Ziwombankhanga ndizilombo zakale kwambiri: zotsalira za makolo awo akutali zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amapeza zinayamba kuchitika mu nthawi ya Carboniferous (zaka 350-300 miliyoni zapitazo). Komabe, zaka zazitali zakulengedwa sizinakhudze maonekedwe a chinjoka, chifukwa chake zolengedwa zimayesedwa zachikale. Mpaka pano, asayansi atulukira ndi kupanga mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Koma mitundu ya chinjoka yomwe imatha kuwoneka ku Europe ku Russia ndi ochepa kwambiri: palibe oposa zana la iwo. Tizilomboti timakonda nyengo yotentha, chifukwa unyinji wake umakhala m'nkhalangozi za South America ndi Southeast Asia. M'madera okhala ndi louma, nkhandwe sizipezeka.

Wobadwa wadyera

Kupatula pambali, mitundu yonse ya chinjoka (onse nymphs ndi achikulire) amadya tizilombo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala akuyamwa magazi (mahatchi, udzudzu, midges). Mawonekedwe a chinjoka ndichabwino kusaka pa ntchentche. Tizilombo timeneti ndi "totsamira", tili ndi chifuwa komanso m'mimba. Mutu wa chinjoka umayenda kwambiri. Maso awiri owoneka bwino ali pamenepo, amalola kuti tizilombo tizitha kuwona zonse zomwe zimachitika kuzungulira ndi kumbuyo, ndipo pakati pa izi ndizofanana wamba zomwe zimathandizira kuyang'ana pamlengalenga. Ziwalo zamawonedwe zidakonzedwa kotero kuti chinjoka chimawona bwino koposa zonse motsutsana ndi thambo. Chifukwa chake, amalimbana ndi wozunzidwayo kuyambira pansipa. Tizilombo toyamwa timakhala ndi pakamwa mwamphamvu ("kukukuta", monga asayansi amanenera), tinyanga tating'onoting'ono ndi miyendo yolimba yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lomwe limathandiza kugwira nyama. Chiwalo chilichonse chili mgulu awiri wamapiko, zomwe zimapangidwa bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuuluka mothamanga kwambiri kuposa 55 km / h.

Diptera

Magawo atatu a nkhandwe amadziwika. Loyamba la iwo ndi isosoptera. Zimaphatikizapo zokongola, zopepuka ndipo, monga lamulo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi pamimba kwambiri. Mapiko onse awiriwo ndiofanana kukula ndi mawonekedwe; pakupumula, chinjokacho chimakupinda m'mbuyo kuti chikhale chopendekera kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo. Mapiko okhathamira amauluka pang'onopang'ono komanso bwino. Pakati pawo pali mitundu ina ya chinjoka monga muvi wokongola, msungwana wokongola ndi wosalala. Nymphs zokhala ndi mapiko okhala ndi madzi zimakhala ndi gawo lapadera lopumira lomwe limapeto pamimba - matayala amchira.

Zosiyanasiyana ndi Anisozygoptera

Gawo lachiwiri ndilosiyanasiyana. Ali ndi thupi lamphamvu, ndipo m'munsi mwa mapiko akumbuyo amakulitsidwa. Maso nthawi zambiri amakhudza. Kuthamanga kwanyanjaku kwamitundu yambiri ndikokwera. Kupumula, mapiko a njoka zamtunduwu amafalikira. Mphutsi zautombolombo zimakhala mu silt ndipo zimapuma mothandizidwa ndi ma gill. M'pofunika kutchulanso mitundu ina ya akambuku ogwirizana ndi osiyana mapiko. Awa ndi agogo wamba, rocker wamkulu, agogo amkuwa, chinjoka chamagazi.

Oimira gawo lachitatu (Anisozygoptera) amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a awiri oyambayo, ngakhale akunja ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mapiko. Ku Russia, njoka izi sizikhala.

Zinjoka zamakedzana

Mutu wa chinjoka chachikulu, khosi limatha kusuntha. Ikawonedwa kuchokera ku chinjoka, maso akulu amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la mutu, lomwe limagawika pakati. Diso lili ndi mbali 28,000 (ommatidia), iliyonse yomwe imapangidwa ndi maselo 6 omasulira. Poyerekeza: kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe amaso a ntchentche ndi zikwi 4, agulugufe - 17,000. Nkhope zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana amaso zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyananso, omwe amachititsa kuti athe kuwona zinthu za madigiri osiyanasiyana a kuwala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pali malo amdima omwe amatseka madera omwe amachititsa masomphenya. Chithunzicho chikuwoneka mu gawo laubongo lomwe limakhala mwachindunji pansi pamaso. "Miyoyo" yomwe ili m'maso imatha kufananizidwa ndi tinyanga, ntchito yawo ndikutenga gwero lowunikira, kuti liziwoneka ngati likuuluka. Kutha kwa anangula ndikokwera kwambiri kotero kuti chinjoka sichimataya kuunika kwake pakuwuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyang'ana moyenera kayendedwe kake (ndipo monga mukudziwa, kuthamanga kwa chinjoka ndi chimodzi mwazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi la tizilombo).

