Ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti milalang'ambayi ili ndi makolo pakati pa nyama zina. Kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a nyama ndizolunjika kwambiri. Asayansi anena kuti kuoneka ngati kuti tikuwala ndi njovu zaka 20 zapitazo. Nthawi zambiri makolo awo akale anali ngati ma artiodactyls. Zamoyo zimakhala ku Asia ndi Africa. Nyama zambiri zomwe zimawonekeranso ku Asia ndikufalikira kumadera aku Africa.
Samoteria - m'modzi mwa makolo a gira
Zotsalira zakale za nyama zomwe zapezeka ndi zaka miliyoni ndi theka zokha. Anapezeka ku Africa ndi Israel. Amaganiziridwa kuti iyi ndi mtundu umodzi womwe udalipobe mpaka nthawi yathu ino. Amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yambiri ya nyama yatha. Kutengera zomwe zapezeka, nyama zimayesa kubwereza chithunzi choyambirira cha malo omwe kukula ndi kukula kwake kwa miliri. Pambuyo pake, panali mtundu umodzi wokha wa nyama womwe titha kuwona tsopano.
Kufotokozera
Palibe nyama pamwamba pa mapira. Kukula kwa amuna akuluakulu kumafika mpaka 5.7 m mpaka nyanga, 3.3 mpaka paphewa. Kutalika kwa khosi amuna kumafikira mamita 2.4. Akazi amafupikitsidwa pafupi mita. Kulemera kwa amuna akuluakulu ndi matani 1.93, ndi zazikazi 1.18. Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndimatha kuyenda komanso zolemera mpaka 55 kilogalamu. Kukula kwa mwana wakhanda ndi pafupi mamita awiri.
Tizilombo tambiri tachulukitsa miyendo yolimba. Miyendo yakutsogolo ya nyamazo ndiyotalika pang'ono kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Ma vertebrae okwera asanu ndi awiri amapezeka khosi. Kumbuyo kwa nyama kukugwera, mchirawo ndi wautali komanso wowonda. Pamapeto pa mchira pali burashi yopangira kuthamangitsa ntchentche ndi tizilombo tina tokwiyitsa. Nyanga za miliri ya mpira ndizochulukirapo zomwe zimamera pamwamba pake pomwe pakakhala khungu ndi chikhoto.
Akazi amakhalanso ndi nyanga. Amakhala afupi komanso ovala korona. Kukula kwa mafupa nthawi zina kumalakwika ndi nyanga. Chochititsa chidwi ndi nyamayi ndi maso akuluakulu owoneka ozungulira ndi eyelashes yakuda. Lilime la mapira ndi lalikulu, limasinthasintha. Tikuthokoza, nyama zimatha kubera zobiriwira pamtengo.
Mtundu wa twiga
Mtundu wa nyama ndi woyenera kuyang'anira - malo akulu, apakati komanso ang'onoang'ono amapezeka paliponse la thupi la tulu. Mtunduwu ndi wapadera kwa twiga iliyonse.komanso zala za anthu.
Makungu onse ndi mawanga. Mitundu imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala. Mitambo yamagulu ang'onoang'ono a utoto ndimautoto mosiyanasiyana. Mawonekedwe ali ndi zazikulu, zapakatikati kapena zazing'ono. Zimakwirira thupi lonse la chilombo ndipo sizisintha pa moyo wawo wonse. Komabe, chovalacho chimatha kutenga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kusintha nyengo, thanzi komanso nyengo.
Miyendo ya Gira
Miyendo imawoneka yopyapyala poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse. Komabe, ngakhale izi zili choncho, nyama zimatha kuthamanga bwino. Tizilombo tambiri timathamanga kwambiri mpaka makilomita 60 pa ola limodzi. Tizilombo tambiri titha kudumphadumpha podumpha paz zopinga zopitilira 1.5 metres. Komabe, nyama zimathamanga mwachangu pokhazikika pamtunda wolimba. Nthawi zonse mitsinje, nyama zodutsa.
Dera
Tizilombo tambiri timene tidali tadzaza kudera laku Africa. Kudutsa komwe kuli, munthu amatha kukumana ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinyama. Tsopano zimatha kuwoneka m'malo ena. Mbendera zimakhala kum'mawa kwa Africa, monga Tanzania, Ethiopia ndi Kenya, komanso kumadera ena apakati pa Africa, monga Niger ndi Chad.
Habitat
Amakonda kukhazikika m'malo otentha, pomwe mitengo imakonda kumera. Madzi siofunika kwambiri kwa nyama, chifukwa amatha kukhala kutali ndi matupi amadzi. Komwe kuliira komweku kumalumikizidwa ndi zomwe amakonda. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo obzala zitsamba zobiriwira.
