawo, mutha kukonza ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
- Kukwapula kumachitika mwa njira zopangira kukhala ndi gawo limodzi. Ndiwofunikira kwambiri ngati pakufunika kugwira ntchito yomwe imafunikira kuti ntchito ziziyenda kutsogolo.
Zopangidwira zamtunduwu zimapangidwa malinga ndi mapangidwe wamba, zomwe amafunikira akuwonetsedwa muyezo wa GOST 27321-87, komanso GOST 24258-88.
Scaffolding imawonedwa ngati chida chothandiza kwambiri chogwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito pamalo okwera. Amathandizira kwambiri njira yopaka pulasitala, zomangamanga, kupuma, ndi zina zambiri. Kutengera cholinga ndi mapangidwe ake, atha kukhala:
- Kusintha kwazinthu. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito m'malo osungika. Samapota kapena kutseguka, mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati tebulo pafupi ndi kama kapena masitepe. Mwachikhalidwe chopangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu.
- Gulu lonse. Ali ndi mawonekedwe othandizira. Chinthu chosiyanitsa ndi kuthekera kukonza mawonekedwe ake pamlingo womwe mukufuna.
- Paneli. Tengani mphamvu yochulukitsa. Okonzeka ndi gulu lomwe lingathe kusunthidwa.
- Foni imatha. Ndizachilengedwe chifukwa zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zakunja ndi zakunja kukonza. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kulemera kochepa. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, okhala ndi mawilo apadera kuti athe kuyenda mosavuta. Ngati ndi kotheka, amatha kusakanikirana ndikusakanikirana, kukhazikitsidwa pamtunda winawake. Nthawi zambiri, ndiwotheka kugwiritsa ntchito ngati wopeza.
Monga kukwapula, kupukusa wogwiritsidwa ntchito panja ndi zamitundu mitundu:
- Tubular. Amagawidwa pa bolt ndi bolt free. Njira yamsonkhano ndizovuta kwambiri: mizere iwiri yoyambirira imakhazikitsidwa, chubu atayikidwa mu nsapato. Pa gawo lotsatira, zopingasa ndizomata, kumapeto kwawo kuli ndodo zokutira. Pambuyo - msewu wamabwato umayikidwa ndipo mpanda umapangidwa. Zomerazi zimatha kusakanikirana pogwiritsa ntchito ziwopsezo ndi zolumikizika. Msonkhano wam nkhalango wazovuta zilizonse komanso kusintha kwake ndikotheka.
- Adapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zama volumetric. Amaperekedwa m'njira yodzipatula, yokonzeka kugwirira ntchito magawo onse. M'mapangidwe a aliyense wa iwo pali mapanelo okhazikika okhazikitsidwa ndi nsanja ya crane. Chosavuta ngati mukufunikira ntchito yofananira kumlingo womwewo.
Zonja zamvula
Malo apadera mu chilengedwe cha chilengedwe ndi nkhalango yotentha. Tsoka ilo, kugwa kwambiri kwa mitengo kukuchitika ku Latin America, Asia, ndi Africa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Madagascar adawononga kale 90% ya nkhalangoyi. Mdziko la equatorial Africa, dera lomwe nkhalango lakhala likuchepa, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikuwonetsa nthawi ya atsamunda. Ku South America, zopitilira 40% zamvula zadulidwa. Vutoli liyenera kuthetsedwera osati wamba, komanso padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalangoyi kungayambitse ngozi padziko lapansi. Ngati kudula mitengo kwa nthaka kusasiya, ndiye kuti 80% ya nyama zomwe zikukhala kumeneko zifa.
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Malo okhala nkhalango
Nthambi za dziko lapansi zimadulidwa mwachangu, popeza nkhuni ndizofunikira ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana:
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- pomanga nyumba,
- mumsika wa mipando,
- popanga ogona, ngolo, milatho,
- pomanga zombo,
- mumakampani opanga mankhwala,
- kupanga pepala,
- mumsika wamafuta,
- popanga zinthu zapakhomo, zida zoimbira, zoseweretsa.
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Kuthetsa vuto la kubedwa mseru
Simungayang'anire vuto la kubedwa kwa nkhalango, popeza tsogolo la dziko lathuli limadalira momwe chilengedwe chikugwirira ntchito. Kuti muchepetse kugwa, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni. Choyamba, ndikothekera kusonkha ndi kutenga mapepala otayirira, kusintha kuchokera pa pepala kupita pazinthu zamagetsi. Ogwira ntchito zamalonda amathanso kukonza madera monga mafamu a nkhalango kumene mitengo yamitengo yabwino ikadzalidwa. Pamalo aboma, ndizotheka kuwonjezera chindapusa chifukwa chokana mitengo yosavomerezeka ndikuwonjezera ntchito pantchito zamatabwa. Kufunika kwa nkhuni kumachepa, ndiye kuti kupatula mitengo kumatha kuchepa.
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