Mimba yopyapyala yokhala ngati ndodo nthawi yothawa imakhala ngati chopinga.

Kodi nchifukwa chiyani nkhono za chinjoka pamimba?

Amuna amakhala ndi "mafinya" pamwamba pamimba, pomwe amangoigwirizira ndi khosi pachimake. "Tandem" zotere za chinkhanira nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Ziweto zazikazi zimaponyera mazira m'madzi kapena kuziyika mu tinthu timene timapezeka m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera ovipositor. Miyendo ya chinjoka ndi yofooka, amatha kusunga kachilombo pa tsamba la udzu kapena kusunga nyama, koma sioyenera kuyenda. Mimba ya chinjoka ndiyitali; mumitundu yocheperako, imakhala yifupi kuposa kutalika kwa mapiko ndipo imasinthasintha kwambiri. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kuwerengera magawo khumi. Mwa amuna amtundu wa Zygoptera, m'munsi maliseche (ziwalo zoberekera) ndi magawo 2-3;

Mapiko akulu okhala ndi maukonde mu chinjoka chachikulu chimakhala chofalikira mbali zonse, zazing'ono (mivi, zitoliro) popumula zimatha kupinda ndi thupi. M'mayikidwe ena, mapiko ndi ofanana, amaponderezedwa kumunsi (enanso chimodzimodzi), mwa ena mapiko akum'mbuyo ndi ochulukirapo kuposa kutsogolo, makamaka kumunsi (suborder ndi yosiyanasiyana). Utoto wa dragonflies umayang'aniridwa ndi ma buluu, obiriwira, ma toni achikasu, nthawi zambiri pamakhala chitsulo chowala. Ena ali ndi mapiko okhala ndi mawanga kapena akuda. Mu zoyerekeza zouma, mtundu wake ndiwosalala komanso ukusintha.

Pa gawo loyamba lachitukuko, mphutsi za chinjoka zimakhala ndi mitima iwiri: imodzi pamutu ndi yachiwiri kumbuyo kwa thupi. Mphutsi yokhwima kwambiri imakhala ndi maso asanu, makutu 18, mtima wama chipinda 8. Magazi ake ndiwobiriwira.

Mimba yam'mimba: Chiwalo chamadongosolo

Matumbo apambuyo a chikumbu cha chinjoka, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yayikulu, imathandizanso gulu lina loyenda. Madzi amadzaza m'matumbo a kumbuyo, kenako amawakoka mwamphamvu, ndipo mphutsizo zimayenda ndi masentimita 6 mpaka 6. Mpweya wakumbuyo umagwiranso ntchito ngati kupuma, komwe, ngati pampu, kumakumwa madzi okhala ndi mpweya wambiri kudzera mu anus.

Chinjoka chachikulu kwambiri

Zotsalira zakale za dragonflies zimayambira nthawi ya Jurassic ndipo sizingatheke chifukwa cha zigawo zitatu zomwe zilipo, chifukwa chake, zimatchulidwa kuti: Dera lina la Protodonata, lomwe nthawi zina limayikidwa ngati chigawo cholumikizira ku Odonata, lili ndi tizilomboti tambiri, tomwe pali anthu ena akuluakulu. Chachikulu kwambiri pa chinjoka chachikulu cha Meganeuropsis permiana, chili ndi mapiko a 720 mm.

Mwa mitundu yamakono, chiwerengerochi chikufulumira, mitundu yayikulu imakhala ndi mapiko osakwana 20 mm (Mitundu ya Nannodiplax rubra, banja la Libellulidae) kapena kupitirira 160 mm (Mitundu ya Petalura ingentissima, banja la a Petaluridae): ena anjoka amakono a mtundu wa Zygoptera ali ndi mapiko a 18 mm kapena kupitilira apo (mitundu, Agriocnemis pygmaea, banja Coenagrionidae) mpaka 190 mm (mitundu Megaloprepus caerulatus, banja Pseudostigmatidae). Chachikulu kwambiri cha chinjoka chamakono chimazindikira Megaloprepus caeruleatawokhala ku Central ndi South America, uli ndi kutalika kwa mamilimita 120 ndi mapiko a 191 - mm. Raki chimphona chachikulu cha ku Australia Petalura gigantea ndi mapiko a 110 - 115 mm (zazikazi mpaka 125 cm). Ndipo ngakhale zimphona zazikuluzikulu za dziko lapansi zimakhala m'malo otentha, chinjoka, rockers, zomwe zimapezeka mdziko lathu, zimadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazilombo zazikulu kwambiri.