Tizilombo tambiri timagwirizana bwino ndi ena. Alibe mpikisano pachakudya - anyani amadyetsa udzu, tsamba la mapira. Mitundu ya twiga, anthambo ndi zina zopanda pake nthawi zambiri zimapezeka limodzi. Anthuwa amatha kukhalira limodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, kudya chakudya. Komabe, pakupita nthawi, amayamba kusokera kufunafuna chakudya chatsopano.
Kodi ndi milalang'amba ingati yomwe imakhala?
Mu vivo, milalang'amba imakhala zaka 25. Amakhala m'malo osungira nyama kwa zaka zoposa 30. ndikumva bwino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, miliri idabwera ndi malo okhala ku Egypt ndi ku Roma mzaka pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni BC. Komabe, nyama zinkabweretsedwa kumayiko aku Europe kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi. Anabweretsa kumayiko a ku Europe pa zombo zazikulu zapamadzi. Pambuyo pake, zonse zoyendera zidachitika pansi. Poletsa kuti nyama zisamachotse ziboda zawo, zinkakonda kuvala zikopa ndikukutira mvula yamadzi pamiyendo yawo. Nyama zimamera bwino mu malo osungira nyama ndipo zinayamba kubereka. Tsopano aliyense akhoza kuyang'ana zolengedwa zachisangalalo izi kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Kodi njovu zimagona bwanji?
Zimakhala zovuta kulingalira momwe nyama zazikulu kwambiri zimagona. Indedi, kugona kwa miliri kumadzetsa zovuta. Anthu ena adazolowera kugona, atatsamira pang'ono pamitengo yayikulu. Ena amapindika, kuweramitsa miyendo yawo pansi. Kugona kwa nyama sikofunikira kwambiri - amakhala nthawi yayitali mpaka maola awiri patsiku. Ali mu ukapolo, twiga akugona maola 4-6. Nthawi zina ndikagona, nyama zimakhazikika kumiyendo ndi kumbuyo, ndikupanga chipilala chachikulu. Pogona, maso a nyama atsekedwa, makutu amapindika pang'ono.
Kuswana
Mbira ndi nyama zamitala. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amateteza azimayi awo kwa amuna anzawo. Masewera a mating ndi osangalatsa kuwonera. Choyamba, wamwamuna amawunika kununkhira kwa khungu la mzimayiyo, ndipo pambuyo pake amapukusa mutu wake pafupi ndi mayiyo ndikudziyikira kumbuyo. Atapumula, yamphongo imanyambita mchira wake, ndikukweza kutsogoloku.
Zachikazi zimatha kutenga zibwenzi zamphongo ndi kudzutsa mchira. Masewera olimbitsa thupi amatenga nyengo yamvula. Ng'ombe zimabadwa mu chilala - nthawi yayitali kuyambira kumapeto kwa masika mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Akazi amatha kubereka iliyonse ndi theka mpaka zaka ziwiri. Mimba imatenga masiku 457. Kubala mwana kumachitika pamalo oyimilira. Ana akuluakulu, aatali mpaka mamita awiri, nthawi yomweyo amafika pamapazi awo ndikufikira mkaka. Mkazi m'modzi amabereka osaposa ana awiri.
Achinyamata obisala pafupipafupi sabata yonse ya moyo. Ndi amayi awo, anawo amakhalanso kupitirira chaka chimodzi. Kuyima pawokha kumayambira pa kugonana kwa nyama. Akazi amakhalabe ndi gulu lankhosa, pomwe amuna amakhala okhaokha mpaka nthawi yomwe atenga ng'ombe zawo. Pamenepo adzakhala amuna otchuka. Akazi amatha kuyamba kukhwima ndi zaka 3-4. Kukula kwa abambo kumabwera zaka 4-5. Komabe, nthawi ya masewera a chibwenzi imayamba ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha zogonana.
Masabata atatu mwana atabadwa amapita ku nazale. Chifukwa chake amayi amatha kubereka ana kukafunafuna chakudya. Akazi amasinthana kuyang'ana ana m'gulu lomwelo. Chifukwa cha ziwetozo, zazikazi zimayenda mtunda wamtunda wa 0,2 km kuchokera ku gulu la ng'ombe. Mpaka pomwe nthawi imayamba kuda, amayi amabwerera kwa ana awo, amawateteza ku zoopsa ndikuwapatsa mkaka.
Moyo
Nyama zimakhala m'gulu la anthu mpaka makumi awiri. Nthawi zina ng'ombe zazikulu zimapezeka, komwe anthu pafupifupi 70 amakhala. Nyama iliyonse imalowerera gulu la ng'ombe kapena kuzisiyira ufulu wawo wosankha. Mu gulu limodzi mumakhala amuna, akazi, ana. Nyama zonse za mibadwo yosiyana. Potere, akazi amatengedwa kuti ndi nyama zoyanjidwa kuposa zazimuna.