Chinjoka zazikulu kwambiri za dziko lathu ndi za rocker mikono (Aeschnidae). Chimodzi mwazotheka mwala wamtambo (Aeschna juncea), kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 70 mm, ndi mapiko mpaka 95 mm. Amuna ndi owoneka bwino, okhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wabuluu, makamaka pamimba. Akazi amalamulidwa ndi matani obiriwira komanso achikasu. Awa ndi maluwa okongola, otha kuthana ndi makumi komanso makilomita mahandiredi, kukhazikika m'malo osungira atsopano. Nthawi zina zimakhala zotheka kuwona njira yotulutsa chinjoka kuchokera ku mphutsi, zomwe zimasankhidwa kuchokera kumadzi omwe akutuluka m'malo azomera. Mapiko a chinjoka chaching'onoyi sichofowoka, chofiyira, makutidwe ndi utoto. Koma patatha ola limodzi atatchena, chinjokacho chakonzeka kuuluka.

Banja la opezekapo (Corduliidae) limaphatikizira chinjoka chachikulu, chamtundu womwe mumakhala chitsulo chowala.

Zoyala zazing'ono zazing'ono: zokongola, ma tapeworm ndi mivi

Banja Lokongola - Calopterygidae, Lyutki - Lestidae, Arrows - Coenagrionidae

Pafupifupi dziwe lililonse lomwe limayima, ma lyuta dryas (Lestes dryas) ndiofala kwambiri ndipo maonekedwe ofananawo ndi a lyutka-mkwatibwi (L. sponsa), omwe amangosiyana ndi kapangidwe ka zida zapakati. Akazi ndi opepuka. Monga chinjoka, abale awo ocheperako, osauka -. olusa, agwiridwe awo akuluakulu ndi udzudzu ndi midges. Nyani amadya mphutsi zamadzi. Kutalika kwa tizilomboti tating'ono kuyambira 25 mpaka 50 mm. Amasunga mapiko awo moyang'ana pamimba chifukwa sangathe kufalitsa ndege ina. Iwonso amatha kukhala ovutika ndi chinjoka chachikulu, mbalame, kapenanso zomera zobvuta. Banja lalingaliro la mivi (Coenagrionidae) limaphatikizira chinjoka chokwezeka mpaka 40 mm kutalika, mapiko atapumira ndikupumira pterostigma yochepa m'thupi. Amakhala ndi ndege yofooka ndipo amasungidwa m'mitengo yamagalimoto. Nthawi zambiri kuposa ena, timakhala ndi muvi wabuluu (Enallagma cyathigerum), womwe umakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtambo wabuluu kumbuyo kwa mutu.

Zoyendetsa ndege ndi madzi

Anjoka ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimasaka mlengalenga, kuti ziwone ngati zitha kugwidwa, kuti agwire. Nthawi zambiri amadya nyama yomwe amauluka. Mitundu ina ya chinjoka ndimaluwa akuluakulu, ndipo ndizovuta kuzimva. Kudya udzudzu, mahatchi ndi agogo ena amphaka ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Kukula kwa chinjoka chonse kumadutsa gawo lamadzi - nymph (otchedwa mphutsi za tizilombo ndi poyambira mapiko). Nyani ndi zilombo zokulirapo, chifukwa sizimadya nyama yokha yomwe ndi yaying'ono kuposa kukula kwawo, komanso zimatha kuthana ndi mdani ndikukula nawo okha. Zimathanso kuluma m'madzi am'madzi, momwe nsomba zazing'ono sizingathe kuzilimbana nazo. Nyama zonse za chinjoka ndi zilombo zolusa, zogwira milomo yokhala ndi mlomo wocheperako - chigoba chomwe chimatseguka mwachangu ndikuponyera kutsogolo, pomwe zikhadabo zakumapeto kwake ngati stilettos zimabayidwa kwambiri ndi womenyedwayo. Pamene chigobachi chidakulungidwa, nyama imakokedwa kukamwa ndikutsamwa mwakachetechete.

Mphutsi ndi nymphs

Mphutsi za chinjoka ndi nymphs zimapezeka m'mitundu yonse yamadzi opanda madzi. Amatha kupezeka m'madziwe ndi mitsinje, kuwumitsa matumba komanso mumayenje a mitengo yodzadza ndi madzi. Mphutsi zamtundu wina zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wamchere wambiri, mphutsi zina zimakhala moyo wam'madzi, zikukwawa padziko lapansi usiku, zimatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa mitengo komanso m'mitengo yamitengo iwiri. Mphutsi za mitundu isanu ndi umodzi imakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi.