Agirafe amadya ndi kumwa pokhapokha madzulo komanso m'mawa. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimatafuna chingamu, koma zimatha kuchita izo nthawi zonse. Amuna ndiwo amachititsa kuti gulu lonse la ng'ombe lizikula. Nkhondo imachitika pakati pa amuna awiri. Amakhala pafupi ndikuyamba kupita kutsogolo, atagwira makosi awo moyang'ana kutsogolo. Pambuyo pa izi, makosi ndi mitu yolumikizana, kutsamira wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chake aliyense payekha amayamikira mphamvu ya mdani. Kupitilira apo, nyamazo zimakhala moyang'anana ndikugunda mdani ndi khosi ndi mutu. Mikwingwirima yotere imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, imatha kugwetsa mdaniyo pansi kapena kuwononga kwambiri.
Kuyankhulana ndi kuzindikira
Nyama sizimapanga mawu. Pazifukwa izi, kwa nthawi yayitali amadziwika kuti ndi chete kapena osalankhula. Tizilombo tambiri timalumikizana wina ndi mnzake m'njira zachinyengo. Nthawi ndi nthawi mumatha kumamva kulira kapena likhwangwala. Pakakhala zoopsa, milombelo imachita kulira komanso kubangula, kuchenjeza abale.
Amayi amaimba likhweru ndi ana. Ng'ombe zimatha kutayika ndipo amayi amabangula posaka kuti apeze gulu ndi mawu. Ng'ombe zam'mimba zimatulutsa magazi kapena kuwonda poyankha. Chibwenzi chikayamba, amuna 'amatsokomola'.
Chifukwa chakula kwambiri, nyama zimawona mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chake, amatha kuyang'ana pafupipafupi ndi abale awo pamtunda wautali. Chifukwa cha masomphenya awo akuthwa, amatha kuonanso adani omwe akubwera.
Zakudya Zabwino - girafi amadya chiyani?
Zakudya zazikuluzikulu za milendayo zimapangidwa ndi masamba, mitengo ndi zipatso. M'madera ena a savannah, kumtunda kumadzaza mchere ndi mchere, motero, milalang'amba imadyera dothi.
Nyama ndi zam'miyendo zamiyendo inayi. Mukamayenda, nyama zimakonda kutafuna chingamu, kuchulukitsa nthawi yake kufikira chakudya chotsatira. Ali ndi malilime atali, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kupeza chakudya kuchokera kumitengo yayitali kwambiri.
Zakudya zambiri ndi masamba ochokera ku Senegalese acacias, masamba ochepa oyenda, apricots, mimoses oyipa. Chakudya chachikulu ndi mthethe. Tizilombo timene timagwira nthambi ndi milomo, ndikuthyola masamba, ndikukhazikitsa mitu yawo. Chomera chimakhala ndi malovu osavuta kupera ndi mano amphamvu a chilombo. Masana nyama amadya mpaka makilogalamu 66 a chakudya. Komabe, ngati chakudya chilibe kuchepa, twiza amapulumuka pa ma kilogalamu asanu ndi awiri a chakudya. Amuna amadya zomwe zili kutalika pafupi ndi mutu ndi khosi, ndipo zazikazi - pafupi ndi thupi ndi mawondo. Potere, akazi amasankha masamba okhawo omwe amapezeka kwambiri.
Adani a mifira
Adani akuluakulu a anthu ndi mikango. Nthawi zambiri mukasaka nyama nyalugwe ndi ma hyenas zimadziwika. Komabe, nyama zokulirapo zimatha kudziteteza ndi ziboda. Mamba atambalale amatha kudikirira njovu.
Nyama zambiri zolusa zimadyera ana aang'ono, nyama zachikale kapena zodwala. Chifukwa cha mtundu wowoneka bwino wa mapira ndizovuta kudziwa.
Girafi ndi bambo
M'malo osungira ndi malo osungirako nyama osungira nyama, mapindu ambiri amachokera kwa iwo. M'mbuyomu, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimaphedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zikopa zamtengo wapatali, nyama, kusangalala. Nthawi zina, khungu limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoimbira. Khungu lanyama lanyama linali loyenera kupanga zidebe, zikwapu, malamba.
Giraff: Kufotokozera
Mpaka pano, twiza ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri, pomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Amatha kulemera mpaka kilogalamu 1200, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi mita 6 (nyumba yokhala-2), pomwe 1/3 ya kutalika kwa thupi ndi khosi. Khosi limakhala ndi ma vertebrae 7, omwe amadziwika bwino ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinyama. Akazi amakhala ndi zazikulu zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono.