Mukukonzekera, mphutsi zimayambira nthawi 10 mpaka 20 pazaka zitatu mpaka zaka 6-10, kutengera mtundu. Chiwerengero cha maulalo chimatengera chilengedwe komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Pakati pa 6-7 molting, zoyambira zamapiko zimayamba kukhazikika. Chithunzithunzi chachindunji, kudutsa gawo la mwana, kachilombo wamkulu amakasiya madzi ndipo nthawi zina amawachotsa patali kuchokera komwe amakhala. Pakusapika, komwe kumatenga masiku angapo, chinjokacho chimadyetsa mwachangu ndikukula thupi. Chizindikiro cha kukhala wamkulu chidzakhala mtundu wowala wa chinjoka. Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimadziwika ndi glitter yamapiko awo. Pazaka, mtundu wa akanjedza umakhala wovuta, kuwonjezera apo, malo okhala ndi utoto amawoneka kuti sapezeka mwa ana.

Akuluakulu ambiri amakhala nthawi yayitali. M'malo ozizira, chiphalaphala chimakhala m'malo obisalako nyengo yachisanu; kumalo otentha, nkhandwe zimadikirira nyengo yamvula ndikupanga mvula. Ntchentche zina zimayenda maulendo ataliatali, kuphatikizira njira ya transatlantic, koma mitundu yambiri imakhala pafupi ndi malo oswana

Pokonzekera kulumikizana, banjali limachita chinyengo. Wamphongo amakanirira mkazi ndi mutu (genus Anisoptera) kapena protorax (mtundu Zygoptera). Awiriwo amawuluka limodzi (champhongo kutsogolo, chachikazi kumbuyo), nthawi zambiri amapuma pa tchire chimodzimodzi. Wamkazi amagwirira pamimba, ndikupanga gudumu, ndipo amalumikizana ndi ziwalo zachiwiri zomwe zimapezeka pamtundu wa amuna awiri, pomwe umuna wake umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pachiberekero kuyambira gawo 9. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, matingwi amatenga mphindi zingapo mpaka maola angapo. Mitundu ina ya chinkhanira imayikanso mazira palimodzi, chifukwa pofika nthawi imeneyi yamphongo ndi yachikazi sikhala yopanda magazi. Kwa ena, yamphongo imakhazikika pamkazi pomwe imayikira mazira ake. Mu lachitatu, amunawo amapereka Amoy achikazi kuthana ndi izi: amabwerera kumalo awo kapena kukhala pachitsamba chapafupi.

Wadzaza m'magulu

Amadziwika kuti dragonflies (Odonata) amatha kusonkhana m'magulu, makulidwe omwe nthawi zina amatha kuwonedwa kukhala akulu. Chifukwa chake, abambo amasonkhana m'malo osungira ziweto, ndipo amatha kukhala pa tchire lapafupi kapena kuwuluka kupita pansi kufunafuna zazikazi. Gawo lomwe amisonkhanapo ndilochepa kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu mitundu yambiri yaimmayi imakhala kutali ndi madzi, imawoneka pafupi ndi dziwe kapena nyanja kokha kuti ikakhwime kapena kuti ikayikire mazira. Nthawi zina, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimagwira malo ndikuwuluka mu ndege imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, pa June 13, 1817, zibuluzi zoulukira ku Dresden kwa maola awiri. Julayi 26, 1883 gulu la ankhandwe amtundu wanayi (Libellula quadrimaculata) anawuluka mumzinda waku Malm ku Sweden kuchokera maola 7 ndi mphindi 30. AM mpaka 8 koloko. Madzulo. Mu 1900, gulu la anjoka adawonedwa ku Belgium, kutalika kwake ndi mamita 170 ndi m'lifupi mwake 100 km.

Thawirani kubisala

Camouflage nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi bata chinjoka (Hemianax papuensis), omenyera mbali, mosiyana, gwiritsani ntchito kubisala wina ndi mnzake. Zinapezeka kuti chinjoka chikuuluka mowoneka bwino kwambiri chimayang'ana mthunzi wawo m'diso la mdani, ndipo kusapezeka kowoneka bwino kumapangitsa mdani kuwona chinjokacho ngati chinthu chomwe sichingawopseze. Momwe ma chinjoka amapambana pazonsezi ndizachinsinsi.

Kuthamanga Kwandawala Kwachilomboka - mpaka 96 km / h, bumblebee - 18 km / h.

Zachisanu mu zopeka chosiyana maiko

M'mayiko ena (makamaka Japan), agulugufe ndi chifanizo cha kukongola pamodzi ndi agulugufe ndi mbalame. Mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe, malingaliro a nkhandwe samakonda kwenikweni. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi "gogogo wamahatchi" ndi "chiwanda chazipembedzo"

Zachidziwikire kuti, chinjoka sichitha kuluma kapena kuluma. Mitundu yonse ya chinjoka ilibe vuto lililonse. Komanso, ndizothandiza tizilombo, chifukwa zimawononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kupezeka kwa ziphona zambiri pafupi ndi nkhokweyi kumawonetsa kukongola kwake kwa chilengedwe komanso kupezeka kwa anthu ambiri okhala m'madzimo.

Zachisanu

»Arthropods» Chinjoka

Zolanda: Tizilombo (Tizilombo)
Giredi: Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Gulu: Chinjoka (Odonata)

Anjoka ndi tizilombo touluka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pazitali zazifupi, kuthamanga kwawo kuthawa kumatha kupitirira 100 km / h. Tizilombo timeneti timadya kwambiri - timadya chakudya chochulukirapo kuposa momwe amalemera patsiku. Maso akulu apadera a chinjoka amakhala ndi maso 20,000 masauzande, kapena mawonekedwe, ndipo amathandizira kuti tizilombo tating'ono tizizungulira.

Pakadali pano, pali mitundu isanu ya 5,000 ya chinjoka. Amakhala makamaka m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Ku Russia, mitundu pafupifupi 170 imadziwika. Mavuto am'kuta - kugwedezeka kwamapiko ndikuuluka, komwe kumamawa ndikuuluka komwe kudapha ndege yoposa imodzi, kudathetsedwa ndi ziphokoso mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.Kukula pang'ono kwa mapikowo, kotchedwa pterostigmus kapena "m'maso oyang'ana kumbuyo", kumachotsa mwamphamvu kugwedeza konse kosafunikira.

Kukongola kowoneka bwino

Ziwombankhamba zachikulire ndi zokongola komanso zolengedwa zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi fusiform, zomwe zimakhala ndi utoto wowala, mutu wozungulira komanso wamapiko ataliatali opindika. Amatha kuyenda pawokha komanso kukulitsa liwiro la kuthamanga. Mimba yayitali komanso yopepuka imagwira ntchito ngati gudumu la chinjoka - imathandizira kuti iwongolere. Miyendo ya ankhandwe samakulidwa bwino ndipo siyabwino poyenda.

Ziwombankhanga zimadya nyama zolusa; Amagwira nyama zawo - ntchentche, udzudzu, midges, sawflies, ndikuzidya pa ntchentche, ndikuzigwetsa ndi mandibles lakuthwa. Ziwombankhanga zimagwira ntchito kwambiri masana, nthawi yotentha kwambiri, nyengo yabwino, chilimwe chimayamba dzuwa litatuluka ndikutha dzuwa litalowa. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'misewu ya m'nkhalango komanso m'mbali mwake. Pambuyo pa kukhwima, komwe kumachitika mlengalenga, chachikazi chosautsedwayo chimayika mazira mwachindunji m'madzi kapena pansi pa madzi kapena pansi pa mbewu. Mphutsi zimatuluka m'mazira, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo osaya.

Kapangidwe ka chinjoka

Ziphuphu ndizosiyana kwathunthu ndi achikulire, komanso zimakhazikika moyo wamakhalidwe, kudya nyama zam'madzi, ma tadpoles, komanso ngakhale nsomba mwachangu. Mu mphutsi, mlomo wapansi umasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri chosaka - chigoba chokhala ndi mbedza. Pofikira wovutikayo, mphutsi zimaponyera chigoba patsogolo, ndipo zibowo zimakumba mwa wozunzidwayo. Mphutsi ndizinyama zomwe zimadya nyama mwachisawawa - zimadya ma invertebrates am'madzi, ndipo mphutsi zikuluzikulu zimagunda ma tadpoles ndi nsomba za nsomba. Kukula kwa mphutsi za chinjoka kumatha zaka 1-3, nthawi zina kutalika. Asananyamuke, amadzuka pamadzi pomwe pamayambira pazomera ndipo pang'ono ndi pang'ono amasulidwa ku khungu. Choyamba, chinjoka chaching'ono chimapukusa mapiko ake owuma padzuwa, kenako ndikuuluka mumlengalenga.

Ziwombankhanga ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha ukhondo wa matupi amadzi. Sangathe kukhala m'madzi oyipitsidwa, chifukwa chake simumawawona m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yam'mizinda. Ziwombankhanga zimaphatikizidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: Homoptera ndi heteroptera. Pakati pazingwe zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso zokhala ndi mapiko apamwamba, otchuka kwambiri ndi nthumwi za mabanja a Ulemu okhala ndi mapiko amtambo kapena obiriwira, Lyutka, Strelka. Mitundu yayikulu ya chinjoka chachikulu chimatha kufika masentimita 10-12, izi ndi mitundu ya mabanja Koromysl, agogo, agogo, Dozors, dragonflies owona.