Mawonekedwe
Nyamayi ndi yodabwitsa, chifukwa nkovuta kulingalira momwe nyamayi imapiririra kupsinjika pamene ikutsitsa kapena kukweza mutu wake. Izi ndichifukwa choti mtima wake uli pansipa pamutu pake kutalika kwamamita atatu komanso kutalika kwamamita awiri kuchokera pansi. Pankhaniyi, miyendo ya nyama iyenera kutupa chifukwa chopanikizidwa ndi magazi, koma izi sizichitika. Magazi amaperekedwa ku ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochenjera, koma zosavuta mokwanira. Chifukwa chake:
- Mitsempha yayikulu, yomwe ili m'khosi mwa nyamayo, kuli ma valves otsekeka, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi mderali.
- Mwazi wa nyama ndi wandiweyani, kotero palibe zotsatira zake zomwe zimayang'anidwa pamene gira ukuchita kugwedeza mutu wake. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuchulukana kwa maselo ofiira a m'magazi ndikwapamwamba kwambiri kuposa anthu.
- Mtima wa twiga ndi waukulu komanso wamphamvu, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 12. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mupampu mpaka malita 60 a magazi pamphindi, pomwe mukupanga kupanikizika katatu kuposa anthu.
Pamutu pa artiodactyl ossicons flaunt, yomwe imayimira china cha mtundu wa nyanga, yokutidwa khungu ndi ubweya. Nyama zina, kukula kwamfupa kumakhala pakatikati pa mphumi, ngati nyanga ina. Makutu a nyama ndi oyera, ngakhale akutuluka, ndipo maso ndi akuda, ozungulira eyelashes ambiri.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Nyamazo zimakhala ndi zida zapakamwa zapadera, mkati mwake momwe mumakhala lilime losinthika la violet hue, lalitali masentimita 50. Milomo imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi zomverera zazifupi za tsitsi, mothandizidwa ndi momwe ndulu imadziwitsira kukula kwa masamba ndi kupezeka kwa malovu.
Pali nipple mbali zamkati zamilomo zomwe zimathandiza kuti mabere azisungabe mbewu zomweira zimadulidwa ndi chisa chake cham'munsi. Njirayi imathandizidwa ndi lilime losinthika komanso lalitali, lomwe panthawiyi limasungunuka ndikukula mozungulira mbewuyo, kudutsa minga. Pogwiritsa ntchito lilime, nyamayo imakoka zakudya kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito pakamwa.
Mtundu wowona pa thupi la gira umapangidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe akusewera pazithunzi pamakona amitengo, omwe amathandiza kuti nyamayo idze. Palibe mawanga pamunsi, ndipo opepuka. Poterepa, mtundu wa nyama umatengera mtundu wa malo.
Zochita ndi moyo
Nyama imadziwika chifukwa imatha kuona bwino, kumva komanso kununkhiza. Ngati tiwonjezera kukula kokulirapo, ndiye ichi ndi nyama chapadera. Imatha kuyang'anira dera lotalika kilomita imodzi. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone mdani, komanso kuwunika abale awo. Tizilombo tija timayamba kudyetsa m'mawa kwambiri, ndikupitiliza kutafuna chingamu pafupifupi tsiku lonse, kubisala mumthunzi wazomera zazikulu. Pakadali pano, amakhala akugona pang'ono, chifukwa maso sakumva pang'ono, ndipo makutu akumayenda mosalekeza, kuwongolera danga. Usiku, njenjete zimagona, osakhalitsa, pomwe amadzuka kapena kugona pansi.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Tizilombo ta njovu titagwera pansi m'njira yosangalatsa: amatenga miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Nthawi yomweyo, amaika mwendo wakumbuyo kumbuyo ndi kuyika mutu wawo pamenepo. Popeza khosi limakhala lalitali, mumapeza china chake ngati chipilala. Izi zimathandizira kuti nyamayo inyamuke mwachangu ngati pali ngozi.
Khola (banja) la mapira, limatha kukhala ndi anthu 20. Gululi limaphatikizapo zachikazi ndi zazing'ono. Ambalalika m'nkhalangomo, koma asonkhana pagulu. Amayi ndi makanda nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi, koma ena m'banjamo amatha kusiya ng'ombe nthawi iliyonse ndikubwerera nthawi iliyonse.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu m'gululi kumatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya. Chifukwa chake, mgulu lirilonse mu nthawi yamvula, mumakhala gulu lambiri la gulu la milemba, ndipo munthawi yowuma - osachepera. Tizilombo tambiri timayenda modabwitsa pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale nthawi zina timawonetsedwa ndipo sizitha kupitirira mphindi zitatu.
Kukhomera gira ndi mayeso enieni, chifukwa imayenera kugwada, kapena kuponyera mutu wake, chifukwa izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusuntha pakati pakukoka.
Ngakhale kuti nyamayi imagwira ntchito mozama motere, nduluzo zimatha kuthamanga mpaka pafupifupi 50 km / h, komanso kudumpha pazovuta zina mpaka mita 2.