M'mayiko ena akum'mawa, mphutsi ndipo chinjoka chachikulire - chodziwika bwino mbale. Musadabwe ngati limodzi kuchokera kumisika yam'deralo mudzakhala ndi mwayi peza chithandizo chotere

Chochititsa chidwi

Ngakhale kuti nkhandwe ndizodya kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala nyama zazikulu ngati achule, abuluzi ndi mbalame. Kwa omalizira, kudya koteroko kumakhala koopsa: pambuyo pake, chinjoka chimakhala ngati chonyamula matenda a parasitic - losavuta homonymosis. Zoyipitsa zake zimagona, zomwe zimalowetsedwa ndi mbalame zimapangitsa kuti zisathe kuyika ndi kuswa mazira: Chipolopolo chimakhala chofowoka kwambiri kapena sichimakula konse.

Banja lute

Kukula kwakanthawi kochepa pang'ono kumayenda pang'ono.

Atakhala pansi pazomera, amatambasulira mapiko awo kumbali ndikuwabweza kumbuyo, kotero kuti mapikowo ali pamakona a thupi. Pali mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imapinda mapiko awo pamimba. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wobiriwira kapena wamkuwa, wokhala ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Mphutsi zimapezeka m'malo okhala ndi madzi osasunthika, ngakhale omwe amawuma kumapeto kwa chilimwe.

Lute osachita(Sympycna fusca)

Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo. Thupi limakhala lofiirira kwambiri, ndipo limakhala m'chiwaya. Mapeto a mapiko amawaloza pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 35 mm, mapiko mpaka 45 mm.

Zilombo zazikulu za m'badwo watsopano zimawuluka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka Okutobala. Kenako nthawi yachisanu amakumananso ndi nthawi yamasika.

Kutalika konse kwa moyo wa dragonflies kumatha miyezi 10. Lyutki imawuluka bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala pachomera cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira 350, ndikuziyika m'timango tofa, bango, mabango ndi mbewu zina mwachindunji pamadzi, kumtunda ndi pansi pa madzi, nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira pachinthu chomera.

Mphutsi zimakhala zazing'ono, zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zimapanga m'madziwe, m'maenje ndi matupi ena oyimilira. Khalani pakati pa zomera zam'madzi.

Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatsirizidwa masabata 8-10.

4. Cradle Dryad(Zikonda zouma)

Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo.

Thupi lakumwambalo ndi lobiriwira lamkuwa, chifuwa cham'munsi chikachikasu, ndi mikwingwirima. M'mphepete mwa mapiko ndi zofiirira. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 40 mm, mapiko mpaka 50 mm.

Ziwombankhamba zachikulire zimawuluka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi kuyambira kumapeto kwa June mpaka Seputembara.

Zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe za chinjoka, mitundu

Mazira amaikidwa mu tiziwalo ta zomera zam'madzi. Nthawi zambiri, mazira mpaka 50-70 amaikidwa pachomera chimodzi, chomwe chimayikidwa molunjika mpaka kutalika kwa 40 cm. Mukugwa, mbewu izi zimafa ndikugwera m'madzi ndi mazira otayidwa.

Mphutsi zimatuluka mazira mchaka. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatsirizidwa m'masabata 8 mpaka 10.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Zinandidabwitsa momwe amapumira. Tsopano ndikudziwa kuti ka chikumbu kosambira chimapumira nthawi yozizira, kusonkhanitsa thovu lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi zomera zam'madzi. Pali njira inanso yopezera mpweya kuchokera kumadzi. Pakati pa elytra ndi m'mimba, kachilomboka kakusambira kali ndi patsekeke, ndipo kachilomboka kamasonkhanitsa thovu la oxygen pamenepo. Koma kachilomboka kamatha kupuma ndi kuwira kokha kutentha kochepa, pomwe njira zake zonse zimachepetsedwa ndipo mpweya wambiri suyenera.

Mphutsi za chinjoka

Mu gawo la mphutsi, chinjoka ndi oimira gulu la diptera - udzudzu nyengo yachisanu.

Mphutsi za chinjoka zili ndi zojambulazo, ndipo zimapuma mpweya wofunika m'madzi. "Wamkazi wamagazi" odziwika asodzi - mphutsi zofiira - awa ndi mphutsi za mabulosi am'banja.

Mabelu amakhala m'matope pansi. "Mwazi" ndiwocheperako komanso wamkulu - awa ndi mphutsi za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Chitsanzo china cha diptera yozizira chimawonedwa mu rasipiberi tsinde ndulu ya midge. Cholengedwa chimabisala pamalo opsinjika.

Ngati mutayang'anitsitsa pang'ono mphukira za rasipiberi nthawi yachisanu, mutha kuwona, kutulutsa, kuchuluka kwa tsinde. Ndipo mutatsegula gawo lolakwika la thupilo, lotchedwa ndulu, mutha kuwona mphutsi za lalanje pakati pa tsinde la rasipiberi.

Tizilombo tonse tomwe nthawi yozizira imakhala ndi cholinga chimodzi - kukhalabe ndi kutentha kochepa.

Asanakhale hibernation, njira zingapo zakukonzanso kwachilengedwe zimachitika ndi tizilombo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika ndikudziunjikira kwa glycerol.

Njira zonse zomwe zimachitika nthawi yachisanu zimafunikira kupezeka kwa chinthu ichi.

M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wamtundu wa tizilombo umazimiririka. Pansi pa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, akuyembekezera ola la chitsitsimutso - kasupe woyembekezeredwa kwanthawi yayitali.

A. L. Kalutsky, katswiri wazomangamanga

Mitundu ya mazira: maina ndi zithunzi. Oimira gulu la chinjoka

Tizilombo ta chinjoka ndi zolengedwa zodya nyama zakale kwambiri: mabungwe akale a makolo awo omwe atulukiridwa ndi akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja anakhalako nthawi ya Carboniferous (350-300 miliyoni

zaka zapitazo). Komabe, zaka zazitali zakulengedwa sizinakhudze maonekedwe a chinjoka, chifukwa chake zolengedwa zimayesedwa zachikale.

Mpaka pano, asayansi atulukira ndi kupanga mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Koma mitundu ya chinjoka yomwe imatha kuwoneka ku Europe ku Russia ndi ochepa kwambiri: palibe oposa zana la iwo.

Tizilomboti timakonda nyengo yotentha, chifukwa unyinji wake umakhala m'nkhalangozi za South America ndi Southeast Asia. M'madera okhala ndi louma, nkhandwe sizipezeka.

Kukongola

Pafupifupi, gulu la chinjoka limadziwikanso pakati pamagulu ena a tizilombo chifukwa cha kukongola kwake. Ndipo pachikhalidwe chake sizingatheke kusilira oyimira banja lokongola. Mwachitsanzo, atsikana okongola ndi ang'ono (mpaka 5cm kutalika), chinjoka zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mapiko osaposa 7. 7. Thupi ndi mapiko amphongo zimapakidwa utoto wamtambo, wobiriwira, wofiirira komanso wokhala ndi sheen wachitsulo.

Mwa akazi, thupi limakhala ndi utoto, koma mapiko alibe.

Kukongoletsa kumakonda kusefukira kwa mitsinje yopanda phokoso ndi mitsinje yaying'ono. Zimayikira mazira masamba a mbewu zam'mphepete, mphutsi zimayesanso kukhala pafupi ndi zimayambira ndi mizu. Kuuluka kwa msungwana wokongola kufanana ndi kuthawa kwa gulugufe.

Mivi

Mivi sizowoneka ngati zokongola, koma monga zibangiri zokongola. Chithunzi chokongola cha muvi chomwe chinaikidwa pansipa chikutsimikizira izi.

Mivi imatsogolera moyo womwewo monga zokongoletsera, pokhapokha ngati nyama sizisankhidwa moyenera.

Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kutalika kwa muvi wokongola ndi 3.5 cm, pomwe mapiko ndi 4.5 cm. Wamphongo amakhala ndi chifuwa chachitali chamtambo wokhala ndi chingwe chakuda chachitali ndimatumbo akuda, ngati kuti alumikizidwa ndi mphete zazitali zamtambo. Mapikowo ndi opapatiza komanso owonekera. Zachikazi zina zimakhala ndi mtundu wofanana, zina zimakhala zosasinthika ndipo zilibe mikwingwirima kapena mphete.

Mivi imawuluka pang'onopang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri imachoka m'nyumba zawo. Mphutsi zawo zimakhala ndipo zimasaka mu zimayambira ndi mizu yazomera zam'madzi. Kusiyanitsa mitundu ndi ina mbanja lino si ntchito yovuta. Koma ndizosatheka kusokoneza wowombera ndi banja lina.

Njoka zenizeni

Mitundu yambiri ya anjoka ndi am'banjali kuchokera ku diptera. Mayina awo amadzilankhulira okha: dambo, lathyathyathya, magazi.

Tizilombo timeneti timasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lalikulu, lokwera komanso lalifupi, lomwe limasunthira pang'ono kumutu komanso kupezeka kwa malo akuda m'munsi mwawo. Kachilomboka kamayikira mazira m'madzi a dziwe kapena mumtsinje wopanda phokoso, ndipo nthawi zina mumchenga wam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nyanga zazikulu za chinjoka zenizeni zimakhala mu silt. Chiwombankhanga chopanda kanthu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

Mapiko ndi a 8cm, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 4.5 cm. Amuna onse amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mabere amtambo wonyezimira, koma m'mimba mwaimirayo amakutidwa ndi mungu wowoneka ngati buluu, pomwe m'mimba mwa mkaziyo mumakhala bulawuni, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali. Pansi pa mapiko onse awiriwo pali makona atatu amdima. Maso ali ndi khungu.

Oyimira ena a banjali ndiopadera kwambiri - magazi a dragonflies (chithunzi pansipa).

Amadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wowala wa thupi - ofiira achikasu, lalanje kapena ofiira.

Izi zibangiri ndi imodzi mwaposachedwa kwambiri. Amagwira kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe mpaka Novembala. Kusintha kwa mphutsi za dragonfly kukhala akuluakulu kumachitika mu miyezi ingapo.

Agogo

Mwa zina za chinjoka ichi, ndikofunikira kutcha mtundu wa motley, maso otambalala ndi kupezeka kwa notch pamunsi pa mapiko akumbuyo mwa amuna.

Agogo aamuna amatha kuyenda pandege yayitali ndipo amakonda mapwe oyenda ndi madzi oyera, pomwe akazi amayikira mazira ake pa ntchentche.

Agogo wamba, agogo okhathamira ndi agogo a nyanga ndiwo mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya chinjoka ku Central Russia. Mayina awa amamveka oseketsa (monga "agogo achitsulo" kapena "agogo amkuwa"), koma muyenera kukumbukira kuti agogo amatchedwanso amuna aku mitsinje, ndipo agogo amatchedwa oyang'anira dziwe.

Agogo wamba ndi chinjoka chakuda ndi chikaso chokhala ndi mapiko owonekera. Mtunduwu umatikumbutsa ma proen.

Mphutsi za agogo ndi zolimba, zamphamvu ndipo zimadziwa kukumba mu silika wofewa. Ndipo, modabwitsa, agogo achikulire ndi ochepa. Sakhala moyo wopitilira mwezi umodzi.

Mkono wa Rocker

Izi ndi zazikulu, zowala komanso zowoneka bwino za chinjoka.

Oimira gulu la chinjoka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chipiriro chotere: agwedezeke amatha kuuluka mtunda wamakilomita ambiri kuchokera kumalo awo osungira nyama (zidachitika kuti adawonedwa kunyanja). Kukula kwa tizilombo izi kumathandizanso kulemekeza: mapiko a patrol master-Emperress (kapena Emperor) amafika 8 cm.

Chifuwa cha alonda chimakhala chobiriwira, pamimba ndi buluu, ndi mphete yachikasu.

Mapiko aimuna alibe mtundu, ndipo akazi sakhala achikasu. Ziwalo zamawonedwe ndizobiriwira. Patrolmen amakhala m'malo othamanga, nthawi zambiri amauma matupi amadzi.

Amayikira mazira mu tinthu touluka tomwe timamizidwa m'madzi. Mphutsi zawo zazikulu zimatha kuthana ndi nsomba za nsomba.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tafotokozazi, ku Europe ku Russia kuli nthumwi za mabanja monga: agogo, ma flutches, cordulegasterids. Ziwombankhanga zonse zimawonedwa kukhala zopindulitsa. Amadya tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi komanso tizirombo tina, ndiye chakudya cha mbalame ndi nsomba.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 40-45 mm, m'mimba 25-29 mm kutalika, mapiko akutsogolo 18-18 mm kutalika.

Mbali yayikulu ya expressionotum-yoyambira atatu. Mphepete m'munsi mwa gawo loyambirira la humeral mkati mwa theka ndi kupendekera kwapakati. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi utoto womwewo. Pachifuwa ndi pamimba zimakhala zofiirira zakumaso pamwamba, zonyezimira pang'ono, ndipo zimakhala ndi mkuwa wakuda bwino, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pachifuwa. Choyambira chachikulu cha thupi ndi beige. Maso amakhala oderako pachiyambi, koma nthawi yophukira, nthawi yachisanu imakhala yotuwa.

Pterostigma yokhala kutsogolo kwa mapikowo ili kutali kwambiri kuchokera pamwamba pa mapikowo (pafupifupi kutalika kwake) kuposa phiko lakumbuyo. Popumula, mapikowo amatsekedwa pamwamba pa thupi.

RedheadSympecma fusca) Ndiwofanana ndi lyutka ya ku Siberia, pamimba pokhapokha pali kuwala.

Kuswana

Chizindikiro chazinthu zamtunduwu wa chinjoka chikukula nthawi yachisanu. Kale mu Epulo, mating ndi kuyikira mazira kumachitika. Kugona kwa dzira kumachitika pobowola masamba a mbewu zam'madzi. Gawo lachivomerezo la ongenis limatha miyezi itatu. Mbadwo wotsatira wa akulu ukuwonekera mu Julayi. Mitundu ina yambiri nthawi yozizira mu gawo lazous (ma mollusks) pansi pa malo osungira. M'malo osungira, mphutsi zimangokhala zanyama komanso kudya nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi.